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It was tested with microbial consortia obtained from totora roots from an artificial wetland of a sanitary landfill (H1) and its sediment (S1), as well as from water (H2) and sediment (S2) from a natural lagoon (I), and the water (H3) and sediment (S3) of a natural lagoon (II). Samples were bioaugmented and pooled to form seven microbial consortia in assays E1 through E7. Subsequently, they were put in contact with the leachate and the Chemical Oxygen Demand-COD (APHA 5220-D method) and the Biochemical Oxygen Demand-BOD5 (APHA 5210-B method) were analyzed in three different periods: 15, 30 and 45 days; With the results obtained, an analysis of variance was applied, taking as factors the 7 trials and the 3 periods, showing that the most efficient microbial consortium in the removal of the Chemical Oxygen Demand is E2 with a removal percentage of around 88%. and for Biochemical Oxygen Demand it is E4 with about 81%. The consumption of the artificial wetland microorganisms was also calculated to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand for both winter and summer, they were similar at approximately 223 Kg/day; and for the reduction of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, the consumption of microorganisms is close to 16 Kg/day during the winter as for the summer., Foi testado com consórcios microbianos obtidos de raízes de totora de um pântano artificial de um aterro (H1) e seu sedimento (S1), bem como de água (H2) e sedimento (S2) de uma lagoa natural (I). , e a água (H3) e o sedimento (S3) de uma lagoa natural (II). As amostras foram bioaumentadas e agrupadas para formar sete consórcios microbianos nos ensaios E1 a E7. Posteriormente, foram colocados em contato com o lixiviado e a Demanda Química de Oxigênio-DQO (método APHA 5220-D) e a Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio-DBO5 (método APHA 5210-B) foram analisadas em três períodos distintos: 15, 30 e 45 dias; Com os resultados obtidos, foi aplicada uma análise de variância, tomando como fatores os 7 ensaios e os 3 períodos, mostrando que o consórcio microbiano mais eficiente na remoção da Demanda Química de Oxigênio é o E2 com um percentual de remoção em torno de 88%. para Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio é E4 com cerca de 81%. Também foi calculado o consumo de microorganismos de áreas úmidas artificiais para reduzir a Demanda Química de Oxigênio tanto no inverno quanto no verão, que foram semelhantes em aproximadamente 223 Kg/dia; e para a redução da Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio, o consumo de microrganismos é próximo a 16 Kg/dia tanto no inverno quanto no verão., Se ensayó con consorcios microbianos obtenidos de las raíces de totora procedentes de un humedal artificial de un relleno sanitario (H1) y su sedimento (S1), así como, del agua (H2) y sedimento (S2) de una laguna natural (I), y del agua (H3) y sedimento (S3) de una laguna natural (II). Se bioaumentaron las muestras y se agruparon para formar siete consorcios microbianos en ensayos desde E1 hasta E7. Posteriormente se pusieron en contacto con el lixiviado y se analizó la Demanda Química de Oxígeno-DQO (método APHA 5220-D) y la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno-DBO5 (método APHA 5210-B) en tres períodos diferentes: 15, 30 y 45 días; con los resultados obtenidos se aplicó un análisis de varianza tomando como factores a los 7 ensayos y los 3 períodos, evidenciándose que el consorcio microbiano más eficiente en la remoción de la Demanda Química de Oxígeno es el E2 con un porcentaje de remoción alrededor del 88% y para la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígenoes el E4 con cerca de 81%. También se calculó el consumo de los microorganismos del humedal artificial para reducir la Demanda Química de Oxígeno tanto para el invierno como para el verano eran similares de aproximadamente de 223 Kg/día; y para la reducción del Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno el consumo de microorganismos es cercano a 16 Kg/día durante el invierno como para el verano.

