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Beredskap för kulturarvssektorn vid höjd beredskap och krig

Beredskap för kulturarvssektorn vid höjd beredskap och krig

Beredskap för kulturarvssektorn vid höjd beredskap och krig

Beredskap för kulturarvssektorn vid höjd beredskap och krig

Statement of Purpose: As a Black Minnesotan, I feel stuck between the binary of hope and despair after the killing of George Floyd and the subsequent protests during the summer of 2020. I had never seen as much vocal support for Black lives. However, reflecting two years later makes me fear the support was simply appeasement and empty promises. While Derek Chauvin was convicted of killing George Floyd, there have been several Black men murdered by Twin Cities police in the two years since his death including, Dolal Idd, Daunte Wright, Winston Smith, and more. Poor Black people in the Twin Cities are still relegated to living in areas of concentrated poverty and subjected to unrelenting police surveillance and community violence. I was raised in a middle class Minneapolis suburb by a Black father and white mother. My family moved to the city at the beginning of my freshman year where I gained confidence in my identity as a Black woman from the Black teachers and classmates at my new high school. In this paper I seek to highlight the experiences of working class Black people in Minneapolis; that is not and has never been my identity or life experience. As a lighter-skinned Black person who benefits from systems of capitalism and colorism, my priority in the wake of the summer 2020 uprising is to call attention to the anti-Black violence embedded in Minnesota that particularly impacts working class Black Minnesotans.

This presentation will discuss the story of five books looted by Nazis from the Jewish Community Library in Prague during World War II that were recently discovered in the UCLA Library. Curators in Prague found four of these volumes using the HathiTrust database, after which UCLA began a repatriation process. A brief overview of the historical context of the confiscation and destruction of millions of books and other cultural items by the Nazis from 1933 to 1945 is explored, as are the post-war efforts for restitution and repatriation by the victorious allies. As the digitization of academic library holdings progresses, the probability of more looted material being uncovered in academic libraries worldwide increases. But how did they end up there and what should libraries do with them once discovered? Scholarly literature describing similar experiences of academic libraries was not found. This case study is one example that can open a dialog to address the issue.

This presentation will discuss the story of five books looted by Nazis from the Jewish Community Library in Prague during World War II that were recently discovered in the UCLA Library. Curators in Prague found four of these volumes using the HathiTrust database, after which UCLA began a repatriation process. A brief overview of the historical context of the confiscation and destruction of millions of books and other cultural items by the Nazis from 1933 to 1945 is explored, as are the post-war efforts for restitution and repatriation by the victorious allies. As the digitization of academic library holdings progresses, the probability of more looted material being uncovered in academic libraries worldwide increases. But how did they end up there and what should libraries do with them once discovered? Scholarly literature describing similar experiences of academic libraries was not found. This case study is one example that can open a dialog to address the issue.

We present here some new evidence documenting the involvement of Da’esh with the looting and illicit trade of antiquities in northeastern Syria. We have inter-viewed four people who have first-hand knowledge of its activities and acquired some images of looted objects and Da’esh administrative documents. We examine this new evidence in the context of previously reported accounts of Da’esh involvement with the antiquities trade. We also report looting at some previously unknown archaeological sites, describe extensive looting when northeastern Syria was controlled by the Free Syrian Army, and criti-cally examine the reliability of prices reported inside Syria.

The aim of the article is to reflect the currently existing regulatory environment for damages caused to archaeological sites by illegal human intervention and its implementation by law enforcement sector and the courts in Latvia. The article is mostly focused on legal and socio-economic consequences of endangerment of archaeological sites. It analyses liability aspects, examines case law, determines the existing challenges and proposes basis for improvement in administrative and legal procedures. Methods applied in the research are literature review, legal framework and documentary analysis, statistical and case law analysis. The results of the research could be used inter alia for the purposes of criminal, civil and administrative proceedings, amending legal regulation and damage assessment mechanisms.

The aim of the article is to reflect the currently existing regulatory environment for damages caused to archaeological sites by illegal human intervention and its implementation by law enforcement sector and the courts in Latvia. The article is mostly focused on legal and socio-economic consequences of endangerment of archaeological sites. It analyses liability aspects, examines case law, determines the existing challenges and proposes basis for improvement in administrative and legal procedures. Methods applied in the research are literature review, legal framework and documentary analysis, statistical and case law analysis. The results of the research could be used inter alia for the purposes of criminal, civil and administrative proceedings, amending legal regulation and damage assessment mechanisms.

In 2014, the Military Police of the state of Pernambuco went on strike. During such period, a series of lootings took place in Abreu e Lima. The town had never experienced anything similar and its residents were impressed by the way the lootings were carried out. After the event, there were articulations to reconstruct an “appropriate” in the local context. Understanding this process in the context of hegemonic struggles, the main objective of this article is to analyze the collective actions that occurred during and after the lootings, exploring their political character and their articulations and equivalences. The research was carried out with a fieldwork, semi-structured interviews and the analysis of newspapers and videos. The article exposes relevant aspects of this relative suspension of daily life and the subsequent dispute over the reconstitution of hegemony in the town., Em 2014, aconteceu uma greve da Polícia Militar pernambucana, em cujo período se destacam os saques em Abreu e Lima. A cidade nunca tinha vivido algo similar e seus moradores se impressionaram com a forma como os saques se deram. Após o evento, houve uma série de articulações com o intuito de reconstituição de um “apropriado” no contexto local. Entendendo esse processo como lutas hegemônicas a partir de teorias pós-marxistas, é objetivo central deste artigo analisar as mobilizações e ações coletivas que ocorreram durante e após os saques, explorando seu caráter político e suas articulações e equivalências. A pesquisa realizada incluiu trabalho de campo, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, e análise de jornais e vídeos. Assim, o artigo expõe aspectos relevantes dessa suspensão relativa do cotidiano e da disputa posterior em torno da reconstituição da hegemonia na cidade.

