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Micronutrient imbalance in lime and sapota fruit crops result in unstable fruit yield, fruit shedding and degrade quality of the produce. A study was therefore conducted to evaluate micronutrient statusoflime and sapota orchard by analysing soil and plant samples. Soil samples were collected from surface (0-15cm) and sub-surface (15-30cm) depth representing whole orchard. At the same time, plant samples including 35-40 each for leaves and petiole samples each from lime and sapota field was also collected. Available micronutrients from soil samples were extracted using diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid (DTPA) and it was in the order of manganese (Mn)> iron (Fe)> zinc (Zn)> copper (Cu) in both lime and sapota plantations. DTPA- extractable Zn and Cu showed low status, marginal status of Fe and sufficient level of Mn in soils of sapota plantations. In plant analysis, high concentration of Cu (869 mg kg-1) and Zn (411mg kg-1) was observed in lime leaves; however, in sapota crop Cu and Zn content was 8.25mg kg-1 and 16.7mg kg- 1 respectively. Similarly, Fe and Mn content of lime leaves was 197 and 43 mg kg-1 which was slightly higher than sapota leaves that recorded 128 and 49mg kg-1 of Fe and Zn respectively. In sapota plants, higher Mn and Cu concentration in leaf resulted in Zn deficiency symptoms such as shortened internodes or rosette disorders of sapota plants. Thus, correcting micronutrient deficiency is pre-requisite for qualitative and quantitative fruit production in tablelands of India.

Micronutrient imbalance in lime and sapota fruit crops result in unstable fruit yield, fruit shedding and degrade quality of the produce. A study was therefore conducted to evaluate micronutrient statusoflime and sapota orchard by analysing soil and plant samples. Soil samples were collected from surface (0-15cm) and sub-surface (15-30cm) depth representing whole orchard. At the same time, plant samples including 35-40 each for leaves and petiole samples each from lime and sapota field was also collected. Available micronutrients from soil samples were extracted using diethylenetriaminepenta acetic acid (DTPA) and it was in the order of manganese (Mn)> iron (Fe)> zinc (Zn)> copper (Cu) in both lime and sapota plantations. DTPA- extractable Zn and Cu showed low status, marginal status of Fe and sufficient level of Mn in soils of sapota plantations. In plant analysis, high concentration of Cu (869 mg kg-1) and Zn (411mg kg-1) was observed in lime leaves; however, in sapota crop Cu and Zn content was 8.25mg kg-1 and 16.7mg kg- 1 respectively. Similarly, Fe and Mn content of lime leaves was 197 and 43 mg kg-1 which was slightly higher than sapota leaves that recorded 128 and 49mg kg-1 of Fe and Zn respectively. In sapota plants, higher Mn and Cu concentration in leaf resulted in Zn deficiency symptoms such as shortened internodes or rosette disorders of sapota plants. Thus, correcting micronutrient deficiency is pre-requisite for qualitative and quantitative fruit production in tablelands of India.

The aims of the current study are to (a) evaluate the growth and nutritional status of young Chardonnay and Pinot Noir vines grown in soil subjected to K application and (b) to determine the growth and nutritional status of young Chardonnay vines grown in soil subjected to K and to different limestone applications. The experiment was conducted in Red Argisol, in Santana do Livramento County (RS), in crop seasons from 2011/12 to 2013/14. Treatments adopted in experiment 1 comprised 0, 30 and 60 kg of K2O ha–1. Variables K exchangeable content in the soil, K content in leaves, plant height, stem diameter and weight of the pruned material were evaluated. Treatments adopted in experiment 2 comprised 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg of K2O ha–1, as well as calcitic and dolomitic limestone applications. Variables exchangeable K, Ca and Mg contents in the soil, K, Ca and Mg contents in leaves, plant height, stem diameter and weight of the pruned material were evaluated. Potassium fertilization increased the K content in the 0-10 cm layer and influenced the K content in leaves collected in the first crop; however, it did not influence growth parameters in Chardonnay and Pinot Noir cultivars. Potassium, dolomitic and calcitic limestone application enabled nutrient absorption by plants, whose leaves presented increased K content; however, it did not influence growth parameters in cultivar Chardonnay., Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: (a) evaluar el crecimiento y el estado nutricional de las vides jóvenes cv. Chardonnay y Pinot Noir cultivadas en suelos donde se incorporó K; y (b) determinar el crecimiento y el estado nutricional de plantas juveniles de vid cv. Chardonnay cultivadas en suelos donde se incorporó K y diferentes dosis de cal. El experimento se realizó en Red Argisol, en el condado de Santana do Livramento (RS), en las temporadas de cultivo del 2011/12 al 2013/14. El tratamiento del Experimento 1 fue la incorporación de 0, 30 y 60 kg de K2O ha–1. Se evaluó el contenido de K intercambiable en el suelo, contenido de K en las hojas, altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo y peso del material podado. El tratamiento del Experimento 2 fue la incorporación de 0, 60, 120 y 180 kg de K2O ha–1, con aplicaciones de calcita y dolomita. Se evaluaron los contenidos de K, Ca y Mg intercambiables en el suelo, los contenidos de K, Ca y Mg en las hojas, la altura de la planta, el diámetro del tallo y el peso del material podado. Los resultados del Experimento 1 sugieren que la fertilización con potasio aumentó el contenido de K en la capa de 0-10 cm e influyó en el contenido de K en las hojas recolectadas en el primer cultivo. Sin embargo, no afectó los parámetros de crecimiento en los cultivares Chardonnay y Pinot Noir. Los resultados del Experimento 2 muestran que la aplicación de potasio, calcita y dolomita permitió la absorción de nutrientes de las plantas jóvenes, cuyas hojas presentaron un mayor contenido de K. Sin embargo, no influyó en los otros parámetros de crecimiento en el cultivar Chardonnay, ni en el contenido de Ca y Mg en las variables estudiadas.

