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The health importance of community-acquired pneumonia is an unquestionable fact given its relationship with hospital and overall mortality. The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the relationship between selected antimicrobials used in the initial treatment (amoxicillin/sulbactam, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime) and mortality from pneumonia. An observational study was carried out, with a descriptive design and a population of 1,809 patients with pneumonia hospitalized between 2012 and 2019; the necessary information was obtained from the clinical history. Statistical processing was performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression); the ratio of cross products (odds ratio) and its 95% confidence interval were used as a statistician. Among the results, the following stand out: significantly higher lethality values were found in those treated with cefotaxime (33%) than in those who received amoxicillin/sulbactam (24%, OR 1.6[1.0001;2.6]), as well as in those treated with ceftriaxone (30%) compared with those treated with amoxicillin/sulbactam (24%, OR 1.3[1.05;1.8]) and with cefuroxime (24%, OR 1.3[1.04;1.7]). A higher frequency of patients with extensive pneumonia, of patients in a critical state on admission, and of bedridden occurrence during hospitalization were identified in those treated with cefotaxime. In patients with “moderate pneumonia and high probability of unfavorable outcome”, treatment with ceftriaxone or cefotaxime was associated with death; as well as ceftriaxone treatment for all subjects. It is concluded that the initial treatment with amoxicillin/ sulbactam or cefuroxime was more favorable than the use of third generation cephalosporins. Also in the global analysis, the absence of differences in lethality between those treated with amoxicillin/sulbactam and with cefuroxime was recognized., La importancia sanitaria de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad es un hecho incuestionable dada su relación con la mortalidad hospitalaria y global. La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la relación entre antimicrobianos seleccionados utilizados en el tratamiento inicial (amoxicilina/sulbactam, cefuroxima, ceftriaxona y cefotaxima) y la letalidad por neumonía. Se realizó un estudio observacional, con diseño descriptivo y población de 1,809 pacientes con neumonía hospitalizados entre 2012 y 2019; la información necesaria fue obtenida de la historia clínica. El procesamiento estadístico se realizó mediante análisis bivariante y multivariado (regresión logística); como estadígrafo se utilizó la razón de productos cruzados (odds ratio) y su intervalo de confianza de 95%. Entre los resultados se destacan los siguientes: se constataron valores de letalidad significativamente superiores en los tratados con cefotaxima (33%) que en los que recibieron amoxicilina/sulbactam (24%, OR 1,6[1,0001;2,6]), así como en los tratados con ceftriaxona (30%) comparado con los tratados con amoxicilina/sulbactam (24%, OR 1,3[1,05;1,8]) y con cefuroxima (24%, OR 1,3[1,04;1,7]). Se identificó una mayor frecuencia de pacientes con neumonía extensa, de pacientes en estado de gravedad al ingreso, y de ocurrencia de encamamiento durante la hospitalización en los tratados con cefotaxima. En los pacientes con “neumonía moderada y altas probabilidades de evolución desfavorable” el tratamiento con ceftriaxona o con cefotaxima se asoció al fallecimiento; al igual que el tratamiento con ceftriaxona para el total de los sujetos. Se concluye que el tratamiento inicial con amoxicilina/sulbactam o cefuroxima resultó más favorable que el empleo de cefalosporinas de tercera generación. También en el análisis global, se reconoce la ausencia de diferencias en la letalidad entre los tratados con amoxicilina/sulbactam y con cefuroxima.

Three fundamental aspects of Covid-19 in Mexico are analyzed: the excess of mortality, largely attributed to this disease, which official statistics do not report; the structure by age and sex of infections and deaths during the first two waves vis-a-vis the beginning of the third; and the age distributions of the fatality rate, also stratified into two periods. Descriptive and comparative statistics are applied to the data-bases obtained through the records of the Ministry of Health, sorted by age and sex and enriched with revisions to the death certificates of INEGI and the Inter-Institutional Group for the Estimation of Excess Mortality from All Causes during the Covid-19 Emergency, having not caused substantial adjustments to the series. The results corrobo-rate incompatibilities between the data on infections and deaths, with greater under-accounting in the first variable than in the second, leading to the high level of the country's fatality rate., Se analizan tres aspectos fundamentales de la Covid-19 en México: el exceso de mortalidad, en gran medida atribuido a dicho padecimiento, no reportado por las estadísticas oficiales; la estructura por edad y sexo de los contagios y fallecimientos durante las dos primeras olas vis-a-vis el inicio de la tercera, y las distribuciones etarias de la tasa de letalidad, también estratificadas en dos periodos. Se aplican estadísticas descriptivas y comparadas a las bases de datos originadas a partir de los registros la Secretaría de Salud, ordenadas por edad y sexo, y enriquecidas con revisiones a las actas de defunción del INEGI y el Grupo Interinstitucional para la Estimación del Exceso de Mortalidad por Todas las Causas durante la Emergencia por la Covid-19, sin que ello haya conducido a ajustes sustanciales de las series. Los resultados corroboran incompatibilidades entre los datos de contagios y fallecimientos, con mayor subcontabilización de la primera variable que de la segunda, lo que se refleja en el alto nivel de la tasa de letalidad.

Persistent and semi-persistent halogenated compounds cause health problems for the animals occupying the upper level of the food web in the Baltic Sea. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), being a top piscivore in the Baltic Sea, has been observed to carry a large body burden of halogenated toxins. Here, a mixture of nine halogenated compounds belonging to different groups was created, based on the observed composition of halogenated toxins in salmon serum. The toxicokinetic properties of the compounds were studied in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to achieve the same proportions between the internal doses of the compounds in the zebrafish as in the salmon. Toxicity was evaluated for the compounds dosed individually as well as in a mixture. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound in the salmon and was observed to be the driving force for effects on swimbladder inflation caused by the mixture with a 50% effect concentration of 4.8 µM nominal dose, or 1300 µMD based on the area under the internal concentration-time curve (AUC). The driving compound for other severe effects caused by the mixture, including lethality, spinal deformity, and edemas, was the hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether 6-OH-BDE47, which was observed to have a 50% lethality concentration of 93 nM, corresponding to 94 µMD based on internal dose (AUC). The individual compounds were observed to act additively on most of the documented outcomes when dosed as a mixture.

Using 280 case files of women involved in terrorism between 1970 and 2018, this dissertation proposes an operationalized definition of a grievance and then employs this definition to analyze the direct and indirect effects of grievance presence, quantity, and type of women’s durations of involvement and lethality in terrorism. In the first empirical chapter, I (1) develop a conceptualization and operational schema that takes into account the theoretical variation identified above, as well as any additional variation that exists in my data; (2) describe the variation in types of grievances that exist in my sample and (3) identify any clustering of grievance types in my data. In the second chapter, this study quantitatively assesses if grievance quantity, grievance type, and biographical availability influence women’s durations of involvement in violent extremism. Findings indicated that while the type or quantity of grievances are not significant influences on the duration of involvement in VE, having at least one grievance increases women’s persistence in terrorism. Moreover, matrimony and motherhood were not found to significantly influence this relationship; however, having less than a high school education increased the effect that having a grievance had on duration of involvement in VE. Employment was found to be a barrier to women’s persistence in VE. Chapter 3 examines the roles grievances play in women’s lethality during VE involvement. Informed by the political approach to Collective Violence Theory (Aya 1979), by using logistic regressions with robust standard errors to evaluate the direct relationships between the presence of any grievance on lethality, the number of grievances and lethality, and PCVT grievances on lethality as well as the moderating influence of PCVT grievances and the relationship between VE ideology and lethality. Results indicate that the presence of any grievance and the quantity of grievances each subject has do not influence lethali

As the Marine Corps activates the Marine Littoral Regiment (MLR) to serve as the joint force’s reconnaissance and counter-reconnaissance effort, questions abound regarding the MLR’s ability to provide a persistent and lethal presence well inside the reach of our adversaries’ advanced long-range precision fires. In this study, the author uses agent-based combat simulations to inform future force design decisions, live-force experimentation, and tactics. The simulated scenario imagines a future MLR conducting sea control operations in the littorals of the Western Pacific against a peer naval threat. This research investigates the effect that a guard force of autonomous and/or semi-autonomous surface vessels, operating as the guard force of the MLR’s defense in depth, has on the survivability and lethality of the MLR’s land-based anti-ship missile platforms. Summary statistics generated by the simulation indicate that the future battlefield will see high losses on both sides. However, based on the results of 27,200 simulated engagements, this study finds that an MLR using a guard force of armed and unarmed “scouts” as described above can inflict a prohibitively high and unsustainable cost on an enemy naval force., Outstanding Thesis, Major, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Three fundamental aspects of Covid-19 in Mexico are analyzed: the excess of mortality, largely attributed to this disease, which official statistics do not report; the structure by age and sex of infections and deaths during the first two waves vis-a-vis the beginning of the third; and the age distributions of the fatality rate, also stratified into two periods. Descriptive and comparative statistics are applied to the data-bases obtained through the records of the Ministry of Health, sorted by age and sex and enriched with revisions to the death certificates of INEGI and the Inter-Institutional Group for the Estimation of Excess Mortality from All Causes during the Covid-19 Emergency, having not caused substantial adjustments to the series. The results corrobo-rate incompatibilities between the data on infections and deaths, with greater under-accounting in the first variable than in the second, leading to the high level of the country's fatality rate., Se analizan tres aspectos fundamentales de la Covid-19 en México: el exceso de mortalidad, en gran medida atribuido a dicho padecimiento, no reportado por las estadísticas oficiales; la estructura por edad y sexo de los contagios y fallecimientos durante las dos primeras olas vis-a-vis el inicio de la tercera, y las distribuciones etarias de la tasa de letalidad, también estratificadas en dos periodos. Se aplican estadísticas descriptivas y comparadas a las bases de datos originadas a partir de los registros la Secretaría de Salud, ordenadas por edad y sexo, y enriquecidas con revisiones a las actas de defunción del INEGI y el Grupo Interinstitucional para la Estimación del Exceso de Mortalidad por Todas las Causas durante la Emergencia por la Covid-19, sin que ello haya conducido a ajustes sustanciales de las series. Los resultados corroboran incompatibilidades entre los datos de contagios y fallecimientos, con mayor subcontabilización de la primera variable que de la segunda, lo que se refleja en el alto nivel de la tasa de letalidad.