[Resumen]: En este trabajo se analizan los problemas que suscita el tratamiento penal del apoderamiento de bienes encontrados en yacimientos arqueológicos por parte del descubridor. El objetivo es valorar qué aporta el nuevo delito de expolio, introducido por la reforma de 2015, a la hora de afrontar esos problemas. El estudio tiene en cuenta la larga tradición de incardinación de esta conducta entre los delitos contra el patrimonio y los problemas concursales que se plantean con los delitos de daños sobre el patrimonio histórico., [Abstract]: This paper analyses the problems arising from the criminal treatment of the seizure of property found at archaeological sites by the discoverer. The aim is to assess what the new offence of looting, introduced by the 2015 reform, contributes to these issues in terms of addressing these problems. The study considers the long tradition of including this conduct among offences against heritage and the concurrent problems that arise with offences of damage to historical heritage.

[ES] El actual trabajo de final de grado tiene como objetivo principal exponer la problemática surgida en los yacimientos arqueológicos destruidos y expoliados, tomando como caso de estudio una urna funeraria de cerámica decorada, procedente del yacimiento ibérico La Cua II, localizado en Llíria. Depositada para su intervención en el Museu de Prehistòria de València, su datación se podría establecer entre los S. VI y I a.C. El desarrollo del trabajo se dividirá en varias fases: en primer lugar se indagará en el contexto histórico perteneciente a la urna funeraria, para continuar con la metodología descriptiva de los daños encontrados en la pieza y el soporte cerámico, tanto por factores intrínsecos, derivados de la propia pieza, como extrínsecos, como en esta ocasión es la destrucción y el expolio de piezas por la remoción del terreno donde se encontraba el yacimiento. En último lugar, realizados los estudios preliminares, se llevará a cabo la intervención de restauración, incluyendo los procesos de limpieza, consolidación y reconstrucción formal de la pieza. Debido al estado de conservación de la pieza, el propósito de la intervención, en cualquier caso, no ha sido la culminación de un proceso de restauración con fines didácticos o expositivos, sino simplemente un fin investigador, para poder recabar todos aquellos datos arqueológicos necesarios para el estudio técnico y formal de la urna., [EN] This final project of my degree has as its main objective exposes the problems which arise at archaeological sites that suffen destruction and looting, by analyzing and comparing a decorated ceramic funeral urn originating from Iberian excavated site known as La Cua II in Llíria (Valencia, Spain). Deposited for your intervention in the Museu de Prehistòria de València. Artifact having been dated to be from the VI to I century B.C. The development of the work will be divided into several phases; in the first place it will be investigated historical context belonging to the funeral urn that will be our object of study. To continue with the descriptive methodology of damage found on the artifact and its ceramic support, damage factors being of both intrinsic and extrinsic nature. Intrinsic damage due to corrosion on the artifact itself, extrinsic damage relative to artifact having suffered under looting along with the destruction of other artifacts due to abrupt land excavation at the location of the archaeological site. The restoration intervention will be carried out, including the cleaning, consolidation and formal reconstruction of the piece. Due to the state of conservation of the piece, the purpose of the intervention, in any case, has not been the culmination of a restoration process for didactic or exhibition purposes, but simply a research purpose, to be able to collect all those archaeological data necessary to the technical and formal study of the urn.

[ES] El actual trabajo de final de grado tiene como objetivo principal exponer la problemática surgida en los yacimientos arqueológicos destruidos y expoliados, tomando como caso de estudio una urna funeraria de cerámica decorada, procedente del yacimiento ibérico La Cua II, localizado en Llíria. Depositada para su intervención en el Museu de Prehistòria de València, su datación se podría establecer entre los S. VI y I a.C. El desarrollo del trabajo se dividirá en varias fases: en primer lugar se indagará en el contexto histórico perteneciente a la urna funeraria, para continuar con la metodología descriptiva de los daños encontrados en la pieza y el soporte cerámico, tanto por factores intrínsecos, derivados de la propia pieza, como extrínsecos, como en esta ocasión es la destrucción y el expolio de piezas por la remoción del terreno donde se encontraba el yacimiento. En último lugar, realizados los estudios preliminares, se llevará a cabo la intervención de restauración, incluyendo los procesos de limpieza, consolidación y reconstrucción formal de la pieza. Debido al estado de conservación de la pieza, el propósito de la intervención, en cualquier caso, no ha sido la culminación de un proceso de restauración con fines didácticos o expositivos, sino simplemente un fin investigador, para poder recabar todos aquellos datos arqueológicos necesarios para el estudio técnico y formal de la urna., [EN] This final project of my degree has as its main objective exposes the problems which arise at archaeological sites that suffen destruction and looting, by analyzing and comparing a decorated ceramic funeral urn originating from Iberian excavated site known as La Cua II in Llíria (Valencia, Spain). Deposited for your intervention in the Museu de Prehistòria de València. Artifact having been dated to be from the VI to I century B.C. The development of the work will be divided into several phases; in the first place it will be investigated historical context belonging to the funeral urn that will be our object of study. To continue with the descriptive methodology of damage found on the artifact and its ceramic support, damage factors being of both intrinsic and extrinsic nature. Intrinsic damage due to corrosion on the artifact itself, extrinsic damage relative to artifact having suffered under looting along with the destruction of other artifacts due to abrupt land excavation at the location of the archaeological site. The restoration intervention will be carried out, including the cleaning, consolidation and formal reconstruction of the piece. Due to the state of conservation of the piece, the purpose of the intervention, in any case, has not been the culmination of a restoration process for didactic or exhibition purposes, but simply a research purpose, to be able to collect all those archaeological data necessary to the technical and formal study of the urn.

