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The architecture and the built environment of any particular community is recognised as the component and physical expression of its socio-cultural factors. Likewise, dwellings and human settlements, are considered to be the most direct reflection of the day-to-day activities, needs, lifestyles, traditions, and general socio-cultural backgrounds of their residents (Lau 2010; Lambert 1977; Mayer 2002; Netting 1984; Rapoport 1969, 1999). It is suggested that there are two aspects to the relationship between socio-cultural factors and architecture. The first is when the socio-cultural factors, including day-to-day lifestyles, social intercourses, desires, rituals, requirements, motivations, and values influence the architecture. The architecture is thus the physical embodiment and expression of all these factors. The second relates to the post-construction period where architecture impacts on the socio-cultural factors of its users (Rapoport 1969). In other words, socio-cultural factors dictate and generate the creation of architecture, and once constructed, the architecture starts to modify the lifestyle of their inhabitants. Importantly any alteration to these intangible patterns and factors, i.e. behavioural patterns, family structures, privacy, occupation, the position of women, and social interactions, of a community results in an eventual modification of its architecture. The relationships and interactions between social patterns and architecture is more noticeable in vernacular architecture. It can thus be proposed that architecture, especially vernacular architecture, is the ‘tangible’ representation of the ‘intangible’ socio-cultural features of a given society. Kandovan, in Iran, is the last vernacular settlement of cone-shaped architecture, which has maintained its social consistency for the last 850 years. However, with the arrival of mass tourism in the 21st century, this status quo has become increasingly untenable due to ongoing changes to its social con

This work brings a wavelet analysis for 14 Kepler white dwarf stars, in order to confirm their photometric variability behavior and to search for periodicities in these targets. From the observed Kepler light curves we obtained the wavelet local and global power spectra. Through this procedure, one can perform an analysis in time-frequency domain rich in details, and so to obtain a new perspective on the time evolution of the periodicities present in these stars. We identified a photometric variability behavior in ten white dwarfs, corresponding to period variations of ~ 2 h to 18 days: among these stars, three are new candidates and seven, earlier identified from other studies, are confirmed., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

This work brings a wavelet analysis for 14 Kepler white dwarf stars, in order to confirm their photometric variability behavior and to search for periodicities in these targets. From the observed Kepler light curves we obtained the wavelet local and global power spectra. Through this procedure, one can perform an analysis in time-frequency domain rich in details, and so to obtain a new perspective on the time evolution of the periodicities present in these stars. We identified a photometric variability behavior in ten white dwarfs, corresponding to period variations of ~ 2 h to 18 days: among these stars, three are new candidates and seven, earlier identified from other studies, are confirmed., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

The urban structure that a tourist explores during a tour is the result of a historical evolution where spaces have been shaped by events, planned activities, and everyday life. The identity of the place is a mixed brand composed of material objects, symbolic values and social experience layered on the physical environment. The risk for mass-tourism is to remain on the surface of this historical sedimentation unable to discover, recognize and appreciate the inner soul – the genius loci – of the place in itself. On the other hand, visual artists, writers, novelist, musicians and other cultural protagonists can give a powerful and deep insight of a city life and personality. The paper proposes an experimental project that tries to read the secret life of Milan through the eyes of one of its most famous novelist and intellectual leader of the XIX century, the well-known author Alessandro Manzoni. The time machine, a feature of the mobile app The Betrothed 2.0, presents the evolution of the city following the itineraries made by one of the main characters of the novel. That allows to show different periods (XVII, XIX centuries and the contemporaneity) and places geo-referenced on historical maps using a multimodal and augmented reality storytelling approach. The app, tested with real people among tourists, city-users, and inhabitants, is the driver to discover the urban space and its intimate soul

The urban structure that a tourist explores during a tour is the result of a historical evolution where spaces have been shaped by events, planned activities, and everyday life. The identity of the place is a mixed brand composed of material objects, symbolic values and social experience layered on the physical environment. The risk for mass-tourism is to remain on the surface of this historical sedimentation unable to discover, recognize and appreciate the inner soul – the genius loci – of the place in itself. On the other hand, visual artists, writers, novelist, musicians and other cultural protagonists can give a powerful and deep insight of a city life and personality. The paper proposes an experimental project that tries to read the secret life of Milan through the eyes of one of its most famous novelist and intellectual leader of the XIX century, the well-known author Alessandro Manzoni. The time machine, a feature of the mobile app The Betrothed 2.0, presents the evolution of the city following the itineraries made by one of the main characters of the novel. That allows to show different periods (XVII, XIX centuries and the contemporaneity) and places geo-referenced on historical maps using a multimodal and augmented reality storytelling approach. The app, tested with real people among tourists, city-users, and inhabitants, is the driver to discover the urban space and its intimate soul