Currently, some features of the course of tuberculous meningitis are observed. At the present stage, the meningoencephalitis form prevails, rapid generalization of the process, the absence of specific symptoms in the cerebrospinal fluid characteristic of tuberculous meningitis in patients who have received antibacterial drugs, most cases of tuberculous meningitis against HIV infection (69.7%), currently the ineffectiveness of treatment of most antibiotics used for tuberculous meningitis (45.6%). Tuberculous meningitis is characterized by high mortality. Modern molecular genetic methods can revolutionize the diagnosis of diseases.

Currently, some features of the course of tuberculous meningitis are observed. At the present stage, the meningoencephalitis form prevails, rapid generalization of the process, the absence of specific symptoms in the cerebrospinal fluid characteristic of tuberculous meningitis in patients who have received antibacterial drugs, most cases of tuberculous meningitis against HIV infection (69.7%), currently the ineffectiveness of treatment of most antibiotics used for tuberculous meningitis (45.6%). Tuberculous meningitis is characterized by high mortality. Modern molecular genetic methods can revolutionize the diagnosis of diseases.

The acquired pneumonia community is one of the most common causes of hospital admissions, with high impact on mortality. The objective was to evaluate the association of various factors with the state of severity at admission in patients hospitalized for pneumonia. It was done a descriptive study with 1,809 patients hospitalized for pneumonia between 2012 and 2020. Factors related to the patient, the disease, and prehospital management were evaluated as independent variables; as a dependent variable, the status at admission was considered. Through bivariate and multivariate analysis, the association was measured through the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval. It was showed association significant among various conditions and evaluated the state of gravity entry; the factors that showed the greatest strength of association were: bedridden (OR 5.4 [4.2;7]) , presence of a medium or large pleural effusion (OR 4.8 [3.2; 7.2] ) , age of 60 or more (OR 4.2 [3.5,7]), extension nonlocal a radiation lobe (OR 3.6 [2.8;4.6] ) and a history of advanced dementia (OR 2.2 [1.7,2.8]). As conclusions, there is a relationship between the occurrence of the state of severity of patients with community-acquired pneumonia at the time of their hospital admission and several adverse conditions, some inherent to the characteristics of the patients (previous bedridden, advanced dementia and diabetes mellitus) and others to the radiological behavior of the disease (the radiological extension of the affectation beyond one lobe and the presence of a medium or large pleural effusion at the time of admission), La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye una de las causas más frecuentes de ingresos hospitalarios, con elevada repercusión en la mortalidad. El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar la asociación de varios factores con el estado de gravedad al ingreso en pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 1,809 pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía entre los años 2012 y 2020. Fueron evaluados factores relacionados con el paciente, con la enfermedad y con el manejo prehospitalario, como variables independientes; como variable dependiente fue considerado el estado al ingreso. Mediante análisis bivariado y multivariado (regresión logística), la asociación fue medida a través del odds ratio y su intervalo de confiaza de 95 %. Se demostró asociación significativa entre varias condiciones evaluadas y el estado de gravedad al ingreso; los factores que en el análisis multivariado mostraron mayor fuerza de asociación fueron: la condición de encamamiento (OR 3,6[2,7;4,7]), la presencia de derrame pleural de mediana o gran cuantía (OR 3[2;4,5]), el antecedente de demencia avanzada (OR 2,4[1,7;3,5]), la extensión radiológica no circunscrita a un lóbulo (OR 2[1,6;2,6]) y el antecedente de diabetes mellitus (OR 1,3[1,04;1,7]). Como conclusiones, se ha corroborado la relación existente entre la ocurrencia del estado de gravedad de los pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad al momento de su admisión hospitalaria y varias condiciones adversas, algunas inherentes a las características de los pacientes (encamamiento previo, demencia avanzada y diabetes mellitus) y otras al comportamiento radiológico de la enfermedad (extensión más allá de un lóbulo y la presencia de derrame pleural de mediana o gran cuantía al momento de la admisión).

[ES] El coco (Cocos Nucifera L.), es una fruta con excelentes propiedades nutricionales y de la cual pueden obtenerse una gran variedad de productos. Colombia es uno de los países que dedica una mayor superficie a la producción de cocos, por lo que se trata de un producto abundante y que proporciona empleo a mucha población. El objetivo del trabajo es la elaboración de una leche de coco de forma artesanal que permita aprovechar el potencial y la abundancia de los productos de coco de la región. Para ello, se elaboraron varias formulaciones, eligiendo dos como más adecuadas. Se estableció una temperatura de tratamiento térmico de 70ºC. Las diferentes formulaciones se almacenaron a tres condiciones diferentes: temperatura ambiente, de refrigeración y maduración acelerada. Se realizaron análisis físico-químicos (grados Brix, pH, color y densidad) y microbiológicos (viables aerobios mesófilos, E.coli-coliformes, enterobacterias y mohos y levaduras) a las muestras antes y después del tratamiento térmico y tras su almacenamiento. Se realizó un estudio para evaluar la letalidad del tratamiento térmico sobre un microorganismo objetivo. Los análisis físico-químicos mostraron diferencias en las condiciones de almacenamiento del producto, ya que parámetros como los grados Brix se mantenían estables y el pH aumentaba tras ser conservados en refrigeración. Se obtuvieron diferencias entre formulaciones en el caso de los grados Brix y el pH ya que la formulación que incorporaba agua de coco poseía valores más elevados. Respecto al color, se encontraron diferencias de color significativas entre las dos formulaciones almacenadas en las tres condiciones. La densidad no varió entre las formulaciones recién elaboradas, después del tratamiento y tras el almacenamiento. No se encontraron diferencias en los resultados de los análisis microbiológicos para las dos formulaciones estudiadas. La efectividad del tratamiento térmico se hizo factible tras comprobar una reducción de los microorgan, [EN] The coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) is a fruit with excellent nutritional properties and from which it can be obtained a huge variety of products. Colombia dedicates a huge space for coconut production, that¿s why there are plenty of coconuts which provide jobs to the population. The aim of the project is to develop a coconut milk made in a traditional way to take advantage of the potential and the abundance of coconut products in the región.To achieve this, some formulations were developed, choosing two as the most adecuate ones. The thermal treatment temperature was established as 70ºC. The formulations were stored in three different conditions: Ambient temperature, refrigeration and accelerated maturation. Physico-chemical analysis were done (Brix degrees, pH, colour and density) and also microbiological (Viable counts, E.coli, enterobacteriaceae, mould and yeast) to the simples before and after the thermal treatment and after the storage. A study was made to evaluate the lethality of the thermal treatment in a target microorganism. The physico-chemical analysis showed differences between the storage conditions because parameters as the Brix degrees were stable and the pH showed a raise before being stored in refrigeration. Differences were found between formulations in Brix degrees and pH that¿s because of the formulation that includes coconut water, which has higher values. In the colour matter, significant differences were found between the formulations stored in the three conditions. The density didn¿t change between the formulations newly done and neither after the treatment or the storage. No differences were found in the microbiological analysis of the two studied formulations. The effectiveness of the treatment was feasible after checking a microorganism reduction in the coconut milk. The storage in refrigeration showed a slowest growth of the microorganisms in comparison with other storage forms, that¿s why this way of preservation is proposed as the mo

[ES] El coco (Cocos Nucifera L.), es una fruta con excelentes propiedades nutricionales y de la cual pueden obtenerse una gran variedad de productos. Colombia es uno de los países que dedica una mayor superficie a la producción de cocos, por lo que se trata de un producto abundante y que proporciona empleo a mucha población. El objetivo del trabajo es la elaboración de una leche de coco de forma artesanal que permita aprovechar el potencial y la abundancia de los productos de coco de la región. Para ello, se elaboraron varias formulaciones, eligiendo dos como más adecuadas. Se estableció una temperatura de tratamiento térmico de 70ºC. Las diferentes formulaciones se almacenaron a tres condiciones diferentes: temperatura ambiente, de refrigeración y maduración acelerada. Se realizaron análisis físico-químicos (grados Brix, pH, color y densidad) y microbiológicos (viables aerobios mesófilos, E.coli-coliformes, enterobacterias y mohos y levaduras) a las muestras antes y después del tratamiento térmico y tras su almacenamiento. Se realizó un estudio para evaluar la letalidad del tratamiento térmico sobre un microorganismo objetivo. Los análisis físico-químicos mostraron diferencias en las condiciones de almacenamiento del producto, ya que parámetros como los grados Brix se mantenían estables y el pH aumentaba tras ser conservados en refrigeración. Se obtuvieron diferencias entre formulaciones en el caso de los grados Brix y el pH ya que la formulación que incorporaba agua de coco poseía valores más elevados. Respecto al color, se encontraron diferencias de color significativas entre las dos formulaciones almacenadas en las tres condiciones. La densidad no varió entre las formulaciones recién elaboradas, después del tratamiento y tras el almacenamiento. No se encontraron diferencias en los resultados de los análisis microbiológicos para las dos formulaciones estudiadas. La efectividad del tratamiento térmico se hizo factible tras comprobar una reducción de los microorgan, [EN] The coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) is a fruit with excellent nutritional properties and from which it can be obtained a huge variety of products. Colombia dedicates a huge space for coconut production, that¿s why there are plenty of coconuts which provide jobs to the population. The aim of the project is to develop a coconut milk made in a traditional way to take advantage of the potential and the abundance of coconut products in the región.To achieve this, some formulations were developed, choosing two as the most adecuate ones. The thermal treatment temperature was established as 70ºC. The formulations were stored in three different conditions: Ambient temperature, refrigeration and accelerated maturation. Physico-chemical analysis were done (Brix degrees, pH, colour and density) and also microbiological (Viable counts, E.coli, enterobacteriaceae, mould and yeast) to the simples before and after the thermal treatment and after the storage. A study was made to evaluate the lethality of the thermal treatment in a target microorganism. The physico-chemical analysis showed differences between the storage conditions because parameters as the Brix degrees were stable and the pH showed a raise before being stored in refrigeration. Differences were found between formulations in Brix degrees and pH that¿s because of the formulation that includes coconut water, which has higher values. In the colour matter, significant differences were found between the formulations stored in the three conditions. The density didn¿t change between the formulations newly done and neither after the treatment or the storage. No differences were found in the microbiological analysis of the two studied formulations. The effectiveness of the treatment was feasible after checking a microorganism reduction in the coconut milk. The storage in refrigeration showed a slowest growth of the microorganisms in comparison with other storage forms, that¿s why this way of preservation is proposed as the mo