[ES] El actual trabajo de final de grado tiene como objetivo principal exponer la problemática surgida en los yacimientos arqueológicos destruidos y expoliados, tomando como caso de estudio una urna funeraria de cerámica decorada, procedente del yacimiento ibérico La Cua II, localizado en Llíria. Depositada para su intervención en el Museu de Prehistòria de València, su datación se podría establecer entre los S. VI y I a.C. El desarrollo del trabajo se dividirá en varias fases: en primer lugar se indagará en el contexto histórico perteneciente a la urna funeraria, para continuar con la metodología descriptiva de los daños encontrados en la pieza y el soporte cerámico, tanto por factores intrínsecos, derivados de la propia pieza, como extrínsecos, como en esta ocasión es la destrucción y el expolio de piezas por la remoción del terreno donde se encontraba el yacimiento. En último lugar, realizados los estudios preliminares, se llevará a cabo la intervención de restauración, incluyendo los procesos de limpieza, consolidación y reconstrucción formal de la pieza. Debido al estado de conservación de la pieza, el propósito de la intervención, en cualquier caso, no ha sido la culminación de un proceso de restauración con fines didácticos o expositivos, sino simplemente un fin investigador, para poder recabar todos aquellos datos arqueológicos necesarios para el estudio técnico y formal de la urna., [EN] This final project of my degree has as its main objective exposes the problems which arise at archaeological sites that suffen destruction and looting, by analyzing and comparing a decorated ceramic funeral urn originating from Iberian excavated site known as La Cua II in Llíria (Valencia, Spain). Deposited for your intervention in the Museu de Prehistòria de València. Artifact having been dated to be from the VI to I century B.C. The development of the work will be divided into several phases; in the first place it will be investigated historical context belonging to the funeral urn that will be our object of study. To continue with the descriptive methodology of damage found on the artifact and its ceramic support, damage factors being of both intrinsic and extrinsic nature. Intrinsic damage due to corrosion on the artifact itself, extrinsic damage relative to artifact having suffered under looting along with the destruction of other artifacts due to abrupt land excavation at the location of the archaeological site. The restoration intervention will be carried out, including the cleaning, consolidation and formal reconstruction of the piece. Due to the state of conservation of the piece, the purpose of the intervention, in any case, has not been the culmination of a restoration process for didactic or exhibition purposes, but simply a research purpose, to be able to collect all those archaeological data necessary to the technical and formal study of the urn.

[ES] El actual trabajo de final de grado tiene como objetivo principal exponer la problemática surgida en los yacimientos arqueológicos destruidos y expoliados, tomando como caso de estudio una urna funeraria de cerámica decorada, procedente del yacimiento ibérico La Cua II, localizado en Llíria. Depositada para su intervención en el Museu de Prehistòria de València, su datación se podría establecer entre los S. VI y I a.C. El desarrollo del trabajo se dividirá en varias fases: en primer lugar se indagará en el contexto histórico perteneciente a la urna funeraria, para continuar con la metodología descriptiva de los daños encontrados en la pieza y el soporte cerámico, tanto por factores intrínsecos, derivados de la propia pieza, como extrínsecos, como en esta ocasión es la destrucción y el expolio de piezas por la remoción del terreno donde se encontraba el yacimiento. En último lugar, realizados los estudios preliminares, se llevará a cabo la intervención de restauración, incluyendo los procesos de limpieza, consolidación y reconstrucción formal de la pieza. Debido al estado de conservación de la pieza, el propósito de la intervención, en cualquier caso, no ha sido la culminación de un proceso de restauración con fines didácticos o expositivos, sino simplemente un fin investigador, para poder recabar todos aquellos datos arqueológicos necesarios para el estudio técnico y formal de la urna., [EN] This final project of my degree has as its main objective exposes the problems which arise at archaeological sites that suffen destruction and looting, by analyzing and comparing a decorated ceramic funeral urn originating from Iberian excavated site known as La Cua II in Llíria (Valencia, Spain). Deposited for your intervention in the Museu de Prehistòria de València. Artifact having been dated to be from the VI to I century B.C. The development of the work will be divided into several phases; in the first place it will be investigated historical context belonging to the funeral urn that will be our object of study. To continue with the descriptive methodology of damage found on the artifact and its ceramic support, damage factors being of both intrinsic and extrinsic nature. Intrinsic damage due to corrosion on the artifact itself, extrinsic damage relative to artifact having suffered under looting along with the destruction of other artifacts due to abrupt land excavation at the location of the archaeological site. The restoration intervention will be carried out, including the cleaning, consolidation and formal reconstruction of the piece. Due to the state of conservation of the piece, the purpose of the intervention, in any case, has not been the culmination of a restoration process for didactic or exhibition purposes, but simply a research purpose, to be able to collect all those archaeological data necessary to the technical and formal study of the urn.

El presente artículo aborda la cuestión de la naturaleza y la caracteri - zación de unos contingentes militares que, vinculados con los conflictos que enfrentaron a la nobleza feudal de los condados de Urgel y de Cerdaña contra la Iglesia de Urgel y sus aliados entre los siglos xii y xiii, se caracterizaron por la violencia y la amplitud de sus campañas de saqueo y destrucción en las tierras al- tas del valle del Segre, impulsando su acción la fortificación sistemática de di- cho territorio, This article will reveal the question of the nature and characterization of some military contingents linked to the conflicts between the feudal nobility of the counties of Urgel and Cerdanya and the Church of Urgel and its allies between the 12 th and 13 th centuries. The action of those troops was characterized by the violence and the extent of their looting and destruction campaigns in the highlands of the Segre valley, promoting their action their systematic fortification

