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The Workshop on Trade-offs between the Impact of Fisheries on Seafloor Habitats and their Landings and Economic Performance (WKTRADE4) met three times with the objectives to: a) operationalize linking of available VMS, STECF FDI and AER economic data to estimate landings and economic performance indicators of each fishery. b) describe the practical steps to determine the economic costs and benefits associated with bottom fishing at a fine spatial scale using FDI-like data; c) demonstrate the applicability of proposed approaches for estimating spatial fisheries performance indicators (including revenue, costs, landings, value added, etc.) at local, habitat and regional scales and for different gear/metiers given the present data availability and cross regional applicability. The purpose is to demonstrate what measures of these economic performance indicators can be used in WGFBIT to describe trade-offs; d) to address objectives a to c in all European marine regions, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas, to the extent possible; e) and, for the regions represented document opportunity and limitations of spatial fisheries performance indicators (including revenue, costs, landings, value added, etc.) and/or of the input data needed and the capacity to link to benthic impact. For this workshop, the group has compared different approaches of use of FDI and AER data and its use for spatial analysis. It operationalized the links between three data calls (for NAO region), outlined limits and problems of methods used by different approaches. Although important progress has been made, this framework is still evolving and much still needs to be done to improve the resolution of primary data and resolve various misalignment issues. The group evidenced that the spatial resolution of the FDI data is very low, especially in Meds and Black Sea, and that the VMS/Logbook data are lacking for Med and Black Sea, as well as that there are gaps in th

Objectives: To assess skeletal and dental effects and evaluate possible side effects of maxillary expansion with two different appliances, directly after expansion and 1 year postexpansion. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients with unilateral posterior crossbite (mean 9.5 +/- 0.9 years) were randomized to either rapid maxillary expansion (RME) banded on the deciduous second molars and bonded to the primary canines or slow expansion with quad helix (QH) on the permanent first molars. Cone-beam computed tomography records were taken at baseline, directly after correction of the posterior crossbite and at follow-up 1 year after expansion. Results: All patients were analyzed. RME opened the midpalatal suture more anteriorly and inferiorly (mean 4.1 mm) and less posteriorly and superiorly (mean 1.0 mm). No effect on midpalatal suture could be shown in the QH group after expansion, P < .001. Buccal bone width had significantly decreased (P < .001) in the QH group compared with the RME group. Buccal fenestrations and root resorption on the left first molar had a higher prevalence directly after expansion finished in the QH group (P = .0086, P = .013) but were not significant at 1-year follow-up (P = .11, P = .22). Conclusions: Opening of the suture with RME was more anterior and inferior, and the QH did not open the midpalatal suture at all. More buccal bone loss and fenestrations were seen on the permanent first molar in patients treated with conventional QH than RME anchored to deciduous teeth., This study was supported by the Regional Research Council.

Objectives: To assess skeletal and dental effects and evaluate possible side effects of maxillary expansion with two different appliances, directly after expansion and 1 year postexpansion. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients with unilateral posterior crossbite (mean 9.5 +/- 0.9 years) were randomized to either rapid maxillary expansion (RME) banded on the deciduous second molars and bonded to the primary canines or slow expansion with quad helix (QH) on the permanent first molars. Cone-beam computed tomography records were taken at baseline, directly after correction of the posterior crossbite and at follow-up 1 year after expansion. Results: All patients were analyzed. RME opened the midpalatal suture more anteriorly and inferiorly (mean 4.1 mm) and less posteriorly and superiorly (mean 1.0 mm). No effect on midpalatal suture could be shown in the QH group after expansion, P < .001. Buccal bone width had significantly decreased (P < .001) in the QH group compared with the RME group. Buccal fenestrations and root resorption on the left first molar had a higher prevalence directly after expansion finished in the QH group (P = .0086, P = .013) but were not significant at 1-year follow-up (P = .11, P = .22). Conclusions: Opening of the suture with RME was more anterior and inferior, and the QH did not open the midpalatal suture at all. More buccal bone loss and fenestrations were seen on the permanent first molar in patients treated with conventional QH than RME anchored to deciduous teeth.

Dollarn har nästan alltid betraktats som en av världens starkaste valutor, vilket har gjort den till ett stabilt parallellt betalningsmedel i utvecklingsländer vid tid av kris. Vissa länder har till och med tagit ytterligare steg och ersatt sin valuta med dollarn. Processen att ersätta sin valuta med en utländsk kallas dollarisering. Konsekvenserna av en dollarisering har varit omdiskuterade sedan millennieskiftet, särskilt med avseende på tillväxten. Med detta som bakgrund har uppsatsen ägnats åt att undersöka sambandet mellan dollarisering och ekonomiskt tillväxt, samt vilken effekt dollariseringen har på inflationen. Två olika metoder för paneldataregression har använts för att analysera sambandet. En med tidsspecifika fasta effekter och en med både landspecifika och tidsspecifika fasta effekter. I samtliga regressioner har tillväxttakten agerat som beroendevariabel och totalt 11 förklaringsvariabler har använts. Dollariseringen har fungerat som dummyvariabel, 1 om landet har dollariserat och 0 om det inte har dollariserat. Regressionerna är gjorda med data från 39 länder från 1990–2019, varav fyra länder har genomfört en dollarisering. De fyra dollariserade länderna är Ecuador, El Salvador, Montenegro och Zimbabwe, vilka även har analyserats djupare. Resultatet av regressionerna visar på ett tvetydigt samband mellan dollarisering och ekonomisk tillväxt, med en låg förklaringsgrad. När endast tidspecifika fasta effekter används påvisas inget statistiskt signifikant samband mellan dollariseirng och ekonomisk tillväxt. Däremot när både fasta tid- och landspecifika effekter inkluderas finns det ett positivt statistiskt signifikant samband. Vidare påvisar tre av de dollariserade länderna, Ecuador, Montenegro och Zimbabwe, en tydlig positiv ekonomisk tillväxt sedan dollariseringen. Den ekonomiska tillväxten i El Salvador sedan deras dollarisering är inte lika tydlig. Inflationsutvecklingen i de fyra dollariserade länderna har även undersökts, vilket visade på en tydli