It is common for vineyards in regions of high altitude to have high organic matter content in soil. Furthermore, reduced miner alization of organic matter and decomposing residues is expected because of the low temperatures. Thus, soils may not provide enough mineral nitrogen (N) to meet the needs of the grapevines and so the application of N sources is necessary, but may affect yield and must composition. The study aimed to evaluate yield and must composition of grapevines subjected to N application in soil with high organic matter content and the relationship with temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted in crops sea sons 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 in a vineyard located in the city of Água Doce, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of N doses (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) supplied via urea. Leaves opposite to the cluster were collected at full flowering and at veraison. Afterwards, the leaves were dried, ground and submitted to N analysis. Parameters of yield and must composition were evaluated. The dose of maximum technical efficiency in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines was reached with 46 kg N ha-1 year-1 in crop season 2012/13. Leaf N content was a sensitive parameter to the application of N doses in the soil and underwent seasonal variation in relation to rainfall distribution. The N doses reduced total soluble solids (TSS) contents in the must. Based on principal component analysis, we found a correlation between total N content in leaf and accumulated rainfall, as well as between yield and temperature., RESUMEN Los viñedos ubicados en regiones altas poseen suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, debido a la baja temperatura se espera menor mineralización de la materia orgánica. De esta forma, los suelos pueden proporcionar menos cantidad de nitrógeno (N) mineral, respecto a los requerimientos de la vid. Por eso, es necesaria la aplicación de nitrógeno que puede afectar la productividad de la vid y la composición de la uva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la productividad y la composición del mosto de la vid sometido a la aplicación de N en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica y la relación con la temperatura y la pluviometría. El estudio fue realizado durante las campañas de los años 2011/12, 2012/13 y 2013/14, en un viñedo ubicado en el municipio de Agua Doce, Santa Catarina, región sur de Brasil. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes dosis de N (0, 20, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1), suministrados con urea. La dosis de máxima eficiencia técnica en la vid Cabernet Sauvignon fue alcanzada con 46 kg N ha-1 año-1 en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. El contenido de nitrógeno en las hojas fue un parámetro sensible a la aplicación de dosis de N en el suelo es sensible a la distribución de las lluvias. El N reduce el contenido de sólidos solubles totales en el mosto. Con base en los principales componentes analizados, los resultados indican una correlación entre el contenido de nitrógeno total en las hojas y la precipitación acumulada, así como entre los rendimientos y la temperatura.

It is common for vineyards in regions of high altitude to have high organic matter content in soil. Furthermore, reduced miner alization of organic matter and decomposing residues is expected because of the low temperatures. Thus, soils may not provide enough mineral nitrogen (N) to meet the needs of the grapevines and so the application of N sources is necessary, but may affect yield and must composition. The study aimed to evaluate yield and must composition of grapevines subjected to N application in soil with high organic matter content and the relationship with temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted in crops sea sons 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 in a vineyard located in the city of Água Doce, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of N doses (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) supplied via urea. Leaves opposite to the cluster were collected at full flowering and at veraison. Afterwards, the leaves were dried, ground and submitted to N analysis. Parameters of yield and must composition were evaluated. The dose of maximum technical efficiency in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines was reached with 46 kg N ha-1 year-1 in crop season 2012/13. Leaf N content was a sensitive parameter to the application of N doses in the soil and underwent seasonal variation in relation to rainfall distribution. The N doses reduced total soluble solids (TSS) contents in the must. Based on principal component analysis, we found a correlation between total N content in leaf and accumulated rainfall, as well as between yield and temperature., RESUMEN Los viñedos ubicados en regiones altas poseen suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, debido a la baja temperatura se espera menor mineralización de la materia orgánica. De esta forma, los suelos pueden proporcionar menos cantidad de nitrógeno (N) mineral, respecto a los requerimientos de la vid. Por eso, es necesaria la aplicación de nitrógeno que puede afectar la productividad de la vid y la composición de la uva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la productividad y la composición del mosto de la vid sometido a la aplicación de N en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica y la relación con la temperatura y la pluviometría. El estudio fue realizado durante las campañas de los años 2011/12, 2012/13 y 2013/14, en un viñedo ubicado en el municipio de Agua Doce, Santa Catarina, región sur de Brasil. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes dosis de N (0, 20, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1), suministrados con urea. La dosis de máxima eficiencia técnica en la vid Cabernet Sauvignon fue alcanzada con 46 kg N ha-1 año-1 en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. El contenido de nitrógeno en las hojas fue un parámetro sensible a la aplicación de dosis de N en el suelo es sensible a la distribución de las lluvias. El N reduce el contenido de sólidos solubles totales en el mosto. Con base en los principales componentes analizados, los resultados indican una correlación entre el contenido de nitrógeno total en las hojas y la precipitación acumulada, así como entre los rendimientos y la temperatura.

The emergence of new almond tree (Prunus dulcis) varieties with agricultural interest is forcing the nursery plant industry to establish quality systems to keep varietal purity in the production stage. The aim of this study is to assess the capability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to classify different Prunus dulcis varieties as an alternative to more expensive methods. Fresh and dried-powdered leaves of six different varieties of almond trees of commercial interest (Avijor, Guara, Isabelona, Marta, Pentacebas and Soleta) were used., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be a faster and more economical alternative to traditional methods for screening varietal mixtures of nursery plants during the propagation process to ensure varietal purity and to avoid errors in the dispatch batches. The global objective of this work was to develop and optimize a NIR spectral collection method for construction of robust multivariate discrimination models. Three different varieties of Prunus dulcis (Avijor, Guara, and Pentacebas) of agricultural interest were used for this study. Sources of variation were investigated, including the position of the leaves on the trees, differences among trees of the same variety, and differences at the varietal level. Three types of processed samples were investigated. Fresh leaves, dried leaves, and dried leaves in powder form were included in each analysis. A study of spectral pre-treatment methods was also performed, and multivariate methods were applied to analyze the influence of different factors on classification. These included principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA). The results indicated that variety was the most important factor for classification. The spectral pre-treatment that provided the best results was a combination of standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay first derivative, and mean-centering methods. With regard to the type of processed sample, the highest percentages of correct classifications were obtained with fresh and dried powdered leaves at both the training set and test set validation levels. This study represents the first step towards the consolidation of NIRS as a method to identify Prunus dulcis varieties., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be a faster and more economical alternative to traditional methods for screening varietal mixtures of nursery plants during the propagation process to ensure varietal purity and to avoid errors in the dispatch batches. The global objective of this work was to develop and optimize a NIR spectral collection method for construction of robust multivariate discrimination models. Three different varieties of Prunus dulcis (Avijor, Guara, and Pentacebas) of agricultural interest were used for this study. Sources of variation were investigated, including the position of the leaves on the trees, differences among trees of the same variety, and differences at the varietal level. Three types of processed samples were investigated. Fresh leaves, dried leaves, and dried leaves in powder form were included in each analysis. A study of spectral pre-treatment methods was also performed, and multivariate methods were applied to analyze the influence of different factors on classification. These included principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA). The results indicated that variety was the most important factor for classification. The spectral pre-treatment that provided the best results was a combination of standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay first derivative, and mean-centering methods. With regard to the type of processed sample, the highest percentages of correct classifications were obtained with fresh and dried powdered leaves at both the training set and test set validation levels. This study represents the first step towards the consolidation of NIRS as a method to identify Prunus dulcis varieties.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights

Os objetivos deste estudo foram o de estabelecer curvas de evolução de macro- e micronutrientes em folhas de oliveira, e os períodos de tempo nos quais são estatisticamente estáveis e podem ser considerados corretos para fazer um diagnóstico de nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado em duas explorações da província de Jaén (Andaluzia, Sul de Espanha), com oliveiras da variedade Picual, em regime de regadio e sem deficiência de nutrientes durante todo o ano. Comparando as duas explorações e os períodos de tempo, as curvas de evolução de cada nutriente foram muito semelhantes. Porém, na exploração “Poco Humo” ocorreram períodos com concentrações de nutrientes mais altas, provavelmente devidas às condições edafoclimáticas mais favoráveis nesta exploração. O nitrogénio e o fósforo apresentaram concentrações mínimas em folhas jovens e com um ano de vida e máximas durante o inverno. O potássio e o boro apresentaram concentrações máximas em folhas jovens apresentando um decréscimo durante o primeiro ano de vida. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio e manganês apresentaram comportamento oposto; acumulando-se na folha até atingirem valores de concentração máximos no inverno, mantendo-se estáveis a partir daí com algumas oscilações, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Durante os períodos de amostragem não se observaram alterações nas concentrações de zinco. Durante o inverno e por períodos de pelo menos dois meses consecutivos, não se observaram diferenças significativas nas concentrações dos elementos com exceção do nitrogénio. Observou-se estabilidade analítica, desde a segunda quinzena de Maio até à primeira quinzena de Agosto, para os elementos químicos estudados, com exceção do fósforo e do boro., El objetivo de este estudio es establecer las curvas de evolución de los macro y micronutrientes en hoja de olivo y los periodos de tiempo en los que presentan estabilidad estadística y pueden ser considerados aptos para realizar un diagnóstico nutricional. El estudio se realizó en dos fincas de la provincia de Jaén (Andalucía, Sur de España) con olivos de la variedad Picual, en régimen de riego y sin deficiencias nutricionales en todo el año. Las curvas de evolución de cada nutriente presentaron grandes similitudes al comparar entre fincas y entre periodos, existiendo periodos con concentraciones superiores en la finca Poco Humo, probablemente debido a las favorables características edáficas de esta explotación. Nitrógeno y fósforo presentaron las concentraciones mínimas cuando las hojas son jóvenes y cuando tienen un año de vida, y las máximas durante el invierno. El potasio y el boro presentaron los valores máximos cuando las hojas son jóvenes, experimentando un descenso en esta concentración a lo largo del año de vida. Con calcio, magnesio y manganeso ocurre lo contrario, acumularon estos elementos en hoja hasta alcanzar el máximo en invierno, momento a partir del cual la concentración se mantuvo con algunas oscilaciones pero sin que las diferencias fueran estadísticamente significativas. No se observaron cambios en la concentración de zinc en los periodos muestreados. Para todos los nutrientes excepto el nitrógeno, se observaron en el periodo invernal periodos de al menos dos meses consecutivos sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las concentraciones. El nitrógeno presentó estabilidad analítica desde la segunda quincena de mayo a la primera quincena de agosto, periodo en el que se observó también estabilidad para la mayoría de los nutrientes estudiados excepto el fósforo y el boro., The aim of this study was to establish the evolution curves of macro- and micro-nutrients in olive leaves and the periods of time in which they are statistically stable and can be considered suitable for a nutritional diagnosis. The study was carried out in two farms of the province of Jaén (Andalucia, Southern Spain), with olive trees of the Picual variety, under an irrigation regime and no nutritional deficiencies over the entire year. The evolution curves of each nutrient had great similarities when comparing between farms and between periods. Only in some periods the farm “Poco Humo” had higher concentrations, probably due to the most favorable edaphic characteristics of this farm. Nitrogen and phosphorus showed minimum concentrations when the leaves were young and when they were one year old, and maximum concentrations during the winter. Potassium and boron showed higher concentrations when the leaves were young, and the concentrations decreased throughout the first year of life. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium and manganese had the opposite behavior: these accumulated in leaf until reaching maximum values in winter and then remained stable, with some oscillations but without statistically significant differences. No changes were observed in the zinc concentrations in the sampled periods. Periods of at least two consecutive months without statistically significant differences were found during the winter period for all elements except nitrogen. Analytical stability was observed from the second fortnight of May till the first fortnight of August for all elements except phosphorus and boron.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram o de estabelecer curvas de evolução de macro- e micronutrientes em folhas de oliveira, e os períodos de tempo nos quais são estatisticamente estáveis e podem ser considerados corretos para fazer um diagnóstico de nutrientes. O estudo foi realizado em duas explorações da província de Jaén (Andaluzia, Sul de Espanha), com oliveiras da variedade Picual, em regime de regadio e sem deficiência de nutrientes durante todo o ano. Comparando as duas explorações e os períodos de tempo, as curvas de evolução de cada nutriente foram muito semelhantes. Porém, na exploração “Poco Humo” ocorreram períodos com concentrações de nutrientes mais altas, provavelmente devidas às condições edafoclimáticas mais favoráveis nesta exploração. O nitrogénio e o fósforo apresentaram concentrações mínimas em folhas jovens e com um ano de vida e máximas durante o inverno. O potássio e o boro apresentaram concentrações máximas em folhas jovens apresentando um decréscimo durante o primeiro ano de vida. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio e manganês apresentaram comportamento oposto; acumulando-se na folha até atingirem valores de concentração máximos no inverno, mantendo-se estáveis a partir daí com algumas oscilações, mas sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Durante os períodos de amostragem não se observaram alterações nas concentrações de zinco. Durante o inverno e por períodos de pelo menos dois meses consecutivos, não se observaram diferenças significativas nas concentrações dos elementos com exceção do nitrogénio. Observou-se estabilidade analítica, desde a segunda quinzena de Maio até à primeira quinzena de Agosto, para os elementos químicos estudados, com exceção do fósforo e do boro., El objetivo de este estudio es establecer las curvas de evolución de los macro y micronutrientes en hoja de olivo y los periodos de tiempo en los que presentan estabilidad estadística y pueden ser considerados aptos para realizar un diagnóstico nutricional. El estudio se realizó en dos fincas de la provincia de Jaén (Andalucía, Sur de España) con olivos de la variedad Picual, en régimen de riego y sin deficiencias nutricionales en todo el año. Las curvas de evolución de cada nutriente presentaron grandes similitudes al comparar entre fincas y entre periodos, existiendo periodos con concentraciones superiores en la finca Poco Humo, probablemente debido a las favorables características edáficas de esta explotación. Nitrógeno y fósforo presentaron las concentraciones mínimas cuando las hojas son jóvenes y cuando tienen un año de vida, y las máximas durante el invierno. El potasio y el boro presentaron los valores máximos cuando las hojas son jóvenes, experimentando un descenso en esta concentración a lo largo del año de vida. Con calcio, magnesio y manganeso ocurre lo contrario, acumularon estos elementos en hoja hasta alcanzar el máximo en invierno, momento a partir del cual la concentración se mantuvo con algunas oscilaciones pero sin que las diferencias fueran estadísticamente significativas. No se observaron cambios en la concentración de zinc en los periodos muestreados. Para todos los nutrientes excepto el nitrógeno, se observaron en el periodo invernal periodos de al menos dos meses consecutivos sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las concentraciones. El nitrógeno presentó estabilidad analítica desde la segunda quincena de mayo a la primera quincena de agosto, periodo en el que se observó también estabilidad para la mayoría de los nutrientes estudiados excepto el fósforo y el boro., The aim of this study was to establish the evolution curves of macro- and micro-nutrients in olive leaves and the periods of time in which they are statistically stable and can be considered suitable for a nutritional diagnosis. The study was carried out in two farms of the province of Jaén (Andalucia, Southern Spain), with olive trees of the Picual variety, under an irrigation regime and no nutritional deficiencies over the entire year. The evolution curves of each nutrient had great similarities when comparing between farms and between periods. Only in some periods the farm “Poco Humo” had higher concentrations, probably due to the most favorable edaphic characteristics of this farm. Nitrogen and phosphorus showed minimum concentrations when the leaves were young and when they were one year old, and maximum concentrations during the winter. Potassium and boron showed higher concentrations when the leaves were young, and the concentrations decreased throughout the first year of life. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium and manganese had the opposite behavior: these accumulated in leaf until reaching maximum values in winter and then remained stable, with some oscillations but without statistically significant differences. No changes were observed in the zinc concentrations in the sampled periods. Periods of at least two consecutive months without statistically significant differences were found during the winter period for all elements except nitrogen. Analytical stability was observed from the second fortnight of May till the first fortnight of August for all elements except phosphorus and boron.

