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Introduction We evaluated the efficacy of pharmacologic treatments for patients with overt or occult bleeding due to gastrointestinal angiodysplasias (GIADs). Methods A systematic computer-aided literature search across Medline, Cochrane, Scopus and Embase databases was performed. Studies evaluating pharmacologic treatments for patients presenting with GIADs-related overt or occult bleeding were included. Post-treatment rebleeding was the primary outcome. Need for red blood cells (RBC) transfusion, post-treatment hemoglobin levels and adverse events rate comprised secondary outcomes. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD) or pooled rates (%) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results Four types of pharmacologic treatment were identified (25 studies): somatostatin analogs, hormonal therapy, thalidomide and angiogenesis inhibitors. Pharmacologic treatment of any kind led to significantly reduced bleeding episodes [OR (95% CI), 0.08 (0.04-0.18)]. No pharmacologic treatment was superior to others (P = 0.46). Overall, pooled rebleeding rate post-treatment was 34% (26-43%). Similarly, significantly fewer patients required RBC transfusion during the post-treatment period [0.03 (0.03-0.07)], with no differences among various treatments (P = 0.83), yielding an overall pooled transfusion rate of 33% (19-46%). Administration of pharmacological treatment led to significant improvement in terms of hemoglobin levels [MD (95% CI), 3.21 g/dL (2.42-3.99)]. The pooled rate of adverse events was 32% (22-42%). Conclusion In patients with GIADs administration of any pharmacologic treatment significantly decreases rebleeding episodes and transfusions leading to higher hemoglobin values. One-third of them experience at least one adverse event related to the treatment. © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. more...

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of the left-sided aortic arch (LSAA) variants, and the effect of possible moderators on variants’ detection. Methods: A systematic online literature search was conducted. The pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals was estimated for the typical and atypical branching patterns to compare the overall proportions of different variants. Meta-regression analyses were performed to investigate the effect of the subjects’ gender and geographical region, and the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scanner’s technology on the estimated prevalence. Results: In total, 18,075 cases from 23 imaging studies were included and 33 different LSAA variants were detected. The estimated heterogeneity was statistically significant. Based on the estimated prevalence, approximately 77% of the population is expected to have the typical branching anatomy with sequence brachiocephalic trunk—left common carotid artery—left subclavian artery, and 23% variant branching patterns. Approximately 71%, 23%, 2%, and 0.1% of the atypical populations are expected to have two, four, three, and five emerging branches, respectively. The meta-regression analyses showed that the number of detector rows of the MDCT scanner, and the subjects’ geographical region are statistically significant moderators of the estimated prevalence. Conclusion: The current findings indicate that the prevalence of the LSAA variant branching anatomy is significantly affected by the subjects’ geographical region and the MDCT scanner’s technological improvement, with the advanced scanners to facilitate the detection of the aortic arch variants. However, due to the heterogeneity among studies, further research is required. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature. more...

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore to what extent the literature supports that the use of cadaveric computed tomography can play an important role in anatomy education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, SCOPUS, Education Resources Information Center and Cochrane Databases were searched for papers with purpose to explore the outcomes of the use of cadaveric computed tomography scans in anatomy education. The following data were obtained from each paper: authors, number of participants, type of study (comparative or not), level of outcome according to Kirkpatrick hierarchy, possible evaluation of statistical significance, acquisition of anatomical knowledge after the educational intervention and perceptions about the effectiveness of this intervention in anatomy learning. RESULTS: Seven articles were included. Four of them evaluated students' knowledge after the use of cadaveric computed tomography scans in anatomy education and three papers evaluated only students' perceptions. Generally, the outcomes, which mainly concerned students' perceptions, were positive, while it was showed that students' academic performance may also be improved. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of the use of cadaveric computed tomography scans in anatomy education encourage the implementation of this teaching modality in anatomy curricula. Further research, including comparative studies with evaluation of acquisition of students' knowledge, is needed to show if cadaveric computed tomography will be proved a remarkable supportive tool in anatomy educators' hands. more...