It was tested with microbial consortia obtained from totora roots from an artificial wetland of a sanitary landfill (H1) and its sediment (S1), as well as from water (H2) and sediment (S2) from a natural lagoon (I), and the water (H3) and sediment (S3) of a natural lagoon (II). Samples were bioaugmented and pooled to form seven microbial consortia in assays E1 through E7. Subsequently, they were put in contact with the leachate and the Chemical Oxygen Demand-COD (APHA 5220-D method) and the Biochemical Oxygen Demand-BOD5 (APHA 5210-B method) were analyzed in three different periods: 15, 30 and 45 days; With the results obtained, an analysis of variance was applied, taking as factors the 7 trials and the 3 periods, showing that the most efficient microbial consortium in the removal of the Chemical Oxygen Demand is E2 with a removal percentage of around 88%. and for Biochemical Oxygen Demand it is E4 with about 81%. The consumption of the artificial wetland microorganisms was also calculated to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand for both winter and summer, they were similar at approximately 223 Kg/day; and for the reduction of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, the consumption of microorganisms is close to 16 Kg/day during the winter as for the summer., Foi testado com consórcios microbianos obtidos de raízes de totora de um pântano artificial de um aterro (H1) e seu sedimento (S1), bem como de água (H2) e sedimento (S2) de uma lagoa natural (I). , e a água (H3) e o sedimento (S3) de uma lagoa natural (II). As amostras foram bioaumentadas e agrupadas para formar sete consórcios microbianos nos ensaios E1 a E7. Posteriormente, foram colocados em contato com o lixiviado e a Demanda Química de Oxigênio-DQO (método APHA 5220-D) e a Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio-DBO5 (método APHA 5210-B) foram analisadas em três períodos distintos: 15, 30 e 45 dias; Com os resultados obtidos, foi aplicada uma análise de variância, tomando como fatores os 7 ensaios e os 3 períodos, mostrando que o consórcio microbiano mais eficiente na remoção da Demanda Química de Oxigênio é o E2 com um percentual de remoção em torno de 88%. para Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio é E4 com cerca de 81%. Também foi calculado o consumo de microorganismos de áreas úmidas artificiais para reduzir a Demanda Química de Oxigênio tanto no inverno quanto no verão, que foram semelhantes em aproximadamente 223 Kg/dia; e para a redução da Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio, o consumo de microrganismos é próximo a 16 Kg/dia tanto no inverno quanto no verão., Se ensayó con consorcios microbianos obtenidos de las raíces de totora procedentes de un humedal artificial de un relleno sanitario (H1) y su sedimento (S1), así como, del agua (H2) y sedimento (S2) de una laguna natural (I), y del agua (H3) y sedimento (S3) de una laguna natural (II). Se bioaumentaron las muestras y se agruparon para formar siete consorcios microbianos en ensayos desde E1 hasta E7. Posteriormente se pusieron en contacto con el lixiviado y se analizó la Demanda Química de Oxígeno-DQO (método APHA 5220-D) y la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno-DBO5 (método APHA 5210-B) en tres períodos diferentes: 15, 30 y 45 días; con los resultados obtenidos se aplicó un análisis de varianza tomando como factores a los 7 ensayos y los 3 períodos, evidenciándose que el consorcio microbiano más eficiente en la remoción de la Demanda Química de Oxígeno es el E2 con un porcentaje de remoción alrededor del 88% y para la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígenoes el E4 con cerca de 81%. También se calculó el consumo de los microorganismos del humedal artificial para reducir la Demanda Química de Oxígeno tanto para el invierno como para el verano eran similares de aproximadamente de 223 Kg/día; y para la reducción del Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno el consumo de microorganismos es cercano a 16 Kg/día durante el invierno como para el verano.

In the rural regions of Latin America, wastewater treatment systems are based on conventional technologies such as the septic tanks. These treatment systems do not support biodegradability indexes lower than 0,4 measured in the form of BOD5/COD, values obtained when refractory contaminants are found in water; which in turn are associated in most cases with the intrusion of industrial wastewater. In these cases, the conventional treatment systems do not meet the regulations for which they were designed; and therefore public investment is lost to build them. This is why in the present investigation the biodegradability index of this type of effluents was increased, for which domestic wastewater mixed with leachate and industrial effluent obtained from the Chasinato creek in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador was used, in which a biodegradability index of 0,22 was obtained in BOD5/COD. An advanced oxidation process of modified Fenton was applied to this effluent, which increased the biodegradability index and avoided reducing the pH, since in large volumes this is very expensive. The optimal concentrations of reagents were FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 and C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; with the addition of 10 mg/L of H2O2, which increased the biodegradability index to a value of 0,46, which is a satisfactory value to be treated in conventional systems such as septic tanks; in addition to a reduction of BOD5 and COD in efficiencies of 12.54%; 44.4% respectively., En las regiones rurales de América Latina los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residuales se basan en tecnologías convencionales como las fosas sépticas. Estos sistemas de tratamiento no soportan índices de biodegradabilidad menores a 0,4 medidos en forma de DBO5/DQO, valores que se obtienen cuando en el agua se encuentran contaminantes refractarios; que a su vez se los asocia en la mayoría de los casos con la intromisión de agua residual industrial.En estos casos los sistemas de tratamiento convencionales no cumple las normativas para los cuales fueron diseñados; y por tanto se pierde la inversión pública para construirlos. Es por esto que en la presente investigación se elevó el índice de biodegradabilidad de este tipo de efluentes, para lo cual se usó agua residual doméstica mezclada con lixiviado y efluente industrial obtenida de la quebrada Chasinato en la provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador,en la cual se obtuvo un índice de biodegradabilidad de 0,22enDBO5/DQO. A este efluente se le aplicó un proceso de oxidación avanzada de Fenton modificado, con lo cual se incrementó el índice de biodegradabilidad y se evitó reducir el pH, ya que en grandes volúmenes esto resulta muy costoso. Las concentraciones óptimas de reactivos fueron de FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 y C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; con la colocación de 10 mg/L de H2O2, con lo cual se aumentó el índice de biodegradabilidad a un valor de 0,46 que es un valor satisfactorio para tratarse en sistemas convencionales como son las fosas sépticas; además de una reducción de la DBO5 y DQO en eficiencias de 12,54%; 44,4% respectivamente.