Two experiments were carried out in olive orchards in the center of Spain over a three-year period. In this cold and dry area, growers traditionally apply large amounts of N with no experimental knowledge. An ‘Arbequina’ hedgerow and ‘Picual’ vase orchards were fertilized with two N-doses applied to the soil in spring with or without the nitrification inhibitor (DMPP). Vegetative growth, fruit and oil characteristics were evaluated. These variables were affected by the N-treatment during the 3 year. The lowest N-application increased vegetative growth, while when N-leaf composition was higher than 2%, fruit dry weight, oil content and oil phenol content were reduced. ‘Picual’ did not respond to N-applications. The effect of DMPP on growth or production was not consistent and a lower phenolic content was obtained for ‘Arbequina’. Our results demonstrated that in this dry land, N-fertilization is not always necessary and oil quality can be negatively affected with high doses.

Nutrition is a relevant issue for winegrowers because it influences grapevine growth, berry composition, as well as must and wine quality. In this research, the following impacts on the nutritional status of cv. Tempranillo grapevines were evaluated: simulated 2100 expected CO2, temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) conditions (FCC; 700 µmol CO2/mol air, 28/18°C day/night and 33/53% RH, day/night) vs. current CO2, T and RH conditions (Curr; 390 µmol CO2/mol air, 24/14°C and 45/65% RH); well-watered (WW) vs. future expected water deficit (WD); and three texturally different soils with different clay contents (41, 19 and 8%). FCC resulted in reduced concentrations in leaf blades of N and Ca at veraison and N and Zn at full maturity. WD resulted in higher leaf blade Na and Mn concentrations at veraison and maturity, respectively compared to WW. However, K concentrations in the leaves and must were higher for WW than WD. Higher concentrations of Ca and Mn were found in leaf blades of grapevines sampled at full maturity from more clayey soils. Even when nutrient inputs exceeded plant extractions, high soil clay content increased the K concentration in must and consequently, could affect wine quality in terms of acidity loss. However, future expected water stress will have the opposite effect, reducing the berry K uptake under high soil clay (41%) conditions.

It has been placed a special attention on the use of nitrogen fertilizer in soybeans culture in the past years in Brazil. The following experiment was realized at the Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina UNOESC, in Maravilha – SC , aiming to evaluate the Technical and economic efficiency of soybean culture under different nitrogen-containing sources (Glycine Max L. Merrill), among them, the grains yield, the thousand-grains mass and the SPAD versus Nitrogen source correlation. The essay was conducted in the 2014 agricultural year; the SYN 1059 VTOP cultivar was randomly scattered in blocks with four repetitions and five treatments. The evaluation was made in four stages of the plant development. The analysis with chlorophilometer and the determination of nitrogen levels in leave were realized during the stages V5, R1, R3 and R 5.5. The use of nitrogen in the covering has brought an increase of soybeans yield when the product Kimcoat N® was applied, showing a positive result - with regards to grains yield and economic feasibility. The analysis SPAD versus N level was achieved correlation in the stages V5 and R1, wherein the yield of soybeans culture (grains number) was defined, justifying thus its application, Nos últimos anos, no Brasil, tem sido dada uma especial atenção ao uso de adubos nitrogenados na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina UNOESC, Maravilha – SC, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência técnica e econômica com aplicação de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas na cultura da soja (Glycine Max L. Merrill), entre estes o rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos, relação de SPAD x fonte de N. O ensaio foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2014, cultivar SYN 1059 VTOP, distribuídas em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos. A avaliação ocorreu em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento da planta. As leituras com clorofilômetro e a determinação dos teores de nitrogênio da folha foram realizadas nos estádios V5, R1, R3 e R 5.5. A utilização de N em cobertura proporcionou aumento no rendimento da soja, quando aplicado o produto Kimcoat N®, tendo um resultado positivo quanto ao rendimento de grãos e viabilidade econômica de aplicação. A relação SPAD x teor de N, obteve correlação nos estádios V5 e R1 estádios onde foi determinado o rendimento (número de grãos) da cultura da soja, justificando sua aplicação.

It has been placed a special attention on the use of nitrogen fertilizer in soybeans culture in the past years in Brazil. The following experiment was realized at the Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina UNOESC, in Maravilha – SC , aiming to evaluate the Technical and economic efficiency of soybean culture under different nitrogen-containing sources (Glycine Max L. Merrill), among them, the grains yield, the thousand-grains mass and the SPAD versus Nitrogen source correlation. The essay was conducted in the 2014 agricultural year; the SYN 1059 VTOP cultivar was randomly scattered in blocks with four repetitions and five treatments. The evaluation was made in four stages of the plant development. The analysis with chlorophilometer and the determination of nitrogen levels in leave were realized during the stages V5, R1, R3 and R 5.5. The use of nitrogen in the covering has brought an increase of soybeans yield when the product Kimcoat N® was applied, showing a positive result - with regards to grains yield and economic feasibility. The analysis SPAD versus N level was achieved correlation in the stages V5 and R1, wherein the yield of soybeans culture (grains number) was defined, justifying thus its application, Nos últimos anos, no Brasil, tem sido dada uma especial atenção ao uso de adubos nitrogenados na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina UNOESC, Maravilha – SC, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência técnica e econômica com aplicação de diferentes fontes nitrogenadas na cultura da soja (Glycine Max L. Merrill), entre estes o rendimento de grãos, massa de mil grãos, relação de SPAD x fonte de N. O ensaio foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2014, cultivar SYN 1059 VTOP, distribuídas em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos. A avaliação ocorreu em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento da planta. As leituras com clorofilômetro e a determinação dos teores de nitrogênio da folha foram realizadas nos estádios V5, R1, R3 e R 5.5. A utilização de N em cobertura proporcionou aumento no rendimento da soja, quando aplicado o produto Kimcoat N®, tendo um resultado positivo quanto ao rendimento de grãos e viabilidade econômica de aplicação. A relação SPAD x teor de N, obteve correlação nos estádios V5 e R1 estádios onde foi determinado o rendimento (número de grãos) da cultura da soja, justificando sua aplicação.

