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1. The role of finely divided retained austenite on the mechanical properties of QP and ART processed novel 0.3C ultrahigh strength steels

Author: Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Kantanen, P. (Pekka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), and Kantanen, P. (Pekka)
Abstract: Both 0.3C (high) Si-Al and 0.3C medium-Mn steels are considered ideal recipes for developing the third-generation advanced high strength steels using the innovative quenching and partitioning (QP) and austenite reversion transformation (ART) treatments, respectively. This study reports the effects of QP and ART processing on the evolved microstructural characteristics, focusing on phase transformation behavior and resultant mechanical properties, augmented by the presence of finely divided retained austenite (RA). While QP processing trials were carried out with (high) Si-Al steels, both QP and ART treatments were utilized to optimize the processing of medium-Mn steels to achieve high strength-ductility combinations. The processes were later scaled up for laboratory rolling simulations, involving thermomechanical rolling followed by direct quenching and partitioning (TMR-DQP) in the case of (high) Si-Al steels, and TMR-QP and TMR-ART treatments for medium-Mn steels. The prime objective was to gain in-depth knowledge about the effects of processing on evolved microstructures, operating structural mechanisms and corresponding mechanical properties. Physical simulation experiments were conducted on a Gleeble simulator, followed by scaling up of the experiments on a laboratory rolling mill. Detailed microstructural characterization, including the differences in fractions, morphology, C-content, and stability of RA were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), besides using various materials characterization and electron microscopy techniques. Mechanical properties were evaluated in respect of hardness, tensile and impact toughness properties, and structure-property correlations established. The result showed that fine division of RA between martensitic laths, besides the refinement of martensitic packets and laths, notably improved the low-temperature impact toughness. Various combinations of high tensile strengths with good, Tiivistelmä 0.3C (korkea) pii- ja alumiiniseostetut sekä 0.3C keskimangaaniteräkset ovat houkuttelevia kandidaatteja uudeksi kolmannen sukupolven autoteollisuuden muovattavaksi suurlujuusteräkseksi. Tässä väitöskirjassa on tutkittu näiden teräksien mikrorakenteiden ominaisuuksia, austeniitti-martensiitti- ja martensiiti-austeniittifaasimuutosilmiöitä sekä näiden vaikutusta mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin. Keskeytettyä sammutusta yhdistettynä matalan lämpötilan hehkutus (QP) prosessiin sekä austeniitin reversiomuutos (ART) -prosessiin on käytetty hyvien lujuus-sitkeysominaisuuksien saavuttamiseksi. Tavoite oli lisätä tietoa siitä, kuinka mikrorakenteen eri piirteet vaikuttavat termomekaanisesti valssatun suorasammutetun QP (TMR-DQP) ja termomekaanisesti valssatun ART (TMR-ART) teräksen ominaisuuksiin. Termomekaanista Gleeble-simulaattoria ja laboratoriokuumavalssainta on käytetty mikrorakenteen ominaisuuksien ja jäännösausteniitin hajaantumisen tutkimisessa. Lisäksi käytettiin erilaisia elektronimikroskooppeja ja analysaattoreita. Mekaanisten ominaisuuksien määrittämiseen käytettiin kovuusmittareita, veto- ja iskusitkeyskokeita. Tulokset osoittivat, että iskusitkeyteen vaikuttaa jäännösauteniitin määrän lisäksi myös rakenteen sälekoko. QP- ja ART-käsittelyillä voidaan saavuttaa erilaisia suuria vetolujuus-/venymäyhdistelmiä riippuen jäännösausteniitin määrästä, koosta, muodosta, jakaantumasta ja jäännösausteniitin hiilipitoisuudesta sekä martensiitin ja mahdollisen bainiitin morfologiasta. On haasteellista ottaa DQP-käsittely käytäntöön, koska keskeytetyn sammutuksen lämpötila vaikuttaa teräksen ominaisuuksiin ja sen hallinta tarkasti teollisessa mittakaavassa on haasteellista. ART-käsittelyssä haasteena on kapean prosessi-ikkunan (lämpötila ja hehkutusaika) hallinta ART-hehkutuslämpötiloissa.
Published: 2023

2. Non-metallic inclusions in steels and their effect on the toughness and ductility:ultra-high-strength steels and high strength offshore steels

Author: Kömi, J. (Jukka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Tervo, H. (Henri), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), and Tervo, H. (Henri)
Abstract: Non-metallic inclusions and their effects on the toughness and ductility of ultra-high-strength steels (UHSS) and high strength offshore steels have been investigated in this study. In the case of UHSS, the scope covered the martensitic base material, while in the case of offshore steels, the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), consisting primarily of various types of bainite, caused by the thermal cycles during the welding were mainly studied. The focus was on the degrading effect of inclusions on the toughness and ductility, but the beneficial effects of certain inclusion types through inducing the acicular ferrite (AF) formation in the CGHAZ of offshore steels were also considered. In UHSS, it was found that small differences in impurity levels (IL), i.e. sum of S, N and O contents, had a significant impact on the inclusions. The number density of coarse inclusions increased with increasing IL from 0.7 mm-2 to 1.2 mm-2. In the steel with a lower IL, the coarse inclusions were mainly calcium aluminates with a calcium sulphide cell around them, while in the steel with a higher IL, a majority of the coarse inclusions consisted of titanium nitrides (TiN) and elongated manganese sulphides (MnS). The MnSs were found to deteriorate the transverse ductility relative to the rolling direction, while it was suggested that TiNs impaired the impact toughness at –40 °C. In the offshore steels, CGHAZs were simulated using various cooling rates in order to produce different microstructures and to be able to compare the combined effect of inclusions and microstructures on toughness properties. Low heat-input welding and a lack of coarse TiNs were found to be important for excellent toughness in the CGHAZ of 500 MPa offshore steels. For high heat-input welding, it might be necessary to lower the carbon content of the steel in order to achieve good toughness in the CGHAZ. Increasing prior austenite grain size, decreasing cooling rate, and the presence of small, Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa on tutkittu epämetallisia sulkeumia ja niiden vaikutusta ultralujien terästen sekä lujien offshore-terästen sitkeysominaisuuksiin. Ultralujien terästen osalta tarkasteltavana oli perusaineen sitkeys, kun taas offshore-terästen osalta keskityttiin hitsauksesta johtuvan karkearakeisen lämpömuutosvyöhykkeen (CGHAZ) sitkeyteen. Pääpaino oli sulkeumien haitallisessa vaikutuksessa sitkeyden kannalta, mutta lisäksi käsiteltiin myös asikulaarisen ferriitin (AF) muodostumista ja sen mahdollisesti sitkeyttä parantavaa vaikutusta offshore-terästen CGHAZ:ssa tietyn tyyppisten sulkeumien avulla. Ultralujissa teräksissä pienen eron epäpuhtauspitoisuuksissa havaittiin vaikuttavan merkittävästi sulkeumarakenteeseen. Isojen sulkeumien määrä nousi epäpuhtauspitoisuuden noustessa. Pienemmällä epäpuhtauspitoisuudella isot sulkeumat olivat enimmäkseen pyöreitä kalsiumaluminaatteja, kun taas suuremmalla epäpuhtauspitoisuudella isot sulkeumat olivat titaaninitridejä (TiN) sekä valssauksessa venyneitä mangaanisulfideja (MnS). MnS:n todettiin heikentävän teräksen sitkeyttä valssaussuuntaan nähden poikittaisessa suunnassa, kun taas TiN:n havaittiin heikentävän iskusitkeyttä –40 °C:ssa. Offshore-terästen CGHAZ:t simuloitiin käyttäen useita jäähtymisnopeuksia. Näin saatiin tuotettua erilaisia mikrorakenteita, jolloin voitiin vertailla mikrorakenteen ja sulkeumien yhteisvaikutusta sitkeysominaisuuksiin. 500 MPa offshore-teräksissä matalan lämmöntuonnin hitsausmenetelmillä voidaan saavuttaa erinomainen CGHAZ:n isku- ja murtumissitkeys, kun teräksessä ei ole isoja titaaninitridejä. Käytettäessä korkean lämmöntuonnin hitsausmenetelmiä riittävän hyvän sitkeyden saavuttamiseen vaadittaneen teräksen hiilipitoisuuden laskemista. Riittävän karkean perinnäisen austeniitin raekoon sekä pienien MnO-TiOx(+MnS) sulkeumien havaittiin edesauttavan AF:n muodostumista 420 MPa offshore-terästen CGHAZ:ssa. Lisäksi AF:n osuus mikrorakenteessa kasvoi jäähtymisnopeuden laskiess
Published: 2023