Introduction: Typical branching pattern of the left-sided aortic arch consists of the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and the left subclavian artery (LSA). Variant patterns have been associated with a broad spectrum of pathologies. The meticulous knowledge of potential aortic arch variants is of utmost importance to radiologists, interventional cardiologists, vascular and thoracic surgeons. The current systematic review collects all aortic arch branching patterns and their frequency as published by various cadaveric studies, calculates prevalence taking into account the gender and the different people background, as well. All extracted variant patterns are classified into types and subtypes according to the number of emerging (major and minor) branches (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) and to the prevalence they appear. In cases of similar prevalence, total cases were taken into consideration; otherwise the variants were classified under the title “other rare variants”. Methods: A systematic online search of PubMed and Google books databases was performed only in cadaveric studies. Results: Twenty studies with typical (78% prevalence) and variable (22%) branching patterns were included. Types 3b, 2b, 4b, 1b and 5b had a prevalence of 81%, of 13%, of 5%, 0% and of 0%, respectively. Common variants were the brachiocephalico-carotid trunk (BCCT, 49% prevalence), the aberrant left vertebral artery (LVA, 41%) and the aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA, 8%). LVA of aortic origin was detected in 32%, the bicarotid trunk (biCT) in 5% and the bi-BCT trunk in 3%. Thyroidea ima artery, a minor branch emerging from the aortic arch was found in 2%. Coexisted variants were detected in 4% (ARSA with a distinct RCCA and LCCA origin), in 3% (BCCT with a LVA of aortic origin), in 2% (ARSA with a biCT and a vertebrosubclavian trunk). Conclusion: No significant gender or ethnic differences exist among the 5 branching types. The proposed classification scheme aim more...

Background: Pterion is the junction of the frontal, parietal, greater wing of the sphenoid and the squamous part of the temporal bone. The sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate and epipteric pteria were described. The current study determines pterion topography, morphology (variant types' frequency) and morphometry, as well as epipteric bones presence in dried skulls. Gender impact is underlined as well. Materials and methods: Ninety Greek adult dried skulls were observed. The distances in between pterion and the zygomatic arch midpoint and in between pterion and the frontozygomatic suture were measured. Results: The sphenoparietal pterion was the commonest (58.3%), following by the stellate (25%), epipteric (15.5%) and by the frontotemporal pterion (1.1%). Twenty-eight (15.5%) skulls had epipteric bones, further categorised as quadrisutural (35.7%), trisutural (57.1%), bisutural and multiple (3.57%). The mean distances between pterion and the midpoint of zygomatic arch were 4.13 ± 0.45 cm on the right and 4.09 ± 0.47 cm on the left side and between pterion and the frontozygomatic suture were 3.47 ± 0.61 cm on the right and 3.52 ± 0.65 cm on the left side. Both distances were symmetrical. Male skulls showed slightly higher values on the left side for the distance (pterion-midpoint of zygomatic arch). Conclusions: Pterion is a commonly used neurosurgical landmark and thus in depth knowledge of the pteric area and its variants could be valuable. Recognition of the possible variability in pterion location, morphology and morphometry, as well as possible occurrence of epipteric bones may render pterional craniotomy safer among different population groups. Copyright © 2021 Via Medica. more...

OBJECTIVE: This report presents a unilateral branching pattern of the axillary artery (AA) represented by an unusual common trunk division, vessel multiplications and concomitant neural variations. CASE REPORT: In a Greek male cadaver, the right AA branched into a subscapular trunk and two accessory lateral thoracic arteries of variable origin and course. Concomitantly, a high-level interconnection between the musculocutaneous and median nerves was identified, as an accessory lateral root of the median nerve. More interestingly, a rare innervation of the upper part of the latissimus dorsi muscle by a lower subscapular nerve was also revealed. CONCLUSION: In-depth knowledge of the typical and variant AA branching patterns and coexisting neural variations is of paramount importance for surgeons and interventional physicians, for a safer diagnosis and for performing uneventful procedures in that area. Copyright © 2021 by Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. more...