Adaptive reuse of buildings is a growing field of activity and discussion within the Adaptive Architecture and the sustainability debate. Much of this activity and debate relates to private commercial buildings where economic performance is a strong driver for adaptation. The literature provides little information about adaptive reuse of civic buildings, especially city and town halls. City halls are important landmarks which are significant culturally, helping to define the city visually, socially and symbolically, whilst also providing functional services. This paper discusses different types of adaptive reuse of buildings to position thinking about suitable types which apply to city halls. Case studies add further understanding about approaches taken in the adaption of city halls for contemporary purposes. Consideration is given to prioritising between cultural considerations or functional change for new purposes and technical upgrade of buildings.

Adaptive reuse of buildings is a growing field of activity and discussion within the Adaptive Architecture and the sustainability debate. Much of this activity and debate relates to private commercial buildings where economic performance is a strong driver for adaptation. The literature provides little information about adaptive reuse of civic buildings, especially city and town halls. City halls are important landmarks which are significant culturally, helping to define the city visually, socially and symbolically, whilst also providing functional services. This paper discusses different types of adaptive reuse of buildings to position thinking about suitable types which apply to city halls. Case studies add further understanding about approaches taken in the adaption of city halls for contemporary purposes. Consideration is given to prioritising between cultural considerations or functional change for new purposes and technical upgrade of buildings.

In the last few decades many libraries, archives, museum or ephemeral exhibition were transformed in virtual experiences or digital formats due to their own preservation. Nevertheless digitalization is just the first step to preserve knowledge and original documentation to bring them to future generations. The challenge and potentiality of digital archives are to make materials – otherwise destined to wither away or disappear – searchable, accessible, available and durable. The paper is intended to present the Aspi - Archivio storico della psicologia italiana (Historical Archive of Italian Psychology) as a pilot experience of an open, sustainable and accessible documental centre for researchers, historians, archivists, psychologists, PhD or bachelor students as well as other specialists or public interested in original documents, history and protagonists of Italian psychology. The Aspi – established in 2005 as an interdepartmental centre at the University of Milano-Bicocca and now part of PASt (Historic Archive Centre) – is now facing the challenge to become the national on line knowledge-base and reference point of Mind Science documentation. Among the key points of the project are the cross-navigation paths based on the skills and knowledge shared by historians, curators and archivists; the serendipity of discovering associations between the protagonists and further personal or professional relationships; the searchability of manuscript – transcribed or synthesized - and the remote access to date and material not physically stored in the same place.

In the last few decades many libraries, archives, museum or ephemeral exhibition were transformed in virtual experiences or digital formats due to their own preservation. Nevertheless digitalization is just the first step to preserve knowledge and original documentation to bring them to future generations. The challenge and potentiality of digital archives are to make materials – otherwise destined to wither away or disappear – searchable, accessible, available and durable. The paper is intended to present the Aspi - Archivio storico della psicologia italiana (Historical Archive of Italian Psychology) as a pilot experience of an open, sustainable and accessible documental centre for researchers, historians, archivists, psychologists, PhD or bachelor students as well as other specialists or public interested in original documents, history and protagonists of Italian psychology. The Aspi – established in 2005 as an interdepartmental centre at the University of Milano-Bicocca and now part of PASt (Historic Archive Centre) – is now facing the challenge to become the national on line knowledge-base and reference point of Mind Science documentation. Among the key points of the project are the cross-navigation paths based on the skills and knowledge shared by historians, curators and archivists; the serendipity of discovering associations between the protagonists and further personal or professional relationships; the searchability of manuscript – transcribed or synthesized - and the remote access to date and material not physically stored in the same place.