3. Nanostructured bainite transformation characteristics in medium-carbon steel subjected to ausforming and isothermal holding below martensite start temperature

Author: Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: The influence of martensite on the transformation rate of bainite as well as enhancement of various properties is well established, yet the combined influence of both the primary martensite and low temperature ausforming below the martensite start temperature (MS) on the characteristics of microstructural evolution comprising ultrafine/nanostructured bainite, martensite and retained austenite (RA) in medium C steels has not been unambiguously clarified. A series of physical simulation experiments involving isothermal holding at various temperatures below and above the MS was conducted with or without prior ausforming (∼0.5 strain, 0.5 s⁻¹ strain rate) in order to assess the influence of ausforming on subsequent transformation behaviour. The results suggest that when ausforming was applied above MS, it not only accelerated the bainite transformation kinetics, but also initiated strain-induced bainite/martensite formation. At temperatures below MS, prior ausforming did hinder the onset of bainite transformation, but the transformation rates were faster suggesting the strain-induced acceleration in kinetics. Due to a remarkable refinement of the bainitic structure achieved by prior ausforming in samples held below MS, the Vickers hardness improved appreciably unlike in the case of samples held above MS. Ausforming promoted significant refinement and uniformity of the bainitic plates, and also the orientations of the plates became more randomized. The dislocation density of RA decreased with the reduced content of secondary (fresh) martensite that formed during final cooling to room temperature.
Published: 2023

4. Characteristics of ultrafine/nanostructured bainite formation in low-temperature ausformed medium-carbon steels

Author: Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), and Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti)
Abstract: Nanostructured bainite is recognized as a novel structure engineered through innovative processing thus enabling tensile strength as high as 2000 MPa in medium carbon steels. Low martensite start (MS) temperature of a typical high-carbon steel enables bainitic transformation at relatively lower temperatures, thus facilitating the formation of fine bainite platelets at the nanometre level. In this study, the target was to understand the physical metallurgy principles governing the operating structural mechanisms leading to the desired ultrafine/nanostructured bainitic microstructures and mechanical properties in medium carbon steels. The results suggest that ausforming applied above MS not only accelerated the bainite transformation kinetics but also initiated a strain-induced transformation of austenite into bainite/martensite. Ausforming below MS, however, hindered the onset of bainite transformation but subsequent transformation rates were faster, suggesting strain-induced acceleration of transformation kinetics. The influence of strain-induced phase transformation on flow stress was obvious at slow strain rates 0.01–0.5 s-1, particularly at temperatures below 400 °C. Ausforming led to significant refinement and uniformity of the bainitic plates with a concomitant increase in Vickers hardness. Low-temperature ausforming and subsequent isothermal holding and cooling schedules resulted in the decomposition of austenite into bainite of different morphologies. This was alongside the formation of small fractions of high-carbon martensite during cooling, together with the retention of desired fractions of finely divided, carbon-enriched austenite of various morphologies. A novel, multiphase bainite-martensite-austenite microstructure, achieved via low-temperature ausforming and subsequent air-cooling, was beneficial in terms of mechanical properties. The bainitic plates could be refined as fine as 20–50 nm, though with the presence of coalesced plates as wide a, Tiivistelmä Nanobainiitti tunnetaan matalan lämpötilan isotermisen pidon tuloksena saatavana uudenlaisena mikrorakenteena, joka mahdollistaa jopa 2000 MPa murtolujuuden keskihiilisissä teräksissä. Korkea hiilipitoisuus laskee martensiitin muodostumislämpötilaa, mikä mahdollistaa matalan bainiitin muodostumislämpötilan (MS), joka puolestaan johtaa hienojen, jopa nanometriluokan bainiittisäleiden muodostumiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ymmärtää fysikaalisen metallurgian mekanismeja, jotka johtavat toivottuun nanobainiittiseen mikrorakenteeseen ja mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin. Tulokset osoittavat, että vaikka teräksen ausforming-käsittely MS-lämpötilan alapuolella viivästytti bainiitin muodostumisen alkamista, se kuitenkin kiihdytti bainiitin muodostumisnopeutta, ja sai myös aikaan venymän aiheuttaman faasimuutoksen austeniitista bainiitiksi tai martensiitiksi. Venymän aiheuttama faasimuutos voitiin nähdä muodonmuutoslujuuden huomattavana nousuna erityisesti hitailla muokkausnopeuksilla 0.01–0.5 s-1 matalissa, alle 400 °C lämpötiloissa. Ausformingin nähtiin pienentävän ja yhdenmukaistavan bainiittisäleitä, sekä nostavan terästen Vickers-kovuutta. Matalan lämpötilan ausforming, senjälkeinen isoterminen pito ja jäähdytys huoneenlämpötilaan saivat austeniitin hajaantumaan erimuotoisiin bainiitteihin ja martensiittiin, joskin pieni osa austeniitista säilyi rakenteessa jäännösausteniittina. Uudenlainen, matalan lämpötilan ausformingilla ja sopivilla pidolla ja jäähdytyksellä saavutettu bainiitti-martensiitti-austeniitti-rakenne oli mekaanisten ominaisuuksiensa puolesta edullinen mikrorakenne, jossa hienoimmat bainiittisäleet olivat jopa vain 20–50 nanometrin levyisiä. Karkeimmat, yhteenkasvaneet säleet olivat kuitenkin jopa 2000 nanometrin levyisiä. Tämä tutkimus antaa suuntaa erinomaiset mekaaniset ominaisuudet mahdollistavien nanobainiittisten keskihiilisten terästen kehittämiselle innovatiivisten prosessointiratkaisujen kautta.
Published: 2023

5. Heterogeneous multiphase microstructure formation through partial recrystallization of a warm-deformed medium Mn steel during high-temperature partitioning

