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Gangsterrap och dess eventuella kopplingar till kriminalitet har under senaste tiden varit omskrivet och omdebatterat i svensk media. Studiens syfte har varit att analysera hur svensk media framställer gangsterrap som ett fenomen relaterat till brottsutveckling samt vilka konsekvenser en sådan framställning kan innebära. Syfte och frågeställningar har besvarats med hjälp av Carol Bacchis diskursanalytiska metod What’s the problem represented to be?, vilken också utgjorde studiens teoretiska ramverk. Under analysen identifierades tre problemrepresentationer som framställer “gangsterrap” som ett problem kopplat till brottsutveckling: “Gangsterrap är en integrerad del av gängkriminalitet”, “Gangsterrap bidrar till att unga blir kriminella” samt “Gangsterrap leder till grövre kriminalitet”. Två teman identifierades kopplat till vilka effekter problemrepresentationerna skulle kunna innebära. Det första var att termen gangsterrap kan ha en begränsande effekt för dem som förknippas med epitetet. Den andra effekten som framkom var att problemrepresentationerna reproducerar en förståelse av vi/dem.

Gangsterrap och dess eventuella kopplingar till kriminalitet har under senaste tiden varit omskrivet och omdebatterat i svensk media. Studiens syfte har varit att analysera hur svensk media framställer gangsterrap som ett fenomen relaterat till brottsutveckling samt vilka konsekvenser en sådan framställning kan innebära. Syfte och frågeställningar har besvarats med hjälp av Carol Bacchis diskursanalytiska metod What’s the problem represented to be?, vilken också utgjorde studiens teoretiska ramverk. Under analysen identifierades tre problemrepresentationer som framställer “gangsterrap” som ett problem kopplat till brottsutveckling: “Gangsterrap är en integrerad del av gängkriminalitet”, “Gangsterrap bidrar till att unga blir kriminella” samt “Gangsterrap leder till grövre kriminalitet”. Två teman identifierades kopplat till vilka effekter problemrepresentationerna skulle kunna innebära. Det första var att termen gangsterrap kan ha en begränsande effekt för dem som förknippas med epitetet. Den andra effekten som framkom var att problemrepresentationerna reproducerar en förståelse av vi/dem.

Around 95% of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy experience cutaneous side effects, and some develop radiation wounds or fibrosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these indications. We show here that plasminogen administration enhanced the healing of radiation wounds via pleiotropic effects on gene expression. Using RNA sequencing, we found that plasminogen downregulated the expression of genes in the TLR, TNF, WNT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of arachidonic acid, leading to significantly decreased inflammation and improved remodeling of granulation tissue compared with placebo treatment. In addition, plasminogen induced metabolic changes, including decreased glycolysis. Importantly, many of the factors downregulated by plasminogen are pro-fibrotic. Therefore, in radiation wounds with excessive inflammation, plasminogen is able to enhance and redirect the healing process, such that it more closely resembles physiological healing with significantly reduced risk for developing fibrosis. This makes plasminogen an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of radiation wounds in cancer patients.

Around 95% of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy experience cutaneous side effects, and some develop radiation wounds or fibrosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these indications. We show here that plasminogen administration enhanced the healing of radiation wounds via pleiotropic effects on gene expression. Using RNA sequencing, we found that plasminogen downregulated the expression of genes in the TLR, TNF, WNT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of arachidonic acid, leading to significantly decreased inflammation and improved remodeling of granulation tissue compared with placebo treatment. In addition, plasminogen induced metabolic changes, including decreased glycolysis. Importantly, many of the factors downregulated by plasminogen are pro-fibrotic. Therefore, in radiation wounds with excessive inflammation, plasminogen is able to enhance and redirect the healing process, such that it more closely resembles physiological healing with significantly reduced risk for developing fibrosis. This makes plasminogen an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of radiation wounds in cancer patients.

Around 95% of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy experience cutaneous side effects, and some develop radiation wounds or fibrosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these indications. We show here that plasminogen administration enhanced the healing of radiation wounds via pleiotropic effects on gene expression. Using RNA sequencing, we found that plasminogen downregulated the expression of genes in the TLR, TNF, WNT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of arachidonic acid, leading to significantly decreased inflammation and improved remodeling of granulation tissue compared with placebo treatment. In addition, plasminogen induced metabolic changes, including decreased glycolysis. Importantly, many of the factors downregulated by plasminogen are pro-fibrotic. Therefore, in radiation wounds with excessive inflammation, plasminogen is able to enhance and redirect the healing process, such that it more closely resembles physiological healing with significantly reduced risk for developing fibrosis. This makes plasminogen an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of radiation wounds in cancer patients.

Around 95% of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy experience cutaneous side effects, and some develop radiation wounds or fibrosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for these indications. We show here that plasminogen administration enhanced the healing of radiation wounds via pleiotropic effects on gene expression. Using RNA sequencing, we found that plasminogen downregulated the expression of genes in the TLR, TNF, WNT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of arachidonic acid, leading to significantly decreased inflammation and improved remodeling of granulation tissue compared with placebo treatment. In addition, plasminogen induced metabolic changes, including decreased glycolysis. Importantly, many of the factors downregulated by plasminogen are pro-fibrotic. Therefore, in radiation wounds with excessive inflammation, plasminogen is able to enhance and redirect the healing process, such that it more closely resembles physiological healing with significantly reduced risk for developing fibrosis. This makes plasminogen an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of radiation wounds in cancer patients.

