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Food allergy has been increasing worldwide. Affects around 1.5% to 2.5% of adults and 6% of children, and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, due to restricted diets. The most prevalent allergens are milk, egg, wheat, soy, tree nuts, peanuts, fish and shellfish. The best studied legumes are peanuts and soybeans; other legumes such as lentils, chickpeas and peas represent the fifth cause of food allergy in the Mediterranean area, Turkey and India, being less prevalent in other geographical areas. Allergy to legumes is not common in Colombia, the prevalence in the country is unknown. We describe the first two cases of legumes anaphylaxis reported in the country. Both patients were under 18 years of age, with adverse reactions after ingesting legumes, in which IgE-mediated allergy was demonstrated; in the first case to lentils, peas and chickpeas, and in the second case, to lentils and beans. Different data on prevalence have been described in various geographical areas, being higher in countries with Mediterranean diets. IgE-mediated reactions usually appear even with highly cooked food, due to the thermo-stability of proteins. The most frequent cross-reactivity is related to chickpeas and peas., La alergia alimentaria se ha venido incrementando a nivel mundial, afectando alrededor del 1,5 % a 2,5 % de los adultos y 6 % de los niños, y tiene un gran impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus cuidadores, debido a las dietas de restricción. Los alérgenos más prevalentes son la leche, el huevo, el trigo, la soja, los frutos secos, el maní, el pescado y los mariscos. Las leguminosas mejor estudiadas son el maní y la soja; otras leguminosas como las lentejas, garbanzos y arvejas representan la quinta causa de alergia alimentaria en el área mediterránea, en Turquía y en la India, siendo menos prevalentes en otras áreas geográficas. La alergia a las leguminosas es una entidad infrecuente en Colombia, se desconoce la prevalencia en el país. Describimos los primeros dos casos de anafilaxia por lentejas reportados en el país. Ambos pacientes menores de 18 años, con reacciones adversas tras la ingesta de leguminosas, en las cuales se demuestra alergia mediada por IgE a las lentejas y además sensibilización en el primer caso a las arvejas y garbanzos, y en el segundo caso a los frijoles. Diferentes datos sobre la prevalencia se han descrito en varias áreas geográficas, siendo mayor en países con dietas mediterráneas. Las reacciones mediadas por IgE suelen aparecer incluso con el alimento altamente cocido, debido a la termo-estabilidad de las proteínas. La reactividad cruzada más frecuente se relaciona con los garbanzos y las arvejas.

The blackberry is a crop that has become important for its commercial and nutritional value, this caused its cultivation increase areas discreetly. In this sense, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of two natural rooting agents from young stems and leaves of willows and lentil radicles and synthetic rooting agent root-hor in the propagation of cuttings and rhizomes of blackberries (Rubus Fructicosus L. ninai) during October - December. A complete randomized design (DCA) with 24 treatments and 9 repetitions was conducted. Root length, neck diameter, number of shoots and plant size were evaluated. The best results were observed in the rhizomes, where treatment T03 stood out, followed by T9, T20, T17, T19, T21, T16 and T18; Regarding the cuttings, only the T6 treatment had root. It is concluded that the best results are found when blackberry is propagated through rhizomes and minimal to no use of hormones, where treatment T03 and T9 are superior., La zarzamora es un cultivo que ha cobrado importancia por su valor comercial y alimenticio, ello ha ocasionado que su cultivo este incrementando áreas discretamente. En ese sentido, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de dos enraizantes naturales a partir de tallos jóvenes y hojas de sauces y radículas de lenteja y enraizante sintético root-hor en la propagación de esquejes y rizomas de zarzamoras (Rubus Fructicosus L.) durante octubre - diciembre. Se utilizó un diseño completo al azar (DCA) con 24 tratamientos y 9 repeticiones. Se evaluó longitud de raíz, diámetro de cuello, número de brotes y tamaño de planta. Los mejores resultados se observaron en los rizomas, donde destaco el tratamiento T03, seguido por el T9, T20, T17, T19, T21, T16 y T18; respecto a las estacas, solo el tratamiento T6 presento raíz. Se concluye que los mejores resultados se encuentran al propagar zarzamora a través de rizomas y uso mínimo a nulo de hormonas, donde el tratamiento T03 y el T9 son superiores.