Author: Sadeghpour, S. (Saeed), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Karjalainen, P. (Pentti), Sadeghpour, S. (Saeed), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), and Karjalainen, P. (Pentti)
Abstract: A novel processing route is proposed to create a heterogeneous, multiphase structure in a medium Mn steel by incorporating partial quenching above the ambient, warm deformation, and partial recrystallization at high partitioning temperatures. The processing schedule was implemented in a Gleeble thermomechanical simulator and microstructures were examined by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The hardness of the structures was measured as the preliminary mechanical property. Quenching of the reaustenitized sample to 120 °C provided a microstructure consisting of 73% martensite and balance (27%) untransformed austenite. Subsequent warm deformation at 500 °C enabled partially recrystallized ferrite and retained austenite during subsequent partitioning at 650 °C. The final microstructure consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of several phases and morphologies including lath-tempered martensite, partially recrystallized ferrite, lath and equiaxed austenite, and carbides. The volume fraction of retained austenite was 29% with a grain size of 200–300 nm and an estimated average stacking fault energy of 45 mJ/m2. The study indicates that desired novel microstructures can be imparted in these steels through suitable process design, whereby various hardening mechanisms, such as transformation-induced plasticity, bimodal grain size, phase boundary, strain partitioning, and precipitation hardening can be activated, resulting presumably in enhanced mechanical properties.
Published: 2022

6. Micro-mechanism associated with very high cycle fatigue crack initiation of advanced DQ&P processed steel

Author: Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Schönbauer, B. M. (Bernd M.), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Mayer, H. (Herwig), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Schönbauer, B. M. (Bernd M.), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Mayer, H. (Herwig), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: In the present study, very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) characteristics and properties of a direct quenched and partitioned (DQ&P) medium carbon (0.4 wt.% C) steel having ultrahigh-strength (UTS > 2 GPa) was investigated using an ultrasonic-fatigue testing technique (∼19 kHz frequency) up to ∼10¹⁰ cycles at the load ratio (R) of −1 (fully reversed tension-compression). The occurrence of crack initiation in the VHCF regime was observed at interior non-metallic inclusions. The microstructural changes following VHCF failure underneath the fracture surfaces near the crack initiation sites were further investigated through transmission electron microscopy. Formation of a clear nanograined subsurface layer adjacent to the crack initiating site at the interior inclusion was noticeably evident. The variation of average grain size (60 − 140 nm) and thickness (300 − 1200 nm) of nanograined layers at different number of cycles to failure were measured in detail. Apparently, localized plastic deformation caused the fragmentation of martensitic laths and hence, the formation of aforesaid ultrafine-grained layers in the microstructures.
Published: 2022

7. Simulation of the solidification and microstructural evolution in steel casting processes using the InterDendritic Solidification tool

Author: Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Visuri, V.-V. (Ville-Valtteri), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Louhenkilpi, S. (Seppo), Fabritius, T. (Timo), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Visuri, V.-V. (Ville-Valtteri), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Louhenkilpi, S. (Seppo), Fabritius, T. (Timo), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: InterDendritic Solidification (IDS) is a thermodynamic–kinetic software combined with a microstructure tool developed to simulate the nonequilibrium solidification (non-EQS) of steels. Herein, its main calculation module, solidification (SOL), is introduced, and some essential results of that module, such as the formation of ferrite and austenite in different types of steels during their solidification, and the formation and dissolution of precipitates during subsequent cooling and heating processes, respectively, following solidification, are presented. The non-EQS is compared with equilibrium and poor-kinetics solidification to demonstrate the effect of kinetics on the results using finite solute diffusion and microstructure data. The poor-kinetics solidification is comparable with the modified Scheil simulation ignoring the solid-state diffusion of slowly moving metallic elements. A particular emphasis is made on demonstrating how to use a postprocessing treatment to control the residual ferrite amounts in stainless steels and the extent of precipitation in particular steel. In this context, the phenomena occurring behind the results are discussed. Finally, to validate the simulations of the SOL module, its calculations are compared with numerous solidification measurements, such as the liquidus and solidus temperatures of different steels and the residual ferrite amounts in stainless steels.
Published: 2022

8. Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands

Author: Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.), Ebeling, A. (Anne), Strauss, A. T. (Alex T.), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Biederman, L. A. (Lori A.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Graff, P. (Pamela), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Mitchell, C. E. (Charles E.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Pascual, J. (Jesus), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Prober, S. M. (Suzanne M.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Schielzeth, H. (Holger), Schütz, M. (Martin), Speziale, K. L. (Karina L.), Tedder, M. (Michelle), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Blumenthal, D. M. (Dana M.)
Abstract: 1.Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability can modify these relationships. 2.Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus. 3.Invertebrate damage significantly increased with nitrogen addition, especially in grasses and non-leguminous forbs. Pathogen damage increased with nitrogen in grasses and legumes but not forbs. Effects of phosphorus were generally weaker. Damage was higher in grasslands with more precipitation, but climatic conditions did not change effects of nutrients on leaf damage. On average, invertebrate damage was relatively higher on legumes and pathogen damage was relatively higher on grasses. Community-weighted mean damage reflected these functional group patterns, with no effects of N on community-weighted pathogen damage (due to opposing responses of grasses and forbs) but stronger effects of N on community-weighted invertebrate damage (due to consistent responses of grasses and forbs). 4.Synthesis: As human-induced inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus continue to increase, understanding their impacts on invertebrate and pathogen damage becomes increasingly important. Our results demonstrate that eutrophication frequently increases plant damage and that damage increases with precipitation across a wide array of grasslands. Invertebrate and pathogen damage in grasslands is likely to increase in the future, with potential consequences for plant, invertebrate and pathogen communities, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients across trophic levels.
Published: 2022

9. Design of tough, ductile direct quenched and partitioned advanced high-strength steel with tailored silicon content

Author: Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Miettunen, I. (Ilkka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Miettunen, I. (Ilkka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), and Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari)
Abstract: The novel processing concept of direct quenching and partitioning (DQ&P) has been explored with a medium-carbon (0.4 wt.% C) steel to evaluate and optimize the processing route for excellent property combinations. New compositional design approach was based on physical simulation studies aiming to understand the influence of varying silicon contents (1.5, 0.75 and 0.25 wt.%) and Q&P processing parameters on microstructural development including carbide formation and retained austenite stabilization. Optimized Q&P parameters were selected to design a DQ&P processing route for laboratory hot-rolling trials based on the analyses of physical simulation data. The overall aim of the study was to produce ultrahigh-strength structural steels with yield strength ≥1100 MPa combined with high uniform and total elongation and impact toughness, achieved through designing a low-temperature quenching and partitioning route with effective carbon partitioning. The DQ&P steels gained an excellent combination of mechanical properties comprising of high yield strength of ∼1000–1200 MPa and tensile strength ∼2100–2300 MPa, good elongation (∼11–13%), and moderate impact toughness transition temperature T28J ∼ (−5 to +12 °C). Straining of austenite prior to DQ&P led to an extensive refinement of the final martensitic-austenitic nanostructure. Formation of nanoscale lath-martensite and fine film-like retained austenite structures enabled the observed improvement of mechanical properties. Besides the formation of nano-twinned martensite, inter-lath austenite and transitional carbides were comprehensively characterized. No adverse effect of prolonged partitioning during slow cooling, simulating coiling in actual industrial practice, has been noticed suggesting new possibilities for developing tough, ductile structural steels both for strip/plate products.
Published: 2022

10. Characteristics and kinetics of bainite transformation behaviour in a high-silicon medium-carbon steel above and below the Mₛ temperature