ObjectivesPoor oral health and dental infections can jeopardize medical treatment and be life-threatening. Due to this, patients with head and neck malignancies, generalized tumor spread, organ transplant, or severe infection are referred for a clinical oral and radiographic examination. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic agreement of three radiographic modalities: intraoral radiographs (IO), panoramic radiographs (PX), and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for diagnosis of dental diseases.Materials and methodsThree hundred patients were examined with IO, PX, and CBCT. Periapical lesions, marginal bone level, and caries lesions were diagnosed separately by four oral radiologists. All observers also assessed six teeth in 30 randomly selected patients at two different occasions. Kappa values and percent agreement were calculated.ResultsThe highest Kappa value and percent agreement were for diagnosing periapical lesions (0.76, 97.7%), and for the assessment of marginal bone level, it varied between 0.58 and 0.60 (87.8-89.3%). In CBCT, only 44.4% of all teeth were assessable for caries (Kappa 0.68, 93.4%). The intra-observer agreement, for all modalities and diagnoses, showed Kappa values between 0.5 and 0.93 and inter-observer agreement varied from 0.51 to 0.87.ConclusionsCBCT was an alternative to IO in diagnosing periapical lesions. Both modalities found the same healthy teeth in 93.8%. All modalities were performed equally regarding marginal bone level. In caries diagnosis, artifacts were the major cause of fallout for CBCT.Clinical relevanceIntraoral radiography is the first-hand choice for diagnosing dental disease. For some rare cases where intraoral imaging is not possible, a dedicated panoramic image and/or CBCT examination is an alternative.

Dollarn har nästan alltid betraktats som en av världens starkaste valutor, vilket har gjort den till ett stabilt parallellt betalningsmedel i utvecklingsländer vid tid av kris. Vissa länder har till och med tagit ytterligare steg och ersatt sin valuta med dollarn. Processen att ersätta sin valuta med en utländsk kallas dollarisering. Konsekvenserna av en dollarisering har varit omdiskuterade sedan millennieskiftet, särskilt med avseende på tillväxten. Med detta som bakgrund har uppsatsen ägnats åt att undersöka sambandet mellan dollarisering och ekonomiskt tillväxt, samt vilken effekt dollariseringen har på inflationen. Två olika metoder för paneldataregression har använts för att analysera sambandet. En med tidsspecifika fasta effekter och en med både landspecifika och tidsspecifika fasta effekter. I samtliga regressioner har tillväxttakten agerat som beroendevariabel och totalt 11 förklaringsvariabler har använts. Dollariseringen har fungerat som dummyvariabel, 1 om landet har dollariserat och 0 om det inte har dollariserat. Regressionerna är gjorda med data från 39 länder från 1990–2019, varav fyra länder har genomfört en dollarisering. De fyra dollariserade länderna är Ecuador, El Salvador, Montenegro och Zimbabwe, vilka även har analyserats djupare. Resultatet av regressionerna visar på ett tvetydigt samband mellan dollarisering och ekonomisk tillväxt, med en låg förklaringsgrad. När endast tidspecifika fasta effekter används påvisas inget statistiskt signifikant samband mellan dollariseirng och ekonomisk tillväxt. Däremot när både fasta tid- och landspecifika effekter inkluderas finns det ett positivt statistiskt signifikant samband. Vidare påvisar tre av de dollariserade länderna, Ecuador, Montenegro och Zimbabwe, en tydlig positiv ekonomisk tillväxt sedan dollariseringen. Den ekonomiska tillväxten i El Salvador sedan deras dollarisering är inte lika tydlig. Inflationsutvecklingen i de fyra dollariserade länderna har även undersökts, vilket visade på en tydli

In recent years, as a policy to increase penetration of electric vehicles and reduce air pollution, the number of electric taxis has increased in the transportation networks. In contrast to private electric vehicles, electric taxis need to recharge in a short time due to their constant operation and different driving patterns. Therefore, fast charging stations are required to meet the demand for recharging electric taxis and should be located at strategic places. To improve the sustainable planning of urban infrastructures, this paper presents a methodology to help in decision making for installing fast charging stations, considering the criteria of all urban planners involved in the installation process. The result of the proposal is a spatial database that identifies locations for charging stations that meet the predefined criteria. Such database can be visualized in geographic information systems of the urban planning department or the electrical service concessionaire. The proposed methodology is tested in a Brazilian medium-sized city showing the importance of this information in decision making. The proposal is compared with another spatial methodology, showing that the proposed method creates a better spatial distribution of charging stations giving better options for the main agents interested in the city., Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES), São Paulo Research Foundation - Brazil (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico -Brazil (CNPq), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Energia Elétrica - Brazil (INCT-INERGE), Depto. de Estadística y Ciencia de los Datos, Fac. de Estudios Estadísticos, TRUE, pub

The Benchmark Workshop on Sandeel (Ammodytes spp.) (WKSandeel) was conducted over an extended period, spanning 2021-2023, to agree the assessment methodology to be used in future update assessments of sandeel in areas 1–4 (Figure 1). The benchmark had a strong focus on investigating spatial stock boundaries within the North Sea, bringing catch and survey data compilation and standardization up to standard with the latest insights in ICES and updating the assessments accordingly. The data compilation workshop was preceded by several informal sessions to present the latest findings from an extensive study on stock structure identification, including tagging, otolith micro-chemistry, drift modelling and genetics research. The workshop proposed two alternative stock structure delineation scenarios as presented in Figure 2. The different research projects provided contrasting views on appropriate stock structure delineation, with evidence for residence within the delineated sandeel areas but also migration across the a and b borders as denoted in Figure 2. The group reached consensus that, as a pragmatic way forward, only scenario WKSAND2022a would be put forward for evaluation in the assessments, together with the existing WKSAND2016 delineation as a baseline. Catch numbers at age, fishing effort, maturity at age, weight at age, natural mortality at age and survey indices were recalculated based on the latest insights and tools provided through the ICES RDBES and statistical standardization. Key to this process was also the re-definition of sandeel banks, which are used directly to derive standardized survey indices for the different assessments (Figure 3). For all four sandeel areas, updated assessments were prepared for the WKSAND2022a and WKSAND2016 (baseline) area delineation scenarios. There is no change in area delineation for area 4 under both scenarios. Diagnostics on catch and survey residuals, parameter uncertainty