Over hundreds of generations, indigenous groups around the world have passed down their traditional landscape associations, a number of which are intangible and therefore unquantifiable. Yet, these associative relationships with nature have been, and continue to be, pivotal in cultural evolution. Determining the authenticity of intangible landscape associations has caused much controversy, and in recent decades, indigenous groups have begun seeking protection of their places of significance. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Committee (WHC) developed a criterion that intended to assist in the identification and protection of cultural landscapes. The WHC has therefore become the global authority responsible for determining the authenticity of cultural landscapes, including those with intangible associations rather than material cultural evidence. However, even with the support of the United Nations, UNESCO and the WHC, it is unlikely that every tangible cultural landscape will be sufficiently recognised and protected. Therefore, this research paper explores the effectiveness of current approaches to gauging authenticity in instances where multiple landscapes are valued according to similar characteristics. Further, this work studies the inherent relationship between the indigenous Maori population of the South Island of New Zealand, in particular Kai Tahi peoples, and their significant landscape features, as a means of considering the breadth and depth of historic intangible associations. In light of these findings, this research challenges the appropriateness of the term 'authenticity' when analysing not only the subjective, but more pressingly, the intangible. It therefore questions the role of empirical data in demonstrating authenticity, while recognising that a prolific list of such intangible cultural landscapes has the potential to diminish integrity. This, this paper addresses an urgent n

This corrects the article "BRAF-V600E expression in precursor versus differentiated dendritic cells defines clinically distinct LCH risk groups" in volume 211 on page 669.

For more than twenty years, the question of how to intervene in sensitive historic settings has been the preoccupation of the Continuity in Architecture Unit at Manchester School of Architecture. Projects in multiple European urban settings as diverse as Venice, Manchester, Cartmel, Dubrovnik, Preston and Antwerp have yielded productive, stimulating approaches to the task of maintaining cultural, material, social and spiritual continuity. But there is a constant need to reinvigorate the approach. It is in facing the realities of climate change that the work has taken on a new urgency, since the technical demands on historic structures are ever increasing, particularly in the light of an inexorably slow process of replacing our ageing building stock. Scarpa’s articulated tectonic lamination - a deliberative approach to the architectural detail (exemplified by the Castellvecchio Museum in Verona) offers one half of the proposition. The other half is provided by Bloomer’s survey of the meaning and intention of ornament (‘The Nature of Ornament’, 2000), and in particular, through the concept of metamorphosis and the role it plays in highlighting edges and interstices to elevate beauty to utility. The thread common to both is the resurgence of craft as an intelligent and intelligible activity. With a predilection for extending the idea of continuity (cf Machado’s ‘Old Buildings as Palimpsest’ (1976)) a process of refurbishment and technical upgrading that has architectural integrity comes into view. Edge Surface & Lining Page 3 of 18 In other words, the means to achieving an appropriate ‘bauphysik’ solution in historic fabric that is rigorous, expressive and clear is made possible by the co-opting of decorative, architectonic and philosophical means. This is wholly consistent with the pedagogic agenda of Continuity in Architecture, as well as the demands of contemporary architectural praxis in a heritage setting. Work from practice and teaching is used to illustrate this

For more than twenty years, the question of how to intervene in sensitive historic settings has been the preoccupation of the Continuity in Architecture Unit at Manchester School of Architecture. Projects in multiple European urban settings as diverse as Venice, Manchester, Cartmel, Dubrovnik, Preston and Antwerp have yielded productive, stimulating approaches to the task of maintaining cultural, material, social and spiritual continuity. But there is a constant need to reinvigorate the approach. It is in facing the realities of climate change that the work has taken on a new urgency, since the technical demands on historic structures are ever increasing, particularly in the light of an inexorably slow process of replacing our ageing building stock. Scarpa’s articulated tectonic lamination - a deliberative approach to the architectural detail (exemplified by the Castellvecchio Museum in Verona) offers one half of the proposition. The other half is provided by Bloomer’s survey of the meaning and intention of ornament (‘The Nature of Ornament’, 2000), and in particular, through the concept of metamorphosis and the role it plays in highlighting edges and interstices to elevate beauty to utility. The thread common to both is the resurgence of craft as an intelligent and intelligible activity. With a predilection for extending the idea of continuity (cf Machado’s ‘Old Buildings as Palimpsest’ (1976)) a process of refurbishment and technical upgrading that has architectural integrity comes into view. Edge Surface & Lining Page 3 of 18 In other words, the means to achieving an appropriate ‘bauphysik’ solution in historic fabric that is rigorous, expressive and clear is made possible by the co-opting of decorative, architectonic and philosophical means. This is wholly consistent with the pedagogic agenda of Continuity in Architecture, as well as the demands of contemporary architectural praxis in a heritage setting. Work from practice and teaching is used to illustrate this