Bakgrund: Kommunikation är en viktig del av omvårdnadsarbetet. Humor möjliggör för kommunikation, hantering av känslor och främjande av relationer mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten. Patienter anser oftast att det är positivt att sjuksköterskor använder sig av humor om det används i rätt kontext. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av humor i kommunikationen med patienter. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på åtta empiriska kvalitativa studier. Studierna hittades i fyra databaser, Cinahl, PubMed, Scopus och APA PsycInfo. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre teman och sju subteman. Temana är ‘Stärker den egna utvecklingen’, ‘Möjliggör ett samspel’ och ‘Reflekterar möjligheter och begränsningar’. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor använder humor som ett sätt att etablera relationer till sina patienter. Humorn ses som ett effektivt kommunikationsverktyg för sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskor använder humor som en strategi i omvårdnadsarbetet och samtidigt som ett sätt att hantera ilska, stress och frustrerande känslor, en coping-strategi, ett sätt för sjuksköterskor att få mental vila och ro. Humorn bör anpassas till situationen och personerna. Sjuksköterskor tycker oftast att det är positivt när patienter använder humor., Background: Communication is an important part of nursing. Humor enables communication, helps with dealing with emotions and building a relationship between nurse and patient. Patients usually think that it is positive that the nurse uses humor if it is used in the right context. Aim: The aim is to illustrate nurses’ experiences of humor in communication with patients. Method: A literature study based on eight empirical qualitative studies. The studies were collected from four databases: Cinahl, PubMed, Scopus and APA PsycInfo. Results: The result is presented in three themes and seven subthemes. The themes are ‘Strengthens own development’, ‘Enables an interaction’ and ‘Reflects opportunities and limitations’. Conclusion: Nurses use humor as a way to establish relationships with patients. Humor is viewed as an effective communication tool for the nurse. Nurses use humor as a strategy in nursing and as a way to deal with anger, stress and frustrating emotions. Furthermore, the nurses use humor as a coping strategy and as a way for them to get mental rest. Humor should be adjusted to the situation and the people. Nurses usually think it is positive when patients use humor.

Bakgrund: Kommunikation är en viktig del av omvårdnadsarbetet. Humor möjliggör för kommunikation, hantering av känslor och främjande av relationer mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten. Patienter anser oftast att det är positivt att sjuksköterskor använder sig av humor om det används i rätt kontext. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av humor i kommunikationen med patienter. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på åtta empiriska kvalitativa studier. Studierna hittades i fyra databaser, Cinahl, PubMed, Scopus och APA PsycInfo. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre teman och sju subteman. Temana är ‘Stärker den egna utvecklingen’, ‘Möjliggör ett samspel’ och ‘Reflekterar möjligheter och begränsningar’. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor använder humor som ett sätt att etablera relationer till sina patienter. Humorn ses som ett effektivt kommunikationsverktyg för sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskor använder humor som en strategi i omvårdnadsarbetet och samtidigt som ett sätt att hantera ilska, stress och frustrerande känslor, en coping-strategi, ett sätt för sjuksköterskor att få mental vila och ro. Humorn bör anpassas till situationen och personerna. Sjuksköterskor tycker oftast att det är positivt när patienter använder humor., Background: Communication is an important part of nursing. Humor enables communication, helps with dealing with emotions and building a relationship between nurse and patient. Patients usually think that it is positive that the nurse uses humor if it is used in the right context. Aim: The aim is to illustrate nurses’ experiences of humor in communication with patients. Method: A literature study based on eight empirical qualitative studies. The studies were collected from four databases: Cinahl, PubMed, Scopus and APA PsycInfo. Results: The result is presented in three themes and seven subthemes. The themes are ‘Strengthens own development’, ‘Enables an interaction’ and ‘Reflects opportunities and limitations’. Conclusion: Nurses use humor as a way to establish relationships with patients. Humor is viewed as an effective communication tool for the nurse. Nurses use humor as a strategy in nursing and as a way to deal with anger, stress and frustrating emotions. Furthermore, the nurses use humor as a coping strategy and as a way for them to get mental rest. Humor should be adjusted to the situation and the people. Nurses usually think it is positive when patients use humor.

This thesis covers a degree project for a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering degree and is written on behalf of Valmet AB. The purpose of the project is to evaluate and analyse the differences between CATIA and E3D and conclude which of the software is most suitable for on-machine tubing and piping design at Valmet. The tubing and piping modules in CATIA are currently used but is considered somewhat ineffective. E3D is also used at Valmet but in another branch of engineering design, namely field pipe engineering. The analysis is done using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) which is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology developed to aid in complex decision-making problems. The methodology follows a six-step process which results in a prioritized ranking or relative weight of both alternatives with respect to the established criteria and sub-criteria for selection. A total of four main criteria and 12 sub-criteria for the selection of the most suitable CAD system were identified and analysed with the help of relevant personnel in various departments such as engineering, purchasing and management The results of the project conclude that E3D is the preferred CAD system for on-machine tubing and piping at Valmet with regards to the given criteria and sub-criteria. The criteria that favoured E3D most were the availability of the systems, meaning the possibility that Valmet can outsource projects to consultants, as well as the more effective 3D modelling process. However, the results are not heavily one-sided which suggest that more research should be done before a final decision can be taken. The suggested further research includes looking at the in-direct implications of using a new CAD system such as computer updates and the usage of a new PLM system. Moreover, the actual performance of 3D modelling using the two systems is beyond the scope of this thesis and would have to be further researched in another thesis or a pilot case.

This thesis covers a degree project for a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering degree and is written on behalf of Valmet AB. The purpose of the project is to evaluate and analyse the differences between CATIA and E3D and conclude which of the software is most suitable for on-machine tubing and piping design at Valmet. The tubing and piping modules in CATIA are currently used but is considered somewhat ineffective. E3D is also used at Valmet but in another branch of engineering design, namely field pipe engineering. The analysis is done using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) which is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology developed to aid in complex decision-making problems. The methodology follows a six-step process which results in a prioritized ranking or relative weight of both alternatives with respect to the established criteria and sub-criteria for selection. A total of four main criteria and 12 sub-criteria for the selection of the most suitable CAD system were identified and analysed with the help of relevant personnel in various departments such as engineering, purchasing and management The results of the project conclude that E3D is the preferred CAD system for on-machine tubing and piping at Valmet with regards to the given criteria and sub-criteria. The criteria that favoured E3D most were the availability of the systems, meaning the possibility that Valmet can outsource projects to consultants, as well as the more effective 3D modelling process. However, the results are not heavily one-sided which suggest that more research should be done before a final decision can be taken. The suggested further research includes looking at the in-direct implications of using a new CAD system such as computer updates and the usage of a new PLM system. Moreover, the actual performance of 3D modelling using the two systems is beyond the scope of this thesis and would have to be further researched in another thesis or a pilot case.