In Colombia, there is little information on tobacco crops and the effect of fertilization on the nutrient content of leaves. The aim of this study was to determine the contents of mineral nutrients in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. flue-cured) plants subjected to different fertilizer rates and sources in two municipalities in the Huila Province (Colombia). Six foliar analyses, with three measurements from vegetative growth to flowering and three measurements during harvest, were carried out. Seven treatments, including six fertilization alternatives (three doses and two alternative sources of application) and a commercial control, were evaluated. The contents of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and chlorine in the leaves were evaluated. The leaf analyses performed from vegetative growth to flowering showed differences in the foliar contents of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine between the two municipalities and over time, with contents that increased. During this stage, the elements with higher accumulations in the plants included N, K, and Ca. At harvest, the contents of potassium, magnesium, and calcium decreased over time. For nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine, differences were found in the time-municipality interaction., En Colombia existe poca información del cultivo de tabaco y del efecto de la fertilización en el contenido de nutrientes minerales en hoja. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el contenido de nutrientes del tabaco cv. Virginia (Nicotiana tabacum L.) durante el ciclo de cultivo bajo diferentes dosis y fuentes de fertilización, en dos municipios del departamento Huila (Colombia). Se evaluaron siete tratamientos correspondientes a seis alternativas de fertilización (tres dosis y dos alternativas de fuentes de aplicación) y un testigo comercial, para conocer el contenido de nutrientes en hojas, se realizaron seis análisis foliares, tres durante crecimiento vegetativo hasta floración y tres durante la cosecha. Los macronutrientes evaluados en hojas fueron N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S y cloro. De acuerdo a los resultados de los análisis foliares realizados en durante crecimiento vegetativo hasta floración, se encuentran diferencias en el contenido de nitrógeno, calcio, magnesio y cloro en los dos municipios y a través del tiempo, presentándose aumento en los contenidos. Durante esta etapa los elementos que presentan mayor acumulación en las plantas fueron N, K y Ca. Durante la cosecha el contenido de potasio, magnesio y calcio disminuyó a través del tiempo. Para nitrógeno, azufre y cloro se presentaron diferencias en la interacción tiempo-municipio.

In Brazil, the final disposal of sludge is generally on a landfill site, requiring high costs and worsening the problem of urban waste management, which has as one of the most effective solutions the use in agriculture. The aim of this work was to verify the effect of N and sewage sludge on bean plant nutrition. The experiment was carried out in São Manuel Experimental Farm, which belongs to Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, Botucatu. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 6 treatments and 4 replicates, defined as follows: T0 – without nitrogen fertilization; T1 – nitrogen chemical fertilization according to the needs of the culture for São Paulo State; T2 – 50% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge and 50% in the mineral form; T3 – 100% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge; T4 – 150% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge; T5 – 200% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge. The evaluated parameters were leaf content and nutrient exportation. The increase in sludge levels influenced the leaf content of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn. The exportation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn was also influenced by the increase in sludge levels. N did not interfere with leaf content and led to an increase in Cu and Mn exportation., No Brasil, a disposição final do lodo geralmente é o aterro sanitário, sendo que desta forma apresenta elevados custos e agrava ainda mais o problema com o manejo do lixo urbano uma das maneiras eficazes do aproveitamento é na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do N e do lodo de esgoto na nutrição do feijoeiro. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP de Botucatu. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituídos por 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições assim definidos: T0 – sem adubação nitrogenada; T1 – adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com a necessidade da cultura para o estado de São Paulo; T2 – 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% na forma mineral; T3 – 100% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 – 150% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 – 200% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. Os parâmetros avaliados foram os teores foliares e a exportação de nutrientes. O aumento da dose de lodo influenciou nos teores foliares de Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe e Zn. A exportação de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn influenciaram com o aumento da dose de lodo. O N não interferiu nos teores foliares. O N proporcionou uma maior exportação de Cu e Mn.

An adequate nutritional state of a crop can be kept by means of a well-designed fertilization plan based on the assessment of the nutrient availability throughout the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of leaf blade and petiole diagnosis and the period of validity of their references at both flowering and veraison by means of systematic monitoring throughout the complete growing season. The study was carried out in two plots planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Graciano within the AOC Rioja (Spain). Blades and petioles were collected throughout a growing season (2006) and total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B concentrations were analyzed in both tissues. Results suggest, in general, that petioles have higher variability and lower analysis reproducibility than blades. Therefore, blade could be a more appropriate tissue to evaluate N, P, K, Ca, and Mg at both flowering and veraison in this variety. Micronutrients in blade and petiole showed different variability behaviour in each of the vineyards studied, therefore, based on our results, it was difficult to determine which one could be the best tissue for the nutritional diagnosis of the ‘Graciano’ variety. Seasonal changes of nutrient concentration in both tissues also confirmed the need for reference values for each tissue and each phenological stage.