The opportunity of mobility, mass tourism and Internet have allowed many peo- ple to know places, museums, environment, cultures before otherwise precluded to direct expe- rience. O n the other hand, this potential has taken a sort of consumerist drift that makes contacts superficial, stereotypical and sometimes predatory rather than a mutual exchange and enrich- ment of humanity and knowledge. M obile devices, pocketable web and technology widespread in our environment become tools to bring back to sustainable size and conscious knowledge of places and cultures by discovering the true nature and identity of the places visited. The main goal of research was to develop a tool to let people discover the genius loci, the actual historical, cultural and artistic vocation of a place, in this case the so called “triangolo della moda” in Milan city center, throughout a multilayered story-telling approach to emphasize the identity of the this territory overwritten and hidden by the settlement of many brands show- room of the “made in Italy” and became in the recent years one of the most famous luxury and fashion district world-wide. A mobile app based on the novel The Betrothed written by Alessandro Manzoni – one of the most famous Italian writers – and his house-museum located in Milan is designed, prototyped and tested with users to allow people to discover the city. The application describes the environment and its history through sedimentation of three tem- poral layers: XVII – century when the novel took place – XIX century – when the author lived – and the contemporary. In a sort of hypothetic vertical intersection between the periods and plac- es the app The Betrothed 3.0 guides people in discovering hidden corners, memories imprints using augmented reality, geo-localized information and aggregated or user-generated content to share collaboratively the experience human, social and cultural of the territory.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal disorder with elusive etiology, characterized by the accumulation of CD207(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in inflammatory lesions. Recurrent BRAF-V600E mutations have been reported in LCH. In this study, lesions from 100 patients were genotyped, and 64% carried the BRAF-V600E mutation within infiltrating CD207(+) DCs. BRAF-V600E expression in tissue DCs did not define specific clinical risk groups but was associated with increased risk of recurrence. Strikingly, we found that patients with active, high-risk LCH also carried BRAF-V600E in circulating CD11c(+) and CD14(+) fractions and in bone marrow (BM) CD34(+) hematopoietic cell progenitors, whereas the mutation was restricted to lesional CD207(+) DC in low-risk LCH patients. Importantly, BRAF-V600E expression in DCs was sufficient to drive LCH-like disease in mice. Consistent with our findings in humans, expression of BRAF-V600E in BM DC progenitors recapitulated many features of the human high-risk LCH, whereas BRAF-V600E expression in differentiated DCs more closely resembled low-risk LCH. We therefore propose classification of LCH as a myeloid neoplasia and hypothesize that high-risk LCH arises from somatic mutation of a hematopoietic progenitor, whereas low-risk disease arises from somatic mutation of tissue-restricted precursor DCs.

Tanzania has a rich and diverse cultural history based on community cultural life. However, at present, young people have limited opportunity to exploit this richness of creative expressions and engage in creative jobs as their future career. Hence, the significant challenge remains: how to integrate Intangible cultural heritage elements and learning strategy as a means of promoting creative jobs for youth. This paper presents a case study on 'Strategies for youth employment in Tanzania: A creative industries approach'. The case study employed mixed methods incorporating questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and was held in Dar-Es-Salaam, Mwanza, Dodoma, Lindi and Morogoro from July to October, 2012. This paper discusses some of the issues and argues that there is no virtual utilization of the intangible cultural heritage knowledge and skills in 'putting education to work' (UNESCO, 2012) for the better prospects of youth. Although the discussion is specific to Tanzania, the case may also apply to other developing countries.

Historic house museums form a significant component of the built heritage and social history of a country. They vary from the elaborate mansions of the wealthy to modest dwellings of the working class. Regardless of the original owner's status in society these house museums are vital to an understanding of architecture, culture and society from a bygone era. The Newstead House, the oldest surviving residence, in Brisbane, is the first house to be designated a 'Historic House Museum' in Queensland. It is a representative example of a house that demonstrates the British colonial heritage of 19th century Australia. Originally a modest cottage, on 34 acres of land, the Newstead house was built by a Scottish migrant. The ownership of the house and land changed many times, during the period from 1847 to 1939. During this period a series of prominent residents of Brisbane either owned or rented this residence. They included, an officer of the Royal Navy, politicians, magistrates, merchant ship owners, and a Consul General of the United States of America. As a result, the house went through a series of renovations and extensions to accommodate the needs of its owners and their position in society. This paper aims to investigate the significance of historic museum houses in educating the community on aspects of social history, culture and architecture of 19th century Australia. It will focus on the heritage listed Newstead House as a case study to demonstrate the significance of the house as an artefact and an educational tool.