[ES] El coco (Cocos Nucifera L.), es una fruta con excelentes propiedades nutricionales y de la cual pueden obtenerse una gran variedad de productos. Colombia es uno de los países que dedica una mayor superficie a la producción de cocos, por lo que se trata de un producto abundante y que proporciona empleo a mucha población. El objetivo del trabajo es la elaboración de una leche de coco de forma artesanal que permita aprovechar el potencial y la abundancia de los productos de coco de la región. Para ello, se elaboraron varias formulaciones, eligiendo dos como más adecuadas. Se estableció una temperatura de tratamiento térmico de 70ºC. Las diferentes formulaciones se almacenaron a tres condiciones diferentes: temperatura ambiente, de refrigeración y maduración acelerada. Se realizaron análisis físico-químicos (grados Brix, pH, color y densidad) y microbiológicos (viables aerobios mesófilos, E.coli-coliformes, enterobacterias y mohos y levaduras) a las muestras antes y después del tratamiento térmico y tras su almacenamiento. Se realizó un estudio para evaluar la letalidad del tratamiento térmico sobre un microorganismo objetivo. Los análisis físico-químicos mostraron diferencias en las condiciones de almacenamiento del producto, ya que parámetros como los grados Brix se mantenían estables y el pH aumentaba tras ser conservados en refrigeración. Se obtuvieron diferencias entre formulaciones en el caso de los grados Brix y el pH ya que la formulación que incorporaba agua de coco poseía valores más elevados. Respecto al color, se encontraron diferencias de color significativas entre las dos formulaciones almacenadas en las tres condiciones. La densidad no varió entre las formulaciones recién elaboradas, después del tratamiento y tras el almacenamiento. No se encontraron diferencias en los resultados de los análisis microbiológicos para las dos formulaciones estudiadas. La efectividad del tratamiento térmico se hizo factible tras comprobar una reducción de los microorgan, [EN] The coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) is a fruit with excellent nutritional properties and from which it can be obtained a huge variety of products. Colombia dedicates a huge space for coconut production, that¿s why there are plenty of coconuts which provide jobs to the population. The aim of the project is to develop a coconut milk made in a traditional way to take advantage of the potential and the abundance of coconut products in the región.To achieve this, some formulations were developed, choosing two as the most adecuate ones. The thermal treatment temperature was established as 70ºC. The formulations were stored in three different conditions: Ambient temperature, refrigeration and accelerated maturation. Physico-chemical analysis were done (Brix degrees, pH, colour and density) and also microbiological (Viable counts, E.coli, enterobacteriaceae, mould and yeast) to the simples before and after the thermal treatment and after the storage. A study was made to evaluate the lethality of the thermal treatment in a target microorganism. The physico-chemical analysis showed differences between the storage conditions because parameters as the Brix degrees were stable and the pH showed a raise before being stored in refrigeration. Differences were found between formulations in Brix degrees and pH that¿s because of the formulation that includes coconut water, which has higher values. In the colour matter, significant differences were found between the formulations stored in the three conditions. The density didn¿t change between the formulations newly done and neither after the treatment or the storage. No differences were found in the microbiological analysis of the two studied formulations. The effectiveness of the treatment was feasible after checking a microorganism reduction in the coconut milk. The storage in refrigeration showed a slowest growth of the microorganisms in comparison with other storage forms, that¿s why this way of preservation is proposed as the mo

With the advent of large-scale application of hydrogen, transportation becomes crucial. Reusing the existing natural gas transmission system could serve as catalyst for the future hydrogen economy. However, a risk analysis of hydrogen transmission in existing pipelines is essential for the deployment of the new energy carrier. This paper focuses on the individual risk (IR) associated with a hazardous hydrogen jet fire and compares it with the natural gas case. The risk analysis adopts a detailed flame model and state of the art computational software, to provide an enhanced physical description of flame characteristics. This analysis concludes that hydrogen jet fires yield lower lethality levels, that decrease faster with distance than natural gas jet fires. Consequently, for large pipelines, hydrogen transmission is accompanied by significant lower IR. Howbeit, ignition effects increasingly dominate the IR for decreasing pipeline diameters and cause hydrogen transmission to yield increased IR in the vicinity of the pipeline when compared to natural gas., Electrical Engineering Education, Applied Probability, Energy Technology

Military family housing programs are in crisis, the product of a policy-strategy mismatch resulting from competing interests among the United States Congress, Department of Defense, private real-estate developers, and the military members and families who rely on military housing. Through a policy-centered literature review, survey instrument, and analysis, this thesis investigates the mismatch and its impacts on military member and family health and readiness. Responses to this study’s survey and research sample suggest that few differences exist between respondents of military family housing and residents of local civilian community housing, with the most significant supported finding being that military housing respondents’ air-filtration maintenance occurs less often than that of local community housing. The overall findings suggest that the survey instrument, with minor improvements, could be used to acquire accurate and actionable data related to occupant health, well-being, and readiness, with the intrinsic benefit of serving as a rubric to gauge achievement of current housing and readiness policies. Succinctly put, the study’s survey instrument could easily be used by housing tenants, providers, and support staff as a near-definitive physical inspection diagnostic tool to identify physically observable indicators and building assemblage characteristics commonly observed, known, and associated with unsafe and unhealthy housing conditions., http://archive.org/details/aplanforactionho1094567106, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