In Colombia, there is little information on tobacco crops and the effect of fertilization on the nutrient content of leaves. The aim of this study was to determine the contents of mineral nutrients in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. flue-cured) plants subjected to different fertilizer rates and sources in two municipalities in the Huila Province (Colombia). Six foliar analyses, with three measurements from vegetative growth to flowering and three measurements during harvest, were carried out. Seven treatments, including six fertilization alternatives (three doses and two alternative sources of application) and a commercial control, were evaluated. The contents of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and chlorine in the leaves were evaluated. The leaf analyses performed from vegetative growth to flowering showed differences in the foliar contents of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine between the two municipalities and over time, with contents that increased. During this stage, the elements with higher accumulations in the plants included N, K, and Ca. At harvest, the contents of potassium, magnesium, and calcium decreased over time. For nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine, differences were found in the time-municipality interaction., En Colombia existe poca información del cultivo de tabaco y del efecto de la fertilización en el contenido de nutrientes minerales en hoja. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el contenido de nutrientes del tabaco cv. Virginia (Nicotiana tabacum L.) durante el ciclo de cultivo bajo diferentes dosis y fuentes de fertilización, en dos municipios del departamento Huila (Colombia). Se evaluaron siete tratamientos correspondientes a seis alternativas de fertilización (tres dosis y dos alternativas de fuentes de aplicación) y un testigo comercial, para conocer el contenido de nutrientes en hojas, se realizaron seis análisis foliares, tres durante crecimiento vegetativo hasta floración y tres durante la cosecha. Los macronutrientes evaluados en hojas fueron N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S y cloro. De acuerdo a los resultados de los análisis foliares realizados en durante crecimiento vegetativo hasta floración, se encuentran diferencias en el contenido de nitrógeno, calcio, magnesio y cloro en los dos municipios y a través del tiempo, presentándose aumento en los contenidos. Durante esta etapa los elementos que presentan mayor acumulación en las plantas fueron N, K y Ca. Durante la cosecha el contenido de potasio, magnesio y calcio disminuyó a través del tiempo. Para nitrógeno, azufre y cloro se presentaron diferencias en la interacción tiempo-municipio.

In Brazil, the final disposal of sludge is generally on a landfill site, requiring high costs and worsening the problem of urban waste management, which has as one of the most effective solutions the use in agriculture. The aim of this work was to verify the effect of N and sewage sludge on bean plant nutrition. The experiment was carried out in São Manuel Experimental Farm, which belongs to Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP, Botucatu. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks, with 6 treatments and 4 replicates, defined as follows: T0 – without nitrogen fertilization; T1 – nitrogen chemical fertilization according to the needs of the culture for São Paulo State; T2 – 50% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge and 50% in the mineral form; T3 – 100% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge; T4 – 150% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge; T5 – 200% nitrogen fertilization from sewage sludge. The evaluated parameters were leaf content and nutrient exportation. The increase in sludge levels influenced the leaf content of Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn. The exportation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn was also influenced by the increase in sludge levels. N did not interfere with leaf content and led to an increase in Cu and Mn exportation., No Brasil, a disposição final do lodo geralmente é o aterro sanitário, sendo que desta forma apresenta elevados custos e agrava ainda mais o problema com o manejo do lixo urbano uma das maneiras eficazes do aproveitamento é na agricultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do N e do lodo de esgoto na nutrição do feijoeiro. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP de Botucatu. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, constituídos por 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições assim definidos: T0 – sem adubação nitrogenada; T1 – adubação química nitrogenada de acordo com a necessidade da cultura para o estado de São Paulo; T2 – 50% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto e 50% na forma mineral; T3 – 100% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 – 150% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 – 200% adubação nitrogenada proveniente do lodo de esgoto. Os parâmetros avaliados foram os teores foliares e a exportação de nutrientes. O aumento da dose de lodo influenciou nos teores foliares de Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe e Zn. A exportação de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn influenciaram com o aumento da dose de lodo. O N não interferiu nos teores foliares. O N proporcionou uma maior exportação de Cu e Mn.

An adequate nutritional state of a crop can be kept by means of a well-designed fertilization plan based on the assessment of the nutrient availability throughout the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of leaf blade and petiole diagnosis and the period of validity of their references at both flowering and veraison by means of systematic monitoring throughout the complete growing season. The study was carried out in two plots planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Graciano within the AOC Rioja (Spain). Blades and petioles were collected throughout a growing season (2006) and total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B concentrations were analyzed in both tissues. Results suggest, in general, that petioles have higher variability and lower analysis reproducibility than blades. Therefore, blade could be a more appropriate tissue to evaluate N, P, K, Ca, and Mg at both flowering and veraison in this variety. Micronutrients in blade and petiole showed different variability behaviour in each of the vineyards studied, therefore, based on our results, it was difficult to determine which one could be the best tissue for the nutritional diagnosis of the ‘Graciano’ variety. Seasonal changes of nutrient concentration in both tissues also confirmed the need for reference values for each tissue and each phenological stage.

© 2015 INIA. An adequate nutritional state of a crop can be kept by means of a well-designed fertilization plan based on the assessment of the nutrient availability throughout the growing season. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of leaf blade and petiole diagnosis and the period of validity of their references at both flowering and veraison by means of systematic monitoring throughout the complete growing season. The study was carried out in two plots planted with Vitis vinifera L. cv. Graciano within the AOC Rioja (Spain). Blades and petioles were collected throughout a growing season (2006) and total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B concentrations were analyzed in both tissues. Results suggest, in general, that petioles have higher variability and lower analysis reproducibility than blades. Therefore, blade could be a more appropriate tissue to evaluate N, P, K, Ca, and Mg at both flowering and veraison in this variety. Micronutrients in blade and petiole showed different variability behaviour in each of the vineyards studied, therefore, based on our results, it was difficult to determine which one could be the best tissue for the nutritional diagnosis of the ‘Graciano’ variety. Seasonal changes of nutrient concentration in both tissues also confirmed the need for reference values for each tissue and each phenological stage.

An investigation was carried out to study the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizers on plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and leaf NPK content in pomegranate cv. Kandhari under sub-tropical conditions. Graded doses of nitrogen (0-300g/plant), phosphorus (0-150g/plant) and potassium (0-300g/plant) fertilizers were applied through soil, in addition to a basal dose of FYM. Control plants were fed FYM only. Maximum increase in plant growth and fruit yield was recorded in plants receiving NPK @ 300:50:100g/plant, while Control plants registered least growth and yield. Potassium levels improved fruit weight over the Control. Higher dose of potassium also improved fruit colour and enhanced peel thickness and grain weight. Maximum TSS:acid ratio was seen with NPK @ 200:50:100g/plant. Reducing sugars were not affected by any treatment. Leaf N, P and K content increased with application of the respective nutrient.

An investigation was carried out to study the influence of different levels of NPK fertilizers on plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and leaf NPK content in pomegranate cv. Kandhari under sub-tropical conditions. Graded doses of nitrogen (0-300g/plant), phosphorus (0-150g/plant) and potassium (0-300g/plant) fertilizers were applied through soil, in addition to a basal dose of FYM. Control plants were fed FYM only. Maximum increase in plant growth and fruit yield was recorded in plants receiving NPK @ 300:50:100g/plant, while Control plants registered least growth and yield. Potassium levels improved fruit weight over the Control. Higher dose of potassium also improved fruit colour and enhanced peel thickness and grain weight. Maximum TSS:acid ratio was seen with NPK @ 200:50:100g/plant. Reducing sugars were not affected by any treatment. Leaf N, P and K content increased with application of the respective nutrient.

Selection of resistant rootstcks to overcome recent climate-change events is a crucial factor for developing sustainable agricultural practices and for assuring optimal quality of grapes.