The green transition of industry has an essential role in meeting the Paris Agreement targets. Transition strategies should integrate a balance between energy efficiency, electrification, and renewable energy. Focus should be on enabling industry to play an active role in the integration of variable renewable energy sources and the sector-coupling needed for the utilisation of excess heat. Industry in the European Commission's net-zero emission scenarios such as EU 1.5 TECH in “A Clean Planet for all” is based on a top-down methodology with the risks of overinvestments, blind investments, non-concrete general pan-industrial investments, and unrealistic implementation rates. This paper introduces seven guiding principles and a freeware tool, IndustryPLAN, to open the “black box” of industry, quantify such strategies and apply them to EU-27 + UK. The tool enables the user to conduct country-specific, sector-specific or aggregated European analyses of climate mitigation measures by implementing best available technologies, innovative measures and technologies, electrification, shift to hydrogen-based processes, and excess heat utilisation. Also, resilience against fluctuating fuel, electricity and technology prices can be analysed to illuminate geopolitical or supply chain issues. The combination of the guiding principles methodology and the IndustryPLAN tool identifies at least 30% short-term feasible final energy demand savings and possible full decarbonisation with a 100% renewable energy supply for industry.

Formålet med denne anden version af dette notat er stadig at få de vigtigste fakta om atomkraft i Danmark på bordet. I første version af notatet lagde vi op til en åben debat og inviterede til kommentarer og input. Dem har vi modtaget mange af. Det vil vi gerne takke for. Vi har brugt de mange kommentarer til at rette, forbedre, tilføje og uddybe, hvorfor vi nu kan fremlægge anden forbedrede og udbyggede udgave af notatet. Vi er selvfølgelig stadig åbne for at modtage kommentarer og inputs frem mod en version 3. Nogle af de væsentligste ændringer i forhold til version 1 er: Der er blevet spurgt til detaljerne i vores analyser og modelberegninger, da det for mange kan være svært at forstå, hvordan en fremtidig elforsyning baseret på vedvarende energi kan være stabil. Derfor har vi uddybet modelberegninger fra version 1 af notatet i to appendikser og tilføjet nye modelberegninger, som uddyber analyserne i forhold til det danske energisystems rolle i Europa. Desuden har vi tilføjet et helt afsnit om stabilitet, som forklarer, hvordan stabilitet og forsyningssikkerhed sikres i et vedvarende energisystem såvel som i et atomkraftsystem. Der har været kritik af vores valg af eksempler på atomkraftværker, når vi har identificeret anlægsomkostninger og byggetider. Derfor har vi tilføjet flere til listen og uddybet diskussionen af hvilke omkostninger og byggetider, der er relevante og aktuelle i en dansk sammenhæng. Et særskilt kritikpunkt har været valg af ’kapacitetsfaktor’. Kapacitetsfaktoren udtrykker, hvor meget et værk producerer igennem en periode sammenlignet med, hvor meget det maksimalt vil kunne producere, hvis det kørte ved fuld belastning (fuldlast) i hele perioden. Ved en kapacitetsfaktor på 100% vil værket køre fuldlast i hele perioden og ikke have ’udetider’, hvor værket ikke kan benyttes f.eks. ved direkte nedbrud, vedligehold eller regulering af driften for at følge behovsprofiler. Vi er her blevet kritiseret for at vælge 75% f

Background: Underwater rugby is a team sport where players try to score points with a negatively buoyant ball while submerged in a swimming pool. Reports of syncope incidents at the Swedish Championships led to us to investigate end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during simulated match play. Methods: Eight male underwater rugby club players of varying experience participated. Repetitive measurements were made while players were defending during simulated match play. Each time a player surfaced they exhaled through a mouthpiece connected to a flow meter and a gas analyzer to measure tidal volume, PETO2 and PETCO2. Results: Measurements were made over 12 dives, with an average dive duration of 18.5 seconds. The mean maximal PETCO2 across the eight participants was 10.0 kPa (similar to 75 mmHg) (range, 9.1-11.7 [-68-88]). The corresponding mean minimum PETO2 was 7.6 kPa (similar to 57 mmHg) (6.3-10.4 [similar to 47-78)). PETCO2 drifted upward, with the mean upward change from the first to last dive for each participant being +1.8 (similar to 13.5 mmHg) (SD 1.74) kPa. A similar trend for PETO2 was not detected, with a mean change of similar to 0.1 (similar to 0.75 mmHg) (SD 3.79) kPa. Conclusion: Despite high PETCO2 values that were close to narcotic being recorded, these players seemed to regulate their urge to breathe based on hypoxia rather than hypercapnia., QC 20230109

Research on 100% renewable energy systems is a relatively recent phenomenon. It was initiated in the mid-1970s, catalyzed by skyrocketing oil prices. Since the mid-2000s, it has quickly evolved into a prominent research field encompassing an expansive and growing number of research groups and organizations across the world. The main conclusion of most of these studies is that 100% renewables is feasible worldwide at low cost. Advanced concepts and methods now enable the field to chart realistic as well as cost- or resource-optimized and efficient transition pathways to a future without the use of fossil fuels. Such proposed pathways in turn, have helped spur 100% renewable energy policy targets and actions, leading to more research. In most transition pathways, solar energy and wind power increasingly emerge as the central pillars of a sustainable energy system combined with energy efficiency measures. Cost-optimization modeling and greater resource availability tend to lead to higher solar photovoltaic shares, while emphasis on energy supply diversification tends to point to higher wind power contributions. Recent research has focused on the challenges and opportunities regarding grid congestion, energy storage, sector coupling, electrification of transport and industry implying power-to-X and hydrogen-to-X, and the inclusion of natural and technical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches. The result is a holistic vision of the transition towards a net-negative greenhouse gas emissions economy that can limit global warming to 1.5°C with a clearly defined carbon budget in a sustainable and cost-effective manner based on 100% renewable energy-industry-CDR systems. Initially, the field encountered very strong skepticism. Therefore, this paper also includes a response to major critiques against 100% renewable energy systems, and also discusses the institutional inertia that hampers adoption by the International Energy Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Clima