Twenty years of constant conflict in multiple regions across the globe have created a problem for United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM): it has become over reliant on lethality to achieve its strategic goals. This overreliance on lethality and the lethality default culture that has taken hold in USSOCOM has begun to have second- and third-order effects as the United States moves into a renewed period of great power competition. While great power competition historically has included periods of conflict and peace, large-scale combat operations remain less prevalent. This research investigated how special operations forces (SOF) can find the optimal balance of lethality along with other elements of national power and determined that balancing lethality with other instruments of national power can help increase the effectiveness of SOF operations, while supporting a whole-of-government approach. This thesis also addressed how SOF engages with the civil domain and expands its engagements to elements outside of security across the physical domain. This study found that USSOCOM must balance how much lethality it uses in great power competition while holistically evaluating other instruments of national power, depending on the conditions prevalent in each region or country that SOF engages in. Ultimately, this research determined that lethality alone cannot achieve victory in most modern conflicts., Major, United States Army, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Guided by the Commandant's Planning Guidance and Force Design 2030, the Marine Corps is currently undergoing aggressive organizational change to evolve into a more disruptive force within the context of great power competition. An increase of rocket artillery batteries from seven to 21 is planned to expand deterrence capability, and a divestment in cannon batteries from 21 to five parallels this focus. The retention of cannon artillery, although reduced, can be improved to offer tactical maneuver-based offensive and defensive firepower to Marines across the range of military operations. This thesis explores which equipment and tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) are most critical for USMC cannon artillery lethality and survivability in a Russia counterbattery scenario. Furthermore, this study proposes potential artillery configurations that are resilient to uncontrollable variations of the Russian artillery force. Using agent-based simulation, efficient designs of experiments, and cluster computing, over 1.3 million artillery battles were simulated and analyzed. The findings include that the equipment currently fielded by USMC artillery battalions is largely in line with the most significant factors for lethality and survivability (caliber and range). However, significant changes to current TTPs, specifically increased segmentation and dispersion, are necessary for force protection and mission success., Outstanding Thesis, Captain, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Background: Population-based clinical data on COVID-19 is scarce. This study analyzed distinct clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and relationships with lethality among adults. Methods: Retrospective cohort that included all population ≥50 years with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in Tarragona, Spain, during 01/03/2020- 30/06/2020. Treatment setting (outpatient/hospital/nursing- home), pre-existing comorbidities, signs/symptoms, clinical course, severity and lethality (death from any cause in-hospital or within the first 30-day after the diagnosis) were determined. Chi squared and Fisher’s test were used to compare percentages. Results: Of the 536 overall cases (mean age: 74 years; 43.8% male), 150 (28%) were outpatient, 179 (33.4%) were hospitalised and 207 (38.6%) happened in nursing-home/ social-health centres. The most prevalent symptoms were fever (57.9%), cough (49.8%), dyspnea (41.5%), general discomfort (36.2%), fatigue (24.4%), diarrhea (19.6%), myalgias (17.3%), headache (14.6%), confusion/lethargy (14.6%), thoracic pain (10%), anosmia (9.8%), disgeusia/ ageusia (8.1%) and sore throat (7.7%). Global lethality was 23.1% (1.7% in 50-64 years vs 25.5% in 65-79 years vs 38.7% in ≥80 years, p<0.001; 26.8% in men vs 20.3% in women, p=0.075; 3.3% in outpatient vs 29.6% in hospitalised vs 31.9% in nursing-home/social-health centres, p<0.001). By symptomatology, maximum lethality was observed among patients with confusion/lethargy (77.6%) and minimum among those with ageusia/disgeusia (4.8%), anosmia (3.9%) or myalgias (1.1%). By pre-existing comorbidities, greater lethality happened among patients with neurologic (36.7%), renal (35.4%) and cardiac disease (35.3%). Conclusions: There was a relatively great lethality of COVID-19 among the general population ≥50 years across the first epidemic wave in the study setting. Increasing age, male sex, nursing-home residence and several signs/symptoms and comorbidities were associated with higher mortality., Fundamentos: Los datos clínicos de ámbito poblacional sobre COVID-19 son escasos. Este estudio analizó distintas características de presentación de la enfermedad y su relación con letalidad en adultos de 50 años y más. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó todas las personas mayores o con 50 años con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 en Tarragona del 01/03/2020 al 30/06/2020 (n=536). Se valoró el lugar de atención/tratamiento (ambulatorio/hospital/residencia), las comorbilidades previas, los signos/síntomas de presentación, el curso clínico, la gravedad y la letalidad (muerte por cualquier causa en 30 días post-diagnóstico). Chi cuadrado y test exacto de Fisher se usaron para la comparación de proporciones. Resultados: De los 536 casos (edad media 74 años, 43,8% varones), 150 (28%) fueron ambulatorios, 179 (33,4%) hospitalizados y 207 (38,6%) ocurrieron en residencias/ sociosanitarios. Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron fiebre (57,9%), tos (49,8%), disnea (41,5%, malestar general (36,2%), fatiga (24,4%), diarrea (19,6%), mialgias (17,3%), cefalea (14,6%), confusión/letargia (14,6%), dolor torácico (10%), anosmia (9,8%), disgeusia/ ageusia (8,1%) y odinofagia (7,7%). La letalidad global fue 23,1% (1,7% en 50-64 años, 25,5% en 65-79 años y 38,7% en ≥80 años, p<0,001; 26,8% en hombres vs 20,3% en mujeres, p=0,075; 3,3% en ambulatorio/domicilio vs 29,6% en hospitalizados vs 31,9% en residencias/ sociosanitarios, p<0,001). Según sintomatología, la máxima letalidad se observó en pacientes con confusión/ letargia (77,6%) y la mínima en aquellos con ageusia/disgeusia (4,8%), anosmia (3,9%) o mialgias (1,1%). Según la comorbilidad, la máxima letalidad apareció en pacientes con enfermedad neurológica (36,7%), renal (35,4%) y cardiaca (35,3%). Conclusiones: Se constata una relativamente alta letalidad de la COVID-19 en la población general mayor o de 50 años durante la primera ola epidémica. La edad avanzada, el sexo varón, la institucionalización y la presencia de algu

With the advent of large-scale application of hydrogen, transportation becomes crucial. Reusing the existing natural gas transmission system could serve as catalyst for the future hydrogen economy. However, a risk analysis of hydrogen transmission in existing pipelines is essential for the deployment of the new energy carrier. This paper focuses on the individual risk (IR) associated with a hazardous hydrogen jet fire and compares it with the natural gas case. The risk analysis adopts a detailed flame model and state of the art computational software, to provide an enhanced physical description of flame characteristics. This analysis concludes that hydrogen jet fires yield lower lethality levels, that decrease faster with distance than natural gas jet fires. Consequently, for large pipelines, hydrogen transmission is accompanied by significant lower IR. Howbeit, ignition effects increasingly dominate the IR for decreasing pipeline diameters and cause hydrogen transmission to yield increased IR in the vicinity of the pipeline when compared to natural gas., Electrical Engineering Education, Applied Probability, Energy Technology

Bothrops atrox is the most clinically relevant snake species within the Amazon region, which includes Ecuadorian territories. It comprises a large distribution, which could contribute to the genetic and venomic variation identified in the species. The high variability and protein isoform diversity of its venom are of medical interest, since it can influence the clinical manifestations caused by envenomation and its treatment. However, in Ecuador there is insufficient information on the diversity of venomic phenotypes, even of relevant species such as B. atrox. Here, we characterized the biochemical and toxicological profiles of the venom of six B. atrox individuals from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Differences in catalytic activities of toxins, elution profiles in liquid chromatography, electrophoretic patterns, and toxic effects among the analyzed samples were identified. Nonetheless, in the preclinical testing of antivenom, two samples from Mera (Pastaza) required a higher dose to achieve total neutralization of lethality and hemorrhage. Taken together, these data highlight the importance of analyzing individual venoms in studies focused on the outcomes of envenoming

During the Covid-19 pandemic in Italy, official data are collected with medical swabs following a pure convenience criterion which, at least in an early phase, has privileged the exam of patients showing evident symptoms. However, there are evidences of a very high proportion of asymptomatic patients. In this situation, in order to estimate the real number of infected (and to estimate the lethality rate), it should be necessary to run a properly designed sample survey through which it would be possible to calculate the probability of inclusion and hence draw sound probabilistic inference. Unfortunately, the survey run by the Italian Statistical Institute encountered many field difficulties. Some researchers proposed estimates of the total prevalence based on various approaches, including epidemiologic models, time series and the analysis of data collected in countries that faced the epidemic in earlier times. In this paper, we propose to estimate the prevalence of Covid-19 in Italy by reweighting the available official data published by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità so as to obtain a more representative sample of the Italian population. Reweighting is a procedure commonly used to artificially modify the sample composition so as to obtain a distribution which is more similar to the population. In this paper, we will use post-stratification of the official data, in order to derive the weights necessary for reweighting the sample results, using age and gender as post-stratification variables, thus obtaining more reliable estimation of prevalence and lethality. Specifically, for Italy, we obtain a prevalence of 9%. The proposed methodology represents a reasonable approximation while waiting for more reliable data obtained with a properly designed national sample survey and that it could be further improved if more data were made available.

© 2020 Elsevier Inc. The number of studies published on COVID-19 in recent months is certainly impressive. However, there are still important gaps to know a great number of characteristics of this disease. Among these, some potential ways of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 and the different reasons for the severity of the disease in different people. Various studies have suggested that certain air pollutants could be increasing the transmission of the coronavirus, as well as the risks of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. In the present preliminary case-study conducted in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain), we studied the potential association of COVID-19 with PM10, NO2 and O3, as well as the differences in the incidence and lethality of this disease. This Province is divided into two “health regions”: Camp de Tarragona, with an important industrial complex, and Terres de l'Ebre, with a great agricultural component. In spite of the notable limitations of the current study, our preliminary findings indicate that the industrialized/urban areas of Tarragona Province show a higher incidence and mortality of COVID-19 than the agricultural/rural zones. These – and previous – results would highlight the importance of conducting specific investigations focused on directly assessing whether air pollutants such as particulate matter can act as carriers of the SARS-CoV-2. If confirmed, the recommendation on keeping the “social distance” (1.5–2 m) might need to be adapted to this situation.

В работе представлены результаты эконометрического анализа факторов, влияющих на летальность COVID-19 в различных странах, и проведена прогнозная оценка числа умерших в России вследствие эпидемии. Подтверждено, что доля умерших от завершившихся случаев болезни зависит от уровня тестирования (количество тестов на одного зараженного и на тысячу населения). Кроме того, выявленная летальность заболевания зависит от доли завершенных случаев, от возрастной структуры населения и от того, насколько рано по сравнению с другими странами эпидемия пришла в страну (без учета Китая). Показано, что доля умерших медработников в общей смертности от нового коронавируса в РФ на порядок выше, чем в развитых странах. Это говорит и о занижении данных умерших от COVID-19 в РФ, и о неудовлетворительном качестве российской системы здравоохранения., The paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of factors affecting the lethality of COVID-19 in various countries and provides a predictive estimate of the number of deaths in Russia due to the epidemic. It has been confirmed that the proportion of deaths from completed cases of the disease depends on the level of testing (the number of tests per infected and per thousand population). In addition, the detected lethality of the disease depends on the proportion of completed cases, on the age structure of the population and on how early the epidemic arrived in the country compared to other countries (China is not taken into account). It was shown that the proportion of deceased health workers in the total mortality from a new coronavirus in the Russian Federation is an order of magnitude higher than in developed countries. This suggests an underestimation of the data of deaths from COVID-19 in the Russian Federation, and the unsatisfactory quality of the Russian healthcare system.