Author: Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Banadkouki, S. S. (Seyed Sadegh Ghasemi), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Banadkouki, S. S. (Seyed Sadegh Ghasemi), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: This work deals with the kinetic aspects of bainite formation during isothermal holding above and below the martensite start (Mₛ~275 °C) temperature using a low-alloy, high-silicon DIN 1.5025 steel in a range suitable for achieving ultrafine/nanostructured bainite. Dilatation measurements were conducted to study transformation behaviour and kinetics, while the microstructural features were examined using laser scanning confocal microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques combined with hardness measurements. The results showed that for isothermal holding above the Mₛ temperature, the maximum bainitic transformation rate decreased with the decrease in isothermal holding temperature between 450 and 300 °C. On the other hand, for isothermal holding below the Mₛ temperature at 250 and 200 °C, the maximum rate of transformation was achieved corresponding to region I due to the partitioning of carbon and also possibly because of the ledged growth of isothermal martensite soon after the start of isothermal holding. In addition, a second peak was obvious at about 100 and 500 s, respectively, during holding at 250 and 200 °C due to the occurrence of bainitic transformation, marking the beginning of region II.
Published: 2022

11. Color light metallography versus electron microscopy for detecting and estimating various phases in a high-strength multiphase steel

Author: Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Ghasemi Banadkouki, S. S. (Seyyed Sadegh), Besharati, F. (Fatemeh), Mehrabi, F. (Fatemeh), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Ghasemi Banadkouki, S. S. (Seyyed Sadegh), Besharati, F. (Fatemeh), Mehrabi, F. (Fatemeh), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: In this study, fresh attempts have been made to identify and estimate the phase constituents of a high-silicon, medium carbon multiphase steel (DIN 1.5025 grade) subjected to austenitization at 900 °C for 5 min, followed by quenching and low-temperature bainitizing (Q&B) at 350 °C for 200 s. Several techniques were employed using different chemical etching reagents either individually (single-step) or in combination of two or more etchants in succession (multiple-step) for conducting color metallography. The results showed that the complex multiphase microstructures comprising a fine mixture of bainite, martensite and retained austenite phase constituents were selectivity stained/tinted with good contrasting resolution, as observed via conventional light optical microscopy observations. While the carbon-enriched martensite-retained austenite (M/RA) islands were revealed as cream-colored areas by using a double-step etching technique comprising etching with 10% ammonium persulfate followed by etching with Marble’s reagent, the dark gray-colored bainite packets were easily distinguishable from the brown-colored martensite regions. However, the high-carbon martensite and retained austenite in M/RA islands could be differentiated only after resorting to a triple-step etching technique comprising etching in succession with 2% nital, 10% ammonium persulfate solution and then warm Marble’s reagent at 30 °C. This revealed orange-colored martensite in contrast to cream-colored retained austenite in M/RA constituents, besides the presence of brown-colored martensite laths in the dark gray-colored bainitic matrix. A quadruple-step technique involving successive etching with 2% nital, 10% ammonium persulfate solution, Marble’s reagent and finally Klemm’s Ι reagent at 40 °C revealed even better contrast in comparison to the triple-step etching technique, particularly in distinguishing the RA from martensite. Observations using advanced techniques like field emission sca
Published: 2021

12. Opposing community assembly patterns for dominant and nondominant plant species in herbaceous ecosystems globally

Author: Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Baez, S. (Selene), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Buckley, Y. M. (Yvonne M.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel Nuno), Donohue, I. (Ian), Dwyer, J. (John), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Gridzak, R. (Riley), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Helm, A. (Aveliina), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laanisto, L. (Lauri), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), McCulley, R. (Rebecca), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo Luis), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schamp, B. (Brandon), Speziale, K. (Karina), Standish, R. (Rachel), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos Alberto), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Baez, S. (Selene), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Boughton, E. H. (Elizabeth H.), Buckley, Y. M. (Yvonne M.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel Nuno), Donohue, I. (Ian), Dwyer, J. (John), Firn, J. (Jennifer), Gridzak, R. (Riley), Hagenah, N. (Nicole), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Helm, A. (Aveliina), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Laanisto, L. (Lauri), Laungani, R. (Ramesh), McCulley, R. (Rebecca), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo Luis), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. (Jodi), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schamp, B. (Brandon), Speziale, K. (Karina), Standish, R. (Rachel), Virtanen, R. (Risto), and Cadotte, M. W. (Marc W.)
Abstract: Biotic and abiotic factors interact with dominant plants—the locally most frequent or with the largest coverage—and nondominant plants differently, partially because dominant plants modify the environment where nondominant plants grow. For instance, if dominant plants compete strongly, they will deplete most resources, forcing nondominant plants into a narrower niche space. Conversely, if dominant plants are constrained by the environment, they might not exhaust available resources but instead may ameliorate environmental stressors that usually limit nondominants. Hence, the nature of interactions among nondominant species could be modified by dominant species. Furthermore, these differences could translate into a disparity in the phylogenetic relatedness among dominants compared to the relatedness among nondominants. By estimating phylogenetic dispersion in 78 grasslands across five continents, we found that dominant species were clustered (e.g., co-dominant grasses), suggesting dominant species are likely organized by environmental filtering, and that nondominant species were either randomly assembled or overdispersed. Traits showed similar trends for those sites (<50%) with sufficient trait data. Furthermore, several lineages scattered in the phylogeny had more nondominant species than expected at random, suggesting that traits common in nondominants are phylogenetically conserved and have evolved multiple times. We also explored environmental drivers of the dominant/nondominant disparity. We found different assembly patterns for dominants and nondominants, consistent with asymmetries in assembly mechanisms. Among the different postulated mechanisms, our results suggest two complementary hypotheses seldom explored: (1) Nondominant species include lineages adapted to thrive in the environment generated by dominant species. (2) Even when dominant species reduce resources to nondominant ones, dominant species could have a stronger positive effect on some
Published: 2021

13. In-situ quantification and density functional theory elucidation of phase transformation in carbon steel during quenching and partitioning

Author: Wang, S. (Shubo), Kistanov, A. A. (Andrey A.), King, G. (Graham), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Singh, H. (Harishchandra), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Rahemtulla, A. (Al), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Cao, W. (Wei), Huttula, M. (Marko), Wang, S. (Shubo), Kistanov, A. A. (Andrey A.), King, G. (Graham), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Singh, H. (Harishchandra), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Rahemtulla, A. (Al), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Cao, W. (Wei), and Huttula, M. (Marko)
Abstract: Phase transformation in low alloyed Fe-C steels during quenching and partitioning (Q&P), though authentically attributed to carbon diffusion, is scarcely quantified experimentally in terms of microstructural evolution and lack of fundamental backing at a quantum mechanics level. Herein, we report on a combined in-situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and density functional theory (DFT) study to unveil the physical mechanism of phase transformation in a Q&P processed advanced Fe-C steel. Beside a small fraction of bainite, a low air-quenching rate of ∼6 °C/s in the Ms to quenching temperature range leads to carbon enrichment into the untransformed austenite, which simultaneously turns up with the later stage of martensitic transformation at the existing austenite/martensite interfaces. The resulting transformations are ascertained by DFT results and attributed to a second energy barrier in ferrite/martensite facilitation to carbon diffusion to austenite at elevated temperatures, along with the well-known carbon solubility difference/equilibrium in austenite and martensite. The development of cubic martensite in the carbon steel is theoretically elucidated and attributed to more probable hopping sites and diffusion paths of carbon in the ferrite/martensite than in the austenite.
Published: 2021