In the rural regions of Latin America, wastewater treatment systems are based on conventional technologies such as the septic tanks. These treatment systems do not support biodegradability indexes lower than 0,4 measured in the form of BOD5/COD, values obtained when refractory contaminants are found in water; which in turn are associated in most cases with the intrusion of industrial wastewater. In these cases, the conventional treatment systems do not meet the regulations for which they were designed; and therefore public investment is lost to build them. This is why in the present investigation the biodegradability index of this type of effluents was increased, for which domestic wastewater mixed with leachate and industrial effluent obtained from the Chasinato creek in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador was used, in which a biodegradability index of 0,22 was obtained in BOD5/COD. An advanced oxidation process of modified Fenton was applied to this effluent, which increased the biodegradability index and avoided reducing the pH, since in large volumes this is very expensive. The optimal concentrations of reagents were FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 and C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; with the addition of 10 mg/L of H2O2, which increased the biodegradability index to a value of 0,46, which is a satisfactory value to be treated in conventional systems such as septic tanks; in addition to a reduction of BOD5 and COD in efficiencies of 12.54%; 44.4% respectively., En las regiones rurales de América Latina los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residuales se basan en tecnologías convencionales como las fosas sépticas. Estos sistemas de tratamiento no soportan índices de biodegradabilidad menores a 0,4 medidos en forma de DBO5/DQO, valores que se obtienen cuando en el agua se encuentran contaminantes refractarios; que a su vez se los asocia en la mayoría de los casos con la intromisión de agua residual industrial.En estos casos los sistemas de tratamiento convencionales no cumple las normativas para los cuales fueron diseñados; y por tanto se pierde la inversión pública para construirlos. Es por esto que en la presente investigación se elevó el índice de biodegradabilidad de este tipo de efluentes, para lo cual se usó agua residual doméstica mezclada con lixiviado y efluente industrial obtenida de la quebrada Chasinato en la provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador,en la cual se obtuvo un índice de biodegradabilidad de 0,22enDBO5/DQO. A este efluente se le aplicó un proceso de oxidación avanzada de Fenton modificado, con lo cual se incrementó el índice de biodegradabilidad y se evitó reducir el pH, ya que en grandes volúmenes esto resulta muy costoso. Las concentraciones óptimas de reactivos fueron de FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 y C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; con la colocación de 10 mg/L de H2O2, con lo cual se aumentó el índice de biodegradabilidad a un valor de 0,46 que es un valor satisfactorio para tratarse en sistemas convencionales como son las fosas sépticas; además de una reducción de la DBO5 y DQO en eficiencias de 12,54%; 44,4% respectivamente.

In the rural regions of Latin America, wastewater treatment systems are based on conventional technologies such as the septic tanks. These treatment systems do not support biodegradability indexes lower than 0,4 measured in the form of BOD5/COD, values obtained when refractory contaminants are found in water; which in turn are associated in most cases with the intrusion of industrial wastewater. In these cases, the conventional treatment systems do not meet the regulations for which they were designed; and therefore public investment is lost to build them. This is why in the present investigation the biodegradability index of this type of effluents was increased, for which domestic wastewater mixed with leachate and industrial effluent obtained from the Chasinato creek in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador was used, in which a biodegradability index of 0,22 was obtained in BOD5/COD. An advanced oxidation process of modified Fenton was applied to this effluent, which increased the biodegradability index and avoided reducing the pH, since in large volumes this is very expensive. The optimal concentrations of reagents were FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 and C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; with the addition of 10 mg/L of H2O2, which increased the biodegradability index to a value of 0,46, which is a satisfactory value to be treated in conventional systems such as septic tanks; in addition to a reduction of BOD5 and COD in efficiencies of 12.54%; 44.4% respectively., En las regiones rurales de América Latina los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residuales se basan en tecnologías convencionales como las fosas sépticas. Estos sistemas de tratamiento no soportan índices de biodegradabilidad menores a 0,4 medidos en forma de DBO5/DQO, valores que se obtienen cuando en el agua se encuentran contaminantes refractarios; que a su vez se los asocia en la mayoría de los casos con la intromisión de agua residual industrial.En estos casos los sistemas de tratamiento convencionales no cumple las normativas para los cuales fueron diseñados; y por tanto se pierde la inversión pública para construirlos. Es por esto que en la presente investigación se elevó el índice de biodegradabilidad de este tipo de efluentes, para lo cual se usó agua residual doméstica mezclada con lixiviado y efluente industrial obtenida de la quebrada Chasinato en la provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador,en la cual se obtuvo un índice de biodegradabilidad de 0,22enDBO5/DQO. A este efluente se le aplicó un proceso de oxidación avanzada de Fenton modificado, con lo cual se incrementó el índice de biodegradabilidad y se evitó reducir el pH, ya que en grandes volúmenes esto resulta muy costoso. Las concentraciones óptimas de reactivos fueron de FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 y C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; con la colocación de 10 mg/L de H2O2, con lo cual se aumentó el índice de biodegradabilidad a un valor de 0,46 que es un valor satisfactorio para tratarse en sistemas convencionales como son las fosas sépticas; además de una reducción de la DBO5 y DQO en eficiencias de 12,54%; 44,4% respectivamente.