Background: The outcomes of the implementation of augmented reality (AR) in anatomical education have not been reviewed so far. We performed a narrative review of the literature concerning these outcomes. Methods: We searched in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ERIC, CINAHL plus and Web of Science for papers with the aim to explore the outcomes of the implementation of AR in anatomical education. From each paper, we extracted the following data: authors, year of publication, type of study (comparative or not), number of participants, level of outcome according to Kirkpatrick hierarchy, acceptability of AR, impact on examinations performance, ability to facilitate understanding of spatial organization of structures and to motivate students to learn anatomy. Results: Seven papers were eligible for analysis. There were five comparative and two non-comparative studies. Three studies evaluated only students’ perceptions about AR, while four papers assessed their examinations performance after the application of AR. Generally, AR was proved a highly acceptable and enjoyable anatomy teaching tool. It had remarkable efficacy in terms of helping students understand three-dimensional organization of structures and achieve satisfactory examinations results. Conclusions: Although the research concerning the implementation of AR in anatomical education is relatively limited, there are promising results regarding the teaching potential of AR. These results could encourage anatomy educators to include this tool in their teaching methods. Randomized controlled studies are needed to prove if AR could effectively replace or supplement other anatomy pedagogy methods. © 2020 Elsevier GmbH more...

Neural and vascular variations in the axilla and upper limb area are usually paired, but coexistence of muscular aberration on top of this is uncommon. The current case report emphasizes on the unilateral coexistence of a three-headed (tricipital) biceps brachii muscle, a two-headed coracobrachialis with an accessory muscle bundle joining the superficial and deep heads of coracobrachialis muscle. On the ipsilateral side of the 72-year-old male cadaver, a connecting branch originated from the musculocutaneous nerve and joined the median nerve after surpassing the accessory muscle bundle. A large diameter subscapular trunk originated from the 2nd part of the axillary artery and after giving off the 1st lateral thoracic artery trifurcated into a common stem which gave off the 2nd and 3rd lateral thoracic arteries, the circumflex scapular artery and a common branch that gave off the 4th and 5th lateral thoracic arteries and the thoracodorsal artery, as the ultimate branch. All lateral thoracic arteries were accompanied by multiple intercostobrachial nerves. Documentation of such muscular and neurovascular variants and their embryologic origin increases awareness of their potential impact on diagnosis and treatment of upper limb pathology. To the best of our knowledge, the currently reported cadaveric observations seem to constitute a unique finding. Copyright © 2019 Via Medica more...

Background: The styloid process (SP) is a slender cylindrical bony projection of the temporal bone with 2 ligaments and 3 muscles attached to it. Symptomatic SP elongation is also referred to, as Eagle’s syndrome. The aim of the present study is to investigate the distribution of the SP length in a young adult Greek population. Materials and methods: Moreover, we provide a comparison of the results by using two different methods for assessing SP elongation, as described in the literature. Finally, we explore the possibility of using orthopantomograms (OPGs), as a diagnostic aid by investigating inter-examiner, intra-examiner and inter-examination variability and we propose a limit for SP elongation measurable in OPGs. Results: The sample comprised 805 digital OPGs, taken from student pilots and engineers entering the Hellenic Air Force Academy, from 2008 onwards. Two measuring approaches were selected, one using the temporal bone, as a cranial landmark and the other, using the external auditory meatus. The end tip of the process was always the caudal landmark. The mean SP length was 28.42 ± ± 8.48 mm in males and 26.04 ± 7.69 mm in females, when measured from the temporal bone. The mean SP length was 38.35 ± 8.90 mm in males and 34.24 ± ± 8.63 mm in females, when measured from the external auditory meatus. The length of 30 mm is most commonly used as a starting point for SP elongation. In the total sample, 30.6% of the measured SPs exceeded the length of 30 mm. In males, 33.12% of the SPs were elongated; while in females the corresponding incidence was 20%. One hundred and nineteen (14.8%) SPs were not traceable. Conclusions: The SP is typically detectable and measurable in OPGs. An elongated SP should be kept in mind, since symptoms of elongation may overlap with clinical manifestations of temporomandibular joint disorders. Copyright © 2019 Via Medica more...