14. Statistical modeling for prediction of CCT diagrams of steels involving interaction of alloying elements

Author: Martin, H. (Henry), Amoako-Yirenkyi, P. (Peter), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Frempong, N. K. (Nana K.), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Martin, H. (Henry), Amoako-Yirenkyi, P. (Peter), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Frempong, N. K. (Nana K.), Kömi, J. (Jukka), and Somani, M. (Mahesh)
Abstract: The interaction of different alloying elements has a significant impact on the mechanical and microstructural properties of steel products due to the thermodynamic and kinetic effect. This article presents a statistically developed and validated model for austenite decomposition during cooling, based on a set of experimental continuous cooling transformation diagrams available in literature. In the model, two-way interactions of the alloying elements are included as add-on terms, and the procedure for the analysis ensures there is no overfitting. The model can be used to predict phase transformation temperatures and critical cooling rates for the formation of polygonal ferrite, bainite or martensite for the production of steel.
Published: 2021

15. Numerical and experimental study on thermo-mechanical processing of medium-carbon steels at low temperatures for achieving ultrafine-structured bainite

Author: Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Seppälä, O. (Oskari), Ilmola, J. (Joonas), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Manninen, T. (Timo), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Seppälä, O. (Oskari), Ilmola, J. (Joonas), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Manninen, T. (Timo), and Somani, M. (Mahesh)
Abstract: A combination of experimental and numerical approaches was applied for constructing a dynamic model for thermomechanical processing, which was used for simulating laboratory rolling and cooling, and for designing a cooling path to enable phase transformation from austenite to ultrafine (~ 50–100 nm) bainitic laths. Physical thermomechanical simulation experiments were used for calibrating the numerical models. Hot rolling and water cooling experiments were conducted and they were numerically simulated. The calibrated numerical models were used for simulating the main processing stages affecting the final microstructure evolution during a laboratory scale processing, i.e. the low temperature (500 °C) ausforming and subsequent cooling schedules leading to the decomposition of austenite into bainite and martensite. The fitted model parameters and simulation results are presented for the laboratory rolling and two different cooling paths: (i) air cooling to 350 °C temperature with subsequent holding for 1–1.5 h, and (ii) water cooling close to martensite start temperature, and furnace holding for 1–1.5 h. Microstructural analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with electron backscatter diffraction as well as X-ray diffraction and the structures were corroborated with mechanical properties evaluated in respect of hardness, tensile and impact toughness properties. The achieved mechanical properties and microstructures were further interpreted with the numerical simulation results. The results show that the calibrated numerical simulations provide an effective tool for designing suitable thermomechanical processing paths leading to desired microstructure.
Published: 2021

16. Effect of microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties on the impact-abrasive and abrasive wear resistance of ultra-high strength steels

Author: Kömi, J. (Jukka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Porter, D. (David), Haiko, O. (Oskari), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Porter, D. (David), and Haiko, O. (Oskari)
Abstract: The effect of different microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties on the impact-abrasive and abrasive wear resistance of martensitic and carbide-free bainitic (CFB) steels was investigated. The main objectives were to study the role of retained austenite, tempering, and prior austenite grain size on the wear performance of martensitic steels and to evaluate the wear performance of novel carbide-free bainitic steels. The role of retained austenite in the wear resistance of martensitic steels was investigated by utilizing a direct quenching and partitioning (DQ&P) processing method to produce martensitic steels with varying retained austenite content. The effect of tempering on the wear resistance was studied by applying tempering to a medium-carbon martensitic steel and comparing the tempered samples with direct/water quenched variants. Prior austenite grain size was altered for a martensitic 500 HB grade wear-resistant steel to understand the influence of grain size on the abrasive wear resistance. Impact-abrasive wear testing revealed that no clear benefit could be obtained by having retained austenite in the martensitic matrix. Tempering might have a minor decreasing effect on the wear resistance when compared to untempered martensitic steels of similar hardness levels. Prior austenite grain size and morphology also appeared to influence the abrasive wear resistance of martensitic steels: decreasing grain size and more equiaxed grain structure improved the wear performance. Experimental carbide-free bainitic steels were fabricated via three ausforming routes. The high-stress abrasive wear testing showed that the steels have highly promising wear resistance due to the excellent work-hardening capabilities. Some CFB steels showed better wear resistance than the martensitic reference material despite lower or similar initial hardness levels. Work-hardening was considered a major factor affecting the wear resistance of steels. The hardness, Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa on tutkittu martensiittisten ja karbidivapaiden bainiittisten terästen mikrorakenteen ja mekaanisten ominaisuuksien vaikutusta iskuabrasiiviseen sekä abrasiiviseen kulumisenkestoon. Tavoitteena oli ymmärtää jäännösausteniitin, päästön ja perinnäisen austeniitin raekoon vaikutus martensiittisten terästen kulumisenkestoon sekä tutkia karbidivapaiden terästen kulumista. Jäännösausteniitin merkitystä martensiittisten terästen kulumisominaisuuksiin tutkittiin hyödyntämällä suorasammutusteknologiaa (DQ&P), jossa jäähdytys keskeytetään martensiitin faasimuutoslämpötila-alueella jäännösausteniitin stabiloimiseksi. Päästön vaikutusta kulumisominaisuuksiin tutkittiin päästämällä keskihiilinen teräs ja muokkaamalla parametreja niin, että päästöllä saatiin aikaan suorakarkaistuja, vähähiilisempiä teräksiä vastaavat kovuustasot. Raekoon vaikutusta abrasiiviseen kulumisenkestoon tutkittiin lämpökäsittelemällä martensiittinen 500 HB -kovuusluokan teräs. Iskuabrasiivisessa kulumisessa jäännösausteniitin ei kuitenkaan havaittu olevan avuksi martensiittisilla teräksillä. Päästön havaittiin hieman heikentävän kulumisominaisuuksia, kun vertailtiin tuloksia saman kovuusluokan päästämättömiin teräksiin. Raerakenteella ja -koolla havaittiin myös yhteys kulumisenkestoon: hienontamalla raerakennetta ja muokkaamalla siitä mahdollisimman tasa-aksiaalinen saatiin paras kulumisenkesto abrasiivisissa olosuhteissa. Kokeelliset karbidivapaat bainiittiset (CFB) teräkset osoittautuivat erittäin lupaaviksi kulumisominaisuuksiltaan. Hyödyntämällä matalan lämpötilan kuumamuokkausta saatiin aikaiseksi teräksiä, joiden muokkauslujittuminen oli hyvin voimakasta. Osalla CFB-koeteräksistä kovuus jäi martensiittisen verrokkiteräksen tasolle tai jopa alle, mutta niiden massahäviö kulutustesteissä oli siitä huolimatta pienempi. Muokkauslujittumisella todettiin olevan tärkein rooli terästen kulumisominaisuuksia tarkasteltaessa. Kuluneen pinnan kovuudella ja kulumisenkestolla
Published: 2021