I Danmark har vi en god og lang tradition for en åben demokratisk debat om vores fremtidige energiforsyning. Gennem årene har vi udviklet et godt fælles grundlag for, at en sådan debat er baseret på fakta om, hvad de enkelte teknologier kan i dag, samt en konsensus om fremtidige forventninger. Teknologikataloget, som løbende opdateres af Energistyrelsen og Energinet i en dialog med relevant faglig ekspertise, udgør en fælles ramme for denne forståelse. I den senere tid har der været en debat om, hvorvidt atomkraft kan og bør være en del af den grønne omstilling af Danmarks energiforsyning eller ej. Debatten har indeholdt mange modsatrettede udsagn om blandt andet økonomien i atomkraft og dens evne til at være en del af det samlede fremtidige elsystem. Det er forståeligt, at en sådan debat opstår i lyset af de nuværende klima- og energiforsyningsudfordringer, men det er en fordel for debatten, at den bliver så faktabaseret som muligt. Målet med vores notat er at bidrage til dette. Vi har fundet frem, hvad vi kunne af relevante fakta om nyligt etablerede atomkraftværker i Europa samt forventninger til atomkraft i fremtiden baseret på data fra det Internationale Energiagentur. Disse fakta omhandler anlægsomkostninger, levetider, driftsomkostninger og byggetider. På baggrund af en sådan viden samt tilsvarende data om eksisterende vedvarende energianlæg i Danmark i kombination med Teknologikatalogets forventninger til fremtiden har vi foretaget en direkte sammenligning af omkostningerne ved at producere el fra henholdsvis vind, sol og atomkraft. Det er imidlertid svært direkte at sammenligne sol, vind og atomkraft. Atomkraft er kendetegnet ved kontinuert produktion i modsætning til den fluktuerende produktion fra vind og sol. Der er en umiddelbar relativ fordel ved kontinuert elproduktion. Men atomkraften har også nogle ulemper, hvad angår radioaktivt affald og sikkerhed. Den fluktuerende produktion fra vind og sol afføder et behov for kapacitet t

We present how a novel type of robot called a food computer can be used to simulate abiotic stresses and study their impact on hydroponically grown Italian basil, Ocimum basilicum. The food computer called the GrowBot is a tabletop sized robotic greenhouse for growing edible food plants. The GrowBot's actuators were used to alter the environmental conditions in the growth chamber to study different aspects of plant growth and food production in varying climate scenarios. The experiments show how we can used the LED lights to control the temperature to a certain, desired range (29ºC – 35ºC) for the heat stress experiments, while measurements show that we can simultaneously obtain the photosythetically active radition (PAR) values to be in the ideal range for growth of the basil plants.

We hereby present Tiler, an art-based game where a virtual world made of tiles and controlled through a set of electronic cubes where players can/should gather the decoration of a floor based on aesthetical criteria. Such a tool allows projecting and designing bi-dimensional shapes by physically manipulating tri-dimensional objects. Besides that, Tiler, is an application that brings to life a clear example on how we can achieve new ways of interfacing the physical world with virtual ones. In the following article we introduce the logical and technical aspects of this realto-virtual interface and show its potential applications in different fields.

We discuss the development of a vision-based plant phenotyping system based on a novel type of robotic system called a food computer. The food computer used in this project is called the GrowBot. It has a host of sensors to help analyse the growth chamber including a Raspberry Pi camera. The project revolved around developing a system to segment the plant canopy from its background and analyse nutrient deficiencies from the images taken by the camera. The pilot project investigated how a segmentation model called U-Net could be used to study the images. One of the drawbacks of many existing vision-based plant phenotyping systems is that their convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were trained to analyse very ideal images of individual leaves. This pilot project tried to address that issue, while at the same time explored how to train the neural networks to learn segmentation from a small image dataset.

We present the GrowBot as an educational robotic system to facilitate hands-on experimentation with the control of environmental conditions for food plant growth. The GrowBot is a tabletop-sized greenhouse automated with sensors and actuators to become a robotic system for the control of plant's growth. The GrowBot includes sensors for humidity, CO2, temperature, water level, RGB camera images, and actuators to control the grow conditions, including full spectrum lights, IR lights, and UV lights, nutrients pump, water pump, air pump, air change pump, and fan. Inspired by educational robotics, we developed user-friendly graphical programming of the GrowBots on several means: a touch display, a micro:bit, and a remote webserver interface. This allows school pupils to easily program the GrowBots to different growth conditions for the natural plants in terms of temperature, humidity, day light cycle, wavelength of LED light, nutrient rate, etc. The GrowBot system also allows the user to monitor the environmental conditions, such as CO2 monitoring for photosynthesis understanding, on both the touch display and the remote web-interface. An experiment with nine GrowBots shows that the different parameters can be controlled, that this can control the growth of the food plants, and that control to make an environmental condition with blue light results in higher and larger plants than red light. Further, the pilot experimentation in school settings indicates that the comprehensive system design method results in a deployable system, which can become well adopted in the educational domain.

Research into new advanced district heating concepts has increased since the first four generations of district heating were defined in 2014. This definition created a common framework for research and industry alike, and pointed to potential futures for district heating which could benefit from low-temperature heating in buildings. The fully developed fourth-generation district heating includes the cross-sectoral integration into the smart energy system. This paper defines four generations of district cooling to make a similar useful framework for district cooling. The first generation being pipeline refrigeration systems that were first introduced in the late 19th century, the second generation being mainly based on large compression chillers and cold water as distribution fluid, the third generation having a more diversified cold supply such as natural cooling, and the fourth generation combining cooling with other energy sectors sometimes into a renewable energy-based smart energy systems context, including combined heating and cooling. © 2022 The Authors, Funding: Innovation Fund Denmark through the REINVEST project under Grant No. 6154-00022B

The Pan-European Thermal Atlas version 5.2 (Peta, version 5.2). Peta is an online visualization tool for spatial data relating to energy efficiency in buildings, industry, and transport sectors. Developed as part of the sEEnergies project. Copyright Flensburg, Halmstad and Aalborg Universities 2022.