Skin damage caused by radiation therapy (radiodermatitis) is a severe side effect of radiotherapy in cancer patients, and there is currently a lack of effective strategies to prevent or treat such skin damage. In this work, we show with several lines of evidence that plasminogen, a pro-inflammatory factor, is key for the development of radiodermatitis. After skin irradiation in wild type (plg+/+) mice, the plasminogen level increased in the radiated area, leading to severe skin damage such as ulcer formation. However, plasminogen-deficient (plg−/−) mice and mice lacking plasminogen activators were mostly resistant to radiodermatitis. Moreover, treatment with a plasminogen inhibitor, tranexamic acid, decreased radiodermatitis in plg+/+ mice and prevented radiodermatitis in plg+/− mice. Together with studies at the molecular level, we report that plasmin is required for the induction of inflammation after irradiation that leads to radiodermatitis, and we propose that inhibition of plasminogen activation can be a novel treatment strategy to reduce and prevent the occurrence of radiodermatitis in patients.

Skin damage caused by radiation therapy (radiodermatitis) is a severe side effect of radiotherapy in cancer patients, and there is currently a lack of effective strategies to prevent or treat such skin damage. In this work, we show with several lines of evidence that plasminogen, a pro-inflammatory factor, is key for the development of radiodermatitis. After skin irradiation in wild type (plg+/+) mice, the plasminogen level increased in the radiated area, leading to severe skin damage such as ulcer formation. However, plasminogen-deficient (plg−/−) mice and mice lacking plasminogen activators were mostly resistant to radiodermatitis. Moreover, treatment with a plasminogen inhibitor, tranexamic acid, decreased radiodermatitis in plg+/+ mice and prevented radiodermatitis in plg+/− mice. Together with studies at the molecular level, we report that plasmin is required for the induction of inflammation after irradiation that leads to radiodermatitis, and we propose that inhibition of plasminogen activation can be a novel treatment strategy to reduce and prevent the occurrence of radiodermatitis in patients.

Skin damage caused by radiation therapy (radiodermatitis) is a severe side effect of radiotherapy in cancer patients, and there is currently a lack of effective strategies to prevent or treat such skin damage. In this work, we show with several lines of evidence that plasminogen, a pro-inflammatory factor, is key for the development of radiodermatitis. After skin irradiation in wild type (plg+/+) mice, the plasminogen level increased in the radiated area, leading to severe skin damage such as ulcer formation. However, plasminogen-deficient (plg−/−) mice and mice lacking plasminogen activators were mostly resistant to radiodermatitis. Moreover, treatment with a plasminogen inhibitor, tranexamic acid, decreased radiodermatitis in plg+/+ mice and prevented radiodermatitis in plg+/− mice. Together with studies at the molecular level, we report that plasmin is required for the induction of inflammation after irradiation that leads to radiodermatitis, and we propose that inhibition of plasminogen activation can be a novel treatment strategy to reduce and prevent the occurrence of radiodermatitis in patients.

Skin damage caused by radiation therapy (radiodermatitis) is a severe side effect of radiotherapy in cancer patients, and there is currently a lack of effective strategies to prevent or treat such skin damage. In this work, we show with several lines of evidence that plasminogen, a pro-inflammatory factor, is key for the development of radiodermatitis. After skin irradiation in wild type (plg+/+) mice, the plasminogen level increased in the radiated area, leading to severe skin damage such as ulcer formation. However, plasminogen-deficient (plg−/−) mice and mice lacking plasminogen activators were mostly resistant to radiodermatitis. Moreover, treatment with a plasminogen inhibitor, tranexamic acid, decreased radiodermatitis in plg+/+ mice and prevented radiodermatitis in plg+/− mice. Together with studies at the molecular level, we report that plasmin is required for the induction of inflammation after irradiation that leads to radiodermatitis, and we propose that inhibition of plasminogen activation can be a novel treatment strategy to reduce and prevent the occurrence of radiodermatitis in patients.

Skin damage caused by radiation therapy (radiodermatitis) is a severe side effect of radiotherapy in cancer patients, and there is currently a lack of effective strategies to prevent or treat such skin damage. In this work, we show with several lines of evidence that plasminogen, a pro-inflammatory factor, is key for the development of radiodermatitis. After skin irradiation in wild type (plg+/+) mice, the plasminogen level increased in the radiated area, leading to severe skin damage such as ulcer formation. However, plasminogen-deficient (plg−/−) mice and mice lacking plasminogen activators were mostly resistant to radiodermatitis. Moreover, treatment with a plasminogen inhibitor, tranexamic acid, decreased radiodermatitis in plg+/+ mice and prevented radiodermatitis in plg+/− mice. Together with studies at the molecular level, we report that plasmin is required for the induction of inflammation after irradiation that leads to radiodermatitis, and we propose that inhibition of plasminogen activation can be a novel treatment strategy to reduce and prevent the occurrence of radiodermatitis in patients.