En 1967, el escritor José Luis Acquaroni publicaba su novela El turbiónen la que daba buena cuenta de los disturbios sociales originados tras la caída del dictador venezolano Marcos Pérez Jiménez. A partir del error cometido con la identidad de un inmigrante andaluz, llamado Efrén, quien es confundido con uno delos torturadores del régimen, este se ve obligado a huir durante veinticuatro horas para poner a salvo su vida. En su desplazamiento por la ciudad (trasunto de Caracas) el lector asiste a una ola incontrolada de violencia, con todo tipo de linchamientos, y al saqueo indiscriminado de multitud de negocios y establecimientos comerciales, poniendo al descubierto el lado más sórdido de la sociedad., n 1967, the writer José Luis Acquaroni published his novel El turbión, where he took into consideration the social disturbs caused by the overthrow of the Venezolan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. From the mistake made with the identity of an Andalusian immigrant called Efrén, who is confused with one of the regime’s torturer, he is forced to run away during twenty four hours in order to safe his own life. During his travel around the city (transcript Caracas) the reader witness an outbreak of uncontrolled violence with all types of lynching, and the indiscriminate looting of several business and commercial outlets, uncovering the most sordid side of the society.

En 1967, el escritor José Luis Acquaroni publicaba su novela El turbiónen la que daba buena cuenta de los disturbios sociales originados tras la caída del dictador venezolano Marcos Pérez Jiménez. A partir del error cometido con la identidad de un inmigrante andaluz, llamado Efrén, quien es confundido con uno delos torturadores del régimen, este se ve obligado a huir durante veinticuatro horas para poner a salvo su vida. En su desplazamiento por la ciudad (trasunto de Caracas) el lector asiste a una ola incontrolada de violencia, con todo tipo de linchamientos, y al saqueo indiscriminado de multitud de negocios y establecimientos comerciales, poniendo al descubierto el lado más sórdido de la sociedad., n 1967, the writer José Luis Acquaroni published his novel El turbión, where he took into consideration the social disturbs caused by the overthrow of the Venezolan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. From the mistake made with the identity of an Andalusian immigrant called Efrén, who is confused with one of the regime’s torturer, he is forced to run away during twenty four hours in order to safe his own life. During his travel around the city (transcript Caracas) the reader witness an outbreak of uncontrolled violence with all types of lynching, and the indiscriminate looting of several business and commercial outlets, uncovering the most sordid side of the society.

This essay follows the repatriation process and debate concerning the return of the Paracas textiles from the Museum of World Culture in Gothenburg, Sweden to the National Museum in Lima, Peru. The essay uses mass media such as newspaper articles and radio segments to map the themes and problems that arise when one country asks for the return of cultural artefacts and the other country has to respond. The debate about repatriation also considers national and international laws and conventions. The aim of this essay is to develop a deeper understanding of repatriation in Sweden and contribute to the further study of this field.

The aim of this project is to create a game prototype for a diablo-like game. The focus of this prototype is in the skill and itemization system, it searches to create a skill system that allows the player to change the behaviour of the skills and its effects by equipping different items, as well as improving the player basic stats. This project is focused on the programing of the said skill and itemization system using the unity API and C#, not on the art or design of the system or game.

The modern antiquities market uses radiocarbon (14C) dating to screen for forged objects. Although this fact shows the potential and power of the method, the circumstances where it is applied can be questionable and call for our attention. Here we present an outline of a call to radiocarbon laboratories for due diligence and best practice approaches to the analysis of antique objects requested by non-research clients.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight how from the general right to booty of ancient times, at international level a customary principle developed obliging restitution of looted art. This principle was then recognized by international treaties, though there is no international convention which is directly applicable to looted art during the World War ii period. Therefore, the paper will analyze how Europe currently deals with art looting, focusing on Italian law and caselaw, providing a comparative analysis with US jurisprudence and legislation. Hence, the paper will suggest why Italy could be a good forum to file art restitution cases and how to enhance protection against art looting in Europe., El propósito de este documento es resaltar cómo, históricamente, desde el derecho general al botín de la antigüedad, a nivel internacional se desarrolló un principio consuetudinario que obliga a restituir el arte saqueado. Este principio fue reconocido luego por tratados internacionales, aunque no existe una convención internacional que sea directamente aplicable al arte saqueado durante el período de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El documento analizará cómo Europa se ocupa en la actualidad del saqueo de arte, centrándose especialmente en la ley y jurisprudencia italiana, con un análisis comparativo con la jurisprudencia y la legislación de los EE.UU. Además, se sugerirá a Italia como un foro adecuado para presentar casos de restitución de arte y cómo mejorar la protección contra el saqueo de arte en Europa.

Building Histories offers innovative accounts of five medieval monuments in Delhi—the Red Fort, Rasul Numa Dargah, Jama Masjid, Purana Qila, and the Qutb complex—tracing their modern lives from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. Mrinalini Rajagopalan argues that the modern construction of the history of these monuments entailed the careful selection, manipulation, and regulation of the past by both the colonial and later postcolonial states. Although framed as objective “archival” truths, these histories were meant to erase or marginalize the powerful and persistent affective appropriations of the monuments by groups who often existed outside the center of power. By analyzing these archival and affective histories together, Rajagopalan works to redefine the historic monument—far from a symbol of a specific past, the monument is shown in Building Histories to be a culturally mutable object with multiple stories to tell.

The 1950s and 1960s constitute a key “moment” in the history of the looting of archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. The emergence in the region at that time of a commodity market for antiquities such as pottery triggered a wave of illicit excavation of archaeological sites. Simultaneous with the trafficking of antiquities out of the Philippines and Thailand into the hands of private collectors and museums in the West during this period and subsequent decades a thriving domestic antiquities market developed. It is argued here that the valorization of antiquities as national heritage, rather than inhibiting acquisition by citizen collectors, facilitated a process wherein collecting became a form of cultural capital accumulation. It is inaccurate to categorize Thailand and the Philippines simply as “source” or “supply” nodes in the global antiquities trade. This paper aims for a more nuanced approach to the geoeconomics of antiquities consumption.