Relevance. COVID-19 is an extremely dangerous disease that not only spreads quickly, but is also characterized by a high mortality rate. Therefore, prediction of the number of deaths from the new coronavirus is an urgent task. Research objective. The aim of the study is to provide a more accurate estimate of the real number of coronavirus-related deaths in Russian regions. Data and methods. The main research method is econometric modeling. Comparison of various data was also applied. The authors’ calculations were based on Rosstat data, the data of the World Bank and specialized sites with coronavirus statistics in Russia and in the world. Results. We identified the factors affecting the COVID-19 mortality rates in various countries were identified, assessed how much the official Russian statistics underestimated mortality in Russian regions, and provided predictive estimates of mortality as a result of the pandemic. We also determined the number of additional coronavirus-induced deaths. Conclusions. The official data on COVID-19 mortality in Russia underestimate the actual numbers more than twofold. The number of direct and indirect victims of the pandemic in Russia at the end of July was approximately 43 thousand people., Актуальность. COVID-19 – крайне опасное заболевание, которое характеризуется не только очень быстрым распространением, но и очень высокой летальностью. Поэтому прогноз числа смертей от COVID-19 является весьма актуальной задачей. Целью работы является более точная по сравнению с официальной оценка реального числа смертей от COVID-19 в России. Данные и методы. В работе использованы два основных метода исследования, эконометрическое моделирование и сравнение данных из различных источников (таблиц Росстата и специализированных сайтов со статистикой по коронавирусу в России и в мире). Результаты. Выявлены факторы, влияющие на уровень летальности COVID-19 в различных странах, выполнена оценка занижения смертности от COVID-19 в регионах РФ и построены прогнозные оценки смертности в результате эпидемии. Определено число дополнительных смертей из-за коронавируса. Выводы. Официальные данные о смертности в России занижены более чем в два раза. Число прямых и косвенных жертв эпидемии в РФ на конец июля составило примерно 43 тысячи человек.

Since death rates from the COVID-19 are highest among the oldest, the impact of the current pandemic in a given society depends to a large extent on the share of elderly persons and their living arrangements. Whereas the former is well known, the latter is not. Arguably, contagion itself and the severity of its symptoms are likely to vary among elderly persons living alone, co-residing with family members or dwelling in institutions. Arguments in favour and against the premise that single-living elderly are better able to self-isolate can be made. Long-term care facilities have worsened the effects of the epidemic because they have often become death traps in some but not all countries. Once contagion takes place, living arrangements can make a huge difference in the way the disease can be managed by the individual, his family and society. Properly understanding the dynamics of contagion and the handling of the disease in terms of living arrangements of elderly people is essential for effectively tackling future outbreaks of similar epidemics.

Since death rates from the COVID-19 are highest among the oldest, the impact of the current pandemic in a given society depends to a large extent on the share of elderly persons and their living arrangements. Whereas the former is well known, the latter is not. Arguably, contagion itself and the severity of its symptoms are likely to vary among elderly persons living alone, co-residing with family members or dwelling in institutions. Arguments in favour and against the premise that single-living elderly are better able to self-isolate can be made. Long-term care facilities have worsened the effects of the epidemic because they have often become death traps in some but not all countries. Once contagion takes place, living arrangements can make a huge difference in the way the disease can be managed by the individual, his family and society. Properly understanding the dynamics of contagion and the handling of the disease in terms of living arrangements of elderly people is essential for effectively tackling future outbreaks of similar epidemics.

[EN] Since membranes play essential roles in all living beings, all cells have developed mechanisms for efficient and fast repair of membrane damage. InEscherichia coli, the Phage shock stress A (PspA) protein is involved in the maintenance of the integrity of its inner membrane in response to the damage produced by exposure to stress conditions. A role in thylakoid membrane maintenance and reorganization has been proposed for Vesicle Inducing Protein in Plastid 1 (VIPP1), the putative PspA ortholog inArabidopsis thaliana. While some membranes of plant cells have been extensively studied, the biosynthesis and maintenance of chloroplast thylakoid membrane remains poorly known. Here, we report the cloning and functional characterization of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) ortholog ofEscherichia coli PspAandArabidopsis thaliana VIPP1, which we dubbedSlVIPP1. Our genetic and molecular characterization ofslvipp1, an insertional mutant, allowed us to conclude that the tomatoSlVIPP1gene is needed for development, as ArabidopsisVIPP1, but notEscherichia coli PspA. Homozygousslvipp1tomato plants are albino and exhibit early lethality and highly aberrant chloroplast development with almost complete absence of thylakoids. The phenotype of tomato RNAi lines and that of additionalslvipp1alleles generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology confirmed that the morphological and histological aberrations shown byslvipp1homozygotes are caused byVIPP1lack of function. We also found that tomatoSlVIPP1overexpression does not cause any visible effect on plant morphology and viability. Our work withslvipp1plants evidences thatSlVIPP1is an essential gene required for tomato survival, since its function is crucial for the proper formation and/or maintenance of thylakoid membranes.

[EN] Since membranes play essential roles in all living beings, all cells have developed mechanisms for efficient and fast repair of membrane damage. InEscherichia coli, the Phage shock stress A (PspA) protein is involved in the maintenance of the integrity of its inner membrane in response to the damage produced by exposure to stress conditions. A role in thylakoid membrane maintenance and reorganization has been proposed for Vesicle Inducing Protein in Plastid 1 (VIPP1), the putative PspA ortholog inArabidopsis thaliana. While some membranes of plant cells have been extensively studied, the biosynthesis and maintenance of chloroplast thylakoid membrane remains poorly known. Here, we report the cloning and functional characterization of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) ortholog ofEscherichia coli PspAandArabidopsis thaliana VIPP1, which we dubbedSlVIPP1. Our genetic and molecular characterization ofslvipp1, an insertional mutant, allowed us to conclude that the tomatoSlVIPP1gene is needed for development, as ArabidopsisVIPP1, but notEscherichia coli PspA. Homozygousslvipp1tomato plants are albino and exhibit early lethality and highly aberrant chloroplast development with almost complete absence of thylakoids. The phenotype of tomato RNAi lines and that of additionalslvipp1alleles generated by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology confirmed that the morphological and histological aberrations shown byslvipp1homozygotes are caused byVIPP1lack of function. We also found that tomatoSlVIPP1overexpression does not cause any visible effect on plant morphology and viability. Our work withslvipp1plants evidences thatSlVIPP1is an essential gene required for tomato survival, since its function is crucial for the proper formation and/or maintenance of thylakoid membranes.

New Terrorism has been a highly regarded theory in the field of terrorism since the late 1990s, but how accurate is it in regards to European terrorism in 2010-2018? Are terrorists more lethal, primarily religious, part of transnational and decentralized organizations, and are they using CBRN-weapons? This paper uses a quantitative study, with a descriptive and retroductive approach, of all terror attacks in Europe 2010-2018, to examine New Terrorisms’ validity, and propose possible changes to the theory. I find that New Terrorism is partly correct. Terror groups are primarily transnational and non-hierarchical and lethality is higher than in the early 90s, although less so in Western Europe. Separatist groups are however found to be the most common type of movement, followed by ideological movements – responsible for 4 and 2 times as many terror attacks as religious groups. Likewise, the potential threat of terrorists using CBRN-weapons for mass destruction is found to be incorrect. Based on this, New Terrorism 2.0, Europe edition is proposed. Stating that separatist and ideological groups are the most common, lethality is high (but less so in Western Europe), organizations are primarily transnational and non-hierarchical, and the risk of terrorist using CBRN-weapons is low in contemporary European terrorism.

The ability to shoot proficiently is an intrinsic part of the identity and purpose of the U.S. Marine. Alarmingly, ammunition conservation and “one shot, one kill” ideology has eroded over the last four decades. The gradual removal of the human element of warfare has confused some and left others questioning whether the Marine as a rifleman has a place in an era focused on the next disruptive technology. The result is a lack of advancement in the art and science of marksmanship. Such an error could prove fatal in the U.S. Marine Corps’ (USMC) next conflict. The solution lies in leveraging the proper collection and analysis systems to convert digital marksmanship data into meaningful insights. With our proof of concept interface, Marines can have unparalleled access to their own shooter data and transform their shots into a quantitative lethality measure. By arming Marines and their coaches with timely knowledge of results, we improve their ability to shoot. By equipping leaders with measurements of individual and unit lethality, they can make informed decisions regarding allocation of range time, training plan design, unit employment, and funding. The paper also offers recommendations for aligning USMC decision-making to best benefit marksmanship modernization in the Corps, and provides a phased framework for continuing to advance such training technology. Through harnessing analytics, we honor our identity and simultaneously enhance the lethality of the USMC., USMC MARCORSYSCOM, PM TRASYS, USMC Education Command, http://archive.org/details/analyticstoenhan1094564097, Outstanding Thesis, Major, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Every Marine is a rifleman. However, the Marine Corps has failed to leverage technology to improve the art and science of marksmanship training, which has gone unchanged for almost 100 years. Marines score paper targets with pen and paper, wasting valuable time. The data collected is insufficient to precisely measure shooter abilities or evaluate analytically. The result is a lack of infrastructure and programs to leverage data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to aid in coaching Marines. This thesis expands on a previous Naval Postgraduate School thesis by continuing the development of tools to exploit digital marksmanship data to gain meaningful insights. With these tools, Marines would have unparalleled access to their historical shooting data and coaching feedback. Quantifiable measures will be used to provide coaching recommendations to improve rifle employment by providing more focused and effective training. We identify a more accurate method for calculating a probability of hit from observed data, which will allow the Marine Corps to measure lethality more accurately. We also offer recommendations for resource allocation to training facilities for marksmanship modernization and for programmatic requirements for automated data collection, storage, and use in analysis. By harnessing analytics and artificial intelligence, the Marines will more efficiently and effectively train Marines to be riflemen and enhance the lethality of the USMC., Major, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