When buying real estate stamp duty is to be paid for the transaction. Instead of buying the real estate unit the transaction can be made using land parceling. This is an approach used to reduce or avoid the stamp duty. The aim of this essay is to look into if three-dimensional land parcelling is used with the intention to avoid stamp duty and what the consequences are. Three-dimensional land parcelling contains a three-dimensional real estate unit, which is defined both vertical and horizontal. In order to investigate the subject around 680 acts involving three dimensional land parcelling has been looked at. Five persons working in the specific field have also been interviewed in order to create a perception. The conclusion is that three-dimensional land parcelling at real estate transactions to reduce the stamp duty does exist, however not to a large extent. The method most used is to parcel out a three-dimensional property and buy it for a relative small purchase price which leads to a relative small stamp duty. After the parcelling out is done a real estate regulation is made where land from the residual property unit is transferred to the new property that was formed at the parceling out. The most obvious consequence of using three-dimensional land parcelling to reduce the stamp duty is that the state loses tax revenue. From the states perspective the loss of money is quite small compared to the whole income from taxes. Therefore using three-dimensional land parceling to avoid stamp duty is not classified as an issue., Vid förvärv av fastighet genom köp ska stämpelskatt betalas. Stämpelskatten är 4,25 % för juridiska personer och 1,5 % för privatpersoner och beräknas på det värde som är högst utav köpeskillingen och taxeringsvärdet året innan lagfarten för förvärvet beviljades. Är fastighetens värde väldigt stort kan stämpelskattekostnaden då bli väldigt hög. För att minska kostnaden för stämpelskatt kan andra förvärvsmetoder användas, till exempel förvärv genom fastighetsbildning. Förvärv genom fastighetsbildning har utretts i tidigare examensarbeten och slutsatsen har då varit att fastighetsbildning i syfte att minska stämpelskatten förekommer. Just nu pågår även en statlig utredning som bland annat ska undersöka hur förekommande det är med fastighetsbildning för att minska stämpelskatten och vad konsekvenserna av detta blir. Något som inte har utretts tidigare är användningen av 3D-fastighetsbildning i syfte att minska stämpelskatten. Därför är syftet med detta examensarbete att undersöka hur förekommande det är med 3D-fastighetsbildning för att minska stämpelskatten och vilka konsekvenser detta medför. För att utföra arbetet gjordes först en litteraturstudie av relevanta områden för att få en bild kring företeelsen skatteförrättningar med 3D-fastighetsbildning. Cirka 680 förrättningsakter har granskats för att hitta eventuella skatteförrättningar och intervjuer har gjorts med fem yrkesverksamma för att få deras bild av ämnet. Av de 680 förrättningsakter som granskats hittade vi sju stycken exempel på skatteförrättningar. Dessa exempel valdes ut efter olika kriterier och egna tolkningar av vad som gjorts av stämpelskatteskäl och det kan därmed finnas några exempel som vi har missat. Vi har gått igenom dessa sju exempel och förklarat tillvägagångssättet samt beräknat hur mycket stämpelskatt som sparats i varje fall. Utöver de sju exempel som vi hittade vid genomgången av förrättningsakterna har vi redogjort för ytterligare ett exempel som en av intervjupersonerna tipsade oss om.

Folliculitis is a common inflammatory skin syndrome. Several microbial organisms have been put forward as causative agents, but few studies visualized microbes directly in inflamed hair follicles. This retrospective study investigated bacterial and fungal colonization of inflamed hair follicles in patients with clinically diagnosed non-infectious folliculitis. Skin biopsies from 39 folliculitis patients and 27 controls were screened by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using broad-range bacterial and fungal probes and by immunofluorescence microscopy using a monoclonal antibody towards Gram-positive bacteria. Specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies towards Staphylococcus spp. and Propionibacterium acnes were applied for further species identification. Inflamed follicles were associated with bacterial colonization in 10 samples (26%) and fungal colonization in three samples (8%). Staphylococcus spp. were observed in inflamed follicles in seven samples (18%). Two samples were positive for P. acnes, which were identified as either type II or type IB/type III. Both Staphylococcus spp. and P. acnes were seen in macrocolonies/biofilm structures. In conclusion, one-third of patients with clinically diagnosed, non-infectious folliculitis exhibited microbial colonization with predominance of Staphylococcus spp.

The early stages of InGaN/GaN quantum wells growth for In reduced conditions have been investigated for varying thickness and composition of the wells. The structures were studied by monochromated STEM–VEELS spectrum imaging at high spatial resolution. It is found that beyond a critical well thickness and composition, quantum dots (>20 nm) are formed inside the well. These are buried by compositionally graded InGaN, which is formed as GaN is grown while residual In is incorporated into the growing structure. It is proposed that these dots may act as carrier localization centers inside the quantum wells., On the day of the defence date the status of this article was Manuscript.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inverse) (HS) is a chronic skin disease primarily affecting hair follicles. The aetiology of HS is unknown, but infection is believed to play some role. This retrospective study investigated the microbial colonization directly in skin appendices in HS skin samples. Archival samples from 27 patients with HS were screened by immunofluorescence labelling with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against Gram-positive bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for further species identification of Staphylococcus spp. Overall, 17 patients (63%) were found positive for bacterial colonization. Of these, 15 showed colonization in hair follicles and/or sinus tracts. The most commonly identified bacteria were DAPI labelled coccoids that were seen in 71% of the positive patients in the form of biofilms and microcolonies. P. acnes was found as biofilms in hair follicles of two patients. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci were not detected in any sample. The results of this study indicate a common bacterial presence in HS skin lesions. Bacterial biofilms are not uncommon and their pathogenic role needs further evaluation.