Background: Wormian bones (WBs) are irregularly shaped bones formed from independent ossification centres found along cranial sutures and fontanelles. Their incidence varies among different populations and they constitute an anthropological marker. Precise mechanism of formation is unknown and being under the control of genetic background and environmental factors. The aim of the current study is to investigate the incidence of WBs presence, number and topographical distribution according to gender and side in Greek adult dry skulls. Materials and methods: All sutures and fontanelles of 166 Greek adult dry skulls were examined for the presence, topography and number of WBs. One hundred and nineteen intact and 47 horizontally craniotomised skulls were examined for WBs presence on either side of the cranium, both exocranially and intracranially. Results: One hundred and twenty-four (74.7%) skulls had WBs. No difference was detected between the incidence of WBs, gender and age. Sutures and fontanelles located in neurocranium showed a higher incidence of WBs, contrariwise to orbital sutures that indicated a low incidence. WBs most commonly located in the lambdoid suture (44.6%), followed in order of frequency by the coronal suture (39.8%), asterion (21% on the left and 15.3% on the right side) and parietomastoid suture (15.1% on the left and 13.9% on the right side). Other sutures with WBs were the occipitomastoid, sagittal, squamosal, zygomaticosphenoid, metopic, frontonasal and frontozygomatic. Regarding the skull fontanelles, WBs were found at pterion, posterior and anterior fontanelles. Conclusions: The current study highlights a high incidence of WBs in a Greek population, indicating racial variation. The in depth knowledge of exact location, frequency and number of WBs is essential for clinicians intervening in the skull area, anthropologists and forensic surgeons investigating child abuse cases. Copyright © 2019 Via Medica more...

A three-headed anterior belly of the digastric muscle (ABDM) on the right side of a 54-year old Greek male cadaver coexisted with two accessory muscle bundles (AMB) in the submental region. The left ABDM was typical. Typical ABDM was attached to the digastric fossa, while the accessory right anterior bellies to the lower border of the mandible. A muscle bundle arising from the attachment of the left ABDM to the hyoid bone was also observed fusing with the AMB of the ipsilateral side. It is of extreme importance to be aware of the submental region anatomical variations during surgery, imaging interpretation or differential diagnosis of neck masses. © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS more...

Purpose: Although communications between branches and cords of the brachial plexus have been extensively published, there is a scarcity of reports concerning radial and ulnar nerve (RN–UN) communication in the arm. The current study aims to demonstrate the incidence, topography, and length of communicating branches between RN and UN. Any additional coexisted variations were also recorded. Materials and methods: Two hundred and sixty-six upper limbs collected from one hundred and thirty-three (81 males and 52 females) Greek cadavers were dissected. Results: Three out of one hundred and thirty-three cadavers, accounting for an incidence of up to 2.3%, were found to have an atypical communicating branch originating at a high humeral level from RN towards UN. In two cadavers, communicating branches were detected on the left side and in one cadaver bilaterally. Conclusions: The study of atypical communications between RN and UN attracts great attention for its clinical importance, mainly in cases of peripheral neuropathies with diagnostic dilemma or upper limb nerve injury producing an otherwise unexpected symptomatology due to the aberrant nerve supply. Familiarity with these variations is crucial in avoiding misdiagnosis and preserving valuable communicating branches, thus achieving an uneventful outcome in cases of upper limb nerve injury repair. © 2017, Springer-Verlag France SAS. more...

Several congenital anomalies regarding the right (RVA) and left (LVA) vertebral artery have been described. The current paper aims to perform a systematic literature review of the variable vertebral artery (VA) origin from the aortic arch (AOA) and its branches. The incidence of these variants and the ensuing AOA branching pattern are highlighted. Atypical origin cases were found more commonly unilaterally, while LVA presented the majority of the aberrancies. The LVA emersion from the AOA (3.6%) and the RVA from the right common carotid artery (RCCA) (0.14%) were the commonest origin variations. Aberrant RVA origin as last branch of the AOA is very rare. Eighteen cases (0.12%) with an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSCA) were found. Among them, the RVA originated from the RCCA and right subclavian artery in 94.4 and 5.6%, respectively. Sporadic cases had an AOA origin bilaterally; RVA and LVA had a double origin in 0.027 and 0.11%, respectively. A dual origin was detected in 0.0069%, bilaterally. The atypical VA origin may coexist with: (i) an ARSCA, (ii) a common origin of brachiocephalic artery and left common carotid artery (the misnomer bovine arch) and (iii) a bicarotid trunk. The aberrant VA origin favors hemodynamic alterations, predisposing to cerebrovascular disorders and intracranial aneurysm formation. Detailed information of VA variants is crucial for both endovascular interventionists and diagnostic radiologists involved in the treatment of patients with cerebrovascular disease. Such information may prove useful to minimize the risk of VA injury in several procedures. © 2018, Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature. more...