China has set ambitious carbon emission reduction targets to combat climate change, however, there has been little scientific focus on the achievement of deep decarbonization at the provincial level. The contradiction between rapid economic development and increasing energy utilization exacerbates the difficulty of achieving this goal. Here, we explored the feasibility of fulfilling deep decarbonization in the energy system by 2050 in Sichuan, one of the leading provinces in economic growth in China. Three transition pathways sustained by imported electricity, biomass, and natural gas were developed and simulated using the EnergyPLAN model. All the pathways utilized local hydropower, wind power, and solar photovoltaic resources. These pathways were evaluated using multi-dimensional analysis considering energy self-sufficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic affordability. We found that the energy self-sufficiency rate of the 100% electricity pathway was less than 68%, whereas those of the other pathways were nearly 100%. The CO2 emission reduction differed by pathway, with 100% electricity achieving 91.52%, biomass achieving 90.48%, and natural gas achieving 58.17%. Moreover, all the pathways achieved zero direct CO2 emissions with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology. From an economic perspective, the highest system cost, i.e. 1.3 times that of the reference system, appeared in the 100% electricity pathway after introducing CCS technology, and was comparable to the energy system costs of other provinces in 2050. The methods and results of this study can serve as a basis for facilitating decarbonization in any provincial energy system in the long term.

Addressing climate change with the rising global energy usage necessitates electricity sector decarbonization by rapidly moving toward flexible and efficient off-grid renewable energy systems (RESs). This paper analyzes the wind and solar micro-grids, with batteries and pumped hydro storage for a robust off-grid RES techno-economic operation, while considering diverse multi-objective optimization cases. This research has considered the RES variable operational losses in the developed methodology and relations between different indicators are evaluated, revealing a basic understanding between them. The results reveal that the reliability index is inversely related to the oversupply index, while directly related to the system self-sufficiency index. The cost of energy is more sensitive to technical indicators rather than the storage cost and so can be used as a primary monetary index. Energy and cost balance analysis showed that 16%-20% of the used energy was drained in RES operational losses, which were usually ignored in previous studies.

Energy system models are crucial to plan energy transition pathways and understand their impacts. A vast range of energy system modelling tools is available, providing modelling practitioners, planners, and decision-makers with multiple alternatives to represent the energy system according to different technical and methodological considerations. To better understand this landscape, here we identify current trends in the field of energy system modelling. First, we survey previous review studies, identifying their distinct focus areas and review methodologies. Second, we gather information about 54 energy system modelling tools directly from model developers and users. Unlike previous questionnaire-based studies solely focusing on technical descriptions, we include application aspects of the modelling tools, such as perceived policy-relevance, user accessibility, and model linkages. We find that, to assess the possible applications and to build a common understanding of the capabilities of these modelling tools, it is necessary to engage in dialogue with developers and users. We identify three main trends of increasing modelling of cross-sectoral synergies, growing focus on open access, and improved temporal detail to deal with planning future scenarios with high levels of variable renewable energy sources. However, key challenges remain in terms of representing high resolution energy demand in all sectors, understanding how tools are coupled together, openness and accessibility, and the level of engagement between tool developers and policy/decision-makers., Energy & Industry

Objectives: To compare treatment time, patients' perceptions during orthodontic treatment, dental fear and side effects, between open and closed surgical exposures in patients with palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Trial Design: Multicentre, randomized controlled trial, with random 1:1 allocation of two parallel groups. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty patients from three different orthodontic centres were randomized into one of the two intervention arms, open or closed surgical exposure. Both techniques had mucoperiosteal flaps raised and bone removed above the PDCs. In open exposure, tissue was removed above the canine, and glass ionomer - reaching above soft tissue - was built on the crown. The canine was then left to erupt spontaneously, prior to orthodontic alignment. At closed exposure, a chain was bonded to the canine and orthodontic traction was applied under the mucosa until eruption. Orthodontic alignment of the canines was undertaken after eruption into the oral cavity, with fixed appliances in both groups. All participants were treated according to intention to treat (ITT). Blinding: Due to the nature of this trial, only outcome assessors could be blinded to the intervention group. Results: One hundred and seventeen patients completed the trial. All PDCs were successfully aligned. Total treatment time was equal in the two techniques, mean difference -0.1 months (95% CI -3.2 to 2.9, P = 0.93). The closed group experienced more pain and discomfort during the active orthodontic traction. Dental fear, root resorption and periodontal status did not show any clinically significant differences between the groups. Generaiizability: Results of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) can be generalized only to a similar population aged 9-16 years, if exclusion criteria are met. Conclusion: The closed exposure group experienced more pain and discomfort mostly during active orthodontic traction. All other studied outcomes were similar between the two e

Dette notatet diskuterer status for sentrale naturressursbaserte næringer i Norge ogser nærmere på drivere og barrierer for ny naturressursbasert næringsvirksomhet.Mens en kunnskapsbasert utvikling av naturressursbaserte næringer har skapt rikdomog velferd, er de også forbundet med noen av vår tids største samfunnsutfordringerknyttet til klima, miljø og biomangfold. Bidrag til å løse disse utfordringen er nettoppdet viktigste premisset for de reorienteringer som notatet omhandler. Notatet er ihovedsak basert på gjennomgang av eksisterende forskningslitteratur, rapporter o.l. Itillegg baseres det på pågående forskningsaktivitet på flere av bransjene som berøres idette notatet. Vi fokuserer på muligheter innen energiressursbaserte næringer ogbioøkonomien, samt sirkulær økonomi.

Addressing climate change with the rising global energy usage necessitates electricity sector decarbonization by rapidly moving toward flexible and efficient off-grid renewable energy systems (RESs). This paper analyzes the wind and solar micro-grids, with batteries and pumped hydro storage for a robust off-grid RES techno-economic operation, while considering diverse multi-objective optimization cases. This research has considered the RES variable operational losses in the developed methodology and relations between different indicators are evaluated, revealing a basic understanding between them. The results reveal that the reliability index is inversely related to the oversupply index, while directly related to the system self-sufficiency index. The cost of energy is more sensitive to technical indicators rather than the storage cost and so can be used as a primary monetary index. Energy and cost balance analysis showed that 16%-20% of the used energy was drained in RES operational losses, which were usually ignored in previous studies.