[ES] En el presente proyecto se aborda el empleo de la metodología del design thinking para el desarrollo de un producto alimenticio innovador y que satisfaga las necesidades de un perfil de consumidor. También se estima la viabilidad comercial del mismo. Siguiendo los pasos del design thinking se llega a un público objetivo, personas sin tiempo que quieren disfrutar de un plato tradicional en cualquier sitio, por lo que para solucionar este problema se desarrolla ¿lenteya¿, un producto a base de lentejas liofilizadas contenidas en un envase autocalentable para rehidratar y consumir en cualquier momento. Por último, se evalúa la textura, capacidad de rehidratación, color y calentamiento en el envase, para comprobar que las propiedades organolépticas del producto no se ven afectadas debido al proceso de liofilización., [EN] The present project addresses the use of the design thinking methodology for the development of an innovative food product that meets the needs of a consumer profile. Commercial viability is also estimated in the case of launching it for sale. Following the steps of design thinking, the consumer profile, people without time who want to enjoy a traditional dish anywhere, is identified. So, for these kind of consumer, and with this methodology, ¿lenteya¿ is developed, a product based on lyophilized lentils contained in a self-heating packaging to rehydrate and consume at any time. Finally, the texture, rehydration capacity, colour and heating in the packaging are evaluated to verify that the organoleptic properties of the product are not affected due to the lyophilization process.

[ES] En el presente proyecto se aborda el empleo de la metodología del design thinking para el desarrollo de un producto alimenticio innovador y que satisfaga las necesidades de un perfil de consumidor. También se estima la viabilidad comercial del mismo. Siguiendo los pasos del design thinking se llega a un público objetivo, personas sin tiempo que quieren disfrutar de un plato tradicional en cualquier sitio, por lo que para solucionar este problema se desarrolla ¿lenteya¿, un producto a base de lentejas liofilizadas contenidas en un envase autocalentable para rehidratar y consumir en cualquier momento. Por último, se evalúa la textura, capacidad de rehidratación, color y calentamiento en el envase, para comprobar que las propiedades organolépticas del producto no se ven afectadas debido al proceso de liofilización., [EN] The present project addresses the use of the design thinking methodology for the development of an innovative food product that meets the needs of a consumer profile. Commercial viability is also estimated in the case of launching it for sale. Following the steps of design thinking, the consumer profile, people without time who want to enjoy a traditional dish anywhere, is identified. So, for these kind of consumer, and with this methodology, ¿lenteya¿ is developed, a product based on lyophilized lentils contained in a self-heating packaging to rehydrate and consume at any time. Finally, the texture, rehydration capacity, colour and heating in the packaging are evaluated to verify that the organoleptic properties of the product are not affected due to the lyophilization process.

[ES] En el presente proyecto se aborda el empleo de la metodología del design thinking para el desarrollo de un producto alimenticio innovador y que satisfaga las necesidades de un perfil de consumidor. También se estima la viabilidad comercial del mismo. Siguiendo los pasos del design thinking se llega a un público objetivo, personas sin tiempo que quieren disfrutar de un plato tradicional en cualquier sitio, por lo que para solucionar este problema se desarrolla ¿lenteya¿, un producto a base de lentejas liofilizadas contenidas en un envase autocalentable para rehidratar y consumir en cualquier momento. Por último, se evalúa la textura, capacidad de rehidratación, color y calentamiento en el envase, para comprobar que las propiedades organolépticas del producto no se ven afectadas debido al proceso de liofilización., [EN] The present project addresses the use of the design thinking methodology for the development of an innovative food product that meets the needs of a consumer profile. Commercial viability is also estimated in the case of launching it for sale. Following the steps of design thinking, the consumer profile, people without time who want to enjoy a traditional dish anywhere, is identified. So, for these kind of consumer, and with this methodology, ¿lenteya¿ is developed, a product based on lyophilized lentils contained in a self-heating packaging to rehydrate and consume at any time. Finally, the texture, rehydration capacity, colour and heating in the packaging are evaluated to verify that the organoleptic properties of the product are not affected due to the lyophilization process.

Producción Científica, Diversity analysis and a genetic structure study of 25 lentil landraces (Lens culinaris Medik.) from the northern east part of the Iberian Peninsula were carried out. 8 isozymes: PGI, PRX, LAP, 6PGD, GOT, SKDH, PGM and ME, have been used for this purpose having found 17 loci for them, with 52.94% polymorphic loci and a total amount of 21 alleles. All populations show between 18 and 26 alleles. Genetic distance (D) was 0.123. Diversity parameters show similar or higher levels compared to other autogamous plant populations. They show an heterozygote defect. Coefficient of homozygotes among populations (GST) value 0.414, was similar to Inbreeding coefficient among populations (FST) that was 0.454. Main component analysis showed that the most important isozymes in the characterization process were GOT-3 and PGM-2. Four groups of populations were obtained by cluster analysis. This information reveals new data for improving their use in the germplasm banks for crop programs.

Producción Científica, Diversity analysis and a genetic structure study of 25 lentil landraces (Lens culinaris Medik.) from the northern east part of the Iberian Peninsula were carried out. 8 isozymes: PGI, PRX, LAP, 6PGD, GOT, SKDH, PGM and ME, have been used for this purpose having found 17 loci for them, with 52.94% polymorphic loci and a total amount of 21 alleles. All populations show between 18 and 26 alleles. Genetic distance (D) was 0.123. Diversity parameters show similar or higher levels compared to other autogamous plant populations. They show an heterozygote defect. Coefficient of homozygotes among populations (GST) value 0.414, was similar to Inbreeding coefficient among populations (FST) that was 0.454. Main component analysis showed that the most important isozymes in the characterization process were GOT-3 and PGM-2. Four groups of populations were obtained by cluster analysis. This information reveals new data for improving their use in the germplasm banks for crop programs.