17. Optimization of the CCT curves for steels containing Al, Cu and B

Author: Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Louhenkilpi, S. (Seppo), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Larkiola, J. (Jari), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Louhenkilpi, S. (Seppo), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Larkiola, J. (Jari), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: New continuous cooling transformation (CCT) equations have been optimized to calculate the start temperatures and critical cooling rates of phase formations during austenite decomposition in low-alloyed steels. Experimental CCT data from the literature were used for applying the recently developed method of calculating the grain boundary soluble compositions of the steels for optimization. These compositions, which are influenced by solute microsegregation and precipitation depending on the heating/cooling/holding process, are expected to control the start of the austenite decomposition, if initiated at the grain boundaries. The current optimization was carried out rigorously for an extended set of steels than used previously, besides including three new solute elements, Al, Cu and B, in the CCT-equations. The validity of the equations was, therefore, boosted not only due to the inclusion of new elements, but also due to the addition of more low-alloyed steels in the optimization. The final optimization was made with a mini-tab tool, which discarded statistically insignificant parameters from the equations and made them prudently safer to use. Using a thermodynamic-kinetic software, IDS, the new equations were further validated using new experimental CCT data measured in this study. The agreement is good both for the phase transformation start temperatures as well as the final phase fractions. In addition, IDS simulations were carried out to construct the CCT diagrams and the final phase fraction diagrams for 17 steels and two cast irons, in order to outline the influence of solute elements on the calculations and their relationship with literature recommendations.
Published: 2021

18. Incompatible effects of B and B + Nb additions and inclusions’ characteristics on the microstructures and mechanical properties of low-carbon steels

Author: Ali, M. (Mohammed), Nyo, T. (Tun), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Tervo, H. (Henri), Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Ali, M. (Mohammed), Nyo, T. (Tun), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Javaheri, V. (Vahid), Tervo, H. (Henri), Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: The influence of boron as well as boron with niobium additions on the phase transformation behaviour, resultant microstructures, and mechanical properties of thermomechanically controlled hot-rolled and direct-quenched low-carbon bainitic steel plates was investigated. Also, the probable factors that could inhibit their specific merits on hardenability, phase transformation behaviour and mechanical properties, were studied. Continuous cooling transformation diagrams of both deformed and non-deformed austenite were constructed for the investigated steels. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to examine the microstructures, besides detailed analyses of the non-metallic inclusions using FESEM combined with INCA software. Moreover, the precipitates were investigated qualitatively using both FESEM as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the addition of boron or boron with niobium led to an increase in the critical transformation temperatures (AC1 and AC3) covering the intercritical range. The addition of boron with niobium decreased the bainite start transformation temperature (Bₛ), while the lone addition of boron had a slight or insignificant effect on Bₛ. While the addition of boron alone had no effect on the hardness, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation to fracture, augmenting it with niobium led to a marginal increase in the UTS and YS. In general, the addition of boron with or without niobium deteriorated the impact toughness of the investigated steel. These were explained in terms of the slight changes in the chemical composition and cleanness of the investigated steels and considering various microstructural features i.e., prior austenite grain size, effective grain size, coarsest grain size and precipitates characteristics, particularly the formation of coar
Published: 2021

19. Structure-property correlations of a medium C steel following quenching and isothermal holding above and below the Mₛ temperature

Author: Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Banadkouki, S. S. (Syyed Sadegh Ghasemi), Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Banadkouki, S. S. (Syyed Sadegh Ghasemi)
Abstract: The processing of advanced multiphase high strength steels often includes isothermal treatments around the martensite start temperature (Ms) for achieving a refined microstructure comprising bainite-austenite and/or bainite-martensite-austenite phase constituents. The objective of this research work was to investigate the structure-property relationship for a medium carbon, high-silicon DIN 1.5025 steel (Fe-0.529C-1.67 Si-0.72Mn-0.12Cr (in wt.%)) following isothermal holding close to the Ms temperature (~275°C) to enable low temperature austenite decomposition. For realizing multiphase microstructures, DIN 1.5025 steel samples were austenitized at 900°C for 5 min and then quenched to the isothermal holding temperatures 350 and 250°C for various times ranging from 5 to 3600 s. Microstructural investigation corroborated the formation of multiphase microstructure comprising tempered martensite, bainite, retained austenite, and fresh martensite in both the samples isothermally held above (350°C) and below the Ms (250°C) temperature. The sample isothermally held at 250°C showed a much more refined microstructure in comparison to that held at 350°C due to the presence of a fraction of initial martensite laths which acted as potential sites for bainite nucleation. Also, the evaluation of mechanical behaviour showed that the best tensile properties in terms of high tensile strength and good ductility were achieved in samples with high volume fractions of both interlath and blocky retained austenite, particularly those isothermally treated at 350°C for 200 s and at 250°C for 600 s, respectively.
Published: 2021

20. Microstructural evolution in a high-silicon medium carbon steel following quenching and isothermal holding above and below the Ms temperature

Author: Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Banadkouki, S. S. (Seyyed Sadegh Ghasemi), Pashangeh, S. (Shima), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Banadkouki, S. S. (Seyyed Sadegh Ghasemi)
Abstract: In this study, the microstructural features evolved in a high-Si, medium-carbon steel (Fe-0.53C-1.67Si-0.72Mn-0.12Cr) subjected to quenching and isothermal holding at temperatures above and below the martensite start temperature (Ms) for one hour have been examined. Both laser scanning confocal and transmission electron microscopy were employed for detailed microstructural characterization, supported by dilatometry, X-ray diffraction, and hardness measurements. In the case of isothermal treatment above Ms at 300 °C, besides bainite transformation marked by typical S-shaped dilatation curve, high-carbon martensite is formed during the final cooling to room temperature. In the case of isothermal treatment below Ms at 250 °C, the initial martensite formation and subsequent carbon partitioning to austenite is followed by the formation of bainite containing carbides and some high-carbon martensite that forms during the final cooling to room temperature. Also, selected area diffraction patterns (SAED) for both of Q&B and Q&P heat treated samples showed there are extra weak diffraction spots, presumably due to the presence of omega phase (ω) as an intermediate phase during fcc (face- centered cubic) austenite to bcc (body- centered cubic) martensite transformation and is considered as a common substructure in bcc metals and alloys with a coherent interface with the matrix: aω = √2 × abcc and caω = √3/2 × abcc that appeared in twinning martensite or martensite regions with dislocations as a substructure.
Published: 2020

21. Density functional theory study of ω phase in steel with varied alloying elements

Author: Sasikala Devi, A. A. (Assa Aravindh), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Cao, W. (Wei), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Alatalo, M. (Matti), Huttula, M. (Marko), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Sasikala Devi, A. A. (Assa Aravindh), Pallaspuro, S. (Sakari), Cao, W. (Wei), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Alatalo, M. (Matti), Huttula, M. (Marko), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: The presence of a long‐abandoned hexagonal omega (ω) phase in steel samples is recently gaining momentum owing to the advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, even though it is already reported in other transition‐metal alloys. The stabilization of this metastable phase is mainly investigated in presence of C, even though the formation of the ω phase is attributed to the combined effect of many factors, one among which is the enrichment of solute elements such as Al, Mn, Si, C, and Cr in the nanometer‐sized regimes. The present study investigates the effect of the above alloying elements in ω‐Fe using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is seen that the magnetic states of the atoms play a major role in the stability of ω‐Fe. Cohesive energy calculations show that the alloying elements affect the energetics and stabilization of ω‐Fe. Further, density of states calculations reveal the variation in d‐band occupancy in the presence of alloying elements, which in turn affects the cohesive energy. Phonon band structure calculations show that only ω‐Fe with substitutional C shows positive frequencies and hence possess thermodynamic stability. Finally, we confirm the existence of ω‐Fe using TEM measurements of a steel sample containing the same alloying elements. Our results can shed light on the stabilization of the ω in other transition‐metal alloys as well, in the presence of minor alloying elements./p>
Published: 2020