Introduction: The proposal of the End TB Strategy is to end tuberculosis by 2035 globally.Objective: To determine the lethality of tuberculosis with negative immunodeficiency virus as an indicator in the elimination of the disease.Material and Method: A descriptive study on the lethality of cases diagnosed with negative immunodeficiency virus during 2000 and 2015 was conducted in Havana. The study considered the annual cohorts of tuberculosis patients according to age groups, municipalities, variability, tuberculosis, Smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (BAAR +), and the retreatments by years. The variation of the disease in the study as well as the variation of pulmonary tuberculosis and the results of sputum microscopies were added to the analysis of lethality carried out in every municipality.Results: The case fatality rate of tuberculosis in new cases with negative immunodeficiency virus was 8.8% with a predominance of those who died from Tuberculosis (5.4%). In the cases of retreatments, it was 16.2%. Case fatality increased by 43.5% with 2.9% per year and with age. Those patients who died from pulmonary tuberculosis represented 96.6%. Five municipalities stand out in the results.Conclusions: The lethality of tuberculosis in new cases with negative immunodeficiency virus revealed an annual increase in pulmonary tuberculosis and retreatments, suggesting difficulties related to the control of the disease and potentially compromising its elimination in Havana. Intensifying the prevention of influencing factors could reduce this indicator., Introducción: Eliminar la Tuberculosis para el 2035, es la propuesta de la estrategia mundial “Fin de la Tuberculosis”.Objetivo: Determinar la letalidad de la tuberculosis con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativo como un indicador en la eliminación de la tuberculosis.Material y método: A partir de las cohortes anuales de enfermos de tuberculosis con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativos del 2000 al 2015 en La Habana, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de la letalidad en los casos con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativos por años, grupos de edad. Por municipios, su variabilidad y según Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis pulmonar con baciloscopia positivas (BAAR+). Y los retratamientos por años.Resultados: En 16 años de estudio, la letalidad de la tuberculosis en los casos nuevos con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativos fue de 8.8% con predominio de los fallecidos por Tuberculosis con 5,4%. En los casos con retratamientos fue de 16.2%. La letalidad se incrementó en 43.5% con 2.9% anual y con la edad. Los fallecidos por Tuberculosis pulmonar representaron el 96.6%. En los resultados se destacan cinco municipios.Conclusiones: La letalidad de la tuberculosis de casos nuevos con virus de inmunodeficiencia negativos reveló un incremento anual en la tuberculosis pulmonar y en los retratamientos; esto sugiere dificultades en el control de la enfermedad, lo que potencialmente compromete su eliminación en La Habana. Intensificar la prevención de los factores influyentes pudiera reducir este indicador.

This retrospective cohort study included all the subjects diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (n=2493) in 2 Italian provinces. Two hundred fifty-eight persons died, after a median of 14.0±11.0 days. Adjusting for age, gender, and main comorbidities, the ≥28-day case-fatality rate did not decrease from March to April 2020 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.93; P=.6).

The “mollejas de pollo al sillao” is a traditional Peruvian dish, originally from the city of Trujillo (Peru), highly appreciated for its pleasant flavor. With the design of this product you can take advantage of the proteins, iron and other nutrients it contains. In this study the effect of the vinegar concentration and the size of the piece was evaluated by using a complete 3x2 factorial design. The raw material and treatments studied were characterized physicochemically. The sensory evaluation of color, taste and texture was made through the ranking test. The selected condition for the design of the product was 100 mL/kg of vinegar and pieces of ¼ unit, showing optimal physicochemical and sensory characteristics for its commercialization. The final product contained: protein (13,45%), fat (10,40%), humidity (67,49), ashes (1,82) and pH (5,14); it also had scores of flavor (4,23), color (4,53) and texture (4,27). The sterilization process time was 35 min and lethality 9,882 min, in a party type container., O “mollejas de pollo al sillao” é um prato tradicional peruano, originalmente da cidade de Trujillo (Peru), muito apreciado pelo seu sabor agradável. Com o design deste produto, se pode aproveitar as proteínas, ferro e outros nutrientes que contém. Neste estudo, o efeito da concentração de vinagre e do tamanho da peça foi avaliado, utilizando um planejamento fatorial completo 3x2. As matérias-primas e os tratamentos estudados foram caracterizados físico-quimicamente. A avaliação sensorial de cor, sabor e textura foi feita através do teste de ranking. A condição selecionada para o desenho do produto foi de 100 mL/kg de vinagre e pedaços de ¼ unidade, apresentando características físico-químicas e sensoriais ótimas para a sua comercialização. O produto final apresentou: proteína (13,45%), gordura (10,40%), umidade (67,49), cinzas (1,82) e pH (5,14); além teve pontuações de: sabor (4,23), cor (4,53) e textura (4,27). O tempo do processo de esterilização foi de 35 min e a letalidade de 9,882 min, em um recipiente do tipo festa., Las “mollejas de pollo al sillao” es un plato peruano tradicional, originario de la ciudad de Trujillo (Perú), muy apreciado por su agradable sabor. Con el diseño de este producto en conserva se puede aprovechar las proteínas, el hierro y otros micronutrientes que contiene. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del tamaño de pieza y de la concentración de vinagre, usando un diseño factorial completo 3x2. La materia prima y los tratamientos estudiados fueron caracterizados fisicoquímicamente. La evaluación sensorial de sabor, color y textura se hizo mediante la prueba de ranking, de 1 a 5 puntos. La condición seleccionada para el diseño del producto fue tamaño de pieza de ¼ unidad y 100 mL/kg de vinagre, mostrando características fisicoquímicas y sensoriales adecuadas, para su comercialización. El producto final presentó: proteína (13,45%), grasa (10,40%), humedad (67,49), cenizas (1,82) y pH (5,14); además tuvo puntajes de sabor (4,23), color (4,53) y textura (4,27). El tiempo de proceso de esterilización fue de 35 min y letalidad 9,882 min, en un envase tipo fiesta.

New Terrorism has been a highly regarded theory in the field of terrorism since the late 1990s, but how accurate is it in regards to European terrorism in 2010-2018? Are terrorists more lethal, primarily religious, part of transnational and decentralized organizations, and are they using CBRN-weapons? This paper uses a quantitative study, with a descriptive and retroductive approach, of all terror attacks in Europe 2010-2018, to examine New Terrorisms’ validity, and propose possible changes to the theory. I find that New Terrorism is partly correct. Terror groups are primarily transnational and non-hierarchical and lethality is higher than in the early 90s, although less so in Western Europe. Separatist groups are however found to be the most common type of movement, followed by ideological movements – responsible for 4 and 2 times as many terror attacks as religious groups. Likewise, the potential threat of terrorists using CBRN-weapons for mass destruction is found to be incorrect. Based on this, New Terrorism 2.0, Europe edition is proposed. Stating that separatist and ideological groups are the most common, lethality is high (but less so in Western Europe), organizations are primarily transnational and non-hierarchical, and the risk of terrorist using CBRN-weapons is low in contemporary European terrorism.

Since death rates from the COVID-19 are highest among the oldest, the impact of the current pandemic in a given society depends to a large extent on the share of elderly persons and their living arrangements. Whereas the former is well known, the latter is not. Arguably, contagion itself and the severity of its symptoms are likely to vary among elderly persons living alone, co-residing with family members or dwelling in institutions. Arguments in favour and against the premise that single-living elderly are better able to self-isolate can be made. Long-term care facilities have worsened the effects of the epidemic because they have often become death traps in some but not all countries. Once contagion takes place, living arrangements can make a huge difference in the way the disease can be managed by the individual, his family and society. Properly understanding the dynamics of contagion and the handling of the disease in terms of living arrangements of elderly people is essential for effectively tackling future outbreaks of similar epidemics.

Since death rates from the COVID-19 are highest among the oldest, the impact of the current pandemic in a given society depends to a large extent on the share of elderly persons and their living arrangements. Whereas the former is well known, the latter is not. Arguably, contagion itself and the severity of its symptoms are likely to vary among elderly persons living alone, co-residing with family members or dwelling in institutions. Arguments in favour and against the premise that single-living elderly are better able to self-isolate can be made. Long-term care facilities have worsened the effects of the epidemic because they have often become death traps in some but not all countries. Once contagion takes place, living arrangements can make a huge difference in the way the disease can be managed by the individual, his family and society. Properly understanding the dynamics of contagion and the handling of the disease in terms of living arrangements of elderly people is essential for effectively tackling future outbreaks of similar epidemics.

This retrospective cohort study included all the subjects diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (n=2493) in 2 Italian provinces. Two hundred fifty-eight persons died, after a median of 14.0±11.0 days. Adjusting for age, gender, and main comorbidities, the ≥28-day case-fatality rate did not decrease from March to April 2020 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.93; P=.6).

Since death rates from the COVID-19 are highest among the oldest, the impact of the current pandemic in a given society depends to a large extent on the share of elderly persons and their living arrangements. Whereas the former is well known, the latter is not. Arguably, contagion itself and the severity of its symptoms are likely to vary among elderly persons living alone, co-residing with family members or dwelling in institutions. Arguments in favour and against the premise that single-living elderly are better able to self-isolate can be made. Long-term care facilities have worsened the effects of the epidemic because they have often become death traps in some but not all countries. Once contagion takes place, living arrangements can make a huge difference in the way the disease can be managed by the individual, his family and society. Properly understanding the dynamics of contagion and the handling of the disease in terms of living arrangements of elderly people is essential for effectively tackling future outbreaks of similar epidemics.