In the rural regions of Latin America, wastewater treatment systems are based on conventional technologies such as the septic tanks. These treatment systems do not support biodegradability indexes lower than 0,4 measured in the form of BOD5/COD, values obtained when refractory contaminants are found in water; which in turn are associated in most cases with the intrusion of industrial wastewater. In these cases, the conventional treatment systems do not meet the regulations for which they were designed; and therefore public investment is lost to build them. This is why in the present investigation the biodegradability index of this type of effluents was increased, for which domestic wastewater mixed with leachate and industrial effluent obtained from the Chasinato creek in the Tungurahua province of Ecuador was used, in which a biodegradability index of 0,22 was obtained in BOD5/COD. An advanced oxidation process of modified Fenton was applied to this effluent, which increased the biodegradability index and avoided reducing the pH, since in large volumes this is very expensive. The optimal concentrations of reagents were FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 and C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; with the addition of 10 mg/L of H2O2, which increased the biodegradability index to a value of 0,46, which is a satisfactory value to be treated in conventional systems such as septic tanks; in addition to a reduction of BOD5 and COD in efficiencies of 12.54%; 44.4% respectively., En las regiones rurales de América Latina los sistemas de tratamiento de agua residuales se basan en tecnologías convencionales como las fosas sépticas. Estos sistemas de tratamiento no soportan índices de biodegradabilidad menores a 0,4 medidos en forma de DBO5/DQO, valores que se obtienen cuando en el agua se encuentran contaminantes refractarios; que a su vez se los asocia en la mayoría de los casos con la intromisión de agua residual industrial.En estos casos los sistemas de tratamiento convencionales no cumple las normativas para los cuales fueron diseñados; y por tanto se pierde la inversión pública para construirlos. Es por esto que en la presente investigación se elevó el índice de biodegradabilidad de este tipo de efluentes, para lo cual se usó agua residual doméstica mezclada con lixiviado y efluente industrial obtenida de la quebrada Chasinato en la provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador,en la cual se obtuvo un índice de biodegradabilidad de 0,22enDBO5/DQO. A este efluente se le aplicó un proceso de oxidación avanzada de Fenton modificado, con lo cual se incrementó el índice de biodegradabilidad y se evitó reducir el pH, ya que en grandes volúmenes esto resulta muy costoso. Las concentraciones óptimas de reactivos fueron de FeSO4/H2O2 = 1 y C6H8O7/H2O2 = 2; con la colocación de 10 mg/L de H2O2, con lo cual se aumentó el índice de biodegradabilidad a un valor de 0,46 que es un valor satisfactorio para tratarse en sistemas convencionales como son las fosas sépticas; además de una reducción de la DBO5 y DQO en eficiencias de 12,54%; 44,4% respectivamente.

Leachate characteristics, applied technologies and energy demand for leachate treatment were investigated through survey in different states of Germany. Based on statistical analysis of leachate quality data from 2010 to 2015, almost half of the contaminants in raw leachate satisfy direct discharge limits. Decrease in leachate pollution index of current landfills is mainly related to reduction in concentrations of certain heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg) and organics (biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX)). However, contaminants of concern remain COD, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and BOD5 with average concentrations in leachate of about 1850, 640, and 120 mg/L respectively. Concentrations of COD and NH4-N vary seasonally, mainly due to temperature changes; concentrations during the first quarter of the year are mostly below the annual average value. Electrical conductivity (EC) of leachate may be used as a time and cost saving alternative to monitor sudden changes in concentration of these two parameters, due to high correlations of around 0.8 with both COD and NH4-N values which are possibly due to low heavy metal concentrations in leachate. The decreased concentrations of heavy metals and BOD5 favor the retrofitting of an existing biological reactor (nitrification/denitrification) with the deammonification process and post denitrification, as this lowers average annual operational cost (in terms of energy and external carbon source) and CO2 emission by €25,850 and 15,855 kg CO2,eq respectively.