Two cultivars ('Succession II' and 'Tango') of Leucospermum cordifolium were studied over three years in commercial plantations with optimum yields located on subtropical La Palma Island (Canarian Archipelago). Four foliar samplings were taken per year to determine the evolution of the N, P, and K contents over time and to determine the optimal month for foliar standard sampling. Foliar chlorophyll activity and the foliar standard concentrations of macro- and micronutrients were determined. Soil samples were also taken. Both cultivars developed well in soils with acid and slightly acid pH, low and high organic matter content, and in some cases, high available P concentrations, though Proteaceae is generally considered P sensitive. Chlorophyll activity correlated neither with foliar nutrient levels nor with leaf greenness. The foliar N content reached a maximum of 17.0 g kg-1 in the cultivar 'Succession II' and 17.2 g kg-1 in 'Tango', whereas the maximum P and K levels were lower in 'Tango' than in 'Succession II'. The greatest stability of the concentrations of these nutrients occurred in September; therefore, this month was chosen for performing foliar standard sampling. The standard ranges of N, K, Ca and Mg were higher in 'Succession II', while Fe, Mn, and Zn were higher in 'Tango'. The P and Cu standard ranges were similar in both cultivars., Se estudiaron dos cultivares de protea ('Succession II' y 'Tango') de Leucospermum cordifolium, durante tres años, en plantaciones comerciales con rendimientos óptimos situadas in la isla de La Palma (Archipiélago Canario) con clima subtropical. Se realizaron cuatro muestreos anuales durante su ciclo vegetativo para conocer la evolución de sus contenidos de N, P y K con el tiempo, y el mejor mes para realizar el muestreo foliar estándar. Se determinaron las concentraciones foliares estándar de macro y micronutrients así como la actividad clorofílica. También se tomaron muestras de suelo. Ambos cultivares se desarrollaron bien en suelos ácidos y neutros, con contenidos altos y bajos de material orgánica, y algunos con elevada concentración de P asimilable, al que las proteas son sensibles. La actividad clorofílica no se correlacionó con los niveles de nutrientes foliares ni con el verdor de las hojas. El máximo contenido foliar de N alcanzó 17,0 g kg-1 en el cultivar 'Succession II' y 17,2 g kg-1 in 'Tango', mientras que los máximos de P y K fueron menores en 'Tango'. El muestreo de Septiembre mostró la mayor estabilidad de estos nutrientes, por lo que este mes se escogió para realizar el muestreo foliar estándar. Los intervalos estándares de N, K, Ca y Mg fueron superiores en 'Succession II', mientras que lo contrario sucedió con el Fe, Mn y Zn. Por otra parte, los de P y Cu fueron similares en ambos cultivares.

Two cultivars ('Succession II' and 'Tango') of Leucospermum cordifolium were studied over three years in commercial plantations with optimum yields located on subtropical La Palma Island (Canarian Archipelago). Four foliar samplings were taken per year to determine the evolution of the N, P, and K contents over time and to determine the optimal month for foliar standard sampling. Foliar chlorophyll activity and the foliar standard concentrations of macro- and micronutrients were determined. Soil samples were also taken. Both cultivars developed well in soils with acid and slightly acid pH, low and high organic matter content, and in some cases, high available P concentrations, though Proteaceae is generally considered P sensitive. Chlorophyll activity correlated neither with foliar nutrient levels nor with leaf greenness. The foliar N content reached a maximum of 17.0 g kg-1 in the cultivar 'Succession II' and 17.2 g kg-1 in 'Tango', whereas the maximum P and K levels were lower in 'Tango' than in 'Succession II'. The greatest stability of the concentrations of these nutrients occurred in September; therefore, this month was chosen for performing foliar standard sampling. The standard ranges of N, K, Ca and Mg were higher in 'Succession II', while Fe, Mn, and Zn were higher in 'Tango'. The P and Cu standard ranges were similar in both cultivars., Se estudiaron dos cultivares de protea ('Succession II' y 'Tango') de Leucospermum cordifolium, durante tres años, en plantaciones comerciales con rendimientos óptimos situadas in la isla de La Palma (Archipiélago Canario) con clima subtropical. Se realizaron cuatro muestreos anuales durante su ciclo vegetativo para conocer la evolución de sus contenidos de N, P y K con el tiempo, y el mejor mes para realizar el muestreo foliar estándar. Se determinaron las concentraciones foliares estándar de macro y micronutrients así como la actividad clorofílica. También se tomaron muestras de suelo. Ambos cultivares se desarrollaron bien en suelos ácidos y neutros, con contenidos altos y bajos de material orgánica, y algunos con elevada concentración de P asimilable, al que las proteas son sensibles. La actividad clorofílica no se correlacionó con los niveles de nutrientes foliares ni con el verdor de las hojas. El máximo contenido foliar de N alcanzó 17,0 g kg-1 en el cultivar 'Succession II' y 17,2 g kg-1 in 'Tango', mientras que los máximos de P y K fueron menores en 'Tango'. El muestreo de Septiembre mostró la mayor estabilidad de estos nutrientes, por lo que este mes se escogió para realizar el muestreo foliar estándar. Los intervalos estándares de N, K, Ca y Mg fueron superiores en 'Succession II', mientras que lo contrario sucedió con el Fe, Mn y Zn. Por otra parte, los de P y Cu fueron similares en ambos cultivares.

Two cultivars ('Succession II' and 'Tango') of Leucospermum cordifolium were studied over three years in commercial plantations with optimum yields located on subtropical La Palma Island (Canarian Archipelago). Four foliar samplings were taken per year to determine the evolution of the N, P, and K contents over time and to determine the optimal month for foliar standard sampling. Foliar chlorophyll activity and the foliar standard concentrations of macro- and micronutrients were determined. Soil samples were also taken. Both cultivars developed well in soils with acid and slightly acid pH, low and high organic matter content, and in some cases, high available P concentrations, though Proteaceae is generally considered P sensitive. Chlorophyll activity correlated neither with foliar nutrient levels nor with leaf greenness. The foliar N content reached a maximum of 17.0 g kg-1 in the cultivar 'Succession II' and 17.2 g kg-1 in 'Tango', whereas the maximum P and K levels were lower in 'Tango' than in 'Succession II'. The greatest stability of the concentrations of these nutrients occurred in September; therefore, this month was chosen for performing foliar standard sampling. The standard ranges of N, K, Ca and Mg were higher in 'Succession II', while Fe, Mn, and Zn were higher in 'Tango'. The P and Cu standard ranges were similar in both cultivars.