Dette notatet diskuterer status for sentrale naturressursbaserte næringer i Norge ogser nærmere på drivere og barrierer for ny naturressursbasert næringsvirksomhet.Mens en kunnskapsbasert utvikling av naturressursbaserte næringer har skapt rikdomog velferd, er de også forbundet med noen av vår tids største samfunnsutfordringerknyttet til klima, miljø og biomangfold. Bidrag til å løse disse utfordringen er nettoppdet viktigste premisset for de reorienteringer som notatet omhandler. Notatet er ihovedsak basert på gjennomgang av eksisterende forskningslitteratur, rapporter o.l. Itillegg baseres det på pågående forskningsaktivitet på flere av bransjene som berøres idette notatet. Vi fokuserer på muligheter innen energiressursbaserte næringer ogbioøkonomien, samt sirkulær økonomi.

Energy system models are crucial to plan energy transition pathways and understand their impacts. A vast range of energy system modelling tools is available, providing modelling practitioners, planners, and decision-makers with multiple alternatives to represent the energy system according to different technical and methodological considerations. To better understand this landscape, here we identify current trends in the field of energy system modelling. First, we survey previous review studies, identifying their distinct focus areas and review methodologies. Second, we gather information about 54 energy system modelling tools directly from model developers and users. Unlike previous questionnaire-based studies solely focusing on technical descriptions, we include application aspects of the modelling tools, such as perceived policy-relevance, user accessibility, and model linkages. We find that, to assess the possible applications and to build a common understanding of the capabilities of these modelling tools, it is necessary to engage in dialogue with developers and users. We identify three main trends of increasing modelling of cross-sectoral synergies, growing focus on open access, and improved temporal detail to deal with planning future scenarios with high levels of variable renewable energy sources. However, key challenges remain in terms of representing high resolution energy demand in all sectors, understanding how tools are coupled together, openness and accessibility, and the level of engagement between tool developers and policy/decision-makers., Energie and Industrie

Aim: To study the association between endodontic inflammatory disease and a first myocardial infarction (MI). Methodology: The study comprised 805 patients with recent experience of a first MI, each gender, age and geographically matched with a control. Panoramic radiographs were available for 797 patients and 796 controls. Endodontic inflammatory disease was assessed radiographically. The sum of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was calculated, and the number of root filled teeth and teeth with periapical lesions were recorded. The associated risk of a first MI was expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), unadjusted and adjusted for confounders (family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking habits, marital status, education and diabetes). Results: Patients who had suffered a first MI had higher DMFT (mean 22.5 vs. 21.9, p =.013) and more missing teeth (mean 7.5 vs. 6.3; p <.0001) than the healthy controls. The number of missing teeth was associated with an increased risk of a first MI (adjusted OR 1.04; CI 1.02–1.06). Conversely, decay-free, filled teeth were associated with decreased risk (adjusted OR 0.98; CI 0.96–1.00). Analysis based on age disclosed the following variables to be associated with an increased risk of a first MI: number of decayed teeth (adjusted OR 1.18; CI 1.02–1.37, in patients <60 years), any primary periapical lesion (adjusted OR 1.57; CI 1.08–2.29, in patients <65 years) and the proportion of root filled teeth (adjusted OR 1.18; CI 1.03–1.36, in patients ≥65 years). Conclusions: More missing teeth was independently associated with an increased risk of a first MI. In addition, endodontic inflammatory disease may contribute as an independent risk factor to cardiovascular disease since untreated caries, periapical lesions and root fillings, depending on age, were significantly associated with a first MI.

The production of regenerated cellulosic fibres, such as viscose, modal and lyocell, is based mainly on the use of dissolving wood pulp as raw material. Enzymatic processes are an excellent alternative to conventional chemical routes in the production of dissolving pulp, in terms of energy efficiency, reagent consumption and pulp yield. The two main characteristics of a dissolving pulp are the cellulose purity and the molecular weight, both of which can be controlled with the aid of enzymes. A purification process for paper-grade kraft pulp has been proposed, based on the use of xylanases in combination with hot and cold caustic extraction, without the conventional pre-hydrolysis step before kraft pulping. This enzyme aided purification allowed the production of a dissolving pulp that met the specifications for the manufacture of viscose, < 3% xylan, > 92% ISO brightness and 70% Fock’s reactivity. Endoglucanases (EGs) can efficiently reduce the average molecular weight of the cellulose while simultaneously increasing the pulp reactivity for viscose production. It is shown in this study that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases act synergistically with EGs in the modification of bleached dissolving pulp.

Fourth-generation district heating (4GDH) has been used as a label or expression since 2008 to describe a transition path for decarbonization of the district heating sector and was defined in more detail in 2014. During recent years, several papers have been published on a concept called fifth generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC). This article identifies differences and similarities between 4GDH and 5GDHC regarding aims and abilities. The analysis shows that these two are common not only in the overarching aim of decarbonization but that they also to some extent share the five essential abilities first defined for 4GDH. The main driver for 5GDHC has been a strong focus on combined heating and cooling, using a collective network close to ambient temperature levels as common heat source or sink for building-level heat pumps. It is found that 5GDHC can be regarded as a promising technology with its own merits, yet a complementary technology that may coexist in parallel with other 4GDH technologies. However, the term “generation” implies a chronological succession, and the label 5GDHC does not seem compatible with the established labels 1GDH to 4GDH. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Aim: To study the association between endodontic inflammatory disease and a first myocardial infarction (MI). Methodology: The study comprised 805 patients with recent experience of a first MI, each gender, age and geographically matched with a control. Panoramic radiographs were available for 797 patients and 796 controls. Endodontic inflammatory disease was assessed radiographically. The sum of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) was calculated, and the number of root filled teeth and teeth with periapical lesions were recorded. The associated risk of a first MI was expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), unadjusted and adjusted for confounders (family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking habits, marital status, education and diabetes). Results: Patients who had suffered a first MI had higher DMFT (mean 22.5 vs. 21.9, p =.013) and more missing teeth (mean 7.5 vs. 6.3; p <.0001) than the healthy controls. The number of missing teeth was associated with an increased risk of a first MI (adjusted OR 1.04; CI 1.02–1.06). Conversely, decay-free, filled teeth were associated with decreased risk (adjusted OR 0.98; CI 0.96–1.00). Analysis based on age disclosed the following variables to be associated with an increased risk of a first MI: number of decayed teeth (adjusted OR 1.18; CI 1.02–1.37, in patients <60 years), any primary periapical lesion (adjusted OR 1.57; CI 1.08–2.29, in patients <65 years) and the proportion of root filled teeth (adjusted OR 1.18; CI 1.03–1.36, in patients ≥65 years). Conclusions: More missing teeth was independently associated with an increased risk of a first MI. In addition, endodontic inflammatory disease may contribute as an independent risk factor to cardiovascular disease since untreated caries, periapical lesions and root fillings, depending on age, were significantly associated with a first MI.