The early stages of InGaN/GaN quantum wells growth for In reduced conditions have been investigated for varying thickness and composition of the wells. The structures were studied by monochromated STEM–VEELS spectrum imaging at high spatial resolution. It is found that beyond a critical well thickness and composition, quantum dots (>20 nm) are formed inside the well. These are buried by compositionally graded InGaN, which is formed as GaN is grown while residual In is incorporated into the growing structure. It is proposed that these dots may act as carrier localization centers inside the quantum wells., On the day of the defence date the status of this article was Manuscript.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been demonstrated viable for the emission of single photons on demand during the past decade. However, the synthesis of QDs emitting photons with pre-defined and deterministic polarization vectors has proven arduous. The access of linearly-polarized photons is essential for various applications. In this report, a novel concept to directly generate linearly-polarized photons is presented. This concept is based on InGaN QDs grown on top of elongated GaN hexagonal pyramids, by which predefined orientations herald the polarization vectors of the emitted photons from the QDs. This growth scheme should allow fabrication of ultracompact arrays of photon emitters, with a controlled polarization direction for each individual QD emitter.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been demonstrated viable for the emission of single photons on demand during the past decade. However, the synthesis of QDs emitting photons with pre-defined and deterministic polarization vectors has proven arduous. The access of linearly-polarized photons is essential for various applications. In this report, a novel concept to directly generate linearly-polarized photons is presented. This concept is based on InGaN QDs grown on top of elongated GaN hexagonal pyramids, by which predefined orientations herald the polarization vectors of the emitted photons from the QDs. This growth scheme should allow fabrication of ultracompact arrays of photon emitters, with a controlled polarization direction for each individual QD emitter.

The early stages of InGaN/GaN quantum wells growth for In reduced conditions have been investigated for varying thickness and composition of the wells. The structures were studied by monochromated STEM–VEELS spectrum imaging at high spatial resolution. It is found that beyond a critical well thickness and composition, quantum dots (>20 nm) are formed inside the well. These are buried by compositionally graded InGaN, which is formed as GaN is grown while residual In is incorporated into the growing structure. It is proposed that these dots may act as carrier localization centers inside the quantum wells., On the day of the defence date the status of this article was Manuscript.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been demonstrated viable for the emission of single photons on demand during the past decade. However, the synthesis of QDs emitting photons with pre-defined and deterministic polarization vectors has proven arduous. The access of linearly-polarized photons is essential for various applications. In this report, a novel concept to directly generate linearly-polarized photons is presented. This concept is based on InGaN QDs grown on top of elongated GaN hexagonal pyramids, by which predefined orientations herald the polarization vectors of the emitted photons from the QDs. This growth scheme should allow fabrication of ultracompact arrays of photon emitters, with a controlled polarization direction for each individual QD emitter.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been demonstrated viable for the emission of single photons on demand during the past decade. However, the synthesis of QDs emitting photons with pre-defined and deterministic polarization vectors has proven arduous. The access of linearly-polarized photons is essential for various applications. In this report, a novel concept to directly generate linearly-polarized photons is presented. This concept is based on InGaN QDs grown on top of elongated GaN hexagonal pyramids, by which predefined orientations herald the polarization vectors of the emitted photons from the QDs. This growth scheme should allow fabrication of ultracompact arrays of photon emitters, with a controlled polarization direction for each individual QD emitter.

The early stages of InGaN/GaN quantum wells growth for In reduced conditions have been investigated for varying thickness and composition of the wells. The structures were studied by monochromated STEM–VEELS spectrum imaging at high spatial resolution. It is found that beyond a critical well thickness and composition, quantum dots (>20 nm) are formed inside the well. These are buried by compositionally graded InGaN, which is formed as GaN is grown while residual In is incorporated into the growing structure. It is proposed that these dots may act as carrier localization centers inside the quantum wells., On the day of the defence date the status of this article was Manuscript.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been demonstrated viable for the emission of single photons on demand during the past decade. However, the synthesis of QDs emitting photons with pre-defined and deterministic polarization vectors has proven arduous. The access of linearly-polarized photons is essential for various applications. In this report, a novel concept to directly generate linearly-polarized photons is presented. This concept is based on InGaN QDs grown on top of elongated GaN hexagonal pyramids, by which predefined orientations herald the polarization vectors of the emitted photons from the QDs. This growth scheme should allow fabrication of ultracompact arrays of photon emitters, with a controlled polarization direction for each individual QD emitter.

The early stages of InGaN/GaN quantum wells growth for In reduced conditions have been investigated for varying thickness and composition of the wells. The structures were studied by monochromated STEM–VEELS spectrum imaging at high spatial resolution. It is found that beyond a critical well thickness and composition, quantum dots (>20 nm) are formed inside the well. These are buried by compositionally graded InGaN, which is formed as GaN is grown while residual In is incorporated into the growing structure. It is proposed that these dots may act as carrier localization centers inside the quantum wells., On the day of the defence date the status of this article was Manuscript.

The tutor is important for student learning in the PBL group. The students expect the tutor to monitor and steer the group process and to support the learning process, helping students to become aware of their own learning. This study aimed at investigating the PBL tutor's role. Five PBL tutors at the Speech/Language Pathology program were interviewed regarding their view of the tutors' role and what support they need. The analysis of the transcribed interviews focused on finding patterns and variation regarding tutor-activity at different stages in the PBL work and in their views of their progress as tutors. The results indicate that being a tutor is a balancing act and that the tutor need continuous support and input from different sources. Tutors should be encouraged to reflect on their own reactions and interventions and to be explicit and confident in their thoughts about PBL.

Background/purpose: An early diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma is of high importance for good prognosis. An objective, non-invasive instrument could improve the diagnostic accuracy of melanoma and decrease unnecessary biopsies. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of Near infrared and skin impedance spectroscopy in combination as a tool to distinguish between malignant and benign skin tumours. Methods: Near infrared and skin impedance spectra were collected in vivo on 50 naevi or suspect melanomas prior to excision. Received data was analysed with multivariate techniques and the results were compared to histopathology analyses of the tumours. A total of 12 cutaneous malignant melanomas, 19 dysplastic naevi and 19 benign naevi were included in the study. Results: The observed sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method were 83% and 95%, respectively, for malignant melanoma. Conclusions: The results indicate that the combination of near infrared and skin impedance spectroscopy is a promising tool for non-invasive diagnosis of suspect cutaneous malignant melanomas.