Leachate characteristics, applied technologies and energy demand for leachate treatment were investigated through survey in different states of Germany. Based on statistical analysis of leachate quality data from 2010 to 2015, almost half of the contaminants in raw leachate satisfy direct discharge limits. Decrease in leachate pollution index of current landfills is mainly related to reduction in concentrations of certain heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg) and organics (biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX)). However, contaminants of concern remain COD, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and BOD5 with average concentrations in leachate of about 1850, 640, and 120 mg/L respectively. Concentrations of COD and NH4-N vary seasonally, mainly due to temperature changes; concentrations during the first quarter of the year are mostly below the annual average value. Electrical conductivity (EC) of leachate may be used as a time and cost saving alternative to monitor sudden changes in concentration of these two parameters, due to high correlations of around 0.8 with both COD and NH4-N values which are possibly due to low heavy metal concentrations in leachate. The decreased concentrations of heavy metals and BOD5 favor the retrofitting of an existing biological reactor (nitrification/denitrification) with the deammonification process and post denitrification, as this lowers average annual operational cost (in terms of energy and external carbon source) and CO2 emission by €25,850 and 15,855 kg CO2,eq respectively.

Greenhouse gas mitigation at landfills by methane oxidation in engineered biocover systems is believed to be a cost effective technology, but so far a full quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of the technology in full scale has only been carried out in a few cases. A third generation semi-passive biocover system was constructed at the AV Miljø Landfill, Denmark. The biocover system was fed by landfill gas pumped out of three leachate collection wells. An innovative gas distribution system was used to overcome the commonly observed surface emission hot spot areas resulting from an uGreenhouse gas mitigation at landfills by methane oxidation in engineered biocover systems is believed to be a cost effective technology, but so far a full quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of the technology in full scale has only been carried out in a few cases. A third generation semi-passive biocover system was constructed at the AV Miljø Landfill, Denmark. The biocover system was fed by landfill gas pumped out of three leachate collection wells. An innovative gas distribution system was used to overcome the commonly observed surface emission hot spot areas resulting from an uneven gas distribution to the active methane oxidation layer, leading to areas with methane overloading. Performed screening of methane and carbon dioxide surface concentrations, as well as flux measurement using a flux chamber at the surface of the biocover, showed homogenous distributions indicating an even gas distribution. This was supported by results from a tracer gas test where the compound HFC-134a was added to the gas inlet over an adequately long time period to obtain tracer gas stationarity in the whole biocover system. Studies of the tracer gas movement within the biocover system showed a very even gas distribution in gas probes installed in the gas distribution layer. Also the flux of tracer gas out of the biocover surface, as measured by flux chamber technique, showed a spatially even d

Markfilter för rening av vatten har utvecklats under årens lopp till att besitta skräddarsydda egenskaper anpassade för rening av lakvatten. Lakvatten innehåller en rad olika föroreningar, vilka beror på det deponerade materialets beskaffenhet. I sorptionsfilter kombineras ett traditionellt filters mekaniska förmåga att avskilja partiklar och biologiska förmåga att bryta ner organiskt material, med en eller flera sorbenter, vilka verkar för att fastlägga eller fälla föroreningar. Inte sällan drabbas dock denna typ av filter av igensättningar, vilket reducerar filtrets kapacitet och livslängd. Vid deponin i Gräfsåsen, tillhörande Östersunds kommun, installerades 2013 ett markfilter av sorptionstyp framtaget av konsult, vilket uppgavs ha en livslängd på 10-15 år. Efter installering av filtret visar sig kapaciteten vara sämre än förväntat och dessutom snabbt sjunkande över tid. Justeringar i filtermaterialets sammansättning sker efter ett par månades drift, men problemet med igensättningar/låg kapacitet kvarstår. Detta examensarbete utformades i syfte att utreda igensättningsproblematiken med sorptionsfiltret vid Gräfsåsen och att föreslå förbättringsåtgärder. Den andra delen bestod av att kontrollera konsultens dimensioneringsberäkningar och jämföra med olika beräkningsmodeller för markfilter. Analysresultaten och beräkningarna kompletterades med ett praktiskt försök att filtrera lakvatten och kranvatten i varsin filterkolonn som utformades med samma proportioner och material som det aktuella filtret. Avsikten med kolonnfiltreringen var att bedöma materialets hydrauliska kapacitet och undersöka om det fanns eventuella skillnader i rinntider för lak- respektive kranvatten. Filtreringen visade att packningsgraden av filtermaterialet är av stor betydelse för genomsläppligheten, inga slutsatser om vattenkvaliténs påverkan kunde dock dras. Karaktäriseringen visade att lakvattnet i Gräfsåsen innehöll höga halter BOD, POC, aluminium, svavel, kalcium och fosfor. Analyserna oc, Filters for treatment of leachate have been developed over the years to hold tailor-made properties for the treatment of leachate. Leachate contains a variety of pollutants, which depends on the waste upon the landfill. In sorption-filters the traditional filter’s mechanical ability to remove particles and biological ability to break down organic material, is combined with one or several sorbents which act to precipitate or trap contaminants. However, it is rather common that these types of filters suffer from clogging which result in reduction of the filter’s capacity and lifetime. At the landfill in Gräfsåsen, belonging to the municipality of Östersund, a sorption filter developed by a consultant was installed in 2013, which was estimated to have a lifespan of 10-15 years. When installed, the capacity of the filter was lower than expected and also decreased rapidly over time. The filter media had to be redesigned after a couple of months in operation, but the problem with clogging/low capacity remained. This thesis was shaped to investigate the causes of the clogging problem of the filter at Gräfsåsen and to suggest improvements. The study consisted mainly of two parts, one part consisted of interpreting and comparing test results and characterize the leachate from a study of leachate from IVL (Swedish Environmental Research Institute). The second part consisted of controlling the consultant’s sizing and compare with other models for sizing filters. The analytical results and calculations were supplemented with a practical test to filter leachate and tap water in separate filter columns, designed with the same proportions and materials as the existing filter. The purpose of the filtering columns was to assess the material's hydraulic capacity and to examine whether there were any differences in the flow times of the leachate and tap water. The filtering showed that the degree of compaction of the filter material is of great importance for the permeability, no conc