Analysis of satellite imagery covering Egypt between 2002 and 2013 indicates a significant increase in looting and other damage to archaeological sites. Looting escalated dramatically from 2009 with the onset of the global economic crisis, and intensified still further with the Arab Spring in 2011. This was mirrored by an increased volume of Egyptian artefacts sold at auction, suggesting that looting is driven by external demand as well as by internal economic pressures. Satellite analysis can be used to predict the type and period of antiquities entering the market, thereby providing valuable intelligence for international policing of the illicit antiquities trade.

The archaeology of the region, referred to in scholarly lexicon as the Ancient Near East, is richly endowed with artefacts and monumental architecture of ancient cultures. Such artefacts, as a non-renewable resource are, therefore considered to be a scarce commodity. So also is the context and the provenance of these objects. Once an object’s provenance has been disturbed, it is of no further significant use for academic research, except for aesthetic value. Historically, as well as in the present, we see that humans have exploited this resource for various reasons, with very little regard given to provenance. The impact of forgery, illicit trade and looting are the greatest threat to the value of provenance. Contrary to some arguments, collectors, curators, buyers, looters and certain scholars play a significant role in its destruction. This research reveals to what extent unknown provenance has become a disturbing problem in the study of archaeological artefacts.

The Christian temples, and those places considered sacred for the Christian believers in Near East, were being burned after the attack of Mongolian hordes in the second half of the XIII century. Carrying out a comparison exercise, we can find similarities to the perpetrated activities that take part nowadays in Syria or Iraq by Daesh or the Islamic State. Pre-Islamic temples, with artistic artifacts with more of 5000 years, are suffering the purge and wrath of those who developed a damnatio memoriae (destruction of memory), in which the historical heritage holds the destruction and sales done by the ones that set it as an apostate to their religion. With the aim of analyzing the present situation of both countries, and research the financing that increases the accounts of the terrorists, and after the investigation about the whole antiques sales process, the numbers, conclusions and the possible fights against this world’s ulcer are presented., Los templos cristianos, y aquellos lugares considerados sagrados para los creyentes de la cristiandad en Oriente Próximo ardían tras el avance de las hordas mongolas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII. Realizando un ejercicio analógico se pueden encontrar semejanzas con las actividades perpetradas en Siria o Iraq por parte del Daesh, o el autodenominado Estado Islámico actualmente. Templos preislámicos, con muestras artísticas de más de 5000 años de antigüedad, están sufriendo la purga e ira de aquellos que realizan una damnatio memoriae (destrucción de la memoria), en la que el patrimonio histórico soporta la destrucción y venta de los que lo califican como apóstata para su religión. Con objetivo de analizar la situación presente en ambos países e investigar las fuentes de financiación que engrosan las cuentas del grupo terrorista, y tras haber realizado un estudio de todo el proceso referente a la venta de antigüedades, se presentan las cifras, conclusiones y las posibles luchas contra esta lacra mundial.

The boat-grave cemetery at Vendel, Uppland, is one of the iconic sites of first-millennium Sweden. The high-status grave-goods and weaponry have been widely displayed and studied since their discovery over 130 years ago. Yet it is rarely mentioned that the burial ground had been almost completely ransacked long before archaeologists stepped in. The celebrated finds are only a fraction of the wealth that was originally buried at the site. This is the first evaluation of the evidence of disturbance from Vendel since the excavations in the late 19th century. The ancient re-opening of the graves is reconstructed through the letters and diaries of the excavator, Hjalmar Stolpe, as well as the various preliminary and final reports. Evidence is presented that the main parts of the burials, notably the human bones, were systematically dug out of nearly every grave and removed from the site. The reopening probably took place during the Christianization period, before or during the construction of the nearby church in the 13th century. This is an example of the widespread reworking of monuments at this time, specifically highlighting the significance accorded to buried human remains.

The boat-grave cemetery at Vendel, Uppland, is one of the iconic sites of first-millennium Sweden. The high-status grave-goods and weaponry have been widely displayed and studied since their discovery over 130 years ago. Yet it is rarely mentioned that the burial ground had been almost completely ransacked long before archaeologists stepped in. The celebrated finds are only a fraction of the wealth that was originally buried at the site. This is the first evaluation of the evidence of disturbance from Vendel since the excavations in the late 19th century. The ancient re-opening of the graves is reconstructed through the letters and diaries of the excavator, Hjalmar Stolpe, as well as the various preliminary and final reports. Evidence is presented that the main parts of the burials, notably the human bones, were systematically dug out of nearly every grave and removed from the site. The reopening probably took place during the Christianization period, before or during the construction of the nearby church in the 13th century. This is an example of the widespread reworking of monuments at this time, specifically highlighting the significance accorded to buried human remains.