Hexagonal GaN pyramids have been fabricated by hot-wall metal organic chemical vapor deposition (hot-wall MOCVD) and the growth evolution have been studied. It was concluded that the pyramid growth can be divided into two regimes separated by the adsorption kinetics of the {1101} surfaces of the pyramids. In the adsorption regime, the pyramids grow simultaneously in the <1101> and [0001] -directions. In the zero-adsorption regime the pyramids grow only in the [0001] direction. Thus the pyramid growth ceases when the (0001) facet growth has been terminated. Large arrays consisting of highly uniform pyramids with apex radii of 3 nm or less were achieved in the zeroadsorption regime. The growth-regime type was concluded to have a large impact on the uniformity degradation of the pyramids, and their optical properties. The impacts of threading dislocations which enter the pyramid from underneath are also discussed.

The emission of a charged exciton in an InGaN quantum dot (QD) on top of a GaN pyramid is identified experimentally. The intensity of the charged exciton exhibits the expected competition with that of the single exciton, as observed in temperature-dependent micro-photoluminescence measurements, performed with different excitation energies. The non-zero charge state of this complex is further supported by time resolved micro-photoluminescence measurements, which excludes neutral alternatives of biexciton. The potential fluctuations in the vicinity of the QD that localizes the charge carriers are proposed to be responsible for the unequal supply of electrons and holes into the QD., Funding Agencies|NANO-N consortium||Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)

Hexagonal GaN pyramids have been fabricated by hot-wall metal organic chemical vapor deposition (hot-wall MOCVD) and the growth evolution have been studied. It was concluded that the pyramid growth can be divided into two regimes separated by the adsorption kinetics of the {1101} surfaces of the pyramids. In the adsorption regime, the pyramids grow simultaneously in the <1101> and [0001] -directions. In the zero-adsorption regime the pyramids grow only in the [0001] direction. Thus the pyramid growth ceases when the (0001) facet growth has been terminated. Large arrays consisting of highly uniform pyramids with apex radii of 3 nm or less were achieved in the zeroadsorption regime. The growth-regime type was concluded to have a large impact on the uniformity degradation of the pyramids, and their optical properties. The impacts of threading dislocations which enter the pyramid from underneath are also discussed.

The emission of a charged exciton in an InGaN quantum dot (QD) on top of a GaN pyramid is identified experimentally. The intensity of the charged exciton exhibits the expected competition with that of the single exciton, as observed in temperature-dependent micro-photoluminescence measurements, performed with different excitation energies. The non-zero charge state of this complex is further supported by time resolved micro-photoluminescence measurements, which excludes neutral alternatives of biexciton. The potential fluctuations in the vicinity of the QD that localizes the charge carriers are proposed to be responsible for the unequal supply of electrons and holes into the QD., Funding Agencies|NANO-N consortium||Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)

Hälsofrämjande arbete på arbetsplatsen är av stor betydelse för att uppnå god hälsa i befolkningen. Det för arbetstagaren skattefria friskvårdsbidraget som många arbetsgivare erbjuder bidrar till att främja hälsan i företag och organisationer. Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på hur anställda på en arbetsplats förhåller sig till friskvårdsbidraget och vilka orsakerna är till att det utnyttjas eller inte utnyttjas. Ett andra syfte var att beskriva de anställdas motionsvanor och inställning till hälsa. Designen var en tvärsnittsstudie och ansatsen var en kvantitativ, deskriptiv undersökning. Studiepopulationen var arbetstagare på en arbetsplats vilka erbjöds ett friskvårdsbidrag. Urvalet var 134 anställda på företaget Anticimex Region Norr. Datainsamling skedde via webbaserad enkät. Svarsfrekvensen var 38 %. 45 % av respondenterna utnyttjade friskvårdsbidraget. Okunskap, otillfredsställande aktiviteter, för lågt bidragsbelopp samt komplicerade regler för användning av bidraget angavs som orsaker till icke-utnyttjande. Träningsfrekvensen skiljde sig mellan de som utnyttjade och de som inte utnyttjade bidraget men alla respondenter uppgav att hälsa var betydelsefullt för dem. Det finns flera möjligheter till förbättring för de arbetsgivare som strävar efter att friskvårdsbidraget utnyttjas av fler medarbetare och önskar skapa ett bättre arbetsklimat på arbetsplatsen. Informationsspridning bör ske via fler kanaler och hälsofrämjande aktiviteter bör erbjudas på arbetsplatsen., In order to promote health in the population, the health promotion offered through the workplace is essential. The health care allowance which is offered by many employers contributes to the health promotion within businesses and organizations. The purpose of the survey was to find out how employees in a workplace relate to the health care allowance and what the underlying reasons are for its use or non-use. A second objective was to describe the employees' fitness habits and attitude towards health. The design was a cross-sectional study and the approach was a quantitative, descriptive study. The study population was employees in workplaces where a health care allowance was offered. The sample was 134 employees at the company Anticimex Region Norr. Data collection was done through a web-based questionnaire. The response rate was 38 %. 45 % of the respondents used the health care allowance. Stated reasons for the non-use of the allowance were; ignorance, unsatisfactory activities, too small amount of the allowance and complexity of the rules. Training frequency differed between those who used and those who did not use the allowance but all respondents stated that health was important to them. For employers who seek to extend the use of the health care allowance among their employees and aim to create better working environment there are several opportunities for improvement. More channels for the distribution of information could be one alternative and health promotion activities ought to be offered in the workplace.