Objectives: To compare treatment time, patients' perceptions during orthodontic treatment, dental fear and side effects, between open and closed surgical exposures in patients with palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Trial design: Multicentre, randomized controlled trial, with random 1:1 allocation of two parallel groups. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty patients from three different orthodontic centres were randomized into one of the two intervention arms, open or closed surgical exposure. Both techniques had mucoperiosteal flaps raised and bone removed above the PDCs. In open exposure, tissue was removed above the canine, and glass ionomer - reaching above soft tissue - was built on the crown. The canine was then left to erupt spontaneously, prior to orthodontic alignment. At closed exposure, a chain was bonded to the canine and orthodontic traction was applied under the mucosa until eruption. Orthodontic alignment of the canines was undertaken after eruption into the oral cavity, with fixed appliances in both groups. All participants were treated according to intention to treat (ITT). Blinding: Due to the nature of this trial, only outcome assessors could be blinded to the intervention group. Results: One hundred and seventeen patients completed the trial. All PDCs were successfully aligned. Total treatment time was equal in the two techniques, mean difference -0.1 months (95% CI -3.2 to 2.9, P = 0.93). The closed group experienced more pain and discomfort during the active orthodontic traction. Dental fear, root resorption and periodontal status did not show any clinically significant differences between the groups. Generalizability: Results of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) can be generalized only to a similar population aged 9-16 years, if exclusion criteria are met. Conclusion: The closed exposure group experienced more pain and discomfort mostly during active orthodontic traction. All other studied outcomes were similar between the two e

The production of regenerated cellulosic fibres, such as viscose, modal and lyocell, is based mainly on the use of dissolving wood pulp as raw material. Enzymatic processes are an excellent alternative to conventional chemical routes in the production of dissolving pulp, in terms of energy efficiency, reagent consumption and pulp yield. The two main characteristics of a dissolving pulp are the cellulose purity and the molecular weight, both of which can be controlled with the aid of enzymes. A purification process for paper-grade kraft pulp has been proposed, based on the use of xylanases in combination with hot and cold caustic extraction, without the conventional pre-hydrolysis step before kraft pulping. This enzyme aided purification allowed the production of a dissolving pulp that met the specifications for the manufacture of viscose, < 3% xylan, > 92% ISO brightness and 70% Fock’s reactivity. Endoglucanases (EGs) can efficiently reduce the average molecular weight of the cellulose while simultaneously increasing the pulp reactivity for viscose production. It is shown in this study that lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases act synergistically with EGs in the modification of bleached dissolving pulp.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of tooth-borne (TB) and tooth-bone-borne (TBB) rapid maxillary expansion (RME). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two consecutive patients who met the eligibility criteria were recruited and allocated to either the TB group, mean age 9.3 years [standard deviation (SD) 1.3], or the TBB group, mean age 9.5 years (SD 1.2). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records and plaster models were taken before (T0), directly after (T1), and 1 year after expansion (T2). Dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements were made on the CBCT images. The dental expansion was also measured on the plaster models. RANDOMIZATION: Participants were randomly allocated in blocks of different sizes using the concealed allocation principle in a 1:1 ratio. The randomization list was also stratified by sex to ensure homogeneity between groups. BLINDING: Due to clinical limitations, only the outcomes assessors were blinded to the groups to which the patients were allocated. RESULTS: Skeletal expansion in the midpalatal suture and at the level of the nasal cavity was significantly higher in the TBB group. However, the magnitude of the expansion in the midpalatal suture was around 1 mm [95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 0.5-1.7, P = 0.001] more and perhaps not clinically significant. The magnitude of the expansion at the level of the nasal cavity was almost two times higher in the TBB group (95 per cent CI 0.7-2.6, P = 0.001). The dental expansion, alveolar bending, tipping of the molars, and stability 1 year post-expansion did not show any statistically significant differences between the groups. The actual direct cost of the treatment for the TBB group was approximately €300 higher than TB group. LIMITATIONS: Double blinding was not possible due to the clinical limitations. CONCLUSIONS: In young preadolescents with constricted maxilla and no signs of upper airway obstruction, it seems that conventional TB RME achieves the same c, Funding agency:Uppsala-Örebro Regional Research Council, Sweden RFR-72021

The paper presents the pilot test of the Moto Tiles Body & Brain Test combined with automatically generated individualized training protocols. The test is performed with seniors (avg. 80 years old) with mild dementia in senior care centers in Roskilde, Denmark. The seniors performed pre- and post-test on tests correlated with timed-up-and-go, chair-to-stand, and four square stepping test. During the intervention, the dementia-affected seniors performed their individualized training on the Moto Tiles games over 3 weeks with an average total of nine sessions of 7 min each. On average, the seniors improve 41%, 31%, 42% and 3% on the four tests. In terms of cut-points for multiple falls risk, the seniors are at high risk at pre-test, while they are at low risk at post-test. This indicates that the very short time (1 h over 3 weeks) playful training on Moto Tiles can potentially bring seniors from high risk of falling to a much lower risk of falling. The present study is a small pilot test, and results should be verified in randomized controlled trial(s).