On December 3, 2013, a series of police protests began in Argentina, mostly aimed at improving material conditions. As an offshoot of this conflict, numerous supermarkets and small businesses were looted in different parts of the country. Due to the numerous confrontations recorded during these events, thirteen people died and hundreds were injured or apprehended. These episodes gave rise to numerous ideological positions, exposed in the discourses of protesters, provincial governments, the national government, and the media, among others. This paper looks at the representation of these events through the dissemination of testimonies in two popular media outlets: the newspapers Clarín and La Nación., O dia 3 de dezembro de 2013 começou uma série de protestos policiais na Argentina, maiormente orientados a obtenção de melhores condições materiais de existência. Como parte desse conflito, se registraram saques a supermercados e pequenos comércios em distintos pontos do país. Produto dos enfrentamentos que se registraram durante esses fatos, treze pessoas resultaram mortas, além de dezenas de feridos e detidos. Esses episódios incluíram uma série de posicionamentos ideológicos expostos mediante uma diversidade de discursos provenientes dos manifestantes, os governos provinciais, o Estado nacional e os meios de comunicação, entre outros. No presente trabalho nos propomos indagar nas representações sobre esses fatos mediante a difusão de declarações em dois meios de comunicação massivos de informa- ção: os jornais Clarín e La Nación., El 3 de diciembre de 2013 comenzó una serie de protestas policiales en la Argentina mayormente orientadas a obtener mejores condiciones materiales de existencia. Como parte de ese conflicto se registraron saqueos a supermercados y pequeños comercios en distintas ciudades del país. Producto de los enfrentamientos que se registraron durante esos hechos, trece personas murieron y además hubo decenas de heridos y detenidos. Estos episodios incluyeron una serie de posicionamientos ideológicos expuestos mediante una diversidad de discursos provenientes de los manifestantes, los gobiernos provinciales, el Estado nacional y los medios de comunicación, entre otros. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos indagar en las representaciones sobre estos hechos mediante la difusión de declaraciones en dos medios masivos de información: los diarios Clarín y La Nación.

On December 3, 2013, a series of police protests began in Argentina, mostly aimed at improving material conditions. As an offshoot of this conflict, numerous supermarkets and small businesses were looted in different parts of the country. Due to the numerous confrontations recorded during these events, thirteen people died and hundreds were injured or apprehended. These episodes gave rise to numerous ideological positions, exposed in the discourses of protesters, provincial governments, the national government, and the media, among others. This paper looks at the representation of these events through the dissemination of testimonies in two popular media outlets: the newspapers Clarín and La Nación., O dia 3 de dezembro de 2013 começou uma série de protestos policiais na Argentina, maiormente orientados a obtenção de melhores condições materiais de existência. Como parte desse conflito, se registraram saques a supermercados e pequenos comércios em distintos pontos do país. Produto dos enfrentamentos que se registraram durante esses fatos, treze pessoas resultaram mortas, além de dezenas de feridos e detidos. Esses episódios incluíram uma série de posicionamentos ideológicos expostos mediante uma diversidade de discursos provenientes dos manifestantes, os governos provinciais, o Estado nacional e os meios de comunicação, entre outros. No presente trabalho nos propomos indagar nas representações sobre esses fatos mediante a difusão de declarações em dois meios de comunicação massivos de informa- ção: os jornais Clarín e La Nación., El 3 de diciembre de 2013 comenzó una serie de protestas policiales en la Argentina mayormente orientadas a obtener mejores condiciones materiales de existencia. Como parte de ese conflicto se registraron saqueos a supermercados y pequeños comercios en distintas ciudades del país. Producto de los enfrentamientos que se registraron durante esos hechos, trece personas murieron y además hubo decenas de heridos y detenidos. Estos episodios incluyeron una serie de posicionamientos ideológicos expuestos mediante una diversidad de discursos provenientes de los manifestantes, los gobiernos provinciales, el Estado nacional y los medios de comunicación, entre otros. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos indagar en las representaciones sobre estos hechos mediante la difusión de declaraciones en dos medios masivos de información: los diarios Clarín y La Nación.

The primary purpose and legal authority for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, Cultural Resource Program is found in the National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470f et seq) (NHPA), particularly section 106 (16 U.S.C. 470f), section 110 (16 U.S.C. 470h-2), and section 101 (16 U.S.C. 470a) of that Act. Other important cultural resource laws are the following: Public Law 74- 292, Historic Sites Act of 1935, as amended; Public Law 91-190, National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 as amended; Public Law 95-341, American Indian Religious Freedom Act; implementing regulations 36 CFR Parts 60 and 61 Appendix A; and 36 CFR Part 800. Appendix A is a detailed list of Cultural Resource Laws. The cultural resources policy of the Omaha District is to preserve and protect significant cultural resources in a spirit of stewardship for the nation. It is the responsibility of the Omaha District to locate, identify, and evaluate cultural resources for their eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Once a cultural resource has been determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, it is our responsibility to preserve them in perpetuity or to mitigate them if they cannot be preserved. It is our goal to properly care for significant sites, stabilizing those sites threatened by erosion, mitigating those sites where stabilization is not an option, encouraging and enabling adaptive reuse of historic structures, and preserving the historic and prehistoric sites on District lands, as appropriate. The Omaha District Cultural Resource Program has a responsibility to preserve cultural resources on Omaha District managed lands.

Viminacium is an archaeological site located in the land of villages Stari Kostolac and Drmno near the town of Kostolac next to the City of Požarevac in the Eastern Serbia. Archaeological research of Viminacium has begun in 1882, and with the big break during the period between 1903 and 1972, it has been continuing to this day. Archaeological Park of Viminacium was opened in 2006.

The illicit antiquities trade is a vast and complex network comprising a large number of participants across the globe. This paper focuses specifically on looters and illegal excavators, those who first retrieve ancient objects from the ground to be traded on the black market. My research examines the reasoning and motivation behind looting; specifically, I evaluate how nationalistic ideologies in Turkey and Iraq affect the choices and actions of illegal excavators living there. I also discuss the benefits of community archaeology, an approach that includes local people in the practice and presentation of excavation, as a strategy to minimize the destruction of cultural heritage.

The extractive, particularly mining has become in recent years one of the most important economic activities for the accumulation of capital, as well as one of the most controversial activities confluence of various actors (government, private sector [mainly of a transnational], and communities or inhabitants of the territories) in a permanent struggle mediated by the strong correlation that expresses the full enjoyment of life and social classes, is to say, those who have dominion and control of the means of production and those without., El extractivismo, y particularmente la actividad minera se ha convertido en los últimos años en una de las actividades económicas más relevantes para la acumulación de capital, así como una de las actividades más polémicas donde confluyen diversos actores (Estado, sector privado [principalmente de carácter transnacional],y las comunidades o habitantes de los territorios) en una lucha permanente mediados por la correlación de fuerza que expresa la existencia y plena vigencia de las clases sociales, es decir, de los que tienen el dominio y control de los medios de producción y los que no.