Hälsofrämjande arbete på arbetsplatsen är av stor betydelse för att uppnå god hälsa i befolkningen. Det för arbetstagaren skattefria friskvårdsbidraget som många arbetsgivare erbjuder bidrar till att främja hälsan i företag och organisationer. Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på hur anställda på en arbetsplats förhåller sig till friskvårdsbidraget och vilka orsakerna är till att det utnyttjas eller inte utnyttjas. Ett andra syfte var att beskriva de anställdas motionsvanor och inställning till hälsa. Designen var en tvärsnittsstudie och ansatsen var en kvantitativ, deskriptiv undersökning. Studiepopulationen var arbetstagare på en arbetsplats vilka erbjöds ett friskvårdsbidrag. Urvalet var 134 anställda på företaget Anticimex Region Norr. Datainsamling skedde via webbaserad enkät. Svarsfrekvensen var 38 %. 45 % av respondenterna utnyttjade friskvårdsbidraget. Okunskap, otillfredsställande aktiviteter, för lågt bidragsbelopp samt komplicerade regler för användning av bidraget angavs som orsaker till icke-utnyttjande. Träningsfrekvensen skiljde sig mellan de som utnyttjade och de som inte utnyttjade bidraget men alla respondenter uppgav att hälsa var betydelsefullt för dem. Det finns flera möjligheter till förbättring för de arbetsgivare som strävar efter att friskvårdsbidraget utnyttjas av fler medarbetare och önskar skapa ett bättre arbetsklimat på arbetsplatsen. Informationsspridning bör ske via fler kanaler och hälsofrämjande aktiviteter bör erbjudas på arbetsplatsen., In order to promote health in the population, the health promotion offered through the workplace is essential. The health care allowance which is offered by many employers contributes to the health promotion within businesses and organizations. The purpose of the survey was to find out how employees in a workplace relate to the health care allowance and what the underlying reasons are for its use or non-use. A second objective was to describe the employees' fitness habits and attitude towards health. The design was a cross-sectional study and the approach was a quantitative, descriptive study. The study population was employees in workplaces where a health care allowance was offered. The sample was 134 employees at the company Anticimex Region Norr. Data collection was done through a web-based questionnaire. The response rate was 38 %. 45 % of the respondents used the health care allowance. Stated reasons for the non-use of the allowance were; ignorance, unsatisfactory activities, too small amount of the allowance and complexity of the rules. Training frequency differed between those who used and those who did not use the allowance but all respondents stated that health was important to them. For employers who seek to extend the use of the health care allowance among their employees and aim to create better working environment there are several opportunities for improvement. More channels for the distribution of information could be one alternative and health promotion activities ought to be offered in the workplace.

Hexagonal GaN pyramids have been fabricated by hot-wall metal organic chemical vapor deposition (hot-wall MOCVD) and the growth evolution have been studied. It was concluded that the pyramid growth can be divided into two regimes separated by the adsorption kinetics of the {1101} surfaces of the pyramids. In the adsorption regime, the pyramids grow simultaneously in the <1101> and [0001] -directions. In the zero-adsorption regime the pyramids grow only in the [0001] direction. Thus the pyramid growth ceases when the (0001) facet growth has been terminated. Large arrays consisting of highly uniform pyramids with apex radii of 3 nm or less were achieved in the zeroadsorption regime. The growth-regime type was concluded to have a large impact on the uniformity degradation of the pyramids, and their optical properties. The impacts of threading dislocations which enter the pyramid from underneath are also discussed.

The emission of a charged exciton in an InGaN quantum dot (QD) on top of a GaN pyramid is identified experimentally. The intensity of the charged exciton exhibits the expected competition with that of the single exciton, as observed in temperature-dependent micro-photoluminescence measurements, performed with different excitation energies. The non-zero charge state of this complex is further supported by time resolved micro-photoluminescence measurements, which excludes neutral alternatives of biexciton. The potential fluctuations in the vicinity of the QD that localizes the charge carriers are proposed to be responsible for the unequal supply of electrons and holes into the QD., Funding Agencies|NANO-N consortium||Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)

Hexagonal GaN pyramids have been fabricated by hot-wall metal organic chemical vapor deposition (hot-wall MOCVD) and the growth evolution have been studied. It was concluded that the pyramid growth can be divided into two regimes separated by the adsorption kinetics of the {1101} surfaces of the pyramids. In the adsorption regime, the pyramids grow simultaneously in the <1101> and [0001] -directions. In the zero-adsorption regime the pyramids grow only in the [0001] direction. Thus the pyramid growth ceases when the (0001) facet growth has been terminated. Large arrays consisting of highly uniform pyramids with apex radii of 3 nm or less were achieved in the zeroadsorption regime. The growth-regime type was concluded to have a large impact on the uniformity degradation of the pyramids, and their optical properties. The impacts of threading dislocations which enter the pyramid from underneath are also discussed.

The emission of a charged exciton in an InGaN quantum dot (QD) on top of a GaN pyramid is identified experimentally. The intensity of the charged exciton exhibits the expected competition with that of the single exciton, as observed in temperature-dependent micro-photoluminescence measurements, performed with different excitation energies. The non-zero charge state of this complex is further supported by time resolved micro-photoluminescence measurements, which excludes neutral alternatives of biexciton. The potential fluctuations in the vicinity of the QD that localizes the charge carriers are proposed to be responsible for the unequal supply of electrons and holes into the QD., Funding Agencies|NANO-N consortium||Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)

InGaN quantum dots (QDs) formed on top of GaN pyramids have been fabricated by means of selective area growth employing hot wall MOCVD. Upon regrowth of a patterned substrate, the growth will solely occur in the holes, which evolve into epitaxially grown wurtzite based pyramids. These pyramids are subsequently overgrown by a thin optically active InGaN well. The QDs are preferably nucleating at the apices of the pyramids as evidenced by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The emission from these QDs have been monitored by means of microphotoluminescence (µPL), in which single emission lines have been detected with a sub-meV line width. The µPL measurements undoubtedly reveal that the QDs are located in the apexes of the pyramids, since the sharp emission peaks can only be monitored as the excitation laser is focused on the apices in the µPL. It is also demonstrated that the emission energy can be changed in a controlled way by altering the growth conditions, like the growth temperature and/or composition, for the InGaN layers. The tip of the GaN pyramid is on the nm scale and can be made sharp or slightly truncated. TEM analysis combined with µPL results strongly indicate that the Stranski-Krastanow growth modepreferably is taking place at the microscopic c-plane truncation of the GaN pyramid. Single emission lines with a high degree of polarization is a common feature observed for individual QDs. This emission remains unchanged with increasing the excitation power and sample temperature. An in-plane elongated QD forming a shallow potential with an equal number of electrons and holes is proposed to explain the observed characteristics of merely a single exciton emission with a high degree of polarization.