For developing a novel kind of entertaining football and football training, we developed a playware ball prototype. The ball contains a microprocessor with WiFi connection and uses barometric pressure sensors and accelerometer data to track the ball movement in fast-paced football training games. The ball communicates with a tablet, on which games were developed that used the tracking of both skill level and the level of activity of the users. This kind of playware should motivate the users to play and have fun with the interactive ball. The initial findings indicate that the sensor fusion of barometric pressure data and accelerometer data proves reliable in the fast-paced setting of football games. Furthermore, the constructed prototype foam exercise ball proved a reliable container to house both the sensor and computational devices in a safe manner and could be useful for further tests on other aspects of combining gaming and physical exercise.

OBJECTIVES: To compare treatment time, patients' perceptions during orthodontic treatment, dental fear and side effects, between open and closed surgical exposures in patients with palatally displaced canines (PDCs). TRIAL DESIGN: Multicentre, randomized controlled trial, with random 1:1 allocation of two parallel groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients from three different orthodontic centres were randomized into one of the two intervention arms, open or closed surgical exposure. Both techniques had mucoperiosteal flaps raised and bone removed above the PDCs. In open exposure, tissue was removed above the canine, and glass ionomer - reaching above soft tissue - was built on the crown. The canine was then left to erupt spontaneously, prior to orthodontic alignment. At closed exposure, a chain was bonded to the canine and orthodontic traction was applied under the mucosa until eruption. Orthodontic alignment of the canines was undertaken after eruption into the oral cavity, with fixed appliances in both groups. All participants were treated according to intention to treat (ITT). BLINDING: Due to the nature of this trial, only outcome assessors could be blinded to the intervention group. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients completed the trial. All PDCs were successfully aligned. Total treatment time was equal in the two techniques, mean difference -0.1 months (95% CI -3.2 to 2.9, P = 0.93). The closed group experienced more pain and discomfort during the active orthodontic traction. Dental fear, root resorption and periodontal status did not show any clinically significant differences between the groups. GENERALIZABILITY: Results of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) can be generalized only to a similar population aged 9-16 years, if exclusion criteria are met. CONCLUSION: The closed exposure group experienced more pain and discomfort mostly during active orthodontic traction. All other studied outcomes were similar between the two e, Funding Agencies:Regional Research Council in Uppsala-ÖrebroCenter for Clinical Research Region SormlandCounty Council of Sormland

Utilizing a Big Data and AI approach, we developed a novel playful method for screening people for potential physical and cognitive shortages. The method creates a body and brain performance map for each individual, and the Big Data analysis provides a basis for automatically identifying the particular abilities, which may be underperforming in an individual. Further, several studies including randomized controlled trials with the Moto Tiles system have shown that particular Moto Tiles game play will increase performance of particular abilities, even after short-term play. Thereby, the proposed system can automatically generate personalized training protocols for the individual by selecting and providing the right Moto Tiles games for the individual to play to improve the underperforming abilities. The suitability of the method was tested in a small effect test with seniors with mild dementia at a care institution in Denmark. The results show that the seniors with dementia who were screened to be at high risk of falling, within the short period of training with the automatically generated personalized protocol increased their skills to no longer be at risk of falling.

The paper presents the pilot test of the Moto Tiles Body & Brain Test combined with automatically generated individualized training protocols. The test is performed with seniors (avg. 80 years old) with mild dementia in senior care centers in Roskilde, Denmark. The seniors performed pre- and posttest on tests correlated with timed-up-and-go (TUG), chair-to-stand (CS), and four square stepping test (FSST). During the intervention, the dementia-affected seniors performed their individualized training on the Moto Tiles games over 3 weeks with an average total of 9 sessions of 7 minutes each. On average, the seniors improve 41%, 31%, 42% and 3% on the four tests. In terms of cut-points for multiple falls risk, the seniors are at high risk at pre-test, while they are at low risk at post-test. This indicates that the very short time (1h over 3 weeks) playful training on Moto Tiles can potentially bring seniors from high risk of falling to a much lower risk of falling. The present study is a small pilot test, and results should be verified in randomized controlled trial(s).

In this paper, we describe a set of designs of social playware by using the Moto Tiles. We tried to demonstrate the importance of the development of social playware by designing a number of social games that people can play together on one single tool. The design envisions play that mediates coordination among participants. We make use of play that is physically stimulating, that is cognitively exciting, that can be changed by arranging diverse layouts of the tiles, and that is enriched by different sensor modalities, etc. In all cases, the games and interaction designs are guided by the Playware ABC concept that is focused on creating social play opportunities for Anybody, Anywhere, Anytime, by Building Bodies and Brains, and thereby by facilitating the work of therapists and care workers can easily Construct, Combine, and Create new social play interactions to fit their particular users need.

We developed a Big Data and AI approach for the screening and early detection of health risks among seniors. The approach is based on seniors performing playful activities on the Moto Tiles. The activities are organized in a Body & Brain Age Test, which is composed on four games of 30 s each on the Moto Tiles. A whole population of individuals take the Body & Brain Age Test, and the performance data is collected for each game in the test. The Big Data approach allows the system to identify the nominal score for each age. The system can automatically generate a personalized training protocol based on the score in the Body & Brain Age Test. This is done by using the performance score to identify which physical and/or cognitive abilities are in need of training, and then generate a protocol based on Moto Tiles games, which tend to increase those particular skills as verified in clinical effect studies. The suitability of the method was tested in a small effect test with seniors with mild dementia at a care institution in Denmark. The results show that the seniors with dementia who were screened to be at high risk of falling, within the short period of training with the automatically generated personalized protocol increased their skills to no longer be at risk of falling.

Merging among them the most important open questions of the century, in this paper, we outline and define a wide range of possible applications and technical forms of a low-energy dissipation in robotic biotechnological system conceived for intelligent and playful interactions. Moving from earlier works on Wearable and Modular Robotics, we describe how, by using modular robotics for creating wearable, it is possible to obtain an approximatively self-sustainable and flexible wearable system, consisting of freely inter-changeable input/output modules that through the use of solar, mechanical, and other sources of renewable energy are able to suit some specific tasks. Therefore, we here attempt to drive the attention on early prototypes to show the potentialities of such an approach, and focus on depicting possible application in the future of high-tech domain. Indeed, our artistic experiment is a clear example of how to scale down electronics to an eco-sustainable paradigm, which can still create playful and useful interactions for many application domains.