El extractivismo, y particularmente la actividad minera se ha convertido en los últimos años en una de las actividades económicas más relevantes para la acumulación de capital, así como una de las actividades más polémicas donde confluyen diversos actores (Estado, sector privado [principalmente de carácter transnacional],y las comunidades o habitantes de los territorios) en una lucha permanente mediados por la correlación de fuerza que expresa la existencia y plena vigencia de las clases sociales, es decir, de los que tienen el dominio y control de los medios de producción y los que no., El extractivismo, y particularmente la actividad minera se ha convertido en los últimos años en una de las actividades económicas más relevantes para la acumulación de capital, así como una de las actividades más polémicas donde confluyen diversos actores (Estado, sector privado [principalmente de carácter transnacional],y las comunidades o habitantes de los territorios) en una lucha permanente mediados por la correlación de fuerza que expresa la existencia y plena vigencia de las clases sociales, es decir, de los que tienen el dominio y control de los medios de producción y los que no.

Not the least of the unusual revelations that have come from the wonderfully preserved ninth-century Norwegian ship burials at Oseberg and Gokstad, is the fact that both had been later broken into-by interlopers who defaced the ship, damaged the grave goods and pulled out and dispersed the bones of the deceased. These 'mound-breakers' helpfully left spades and stretchers in place, and through the application of some highly ingenious dendrochronology our authors have been able to date the break-ins with some precision. Mound-breaking, it seems, took place during the domination of Norway by Harald Bluetooth in the tenth century as part of an extensive campaign which included subduing local monuments as well as converting Scandinavians to Christianity. The old mounds retained such power in the landscape that it was worth desecrating them and disinterring their occupants a century after their burial.

Not the least of the unusual revelations that have come from the wonderfully preserved ninth-century Norwegian ship burials at Oseberg and Gokstad, is the fact that both had been later broken into-by interlopers who defaced the ship, damaged the grave goods and pulled out and dispersed the bones of the deceased. These 'mound-breakers' helpfully left spades and stretchers in place, and through the application of some highly ingenious dendrochronology our authors have been able to date the break-ins with some precision. Mound-breaking, it seems, took place during the domination of Norway by Harald Bluetooth in the tenth century as part of an extensive campaign which included subduing local monuments as well as converting Scandinavians to Christianity. The old mounds retained such power in the landscape that it was worth desecrating them and disinterring their occupants a century after their burial.

Jornadas de Jóvenes en Investigación Arqueológica, JIA (3as : 5-7 de mayo 2010 : Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). Sesión 4. Cultura material y transdisciplinariedad en la investigación arqueológica de Latinoamérica., Con este trabajo se pretende mostrar la realidad actual del saqueo arqueológico en una parte de las Tierras Bajas Mayas, la región de El Petén guatemalteco. Por otra parte se centrará la atención en la intervención de registro de saqueos arqueológicos en el sitio Chilonché., This work seeks to show the current situation of archaeological looting in El Peten, Guatemala, the heart of Maya Lowlands. Otherwise we will focus attention on the intervention made for the record of archaeological looting at Chilonché., Amb aquest treball es pretén mostrar la realitat actual del saqueig arqueològic a una part de les Terres Baixes Maies, la regió de El Petén guatemalenc. Per altra banda també es centrarà l’atenció en la intervenció del registre de saquejos arqueològics al lloc de Chilonché.

The revolutionary process and subsequent civil wars created a phenomenon of militarization associated with the banditry that affected the countryside. Within this frame-work, general stores in the Buenos Aires campaign would have been particularly affected by this situation, as were the haciendas. The tax registers indicate that the decade from 1810 to 1820 showed a sharp increase in the number of general stores in the campaign. Many general store owners were "exempted" from tax payment due to having been looted by "federal troops," troops of mounted rebels and in some cases, by indigenous raids on the border. The information suggests that for both indigenous societies and the armies that intervened in the civil war, general stores were a safe target, since they could obtain resources there and in some cases, cash., El proceso revolucionario y las posteriores guerras civiles generaron un fenómeno de militarización asociado al bandolerismo que azotó sobre todo el ámbito rural. En este marco las pulperías de la campaña bonaerense, al igual que las haciendas, habrían sido afectadas especialmente por esta situación. Los registros fiscales indican que a fines de la década de 1810 se produjo un marcado descenso del número de pulperías de la campaña, muchos pulperos fueron "exonerados" del pago de los impuestos por haber sido saqueados por "tropas federales", por "montoneras" y en algunos casos por incursiones indígenas en la frontera. La información sugiere que, tanto para las sociedades indígenas como para los ejércitos intervinientes en la guerra civil, las pulperías eran un blanco seguro, pues allí se proveían de recursos y podían obtener, en algunos casos, dinero líquido.

Amb aquest treball es pretén mostrar la realitat actual del saqueig arqueològic a una part de les Terres Baixes Maies, la regió de El Petén guatemalenc. Per altra banda també es centrarà l’atenció en la intervenció del registre de saquejos arqueològics al lloc de Chilonché., This work seeks to show the current situation of archaeological looting in El Peten, Guatemala, the heart of Maya Lowlands. Otherwise we will focus attention on the intervention made for the record of archaeological looting at Chilonché., Con este trabajo se pretende mostrar la realidad actual del saqueo arqueológico en una parte de las Tierras Bajas Mayas, la región de El Petén guatemalteco. Por otra parte se centrará la atención en la intervención de registro de saqueos arqueológicos en el sitio Chilonché.