Purpose: The current study investigated the incidence, morphology and morphometry of the ossified ligaments expanding between petrous bone and posterior clinoid processes and in between the anterior, middle and posterior clinoid processes. Side symmetry, gender dimorphism and age influence were also studied. Materials and Methods: A total of 123 adult Greek dry skulls were observed. Results: A caroticoclinoid bar (CCB) was found in 60.2%. Partial CCBs appeared more commonly (36.6%) than complete (23.6%). The caroticoclinoid foramen (CCF) was symmetrical on both sides and genders. An anterior interclinoid, a posterior petroclinoid and a partial posterior interclinoid bar appeared in 19.5%, 6.5% and 2.4%, respectively. Osseous spurs posterolateral to the posterior clinoid process were present in 5.7%. Conclusion: The study highlights important morphometric details about osseous bars of the sella region and the related CCF in Greek skulls. Notable differences in the incidence of these bars in Greek individuals compared with findings from other populations highlight the growing awareness of ethnic differences in skull base landmarks. Variations and surgically oriented measurements provided by this study may benefit clinicians involved in the treatment of the middle cranial fossa pathology, enriching understanding of the complicated regional anatomy. Preoperative sellar area mapping is essential, by using computed tomography images, since modification of the surgical approach may be required in cases of severe ossification. © 2018 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery more...

Knowledge of the various morphological patterns of the brachial artery and median nerve in the upper limb area is of considerable clinical and surgical importance to physicians intervening with these areas. In the current study, in the right upper limb of a male cadaver a rare variation of a superficial brachial artery associated with a median nerve loop in the upper arm is presented. The artery gave off a deep brachial artery in the arm and normally bifurcated in the cubital fossa. Additionally, a muscular bundle from the brachialis muscle was also present, overlapping the median nerve along with the deep brachial artery above the elbow. To the best of our knowledge such a combination of arterial, neural and muscular anatomical variations is extremely rare. Since brachial plexus and brachial artery variations are more prone to injury, their surgical, diagnostic and interventional importance are valuable to radiologists in interpreting images and to vascular surgeons, neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons involved in compressive peripheral neuropathy treatment. The relevant clinical and surgical implications are discussed as well. © 2018 Firenze University Press. more...

Anatomical variants of the celiac trunk (CT) branches and especially these of hepatic arteries (HAs) are among the most common variants of the arterial tree. The knowledge of the wide variability in hepatic arterial supply is of paramount importance in hepatobiliary, pancreatic, gastric, and esophageal surgery, as well as in liver transplantations. The purpose of this case report is to describe a rare variant discovered during abdominal dissection of a 74-year-old male cadaver of Greek origin, in which the common hepatic artery was absent and its branches, the proper hepatic artery (PHA) and the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) had an aberrant and separate origin. The entire arterial supply to the liver derived from the aberrant PHA, that originating from the superior mesenteric artery and was named as PHA (RPHA). The RPHA, after a course posterior to the portal vein, terminated into the right and left HAs, at the hilum. The GDA originated from the CT, as well as the left gastric and splenic artery. The right gastric artery originated from the PHA, as usual. The current case emphasizes the necessity of preoperative imaging when evaluating the resectability of a tumor in hepatobiliary and pancreatic area taking into account the possible vascular variations. Abdominal surgeon should be aware of any aberrancy to avoid potential iatrogenic injury and lethal complications. © 2017, Springer-Verlag France. more...

Laryngocele (LC) is an uncommon clinical entity, occasionally associated with fatal complications. If its neck becomes obstructed, mucous accumulates and then a laryngeal mucocele (LMC) is formed. Reports of LMCs are rare in the literature. A fluid-filled combined LMC in a 48 year-old Greek construction worker with presenting symptoms of cervical swelling and dysphonia is described. The male patient was surgically treated via an external approach. A LC rarely becomes symptomatic and infection unusually occurs. Magnetic resonance imaging depicts in detail the size, extension and structure of the neck mass and remains the diagnostic gold standard, providing superior soft-tissue discrimination, in cases of a concurrent laryngeal tumor. Histopathological examination confirms diagnosis, since there is always a high index of suspicion for malignancy. Established guidelines regarding surgical treatment of a LC do not exist. Although during the last two decades micro laryngoscopy with CO2 laser has gained popularity for the treatment of an internal LC, the external approach still remains the method of choice in cases of a combined LMC. more...