The Old Government House, a former residence of the Queen’s representatives in Brisbane, Australia, symbolises British cultural heritage of Colonial Queensland. Located on the campus of the Queensland University of Technology, it is one of the oldest surviving examples of a stately residence in Queensland. Built in 1860s, the Old Government House was originally intended as a temporary residence for the first governor of the newly independent colony of Queensland. However, it remained the vice-regal residence until 1909, serving eleven succeeding governors. Nearly seven decades later, it became the first building in Queensland to be protected under heritage legislation. Thus its importance, as an excellent exemplar that demonstrates the significance of cultural heritage, was established. The Old Government House has survived 150 years of restoration work, refurbishments, and additions. Through these years, it has served the people of Queensland in a multitude of roles. This paper aims to investigate the survival of heritage listed buildings through their adaptive re-use. Its focus will be on the adaptive reuse of the Old Government House through its refurbishments and additions over a period of 150 years. Through a qualitative research process this paper will endeavour to establish the significance of restoration work on the Old Government house; the new opportunities that has opened up as a result of the restoration work; the continued maintenance and management of the building through adaptive re-use; the economic benefits of restoration work; and its contribution to the on-going interest in the preservation of the Tangible Cultural Heritage.

The Five Dimensions of Community concept places culture and heritage within the context of planet Earth and the cosmos. This allows space to discover what universal wonder means for people of different backgrounds and to share moments where natural experiences have taken your breath away and provided new sights. Through a greater awareness of the elements of the Five Dimensions of Community we can better engage in the interconnectedness between heritage and culture, the built and natural environment, corporate living and spirituality. This paper proposes that in order to contextualize our cultural heritage, we need to go beyond the triple bottom line and the four pillars sustainability frameworks that seem to separate us from the rest of the world, and look for the spiritual links that connect us to each other, the Earth and the universe so that new or renewed sustainable traditions can emerge.

There is a widely held view that architecture is very strongly and even primarily determined by the society and culture rather than geographical, technical, economic or cli-matic factors. This is especially evident in societies where rituals, customs and tradition play a significant role in the design of built forms. One such society was that of Feudal Japan under the rule of samurai warriors. The strictly controlled hierarchical society of Feudal Japan, isolated from the rest of the world for over 250 years, was able to develop the art and architecture borrowed from neighboring older cultures of China and Korea into what is now considered uniquely Japanese. One such architecture is the Sukiya style tea houses where the ritual of tea ceremony took place. This ritual was developed by the tea masters who were Zen monks or the merchants who belonged to the lowest class in the hierarchical feudal society. The Sukiya style developed from 14th to 16th century and became an architectural space that negated all the rules imposed on commoners by the samurai rulers. The tea culture had a major influence on Japanese architecture, the concept of space and aesthetics. It extended into the design of Japanese gardens, clothes, presentation of food, and their manners in day to day life. The focus of this paper is the Japanese ritual of tea ceremony, the architecture of the tea house it inspired, the society responsible for its creation and the culture that promoted its popularity and its continuation into the 21st century.

In this paper, the modelling of an energy generation system based on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system through a parameter varying approach (LPV model), that takes in to account model parameter variation with the operating point, is presented. This model has been obtained through a Jacobian linearization of the PEMFC non-linear dynamic model that was previously calibrated using real data from lab. In order to illustrate the use of the LPV model obtained its application to model-based fault detection is used. For this purposes a set of common fault scenarios, which could appear during a normal PEMFC operation, is used as case study.

Fuel cell systems are considered as clean and efficient power sources, which are under development by manufacturers for both stationary and mobile applications. Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells are considered to have the highest energy density due to the nature of the reaction and the quickest start up time (≤1 sec). These are the main reasons for being used in applications such as automotive engines, portable and backup power applications. Recent years have seen the proliferation of PEM fuel cell system (PEMFCs)optimization and control applications, where the aim is to obtain a better process performance. Nowadays, increases in safety, reliability and uptime process operation are requiring the inclusion of fault diagnosis algorithms. Because of the lack of space for physical redundancy and cost reduction in automotive applications, the automotive industry is pushing and facing better techniques for fault diagnosis that makes its products compatible in the markets offering to the final customer not only the best quality but also a reliable product. Here an alternative technique to hardware redundancy is the analytical redundancy which uses a mathematical model with input and output measurements as a monitored system signals to generate a fault diagnosis. Analytical redundancy could also allow increasing the fault tolerance, using the recent methods of Fault Tolerant Control (FTC).