The revolutionary process and subsequent civil wars created a phenomenon of militarization associated with the banditry that affected the countryside. Within this frame-work, general stores in the Buenos Aires campaign would have been particularly affected by this situation, as were the haciendas. The tax registers indicate that the decade from 1810 to 1820 showed a sharp increase in the number of general stores in the campaign. Many general store owners were "exempted" from tax payment due to having been looted by "federal troops," troops of mounted rebels and in some cases, by indigenous raids on the border. The information suggests that for both indigenous societies and the armies that intervened in the civil war, general stores were a safe target, since they could obtain resources there and in some cases, cash., El proceso revolucionario y las posteriores guerras civiles generaron un fenómeno de militarización asociado al bandolerismo que azotó sobre todo el ámbito rural. En este marco las pulperías de la campaña bonaerense, al igual que las haciendas, habrían sido afectadas especialmente por esta situación. Los registros fiscales indican que a fines de la década de 1810 se produjo un marcado descenso del número de pulperías de la campaña, muchos pulperos fueron "exonerados" del pago de los impuestos por haber sido saqueados por "tropas federales", por "montoneras" y en algunos casos por incursiones indígenas en la frontera. La información sugiere que, tanto para las sociedades indígenas como para los ejércitos intervinientes en la guerra civil, las pulperías eran un blanco seguro, pues allí se proveían de recursos y podían obtener, en algunos casos, dinero líquido.

Amb aquest treball es pretén mostrar la realitat actual del saqueig arqueològic a una part de les Terres Baixes Maies, la regió de El Petén guatemalenc. Per altra banda també es centrarà l’atenció en la intervenció del registre de saquejos arqueològics al lloc de Chilonché., This work seeks to show the current situation of archaeological looting in El Peten, Guatemala, the heart of Maya Lowlands. Otherwise we will focus attention on the intervention made for the record of archaeological looting at Chilonché., Con este trabajo se pretende mostrar la realidad actual del saqueo arqueológico en una parte de las Tierras Bajas Mayas, la región de El Petén guatemalteco. Por otra parte se centrará la atención en la intervención de registro de saqueos arqueológicos en el sitio Chilonché.

The revolutionary process and subsequent civil wars created a phenomenon of militarization associated with the banditry that affected the countryside. Within this frame-work, general stores in the Buenos Aires campaign would have been particularly affected by this situation, as were the haciendas. The tax registers indicate that the decade from 1810 to 1820 showed a sharp increase in the number of general stores in the campaign. Many general store owners were "exempted" from tax payment due to having been looted by "federal troops," troops of mounted rebels and in some cases, by indigenous raids on the border. The information suggests that for both indigenous societies and the armies that intervened in the civil war, general stores were a safe target, since they could obtain resources there and in some cases, cash., El proceso revolucionario y las posteriores guerras civiles generaron un fenómeno de militarización asociado al bandolerismo que azotó sobre todo el ámbito rural. En este marco las pulperías de la campaña bonaerense, al igual que las haciendas, habrían sido afectadas especialmente por esta situación. Los registros fiscales indican que a fines de la década de 1810 se produjo un marcado descenso del número de pulperías de la campaña, muchos pulperos fueron "exonerados" del pago de los impuestos por haber sido saqueados por "tropas federales", por "montoneras" y en algunos casos por incursiones indígenas en la frontera. La información sugiere que, tanto para las sociedades indígenas como para los ejércitos intervinientes en la guerra civil, las pulperías eran un blanco seguro, pues allí se proveían de recursos y podían obtener, en algunos casos, dinero líquido.

This article presents a brief characterization of the legislation governing the mining industry, particularly the reforms issued from the first decade of the century XXI, highlighting the incentives given to big business for the sake of turning Colombia into the country of destination large investments in this sector of the industry. It continues with some relevant figures regarding mining application and certification in the country, concluding with some relevant elements concerning the possibility of generating development from the mining industry., El presente artículo realiza una breve caracterización de la legislación que regula la actividad minera en especial las reformas expedidas a partir de la primera década del siglo XXI, resaltando los incentivos otorgados al gran capital en aras de convertir a Colombia en el país de destino de grandes inversiones en este sector de la industria. Se continúa con algunas cifras en materia de solicitud y titulación minera en el país, para finalizar con algunos elementos relevantes en torno a la posibilidad de generar desarrollo a partir de la industria minera

At the operational level of war, during stability operations, little is done to link strategic and tactical economic objectives together. Using the host nation's banking system, the operational commander can nest economic objectives in a coordinated line of effort. Consequently, operational commanders should leverage the untapped potential of their uniformed financial managers to orchestrate economic objectives by cultivating the host nation's banking system as a framework to strengthen economic security and synchronize cash payments within an area of operation. Following this methodology, operational commanders can leverage the non-lethal effects provided by financial managers as an offensive capability instead of exclusively employing financial managers in traditional sustainment roles. While critics may argue that the U.S. Treasury is better suited to develop the host nation banking system, this paper illustrates that security constraints, insufficient capacity, and command bifurcation significantly hamper the U.S. Treasury's ability to achieve operational-level economic objectives. Operational commanders executing stability operations can target economic objectives by accomplishing five sequential steps in the host nation banking system. First, physically secure the banks. Second, embed financial managers to mentor bank employees to increase efficiency and utility of the banking system. Third, use the banks to disburse local currency for U.S. payments to vendors and citizens. Fourth, leverage the banks to track currency found with insurgents to discover financial links. Fifth, as conditions permit, upgrade the capacity of the banking system to include electronic banking. This last step will amplify physical security by removing cash from the area of operation, encourage foreign investment by moving the banking system toward international standards, and further enable the United States to leverage forensic accounting by observing fund flow to suspected enemies.