“The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0834-4”, Leachate from waste landfill or treatment plants is a very complex and highly contaminated liquid effluent. In its composition, it is found dissolved organic matter, inorganic salts, heavy metals, and other xenobiotic organic compounds, so it can be toxic, carcinogenic, and capable of inducing a potential risk to biota and humans. European law does not allow such leachate to leave the premises without being depolluted. There are many procedures that enable debugging, always combining different techniques. Choosing the best method to use in each case is a complex decision, as it depends on many tangible and intangible factors that must be weighed to achieve a balance between technical, cost, and environmental sustainability. It is presenting a hybrid method for choosing the optimal combination of techniques to apply in each case, by combining a multicriteria hierarchical analysis based on expert data obtained by the Delphi method with an analysis by the method of VIKOR to reach a consensus solution.

“The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0834-4”, Leachate from waste landfill or treatment plants is a very complex and highly contaminated liquid effluent. In its composition, it is found dissolved organic matter, inorganic salts, heavy metals, and other xenobiotic organic compounds, so it can be toxic, carcinogenic, and capable of inducing a potential risk to biota and humans. European law does not allow such leachate to leave the premises without being depolluted. There are many procedures that enable debugging, always combining different techniques. Choosing the best method to use in each case is a complex decision, as it depends on many tangible and intangible factors that must be weighed to achieve a balance between technical, cost, and environmental sustainability. It is presenting a hybrid method for choosing the optimal combination of techniques to apply in each case, by combining a multicriteria hierarchical analysis based on expert data obtained by the Delphi method with an analysis by the method of VIKOR to reach a consensus solution.

At Degermyran landfill, situated in the municipal Skellefteå, a leachate treatment system was installed in 2005. One of the aims of this study was to investigate how well the treatment system works by using data from chemical measurements made on the leachate before and after treatment. Further this study had the purpose of investigating how the predicted climate changes of the 21st century will affect the amount of leachate generated at Degermyran by using a modified version of Thornthwaites water balance model. The treatment system has the ability of reducing manganese by 90 %, nitrogen by 73 % och TOC by 79 %. By the turn of this century the amount of precipitation that percolates the waste at Degermyran will be between 254 and 298 mm, depending on the amount of greenhouse gases that will be released in the future to come. The conclusions from this study are that the leachate treatment system reduces the levels of the investigated substances and that the amount of leachate produced at Degermyran will increase. To further investigate the efficiency of the leachate treatment system, flow proportionate measurements of the leachate chemistry could be adopted. If accurate flow measurements of the amount of generated leachate were performed the reliability of the used water balance model could be assessed.