In this paper, a model-based fault diagnosis methodology for PEM fuel cell systems is presented. The methodology is based on computing residuals using an LPV observer. Sensor fault detection faces the problem of robustness using adaptive thresholds generated with interval observer. Fault isolation is performed using the Euclidean distance between the observed relative residuals and theoretical relative sensitivities. To illustrate the results, a commercial fuel cell Ballard Nexa c is used in simulation where a set of typical fault scenarios have been considered. Finally, the diagnosis results corresponding to those fault scenarios are presented. It is remarkable that with this methodology it is possible to diagnose all the considered faults in contrast with other well known methodologies which use the classic binary signature matrix approach.

In this paper, a model-based fault diagnosis methodology for PEM fuel cell systems is presented. The methodology is based on computing residuals using a LPV observer. Fault detection is based on using adaptive threshold generated using an interval observer. Fault isolation is performed using the Euclidean distance between observed relative residuals and theoretical relative sensitivities. To illustrate the results, the commercial fuel cell Ballard Nexa© is used in simulation where a set of typical fault scenarios have been considered. Finally, the diagnosis results corresponding to those fault scenarios are presented. It is remarkable that with this methodology it is possible to diagnose and isolate all the considered faults in contrast with other well known methodologies which use the classic binary signature matrix approach.

[ES]: En este trabajo se presenta un modelo dinámico de una pila de combustible tipo PEM comercial (Ballard Nexa 1.2 kW) así como la calibración experimental de sus parámetros a partir de dados reales de laboratorio. La calibración se realiza resolviendo el problema de ajuste de datos de un sistema real (datos de laboratorio) utilizando un proceso de optimización por mínimos-cuadrados no-lineales.. Finalmente, se ha implementado un simulador a partir del modelo calibrado experimentalmente que ha permitido contrastar la bondad del modelo comparándolo con el comportamiento real del sistema., [EN]: In this paper, a dynamic model of a commercial PEM fuel cell (Ballard Nexa 1.2 kW) as well as the experimental parameter model calibration using real laboratory data by solving a non-linear least-squares problem is presented. Finally, a simulator has been implemented using the developed model once experimentally calibrated that has allowed to validate the goodness of the model through the comparison with the real system behavior.

[ES]: En este trabajo se presenta el modelado de un sistema generador de energía basado en pilas de combustible PEM mediante un modelo variante con el punto de operación (modelo LPV). Dicho modelo ha sido obtenido mediante la linealización del modelo dinámico no lineal que ha sido previamente calibrado con datos reales de laboratorio. El modelo LPV obtenido está pensado para ser utilizado en el diseño de controladores y algoritmos de diagnóstico de fallos basados en modelos., [EN]: In this paper, the modelling of an energy generation systems based on PEM fuel cells through a model varying with the operating point (LPV model) is presented. This model has been obtained through the linearization of the non-linear dynamic model that was previously calibrated using real data from lab. The LPV model obtained is intended to be used for the controller design and model-based fault diagnosis.

In this work, a model-based fault diagnosis methodology for PEM fuel cell systems is presented. The methodology is based on computing residuals, indicators that are obtained comparing measured inputs and outputs with analytical relationships, which are obtained by system modelling. The innovation of this methodology is based on the characterization of the relative residual fault sensitivity. To illustrate the results, a non-linear fuel cell simulator proposed in the literature is used, with modifications, to include a set of fault scenarios proposed in this work. Finally, it is presented the diagnosis results corresponding to these fault scenarios. It is remarkable that with this methodology it is possible to diagnose and isolate all the faults in the proposed set in contrast with other well known methodologies which use the binary signature matrix of analytical residuals and faults.