Hexagonal GaN pyramids have been fabricated by hot-wall metal organic chemical vapor deposition (hot-wall MOCVD) and the growth evolution have been studied. It was concluded that the pyramid growth can be divided into two regimes separated by the adsorption kinetics of the {1101} surfaces of the pyramids. In the adsorption regime, the pyramids grow simultaneously in the <1101> and [0001] -directions. In the zero-adsorption regime the pyramids grow only in the [0001] direction. Thus the pyramid growth ceases when the (0001) facet growth has been terminated. Large arrays consisting of highly uniform pyramids with apex radii of 3 nm or less were achieved in the zeroadsorption regime. The growth-regime type was concluded to have a large impact on the uniformity degradation of the pyramids, and their optical properties. The impacts of threading dislocations which enter the pyramid from underneath are also discussed.

The emission of a charged exciton in an InGaN quantum dot (QD) on top of a GaN pyramid is identified experimentally. The intensity of the charged exciton exhibits the expected competition with that of the single exciton, as observed in temperature-dependent micro-photoluminescence measurements, performed with different excitation energies. The non-zero charge state of this complex is further supported by time resolved micro-photoluminescence measurements, which excludes neutral alternatives of biexciton. The potential fluctuations in the vicinity of the QD that localizes the charge carriers are proposed to be responsible for the unequal supply of electrons and holes into the QD., Funding Agencies|NANO-N consortium||Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)

Gallium-nitride (GaN) and its related alloys are direct band gap semiconductors, with a wide variety of applications. The white light emitting diode (LED) is of particular importance as it is expected to replace energy inefficient light bulb and hazardous incandescent lamps used today. However, today’s planar hetero epitaxial grown LEDs structures contain an unavoidable number of dislocations, which serves as non-radiative recombination centers. The dislocations harm the luminous efficiency of the LEDs and generate additional heat. Pseudomorphically grown quantum dots (QDs) are expected to be dislocation free thus the injected carriers captured by the QDs essentially recombine radiatively since the dislocations remain outside the QD. Furthermore the continuous character of the density of states in bulk materials is redistributed when the size of the dot is reduced within the Bohr radius of the material. Fully discret energy levels are eventually reached, which offers additional control of the optical properties. The Coulomb interaction between the confined carriers also has influence on the emission energy of the recombining carriers, which opens up the possibility of manufacturing novel light sources such as the single photon emitter. Single photon emitters are essential building blocks for quantum cryptography and teleportation applications. The main contribution of the present work is the investigation of growth and characterization of sitecontrolled indium-gallium-nitride QDs embedded in GaN matrixes. The goal has been to demonstrate the ability to grow site-controlled InGaN QDs at the apex of hexagonal GaN pyramids in a controlled way using hot-wall metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Strong emphasis was set on the controlled growth of InGaN QDs. For example the growth of a single InGaN QD located at the apex of hexagonal GaN pyramids with tunable emission energy, the QD emission energy impact on the mask design, and a novel approach for the growt

Morphological variations of gallium polar (0001) oriented hexagonal GaN pyramids grown by hotwall metal organic chemical vapor deposition under various growth conditions are investigated. The stability of the semi-polar {1102} and non-polar {1100} facets are particularly discussed. The presence of the {1102} facets near the apex of the pyramid was found to be controllable by tuning the absolute flow rate of ammonia during the growth. Vertical non-polar {1100} facets appeared ingallium rich-conditions which automatically were created when the growth time was prolonged beyond pyramid completion. The result was attributed to a gallium passivation of the {1100} surface.

Rosacea is a common skin disease in adults affecting mainly the facial skin. Although inflammation appears to play a pathogenic role in rosacea, initiating factors are largely unknown. Microbial involvement in the development of rosacea has been suggested previously. We aimed to visualize Propionibacterium acnes in the skin compartments of rosacea patients. Facial skin biopsies from 82 rosacea patients and 25 controls were stained with a P. acnes-specific monoclonal antibody (QUBPa3). Seven of 82 patients (8.5%) tested positive for P. acnes which was present either as a biofilm (57% of positive) or a microcolony (43%) in colonized patients. Our results suggest that P. acnes does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.

Summary Background Acne vulgaris is a disorder of the sebaceous follicles. Propionibacterium acnes can be involved in inflammatory acne. Objectives This case-control study aimed at investigating the occurrence and localization of P. acnes in facial biopsies in acne and to characterize the P. acnes phylotype in skin compartments. Methods Specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were applied to skin biopsies of 38 patients with acne and matching controls to localize and characterize P. acnes and to determine expression of co-haemolysin CAMP factor, a putative virulence determinant. Results Follicular P. acnes was demonstrated in 18 (47%) samples from patients with acne and eight (21%) control samples [odds ratio (OR) 3·37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·23-9·23; P = 0·017]. In 14 (37%) samples from patients with acne, P. acnes was visualized in large macrocolonies/biofilms in sebaceous follicles compared with only five (13%) control samples (OR 3·85, 95% CI 1·22-12·14; P = 0·021). Macrocolonies/biofilms consisting of mixed P. acnes phylotypes expressing CAMP1 were detected in both case and control samples. Only four samples tested positive for the presence of Staphylococcus spp. and fungi were not observed. Conclusions We have for the first time visualized different P. acnes phylotypes in macrocolonies/biofilms in sebaceous follicles of skin biopsies. Our results support the hypothesis that P. acnes can play a role in the pathogenesis of acne as acne samples showed a higher prevalence of follicular P. acnes colonization, both in terms of follicles containing P. acnes and the greater numbers of bacteria in macrocolonies/biofilms than in control samples.