At Degermyran landfill, situated in the municipal Skellefteå, a leachate treatment system was installed in 2005. One of the aims of this study was to investigate how well the treatment system works by using data from chemical measurements made on the leachate before and after treatment. Further this study had the purpose of investigating how the predicted climate changes of the 21st century will affect the amount of leachate generated at Degermyran by using a modified version of Thornthwaites water balance model. The treatment system has the ability of reducing manganese by 90 %, nitrogen by 73 % och TOC by 79 %. By the turn of this century the amount of precipitation that percolates the waste at Degermyran will be between 254 and 298 mm, depending on the amount of greenhouse gases that will be released in the future to come. The conclusions from this study are that the leachate treatment system reduces the levels of the investigated substances and that the amount of leachate produced at Degermyran will increase. To further investigate the efficiency of the leachate treatment system, flow proportionate measurements of the leachate chemistry could be adopted. If accurate flow measurements of the amount of generated leachate were performed the reliability of the used water balance model could be assessed.

Purification techniques for leachate from composting activity - analysis in terms of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and BOD Sofia Lundkvist Leachate from compost facilities has a large impact on the environment if is not properly cleaned. Water samples taken at Ragn-Sells compost facility at Dåva in Umeå have had problems with high amounts of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in their leachate and need to lower these. The aim of this work was to investigate the methods available for treatment of these substances, see if there is a variation depending on spring and autumn in the presence of substances in the leachate from Dåva, and to investigate whether there are methods that can complement Ragn-Sells existing facility for the purification of leachate. Water samples were used to test season-differences of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. Furthermore, I did interviews with persons from other compost facilities around Sweden to identify alternative methods to reduce the amount of those three substances in leachate from Dåva. There were no clear pattern between measurements in spring and autumn, but the analysis from Dåva shows that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between ammonia nitrogen with average temperature. When the temperature drops the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increases. Further analysis shows that Dåvas existing system likely can be supplemented with additional steps to improve purification of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, but the data I received was not enough to declare witch method works best for Ragn-Sells as the majority of the persons I came in contact with could not account for the measured values of the three substances.

This study investigated the changes in leachate composition and clogging evolution in leachate transmission pipes and the use of methanogenesis as a leachate treatment alternative for Bioreactor landfills, by using pilot-scale and laboratory studies. The pilot-scale study consisted of a research station built at Brady Road Landfill, housing sixteen HDPE pipes of three different diameters, conveying leachate intermittently at eight different Reynolds numbers, under reasonably controlled conditions. The pipes were tested for leachate degradation, clogging evolution and hydraulic impairment over time. The laboratory studies carried out tested (1) the effect of turbulence intensity and temperature on leachate degradation and clogging effects and (2) biological pretreatment of leachate prior to injection into a bioreactor cell. The pilot study results showed that under the conditions tested, pipes developed a significant amount of organic and inorganic clog material in less than a year of operation. Since limited quantities of fresh leachate (approx. 3 m3) were used during each leachate degradation analyses, the anticipated effects of clogging in a full scale injection system are expected to be more pronounced, which can negatively impact the long-term hydraulic performance, operation, and service life of a Bioreactor Landfill. The first laboratory study showed that increasing the turbulent energy dissipation rate caused greater amounts of CO2 evolution from the leachate, and temperature increase had an impact on dissolved Ca2+ under atmospheric conditions, affecting clog development. The second and third laboratory studies showed that performing leachate methanogenesis reduces organic (COD, VFA) and inorganic (Ca2+, ISS) clog constituents within the leachate However, the rate of methanogenesis was influenced by the ratio of acetate and propionate. It is suggested that if leachate undergoes methanogenesis in a separate leachate digester prior to re-injection into a biore

This study investigated the changes in leachate composition and clogging evolution in leachate transmission pipes and the use of methanogenesis as a leachate treatment alternative for Bioreactor landfills, by using pilot-scale and laboratory studies. The pilot-scale study consisted of a research station built at Brady Road Landfill, housing sixteen HDPE pipes of three different diameters, conveying leachate intermittently at eight different Reynolds numbers, under reasonably controlled conditions. The pipes were tested for leachate degradation, clogging evolution and hydraulic impairment over time. The laboratory studies carried out tested (1) the effect of turbulence intensity and temperature on leachate degradation and clogging effects and (2) biological pretreatment of leachate prior to injection into a bioreactor cell. The pilot study results showed that under the conditions tested, pipes developed a significant amount of organic and inorganic clog material in less than a year of operation. Since limited quantities of fresh leachate (approx. 3 m3) were used during each leachate degradation analyses, the anticipated effects of clogging in a full scale injection system are expected to be more pronounced, which can negatively impact the long-term hydraulic performance, operation, and service life of a Bioreactor Landfill. The first laboratory study showed that increasing the turbulent energy dissipation rate caused greater amounts of CO2 evolution from the leachate, and temperature increase had an impact on dissolved Ca2+ under atmospheric conditions, affecting clog development. The second and third laboratory studies showed that performing leachate methanogenesis reduces organic (COD, VFA) and inorganic (Ca2+, ISS) clog constituents within the leachate However, the rate of methanogenesis was influenced by the ratio of acetate and propionate. It is suggested that if leachate undergoes methanogenesis in a separate leachate digester prior to re-injection into a biore