Analisis daun dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam mendiagnosis status hara dan rekomendasi pupuk pada tanaman manggis. Namun demikian, standar teknik pengambilan contoh daun harus ditentukan secara akurat. Umur daun merupakan faktor utama dalam menentukan status hara tanaman buah. Daun yang tepat dijadikan contoh yaitu pada saat konsentrasi hara mempunyai korelasi terbaik dengan pertumbuhan dan hasil. Daun yang mempunyai korelasi terbaik tersebut digunakan dalam uji kalibrasi. Konsentrasi hara mineral pada daun diamati pada tiga sentra perkebunan manggis, yaitu Kabupaten Bogor, Tasikmalaya, dan Purwakarta. Dua puluh pohon manggis dewasa yang relatif seragam dari masing-masing kebun diambil daunnya setiap bulan dan dianalisis untuk mengetahui konsentrasi hara N-nya. Contoh daun diambil mulai daun berumur 2 bulan setelah trubus dan seterusnya secara periodik hingga umur 10 bulan. Pengamatan produksi meliputi jumlah bunga yang mekar, jumlah bunga yang rontok, serta jumlah dan bobot buah per pohon. Kualitas buah dilihat dari konsentrasi N, P, dan K dari masing-masing bagian buah dan padatan terlarut total. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi hara nitrogen pada daun berkurang dengan bertambahnya umur. Konsentrasi N daun manggis asal Purwakarta lebih tinggi daripada Tasikmalaya dan Bogor serta berkorelasi positif dengan hara N tanah dan hasil. Korelasi konsentrasi N dari beberapa umur daun dengan hasil yang paling baik yaitu daun umur 5 bulan dengan koefisien korelasi di atas 0,7. Oleh karena itu, umur daun yang tepat sebagai alat diagnosis hara N untuk tanaman manggis yaitu 5 bulan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam menyusun rekomendasi pemupukan untuk tanaman manggis.Leaf analysis can be used as a guide to diagnose nutritional status and as a fertilizer recommendation tool for mangosteen tree. Therefore, the sampling technique of standard leaf has to be established. Leave age was the main important factor to estimate fruits plant nu

English: Stuck fermentation is currently a serious production associated problem in the South-African wine industry. This can mainly be attributed to insufficient levels of nitrogen in grape must, thus are not being able to supply in yeast demands. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the nitrogen content of grape must can be improved by fertilisation. In order to achieve this three nitrogen application treatments (N1C = 20 kg N/ha-¹ post-harvest; N2F = 20 kg N/ha-¹ post-harvest, followed with 20 kg N/ha-¹ after budbreak and fruitset respectively; and N2V = 20 kg N/ha-¹ post-harvest, followed with 20 kg N/ha-¹ after budbreak and veraison respectively), were applied to six grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin blanc, Pinot noir, Weisser Riesling, Chardonnayand Pinotage) for two seasons (1999/2000 = 1st season and 2000/2001 = 2nd season). The vineyard is situated on a high potential loam soil, classified as a red-brown Oakleaf, with a mean organic matter content of 1.4%. The effect of these nitrogen application treatments on the growth characteristics, grape must composition, leaf nitrogen content, as well as the soil nitrate content, were measured. Nitrogen applications during the vegetative phase had a positive effect on the shoot length and shoot elongation during both seasons, although more so during the 1st season. The pruning mass was significantly affected by cultivar during both seasons. Treatments receiving no nitrogen fertilisation during the vegetative phase (N1C) resulted in higher free amino nitrogen (FAN) and FAN/oB ratio in grape must, indicating a negative reaction to nitrogen fertilisation for soils having a high organic matter content. No nitrogen fertilisation during the vegetative season resulted in significantly lower bunch and berry mass values than those receiving fertilisation. This might indicate a negative relationship between bunch and berry mass and the FAN content of grape must. The nitrate content of the soil differed fo, Afrikaans: Slepende gisting is tans 'n ernstige produksieverwante probleem in die Suid-Afrikaanse wynindustrie. Dit kan hoofsaaklik toegeskryf word aan die lae vlakke van stikstof in druiwemos, wat dus nie aan die gistingsbehoefte kan voorsien nie. Hierdie studie is gevolglik onderneem om te ondersoek of die stikstofinhoud van druiwemos deur bemesting verhoog kan word. Om hierdie doel te bereik is drie stikstofbemestingbehandelings (N1C = 20 kg N/ha-I na-oes; N2F = 20 kg N/ha-¹ na-oes, gevolg deur 20 kg N/ha-¹ na bot en met vrugset onderskeidelik; en N2V = 20 kg N/ha-¹ na-oes, gevolg deur 20 kg N/ha-¹ na bot en met deurslaan onderskeidelik) tot ses wyndruifcultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin blanc, Pinot noir, Weisser Riesling, Chardonnayand Pinotage) toegedien oor twee seisoene (1999/2000 = Iste seisoen en 2000/2001 = 2de seisoen). Die wingerd is geplant op 'n hoë potensiaal leem grond, geklassifeseer as rooi-bruin Oakleaf, met 'n organiese materiaal inhoud van 1.4%. Die invloed van hierdie drie stikstof bemestingbehandelings op groei-eienskappe, mossamestelling, stikstofinhoud van blare, asook die nitraatinhoud van die grond, is gemeet. Stikstofbemesting gedurende die vegetatiewe groeifase het gedurende beide seisoene 'n positiewe effek op die lootlengte en lootverlenging gehad (wel meer so gedurende die eerste seisoen). Die tipe cultivar het (gedurende beide seisoene) die winterlootrnassa betekenisvol beïnvloed. Behandelings waar geen stikstof gedurende die vegetatiewe groeifase toegedien is nie (N1C) het tot hoër vry aminostikstof (FAN) en FAN/oB inhoud van die mos gelei. Dit dui op 'n negatiewe reaksie waar stikstofbemesting toegedien word op gronde met 'n relatief hoë organiese materiaal inhoud. Geen stikstof gedurende die vegetatiewe groeifase toegedien het ook betekenisvolle laer tros- en korrelmassas tot gevolg gehad. Dit mag op 'n negatiewe verwantskap tussen tros- en korrelmassa en die FAN-inhoud van druiwemos dui. Die nitraatinhoud het verskiloor die v

The influence of rootstock on the mineral composition of scion leaves of fruit trees is generally accepted. The present work was carried out to corroborate if this influence is also evident for the mineral nutrient concentrations in flowers. The study was made in an experimental orchard of sweet cherry (Prunus avium, L. cv. ‘Van’) grafted on three rootstocks: Adara, SL 64 and Cok. Flowers and leaves were sampled at full bloom and 60 days after fuil bloom (DAFB) respectively. They were analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). Floral analysis showed that most nutrients were affected by the rootstock. P and Ca, contents behaved similarly for cherry flower and leaf 60 DAFB. The range of variation of K, Mg, and Cu in flowers, among rootstocks, was shorter than that of leaves. In contrast, the range of variation of Na, Zn, and especially Fe, in flowers was longer than that of leaves.