Producción Científica, Diversity analysis and a genetic structure study of 25 lentil landraces (Lens culinaris Medik.) from the northern east part of the Iberian Peninsula were carried out. 8 isozymes: PGI, PRX, LAP, 6PGD, GOT, SKDH, PGM and ME, have been used for this purpose having found 17 loci for them, with 52.94% polymorphic loci and a total amount of 21 alleles. All populations show between 18 and 26 alleles. Genetic distance (D) was 0.123. Diversity parameters show similar or higher levels compared to other autogamous plant populations. They show an heterozygote defect. Coefficient of homozygotes among populations (GST) value 0.414, was similar to Inbreeding coefficient among populations (FST) that was 0.454. Main component analysis showed that the most important isozymes in the characterization process were GOT-3 and PGM-2. Four groups of populations were obtained by cluster analysis. This information reveals new data for improving their use in the germplasm banks for crop programs.

Producción Científica, Diversity analysis and a genetic structure study of 25 lentil landraces (Lens culinaris Medik.) from the northern east part of the Iberian Peninsula were carried out. 8 isozymes: PGI, PRX, LAP, 6PGD, GOT, SKDH, PGM and ME, have been used for this purpose having found 17 loci for them, with 52.94% polymorphic loci and a total amount of 21 alleles. All populations show between 18 and 26 alleles. Genetic distance (D) was 0.123. Diversity parameters show similar or higher levels compared to other autogamous plant populations. They show an heterozygote defect. Coefficient of homozygotes among populations (GST) value 0.414, was similar to Inbreeding coefficient among populations (FST) that was 0.454. Main component analysis showed that the most important isozymes in the characterization process were GOT-3 and PGM-2. Four groups of populations were obtained by cluster analysis. This information reveals new data for improving their use in the germplasm banks for crop programs.

[ES] A pesar de la larga tradición de cultivo y consumo de leguminosas en España y de sus conocidos beneficios medioambientales mejorando la fertilidad de los suelos, su cultivo ha disminuido constantemente en los últimos 50 años siendo reemplazadas por otros cultivos que se han adaptado mejor a los avances tecnológicos y resultan más rentables al agricultor. El consumo de legumbres ha descendido en España notablemente desde los 13 kg/persona/año en la década de los 60, hasta los poco más de 3 en la actualidad, pero aun así, importamos hoy alrededor del 85% de las judías, el 75% de los garbanzos y el 60% de las lentejas que consumimos. Asimismo, el descenso del consumo de legumbres ha ido asociado a un incremento del consumo de carne, lo que ha aumentado el consumo de leguminosas para pienso, sobre todo soja, pero no así su cultivo por lo que importamos casi 5 millones de toneladas de soja al año, lo que supone el 95% de las importaciones de leguminosas. Esta tendencia es similar a la encontrada en el resto de Europa lo que genera dos dependencias preocupantes que solo pueden aliviarse aumentando el cultivo de leguminosas. Por un lado está la dependencia de las importaciones de proteína vegetal (70%), a lo que se une la de fertilizantes nitrogenados (80%). Además, la producción de estos fertilizantes requiere gran energía, básicamente gas natural, del cual la UE importa del orden del 60% de sus necesidades. Esta dependencia de las importaciones de proteína, sobre todo soja, no solo supone un riesgo galopante para la balanza de pagos, sino también de seguridad alimentaria, poniendo a nuestra industria cárnica en manos de las oscilaciones del precio de la soja., [EN] Grain legume cultivation is continuously decreasing in Spain in spite of the long tradition of their cultivation and consumption and their well-known environmental benefits by improving soil fertility. Grain legumes have been replaced in rotations by other crops that have adapted more quickly to technological progress and are more profitable for farmers in the short term. A similar change is taking place in Europe. This generates two major dependencies that can only be alleviated by increasing legume cultivation. On the one hand, Europe faces an increasing dependency on nitrogen fertilizers, using up to 10 million tons yearly, of which about 80% are imported. In addition to this, fertilizer production uses large amounts of energy, being highly dependent on natural gas, of which the EU imports 60% of its requirements. On the other hand, EU countries import 70% of their requirements as vegetable protein. In Spain, we import 4.7 million tons of grain legumes yearly, most of which is soybean (95% of the total). The decline in human consumption does not justify the reduction in cultivation, as we import 85% of the dried beans, 60% of the lentils and 75% of the chickpeas consumed in Spain. This dependency on imports, particularly on soybean, poses a serious threat to the economy as it makes the raw feed industry, and therefore most of the meat industry, vulnerable to fluctuations in the world soybean price.