Leachate from landfills is a highly complex polluted wastewater. Landfill leachate with a high concentration of ammonium nitrogen is generally difficult to treat, efficiently. Furthermore, it can be very expensive when there is lack of an easily biodegradable carbon source. Combination of the nitrification/denitrification with the Anammox process can be a very attractive alternative. For the purpose of this study, a Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) was used. The main objective of the research was to investigate the performance of the Anammox process that occurs together with heterotrophic denitrification in the same RBC. During the operation period the acclimation of biofilm to the Anammox process was successful at temperature not exceeding 20°C. Apparently, the process was not affected by a high concentration of nitrite up to 100 g NO2-N m-3 Additionally, it was shown that the Stover-Kincannon model could be used for description of the ammonium and nitrite removal rates., QC 20141015

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds fr, Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, fi

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds fr, Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, fi

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds fr, Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, fi

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds fr, Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, fi

It is well known that nature offers an abundance of materials and processes that can be adapted in low-tech fashion, to fabricate systems capable of removing pollutants from wastewater. During the last decade, extensive basic and engineering research on such natural treatment systems have led to improvement of the quality of discharged wastewaters. However, the mechanisms of natural treatment and their application for leachate treatment in temperate climates are not fully understood due to a large number of interacting factors. A complex, interdisciplinary research project was therefore undertaken to develop strategies for construction and evaluation of full-scale leachate treatment systems. The main objective of this Thesis was to develop and characterise a vertical-flow filter-bed-based system for treatment of leachate from an industrial landfill containing shredder residue (SR) of end-of-life vehicles (ELV) and white goods. The strategy for development of the treatment system involved laboratory batch and column experiments, and progressed to long-term field studies in a pilot plant at the landfill site. Several locally available low-cost natural or residual waste materials and mixtures thereof were investigated for removal of different types of pollutants from leachate. A mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash was found to be most efficient for removal of a number of toxic metals and various polar and non-polar organic compounds. Effective removal of phenolic compounds and an abundance of phenol-degrading and heterotrophic bacteria observed in the filter show that it also acts as a biofilter. Given the climatic character of Sweden, 60–70% of the annual leachate volume might be produced during a few months, resulting in possible overloading of the full-scale filter-bed-based treatment systems. To ensure stable hydraulic loading of the biofilter system, a retention pond with a storage volume of about 23,000 m3 was needed to even out annual leachate volumes up t

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds fr

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds fr, Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, fi

In this study, the application of some zeolitised fly ashes and synthetic zeolites to the decontamination of the leachate produced in a municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plant and to the liquid waste from a pig farm was analyzed. Thus, the reduction of organic matter (BOD and COD), ammonium and total nitrogen, phosphorus and metals contents after a zeolite treatment was evaluated. Several synthetic zeolites were tested: some commercial zeolites and other synthetic zeolites and zeolitised ashes obtained after a coal fly ash alkaline hydrothermal process. Two forms of contact between the zeolitic material and the liquid waste were tested: in a stirred tank and in a column. In addition, other variables determined were the amount of zeolite and the residence time. The results showed that zeolites, especially zeolitised fly ash, clearly produced a strong reduction in the leachate nitrogen and phosphorus content. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pandey, L. M. S., & Shukla, S. K. (2019). An insight into waste management in Australia with a focus on landfill technology and liner leak detection. Journal of Cleaner Production, 225, 1147-1154. Available here

At the Merrick Landfill, located outside of North Bay (Ontario, CA), an investigation into the potential for an environmental impact to the Little Sturgeon River as a result of landfill leachate discharge was undertaken using toxicity testing using 96 hour acute lethality on Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout). Landfill leachate may present a risk to receiving environments as it is comprised of an array of chemicals including organics, ammonia, and metals. Testing was conducted in three phases, firstly testing was completed on site throughout an existing natural attenuation zone where the presence of several groundwater seeps down gradient of the site had been identified to determine the effectiveness of the existing leachate control features at reducing the environmental risks. These tests indicated that the existing capture strategies were largely effective at reducing toxicity risks to the receiving environment. Testing was also completed on two pilot-scale hybrid-passive treatment systems to determine their effectiveness for leachate treatment. Summer performance of a constructed gravel wetland system was also shown to be effective at reducing the toxicity of the landfill leachate at the site. Lastly in order to support evaluation of leachate treatment requirements, a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was performed to determine the principle cause of toxicity within the leachate. Based on water chemistry analyses of samples collected at various locations at the site, the TIE identified ammonia toxicity as the primary source of toxicity in the leachate, with a secondary focus on metal toxicity., Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2016-07-01 22:39:50.139