[ES]: En este trabajo se presenta una metodología de diagnóstico de fallos basada en modelos para sistemas de generación de energía basados en pilas de combustible. La novedad de la metodología se basa en la caracterización de la sensibilidad relativa entre residuos. Para ejemplificar los resultados de dicha metodología se ha utilizado un modelo no lineal propuesto en la literatura y se han incluido en el mismo un conjunto de escenarios de fallos frecuentes en este tipo de sistemas. Finalmente, el trabajo presenta los resultados de diagnóstico para algunos de estos escenarios., [EN]: In this work, a model based fault diagnosis methodology for PEM fuel cell based systems is presented. The innovation of this methodology is based on the characterization of the relative residuals sensitivity. To illustrate the results, a non-linear fuel cell simulator proposed in the literature is used with modifications to include typical fault scenarios. Finally, this work pres ents the diagnosis results corresponding to these fault scenarios.

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines with a key role in the control of cell trafficking and positioning under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. D6 is a promiscuous 7-transmembrane-domain receptor expressed on lymphatic vessels which recognizes most inflammatory, but not homeostatic, CC chemokines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that D6 is unable to signal after ligand engagement, and it is structurally adapted to sustain rapid and efficient ligand internalization and degradation. These unique functional properties lead to the hypothesis that D6 may be involved in the control of inflammation by acting as a decoy and scavenger receptor for inflammatory chemokines. Consistent with this hypothesis, here we report that D6-/-mice showed an anticipated and exacerbated inflammatory response in a model of skin inflammation. Moreover, the absence of D6 resulted in increase cellularity and inflammatory-chemokine levels in draining lymph nodes. Thus, D6 is a decoy receptor structurally adapted and strategically located to tune tissue inflammation and control transfer of inflammatory chemokines to draining lymph nodes.

Udgivelsesdato: 2001-Dec, ORF74 (or KSHV-vGPCR) is a highly constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor encoded by HHV8 that is regulated both positively and negatively by endogenous chemokines. When expressed in transgenic mice, this chemokine receptor induces an angioproliferative disease closely resembling Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Here we demonstrate that several lines of mice carrying mutated receptors deficient in either constitutive activity or chemokine regulation fail to develop KS-like disease. In addition, animals expressing a receptor that preserves chemokine binding and constitutive activity but that does not respond to agonist stimulation have a much lower incidence of angiogenic lesions and tumors. These results indicate that induction of the KS-like disease in transgenic mice by ORF74 requires not only high constitutive signaling activity but also modulation of this activity by endogenous chemokines.

Udgivelsesdato: 2001-Dec, ORF74 (or KSHV-vGPCR) is a highly constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor encoded by HHV8 that is regulated both positively and negatively by endogenous chemokines. When expressed in transgenic mice, this chemokine receptor induces an angioproliferative disease closely resembling Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Here we demonstrate that several lines of mice carrying mutated receptors deficient in either constitutive activity or chemokine regulation fail to develop KS-like disease. In addition, animals expressing a receptor that preserves chemokine binding and constitutive activity but that does not respond to agonist stimulation have a much lower incidence of angiogenic lesions and tumors. These results indicate that induction of the KS-like disease in transgenic mice by ORF74 requires not only high constitutive signaling activity but also modulation of this activity by endogenous chemokines.

The legal characteristics of the Chilean mining code and the nature of the mining rights it defines are examined and the legal incentives to invest in mining are considered. As well as security of tenure, Chilean law has established the fundamental principle of non-discrimination between national and foreign investors. This promotion of private activity in mining was complemented by the privatisation of a number of important mines or mining sectors - iron, salt, some coal, and various copper, gold and silver deposits - while the remaining national mining sector was also optimised., The legal characteristics of the Chilean mining code and the nature of the mining rights it defines are examined and the legal incentives to invest in mining are considered. As well as security of tenure, Chilean law has established the fundamental principle of non-discrimination between national and foreign investors. This promotion of private activity in mining was complemented by the privatisation of a number of important mines or mining sectors - iron, salt, some coal, and various copper, gold and silver deposits - while the remaining national mining sector was also optimised.

Large working objects pose significant challenges for the heritage sector. The primary issues are concerned with interpretation, conservation and authenticity but underpinning all of these is the issue of sustainability. Decision making in large object conservation has always revolved around the tension between using it and losing it, or storing it and seeing it decay through neglect. An additional challenge is authenticity. At what point does an object lose its authenticity? How many replacement parts, panels or new paint jobs does it take to reduce an object to a construct? This paper examines these challenges in order to explore a set of ideas that will allow a sustainable approach to large working object conservation in museums and heritage collections to be developed. It will use as a basis for analysis and discussion ground breaking conservation projects at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton in the UK.