The analysis of frequency of gastricduodenal congenital malformations in lethality structure was carried out among newborns which were cured last 5 years in regional children clinical hospital. This pathology occurres in every third lethality case among newborns with congenital malformation's with frequency q = 0,60 in boys from rural region. The availability of probable risk factors in pregnant women who gave birth children with gastric-duodenal congenital malformations was found out., Проведен анализ частоты врожденных пороков развития желудочно-кишечного тракта в структуре летальности новорожденных детей за 5 лет, которые находились на лечении в областной детской клинической больнице. Установлено, что данная патология встречается в каждом третьем случае летальности новорожденных детей с врожденными пороками развития с частотой q = 0,60 у мальчиков, которые проживают в сельской местности. Обнаружено наличие вероятных факторов риска у беременных женщин, которые родили детей с врожденными пороками развития пищеварительной системы., Проведено аналіз частоти вроджених вад розвитку шлунково-кишкового тракту в структурі летальності новонароджених дітей за 5 років, які знаходилися на лікуванні в обласній дитячій клінічній лікарні. Встановлено, що дана патологія зустрічається у кожному третьому випадку летальності новонароджених дітей з вродженими вадами розвитку з частотою q = 0,60 у хлопчиків, які проживають у сільській місцевості. Виявлено наявність ймовірних факторів ризику у вагітних жінок, які народили дітей з вадами розвитку травної системи

As an alternative energy carrier alongside electricity, hydrogen is considered one of the key factors in the impending required changes in the energy system transition. Due to the decrease in natural gas extraction in the Netherlands, the reuse of the natural gas network which eventually will become available for hydrogen transmission has emerged as a topic, recently. Although it seems to be possible to reuse the existing natural gas transmission network for the transmission of hydrogen, a quantitative risk analysis is still lacking and there is uncertainty about the safety of hydrogen transmission. This report aims to quantify the risk of the reuse of an existing natural gas pipeline for 100% hydrogen transmission and compare it with the natural gas case. A risk analysis entails the quantification of both the probability of failure and the adverse consequences. This research investigated the current methodology to determine the probability of failure for hydrogen transmission and proposed a new calculation method using a Bayesian network and historical natural gas data to derive new failure frequencies. The consequence of failure for both hydrogen and natural gas will be modelled using the SAFETI-NL; the influence of the gas different characteristics on the lethality will be quantified and risk values are produced, assuming the probability of failure to be similar for both gases when transported through natural gas pipelines. This research illustrated the promising application of a Bayesian network is a promising method to derive failure frequencies while taking into the significant influence of the pipeline characteristics. However, from the results, it emerges that further research is required with more redundant data. Also, future research should investigate the application of natural gas data since some failure scenarios are not entirely independent of the transmission gas, which could result in less favourable failure frequencies. Furthermore, calculations in, Electrical Engineering | Sustainable Energy Technology

Pure aluminum metal manufactured using Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) bears the properties of Structural Reactive Material (SRM) and has the capacity to increase lethality due to the continuous combustion of the fragments after explosion. This thesis focuses on the enhanced lethality and reactivity produced by replacing conventional warhead casings with SRM aluminum manufactured using CIP. Pure Al SRM is totally unclassified and can be studied by academic groups, other NATO countries, and so on to study the properties of SRM without classification issues. Mechanical and fragmentation analysis were conducted on three Al SRMs. H2(37%wt)/H15(63%wt), H15(90%wt)/Sn(10%wt) and pure H15. H15 is eventually selected to produce the first set of explosive casings for testing. Two types of Al H15 SRM casings with average mass to charge (M/C) ratio of 1.86 and 2.82 at 5% porosity were made for testing. Explosive experiment is then conducted in a cylindrical chamber to determine ballistic properties and reactivity of CIP H15 SRM cases compared to conventional 6061 aluminum casing., http://archive.org/details/aluminumreactive1094561209, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This thesis analyzes the naval policies of the Soviet and Russian Federation navies, examines their various shifts in naval strategy, and provides implications for future U.S. naval strategy. During most of Stalin’s rule, the Soviet navy implemented a green-water naval strategy, focusing on coastal defense. Prior to his death, Stalin began to shift his navy, at least partially, to a blue-water strategy, concentrating on building his Black and Baltic Sea fleets. After Stalin’s death, Admiral Gorshkov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Soviet navy and began implementing a blue-water strategy. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia’s navy has been in a state of disrepair. In 2017, President Putin signed the Russian Federation’s most sweeping naval policy reform since the Soviet era. Many challenges, however, will prevent the Russian Federation from fully implementing its naval policy and producing a blue-water fleet. Instead, the Russian Federation will be forced to produce what they can afford: a green-water navy, submarines, and missiles. This is important for the United States because of the advances in Russian missile technology, which threaten the United States’ blue-water navy. Ultimately, the high-end fight with Russia at sea will likely be in the littorals. Therefore, the United States should balance its naval forces and produce a green-water capability to challenge Russia in the littorals., http://archive.org/details/sovietnavalstrat1094563517, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

As an alternative energy carrier alongside electricity, hydrogen is considered one of the key factors in the impending required changes in the energy system transition. Due to the decrease in natural gas extraction in the Netherlands, the reuse of the natural gas network which eventually will become available for hydrogen transmission has emerged as a topic, recently. Although it seems to be possible to reuse the existing natural gas transmission network for the transmission of hydrogen, a quantitative risk analysis is still lacking and there is uncertainty about the safety of hydrogen transmission. This report aims to quantify the risk of the reuse of an existing natural gas pipeline for 100% hydrogen transmission and compare it with the natural gas case. A risk analysis entails the quantification of both the probability of failure and the adverse consequences. This research investigated the current methodology to determine the probability of failure for hydrogen transmission and proposed a new calculation method using a Bayesian network and historical natural gas data to derive new failure frequencies. The consequence of failure for both hydrogen and natural gas will be modelled using the SAFETI-NL; the influence of the gas different characteristics on the lethality will be quantified and risk values are produced, assuming the probability of failure to be similar for both gases when transported through natural gas pipelines. This research illustrated the promising application of a Bayesian network is a promising method to derive failure frequencies while taking into the significant influence of the pipeline characteristics. However, from the results, it emerges that further research is required with more redundant data. Also, future research should investigate the application of natural gas data since some failure scenarios are not entirely independent of the transmission gas, which could result in less favourable failure frequencies. Furthermore, calculations in, Electrical Engineering | Sustainable Energy Technology

Objectives: The aim of the study consists of analyzing the comorbidities of acute ischemic stroke and those influencing its hospital lethality. Methods: We considered patients from Wallonia aged 25 years or more and admitted to a Belgian hospital for an acute ischemic stroke in 2013 and 2014. The analyzed medico-administrative data are taken from the Minimum Hospital Summary. A factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) was used to demonstrate the comorbidities profiles. A logistic regression was used to analyse the comorbidities influencing hospital lethality by ischemic stroke. Results: The stroke risk factors vary according to the age. Cardiac problems are more common in older people aged 85 years or more. High blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes are more present between 65- and 84-year-olds. Overweight is more present between 55 and 74-year-olds. People who are addicted to alcohol or tobacco are often 65 years or younger. The logistic regression showed that age and heart problems are the risk factors that increase lethality. However there is a lethality diminution in the presence of high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, overweight and addiction to alcohol or tobacco. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that medico-administrative databases and factorial statistical methods are perfectly adapted to confirm the ischemic stroke risk factors. This type of study will allow to target with more precision the secondary and tertiary prevention actions of stroke., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Обсяг магістерської дисертації становить 127 сторінок машинописного тексту, 55 рисунків, 24 таблиці, 46 найменувань списку використаних літературних джерел. Метою магістерської дисертації є побудова математичних моделей аналізу післяопераційного періоду у дітей після втручань на серці на основі клінічних показників. Поставлені завдання: 1. Аналіз сучасного стан проблеми наявності серцево-судинних захворювань у дітей та шляхів їх вирішення. Огляд вже існуючих методів аналізу післяопераційного періоду у дітей з патологією аортального клапана. 2. Аналіз наявних клінічні показників дітей з серцево-судинними захворюваннями, яким було проведено планові операції при патології аортального клапана. Огляд методу групового урахування аргументів, як такого, що показує найвищу точність при моделюванні. 3. Побудова математичних моделей аналізу післяопераційного періоду у дітей після втручань на серці. Проведення моделювання перебігу післяопераційного періоду та післяопераційних показників у дітей на навчальній, екзаменаційній та тестовій вибірках. 4. Розробка інформаційної системи для підтримки прийняття рішення лікарем-експертом, основним функціоналом якої є прогнозування перебігу післяопераційного періоду та значень післяопераційних показників за допомогою розроблених математичних моделей. Об’єктом дослідження є післяопераційний період у дітей після втручань на серці при патології аортального клапана. Предметом дослідження є побудовані математичні моделі аналізу післяопераційного періоду на основі клінічних показників. Для побудови математичних моделей було використано метод групового урахування агрументів програмного інструменту GMDH Shell DS 3.8.9. Статистичний опис клінічних показників був проведений за допомогою статистичного програмного забезпечення IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Інформаційна системи для підтримки прийняття рішень лікарем-експертом була розроблена за допомогою IDE Mircosoft Visual Studio 2017 з використанням мови програмування C#, підсистеми Windows Presentation, The volume of the master's dissertation is 127 pages of typewritten text, 55 figures, 24 tables, 46 titles of the list of used literary sources. The purpose of the master's dissertation is to construct mathematical models of postoperative period analysis in children after heart surgery based on clinical indicators. Tasks set: 1. Analysis of the current state of the problem of cardiovascular diseases in children and ways to solve them. An overview of existing methods of analysis of the postoperative period in children with aortic valve pathology. 2. Analysis of the existing clinical indicators of children with cardiovascular diseases, which were scheduled operations in the pathology of the aortic valve. An overview of the group method of data handling, as one that shows the highest accuracy in modeling. 3. Construction of mathematical models of analysis of postoperative period in children after heart surgery. Conducting modeling of postoperative period and postoperative indicators in children in educational, examination and test samples. 4. Development of the information decision support system for expert physicians, the main function of which is to predict the course of the postoperative period and the values of postoperative indicators with the help of developed mathematical models. The object of the study is the postoperative period in children after heart surgery in the pathology of the aortic valve. The subject of the research is the construction of mathematical models for analyzing the postoperative period on the basis of clinical indicators. For constructing mathematical models was used the group method of data handling of the software tool GMDH Shell DS 3.8.9. The statistical description of the available clinical indicators was performed using the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 20. The the information decision support system for expert physicians was developed using IDE Mircosoft Visual Studio 2017 using the C# programming language, the Windows Pres