OBJECTIVE: This study adds important information regarding the morphological alterations caused by growth hormone hypersecretion in the skull and craniocervical junction (CCJ). A variably asymmetric skull due to acromegaly coexists with expansion of the paranasal sinuses and multiple Wormian bones. CASE REPORT: A pathologically asymmetric dry skull of a European male, aged 38 years at death, with cranial vault and skull base thickening is described. The extensive paranasal sinus pneumatization caused a generalized thinning of the bony walls. The sphenoid sinus expanded intraorbitally, leading to sella enlargement. The orbital asymmetry coexisted with platybasia and hypoplasia of the occipital condyles and the odontoid process. Facial skeleton elongation and mandibular overgrowth were combined with prognathism, malocclusion and overbite. CONCLUSION: Skull and CCJ alterations are of paramount importance when selecting the surgical approach, if surgery is indicated. Consecutively, detailed preoperative evaluation and planning is essential. During surgery, skilled and experienced neurosurgeons recognize anatomical landmarks, use neuronavigation and micro-instrumentation in order to remain on the midline avoiding any potential lethal vascular injury. Copyright © 2017 by Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. more...

The paper reviewed 15 cadaveric studies on the aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) and reported a prevalence ranging from 0.2 to 13.3% in the general population. Upon publication, the authors found in Table 2, the following two points for correction and four other for clarification: 1. Quain’s report (1844) does not conclude to an exact number of examined specimens and the incidence of 0.4% is not accurate. 2. In Holzapfel’s paper (1899), the incidence of 13.3% is the total incidence obtained from other published cadaveric studies along with a few new additional cases of the author. 3. The studies of Evans (1950) and Zapata et al. (1993) refer to congenital conditions associated with the ARSA. So, the above four mentioned studies are not taken into account in the calculation of the ARSA prevalence in the general population. 4. The false incidences of 0.8 and 0.2% regarding Cairney’s (1925) and Liechty and co-authors’ (1957) reports were corrected to 0.98% (2/203) and 1.3% (13/1000), respectively. After the above mentioned modifications and corrections, the ARSA appears in 1.2% (43/3532 cases) of the general population (range 0.19–2.5%), as extracted from the 11 cadaveric studies included in Table 2. This incidence confirms our findings (2.2%) in a Greek population. © Springer-Verlag France SAS 2017. more...

A 37-year-old female Caucasian cadaver with an aberrant right subclavian artery extending from the left side of the aortic arch and following a retro-oesophageal course is presented. A non-recurrent right laryngeal nerve and a thyroid ima artery arising from the lower part of the middle third of the right common carotid artery coexisted. The brachiocephalic trunk was absent, while both common carotid arteries and left subclavian artery followed their normal course. The aim of the current study is to highlight the clinical impact of the above abnormalities providing useful and practically applicable knowledge to interventional clinicians, thoracic and neck surgeons, since the vast majority of documented cases with an arteria lusoria are clinically silent and in most cases discovered incidentally. Clinical manifestations such as dysphagia, chronic cough, and acute ischaemia to the right upper limb may occur, leading to misinterpretation in radiographic examination and complications during neck and thoracic surgery. Review of the literature was also performed and the embryological background of the aberration is highlighted. Copyright © 2016 Via Medica. more...

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M. Depauw The Demotic Letter. A Study of Epistolographic Scribal Traditions against their intra- and intercultural Background Sommerhauzen:Gizela Zauzich Verlag ,2006 978-3-924151-07-2, Contains fulltext : 68443.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access) more...

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M. Depauw The Demotic Letter. A Study of Epistolographic Scribal Traditions against their intra- and intercultural Background Sommerhauzen:Gizela Zauzich Verlag ,2006 978-3-924151-07-2, Contains fulltext : 68443.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access) more...

Contains fulltext : 67945.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

M. Depauw The Demotic Letter. A Study of Epistolographic Scribal Traditions against their intra- and intercultural Background Sommerhauzen:Gizela Zauzich Verlag ,2006 978-3-924151-07-2, Contains fulltext : 68443.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) more...

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27 januari 2007, Item does not contain fulltext

Gewijzigde en aangevulde versie van schrijvers proefschrift, Oxford 2005, Item does not contain fulltext

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27 januari 2007, Item does not contain fulltext

Gewijzigde en aangevulde versie van schrijvers proefschrift, Oxford 2005, Item does not contain fulltext

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Gewijzigde en aangevulde versie van schrijvers proefschrift, Oxford 2005, Item does not contain fulltext