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Les composés à base de bismuth sont largement utilisés dans plusieurs industries telles que : les médicaments, les cosmétiques, les munitions et les additifs métallurgiques.Par conséquent, les concentrations de bismuth (Bi) pourraient augmenter considérablement dans les écosystèmes terrestres. En effet, des récentes études ont rapporté des concentrations de Bi très élevées dans des sols contaminés par diverses activités industrielles. Actuellement, la toxicité du Bi et les risques qu’il présente pour les organismes terrestres sont peu connus, très peu investigués et non réglementés. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’évaluer la biodisponibilité du Bi dans les sols ainsi que ses effets aigus et chroniques chez le ver de terre Eisenia andrei et la plante Lolium perenne L. Dans un premier temps, les effets du nitrate de Bi et du citrate de Bi sur la croissance et la germination de Lolium perenne ont été évalués sur papier filtre et en sols naturel et artificiel contaminés expérimentalement au laboratoire. Le nitrate de Bi inhibe plus sévèrement la germination et la croissance radiculaire de la plante comparé au citrate de Bi, de plus il cause une plus forte diminution du pH des solutions aqueuses et du sol. Ainsi pour éviter l’effet inhibiteur des pHs trop acides sur la croissance des organismes étudiés, le citrate de Bi a été choisi pour la suite de l’étude. Les effets aigus du Bi (forme citrate) sur la létalité et la croissance du ver Eisenia andrei ont été investigués en sol naturel contaminé au laboratoire. Le Bi est létal pour les vers avec une CL50 = 416 mg/kg et une CSEO = 298 mg/kg. Ensuite, l’étude a été portée sur l’évaluation des effets chroniques du Bi. Pour ce faire, les vers adultes ont été exposés en sol naturel contaminé. Les effets du Bi sur la reproduction et la croissance du ver Eisenia andrei, ainsi que sur la viabilité et l’activité phagocytaire des coelomocytes du ver ont été investigués. Les résultats révèlent que le Bi d

The use of pesticides is a common practice used in agricultural production to eradicate bugs. The review's aim was to document the pesticide effect regarding bee ecologic relationship with environment and agricultural production systems. Scientific and academic reports were retrieved from Science-Direct, Scielo, JSTOR, Springerlink and Google scholar Findings reveal that bees provide ecosystem services which are not well evaluated and according to global estimations bee's populations are endangered. Bees present hypersusceptibility to several pesticides (insecticides). Although, bees suffer physiologic alterations including neuronal system, impairment in the reproductive cycle and immunosuppression. In conclusion, there is evidence about toxic effects of pesticides which collaterally impact crop productivity through bee-mediated pollination., RESUMO O uso de pesticidas é uma prática comum na indústria agrícola para erradicar as pragas. O objetivo desta revisão foi documentar o efeito de pesticidas na relação ecológica das abelhas com o meio ambiente e sistemas de produção agrícola. As publicações científicas e acadêmicas em acadêmicos da Science-Direct, Scielo, JSTOR, Springerlink e Google foram revisadas. Descobriu-se que as abelhas fornecem serviços ecossistêmicos que são pouco valorizados em um nível produtivo e econômico e, de acordo com estimativas globais, suas populações estão em declínio. As abelhas exibem hipersensibilidade aos mais diferentes pesticidas (especialmente inseticidas). Além disso, sofrem diferentes alterações fisiológicas ao nível do sistema nervoso, no que diz respeito ao ciclo reprodutivo e à imunossupressão. Em conclusão, há evidências sobre os efeitos tóxicos de pesticidas que colateralmente alteram as culturas, especificamente no processo de polinização mediada por abelhas., RESUMEN El uso de pesticidas es una práctica común en la industria agrícola para erradicar plagas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue documentar el efec to de los pesticidas en la relación ecológica de las abejas con el medio ambiente y los sistemas de producción agropecuaria. Se revisaron las publicaciones científicas y académicas en Science-Direct, Scielo, JSTOR, Springerlink y Google académico. Se encontró que las abejas proveen de servicios ecosistémicos poco valorados a nivel productivo y económico y, de acuerdo con estimaciones globales sus pobla ciones se encuentran en declive. Las abejas exhiben hipersensibilidad a la mayoría de diferentes pesticidas (especialmente insecticidas). Además, padecen diferentes alteraciones fisiológicas a nivel del sistema nervioso, respecto a su ciclo reproductivo e inmunosupresión. En conclusión, existe evidencia respecto a los efectos tóxicos de los pesticidas que alteran colateralmente las cosechas, específicamente en el proceso de polinización mediada por abejas.

Les composés à base de bismuth sont largement utilisés dans plusieurs industries telles que : les médicaments, les cosmétiques, les munitions et les additifs métallurgiques.Par conséquent, les concentrations de bismuth (Bi) pourraient augmenter considérablement dans les écosystèmes terrestres. En effet, des récentes études ont rapporté des concentrations de Bi très élevées dans des sols contaminés par diverses activités industrielles. Actuellement, la toxicité du Bi et les risques qu’il présente pour les organismes terrestres sont peu connus, très peu investigués et non réglementés. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’évaluer la biodisponibilité du Bi dans les sols ainsi que ses effets aigus et chroniques chez le ver de terre Eisenia andrei et la plante Lolium perenne L. Dans un premier temps, les effets du nitrate de Bi et du citrate de Bi sur la croissance et la germination de Lolium perenne ont été évalués sur papier filtre et en sols naturel et artificiel contaminés expérimentalement au laboratoire. Le nitrate de Bi inhibe plus sévèrement la germination et la croissance radiculaire de la plante comparé au citrate de Bi, de plus il cause une plus forte diminution du pH des solutions aqueuses et du sol. Ainsi pour éviter l’effet inhibiteur des pHs trop acides sur la croissance des organismes étudiés, le citrate de Bi a été choisi pour la suite de l’étude. Les effets aigus du Bi (forme citrate) sur la létalité et la croissance du ver Eisenia andrei ont été investigués en sol naturel contaminé au laboratoire. Le Bi est létal pour les vers avec une CL50 = 416 mg/kg et une CSEO = 298 mg/kg. Ensuite, l’étude a été portée sur l’évaluation des effets chroniques du Bi. Pour ce faire, les vers adultes ont été exposés en sol naturel contaminé. Les effets du Bi sur la reproduction et la croissance du ver Eisenia andrei, ainsi que sur la viabilité et l’activité phagocytaire des coelomocytes du ver ont été investigués. Les résultats révèlent que le Bi diminue la reproduc

The use of pesticides is a common practice used in agricultural production to eradicate bugs. The review's aim was to document the pesticide effect regarding bee ecologic relationship with environment and agricultural production systems. Scientific and academic reports were retrieved from Science-Direct, Scielo, JSTOR, Springerlink and Google scholar Findings reveal that bees provide ecosystem services which are not well evaluated and according to global estimations bee's populations are endangered. Bees present hypersusceptibility to several pesticides (insecticides). Although, bees suffer physiologic alterations including neuronal system, impairment in the reproductive cycle and immunosuppression. In conclusion, there is evidence about toxic effects of pesticides which collaterally impact crop productivity through bee-mediated pollination., RESUMO O uso de pesticidas é uma prática comum na indústria agrícola para erradicar as pragas. O objetivo desta revisão foi documentar o efeito de pesticidas na relação ecológica das abelhas com o meio ambiente e sistemas de produção agrícola. As publicações científicas e acadêmicas em acadêmicos da Science-Direct, Scielo, JSTOR, Springerlink e Google foram revisadas. Descobriu-se que as abelhas fornecem serviços ecossistêmicos que são pouco valorizados em um nível produtivo e econômico e, de acordo com estimativas globais, suas populações estão em declínio. As abelhas exibem hipersensibilidade aos mais diferentes pesticidas (especialmente inseticidas). Além disso, sofrem diferentes alterações fisiológicas ao nível do sistema nervoso, no que diz respeito ao ciclo reprodutivo e à imunossupressão. Em conclusão, há evidências sobre os efeitos tóxicos de pesticidas que colateralmente alteram as culturas, especificamente no processo de polinização mediada por abelhas., RESUMEN El uso de pesticidas es una práctica común en la industria agrícola para erradicar plagas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue documentar el efec to de los pesticidas en la relación ecológica de las abejas con el medio ambiente y los sistemas de producción agropecuaria. Se revisaron las publicaciones científicas y académicas en Science-Direct, Scielo, JSTOR, Springerlink y Google académico. Se encontró que las abejas proveen de servicios ecosistémicos poco valorados a nivel productivo y económico y, de acuerdo con estimaciones globales sus pobla ciones se encuentran en declive. Las abejas exhiben hipersensibilidad a la mayoría de diferentes pesticidas (especialmente insecticidas). Además, padecen diferentes alteraciones fisiológicas a nivel del sistema nervioso, respecto a su ciclo reproductivo e inmunosupresión. En conclusión, existe evidencia respecto a los efectos tóxicos de los pesticidas que alteran colateralmente las cosechas, específicamente en el proceso de polinización mediada por abejas.