22. Sai Temple

Author: N. Kulkarni, S. Mittal, S. Suresh, M. Mahesh, Krittika, D. Das, S. Punde, N. Kulkarni, S. Mittal, S. Suresh, M. Mahesh, Krittika, D. Das, and S. Punde
Published: 2020

23. Mapping child growth failure across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Kinyoki, D.K. (Damaris K.), Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E. (Aaron E.), Pickering, B.V. (Brandon V.), Schaeffer, L.E. (Lauren E.), Marczak, L.B. (Laurie B.), Lazzar-Atwood, A. (Alice), Collison, M.L. (Michael L.), Henry, N.J. (Nathaniel J.), Abebe, Z. (Zegeye), Adamu, A.A. (Abdu A.), Adekanmbi, V. (Victor), Ahmadi, K. (Keivan), Ajumobi, O. (Olufemi), Al-Eyadhy, A. (Ayman), Al-Raddadi, R.M. (Rajaa M.), Alahdab, F. (Fares), Alijanzadeh, M. (Mehran), Alipour, V. (Vahid), Altirkawi, K. (Khalid), Amini, S. (Saeed), Andrei, C.L. (Catalina Liliana), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Arabloo, J. (Jalal), Aremu, O. (Olatunde), Asadi-Aliabadi, M. (Mehran), Atique, S. (Suleman), Ausloos, M. (Marcel), Avila, M. (Marco), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Quintanilla, B.P.A. (Beatriz Paulina Ayala), Azari, S. (Samad), Badawi, A. (Alaa), Bärnighausen, T. (Till), Bassat, Q. (Quique), Baye, K. (Kaleab), Bedi, N. (Neeraj), Bekele, B.B. (Bayu Begashaw), Bell, M.L. (Michelle L.), Bhattacharjee, N.V. (Natalia V.), Bhattacharyya, K. (Krittika), Bhattarai, S. (Suraj), Bhutta, Z.A. (Zulfiqar A), Biadgo, B. (Belete), Bikbov, B. (Boris), Briko, A.N. (Andrey Nikolaevich), Britton, G. (Gabrielle), Burstein, D. (David), Butt, Z.A. (Zahid A.), Car, J. (Josip), Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. (Carlos A), Castro, F. (Franz), Cerin, E. (Ester), Chipeta, M.G. (Michael G.), Chu, D.-T. (Dinh-Toi), Cork, M.A. (Michael A.), Cromwell, E.A. (Elizabeth A.), Cuevas-Nasu, L. (Lucía), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dandona, R. (Rakhi), Daoud, F. (Farah), Gupta, R.D. (Rajat Das), Weaver, N.D. (Nicole Davis), Leo, D.D. (Diego De), Neve, J.-W.D. (Jan-Walter De), Deribe, K. (Kebede), Desalegn, B.B. (Beruk Berhanu), Deshpande, A. (Aniruddha), Desta, M. (Melaku), Diaz, D. (Daniel), Dinberu, M.T. (Mesfin Tadese), Doku, D.T. (David Teye), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Durães, A.R. (Andre R.), Dwyer-Lindgren, L.A. (Laura), Earl, L. (Lucas), Effiong, A. (Andem), Zaki, M.E.S. (Maysaa El Sayed), Tantawi, M.E. (Maha El), El-Khatib, Z. (Ziad), Eshrati, B. (Babak), Fareed, M. (Mohammad), Faro, A. (Andre), Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. (Seyed-Mohammad), Filip, I. (Irina), Fischer, F. (Florian), Foigt, N.A. (Nataliya A.), Folayan, M.O. (Morenike Oluwatoyin), Fukumoto, T. (Takeshi), Gebrehiwot, T.T. (Tsegaye Tewelde), Gezae, K.E. (Kebede Embaye), Ghajar, A. (Alireza), Gill, P.S. (Paramjit Singh), Gona, P.N. (Philimon N.), Gopalani, S.V. (Sameer Vali), Grada, A. (Ayman), Guo, Y. (Yuming), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arvin), Haj-Mirzaian, A. (Arya), Hall, J.B. (Jason B.), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Henok, A. (Andualem), Prado, B.H. (Bernardo Hernández), Herrero, M. (Mario), Herteliu, C. (Claudiu), Hoang, C.L. (Chi Linh), Hole, M.K. (Michael K.), Hossain, N. (Naznin), Hosseinzadeh, M. (Mehdi), Hu, G. (Guoqing), Islam, S.M.S. (Sheikh Mohammed Shariful), Jakovljevic, M. (Mihajlo), Jha, R.P. (Ravi Prakash), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Jozwiak, J.J. (Jacek Jerzy), Kahsay, A. (Amaha), Kanchan, T. (Tanuj), Karami, M. (Manoochehr), Kasaeian, A. (Amir), Khader, Y.S. (Yousef Saleh), Khan, E.A. (Ejaz Ahmad), Khater, M.M. (Mona M.), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kimokoti, R.W. (Ruth W.), Kisa, A. (Adnan), Kochhar, S. (Sonali), Kosen, S. (Soewarta), Koyanagi, A. (Ai), Krishan, K. (Kewal), Defo, B.K. (Barthelemy Kuate), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Kumar, M. (Manasi), Lad, S.D. (Sheetal D.), Lami, F.H. (Faris Hasan), Lee, P.H. (Paul H.), Levine, A.J. (Aubrey J.), Li, S. (Shanshan), Linn, S. (Shai), Lodha, R. (Rakesh), El Razek, H.M.A. (Hassan Magdy Abd), Abd El Razek, M.M. (Muhammed Magdy), Hosgood, H.D. (H Dean), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Mamun, A.A. (Abdullah A.), Mansournia, M.A. (Mohammad Ali), Martins-Melo, F.R. (Francisco Rogerlândio), Masaka, A. (Anthony), Massenburg, B.B. (Benjamin Ballard), Mayala, B.K. (Benjamin K.), Mejia-Rodriguez, F. (Fabiola), Melku, M. (Mulugeta), Mendoza, W. (Walter), Mensah, G.A. (George A.), Miazgowski, T. (T.), Miller, T.R. (Ted R.), Mini, G.K. (G. K.), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Moazen, B. (Babak), Darwesh, A.M. (Aso Mohammad), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Mohebi, F. (Farnam), Mokdad, A.H. (Ali H.), Moodley, Y. (Yoshan), Moradi, G. (Ghobad), Moradi-Lakeh, M. (Maziar), Moraga, P. (Paula), Morrison, S.D. (Shane Douglas), Mosser, J.F. (Jonathan F.), Mousavi, S.M. (Seyyed Meysam), Mueller, U.O. (Ulrich Otto), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher J. L.), Mustafa, G. (Ghulam), Naderi, M. (Mehdi), Naghavi, M. (Morteza), Najafi, F. (Farid), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Ndwandwe, D.E. (Duduzile Edith), Negoi, I. (Ionut), Ngunjiri, J.W. (Josephine W.), Nguyen, H.L.T. (Huong Lan Thi), Nguyen, L.H. (Long Hoang), Nguyen, S.H. (Son Hoang), Nie, J. (Jing), Nnaji, C.A. (Chukwudi A.), Noubiap, J.J. (Jean Jacques), Shiadeh, M.N. (Malihe Nourollahpour), Nyasulu, P.S. (Peter S.), Ogbo, F.A. (Felix Akpojene), Olagunju, A.T. (Andrew T.), Olusanya, B.O. (Bolajoko O), Olusanya, J.O. (Jacob Olusegun), Ortiz-Panozo, E. (Eduardo), Otstavnov, S.S. (Stanislav S.), P. A, M. (Mahesh), Pana, A. (Adrian), Pandey, A. (Anamika), Pati, S. (Sanghamitra), Patil, S.T. (Snehal T.), Patton, G.C. (George C.), Perico, N. (Norberto), Pigott, D.M. (David M.), Pirsaheb, M. (Meghdad), Piwoz, E.G. (Ellen G.), Postma, M.J. (Maarten), Pourshams, A. (Akram), Prakash, S. (Swayam), Quintana, H. (Hedley), Radfar, A. (Amir), Rafiei, A. (Alireza), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Rajati, F. (Fatemeh), Rawaf, D.L. (David Laith), Rawaf, S. (Salman), Rawat, R. (Rahul), Remuzzi, G. (Giuseppe), Renzaho, A.M.N. (Andre M. N.), Rios-González, C. (Carlos), Roever, L. (Leonardo), Ross, J.M. (Jennifer M.), Rostami, A. (Ali), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Safari, Y. (Yahya), Safdarian, M. (Mahdi), Sahebkar, A. (Amirhossein), Salam, N. (Nasir), Salamati, P. (Payman), Salimi, Y. (Yahya), Salimzadeh, H. (Hamideh), Samy, A.M. (Abdallah M.), Sartorius, B. (Benn), Sathian, B. (Brijesh), Schipp, M.F. (Megan F.), Schwebel, D.C. (David C), Senbeta, A.M. (Anbissa Muleta), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Shaikh, M.A. (Masood Ali), Levy, T.S. (Teresa Shamah), Shamsi, M. (Mohammadbagher), Sharafi, K. (Kiomars), Sharma, R. (Rajesh), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Shil, A. (Apurba), Silva, D.A.S. (Diego Augusto Santos), Singh, J.A. (Jasvinder A.), Sinha, D.N. (Dhirendra Narain), Soofi, M. (Moslem), Sudaryanto, A. (Agus), Sufiyan, M.B. (Muawiyyah Babale), Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (Rafael), Tadesse, B.T. (Birkneh Tilahun), Temsah, M.-H. (Mohamad-Hani), Terkawi, A.S. (Abdullah Sulieman), Tessema, Z.T. (Zemenu Tadesse), Thorne-Lyman, A.L. (Andrew L.), Tovani-Palone, M.R. (Marcos Roberto), Tran, B.X. (Bach Xuan), Tran, K.B. (Khanh Bao), Ullah, I. (Irfan), Uthman, O.A. (Olalekan A.), Vaezghasemi, M. (Masoud), Vaezi, A. (Afsane), Valdez, P.R. (Pascual R.), Vanderheide, J. (John), Veisani, Y. (Yousef), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Vlassov, V. (Vasily), Vu, G.T. (Giang Thu), Vu, L.G. (Linh Gia), Waheed, Y. (Yasir), Walson, J.L. (Judd L.), Wang, Y. (Yafeng), Wang, Y.-P. (Yuan-Pang), Wangia, E.N. (Elizabeth N.), Werdecker, A. (Andrea), Xu, G. (Gelin), Yamada, T. (Tomohide), Yisma, E. (Engida), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yousefifard, M. (Mahmoud), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaman, S.B. (Sojib Bin), Zamani, M. (Mohammad), Zhang, Y. (Yunquan), Kassebaum, N.J. (Nicholas J.), and Hay, S.I. (Simon)
Abstract: Childhood malnutrition is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally1. Undernourished children are more likely to experience cognitive, physical, and metabolic developmental impairments that can lead to later cardiovascular disease, reduced intellectual ability and school attainment, and reduced economic productivity in adulthood2. Child growth failure (CGF), expressed as stunting, wasting, and underweight in children under five years of age (0–59 months), is a specific subset of undernutrition characterized by insufficient height or weight against age-specific growth reference standards3–5. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, or underweight in children under five is the proportion of children with a height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age z-score, respectively, that is more than two standard deviations below the World Health Organization’s median growth reference standards for a healthy population6. Subnational estimates of CGF report substantial heterogeneity within countries, but are available primarily at the first administrative level (for example, states or provinces)7; the uneven geographical distribution of CGF has motivated further calls for assessments that can match the local scale of many public health programmes8. Building from our previous work mapping CGF in Africa9, here we provide the first, to our knowledge, mapped high-spatial-resolution estimates of CGF indicators from 2000 to 2017 across 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of affected children live1, aggregated to policy-relevant first and second (for example, districts or counties) administrative-level units and national levels. Despite remarkable declines over the study period, many LMICs remain far from the ambitious World Health Organization Global Nutrition Targets to reduce stunting by 40% and wasting to less than 5% by 2025. Large disparities in prevalence and progress exist across and within countries; our maps identify high-prevalence areas e
Published: 2020
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24. Processing map for controlling microstructure and unraveling various deformation mechanisms during hot working of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy

Author: Patnamsetty, M. (Madan), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Ahmed, S. (Shahroz), Peura, P. (Pasi), Patnamsetty, M. (Madan), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Ghosh, S. (Sumit), Ahmed, S. (Shahroz), and Peura, P. (Pasi)
Abstract: In the current study, the hot deformation characteristics and workability of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy was characterized using processing maps developed on the basis of dynamic materials model in the temperature range 1023–1423 K and strain rate range 10⁻³–10s⁻¹. The processing map delineated various deterministic domains including those of cracking processes and unstable flow, thus enabling identification of a ‘safe’ processing window for the hot working of the alloy. Accordingly, a deterministic domain in the temperature and strain rate ranges of 1223–1373 K and 10⁻²–5 × 10⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively, was identified to be the domain of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) with a peak efficiency of the order of ~34% at 1293 K and 3 × 10⁻²s⁻¹ and these were considered to be the optimum parameters for hot deformation. The DRX grain size was dependent on the deformation temperature and strain rate, increasing with the increase in temperature and decrease in strain rate, whereas DRX volume increased with the strain rate. At still higher temperatures (1403–1423 K) and lower strain rates (10⁻³–3 × 10⁻³s⁻¹), there was a sharp decrease in efficiency values from 27% to 5% thus forming a trough and the microstructure was characterized with coarse grains. In the instability regime, grain boundary cracking/sliding and localized shear bands manifested at temperatures <1223 K and strain rates <10⁻²s⁻¹. The increase in strain rate resulted in an intense adiabatic shear banding along with formation of voids. At 10s⁻¹ and temperatures >1398 K, microstructural reconstitution occurred in the shear bands leading to the formation of fine grains, presumably as a consequence of continuous recrystallization.
Published: 2020

25. General destabilizing effects of eutrophication on grassland productivity at multiple spatial scales

Author: Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), Wang, S. (Shaopeng), Hautier, Y. (Yann), Zhang, P. (Pengfei), Loreau, M. (Michel), Wilcox, K. R. (Kevin R.), Seabloom, E. W. (Eric W.), Borer, E. T. (Elizabeth T.), Byrnes, J. E. (Jarrett E. K.), Koerner, S. E. (Sally E.), Komatsu, K. J. (Kimberly J.), Lefcheck, J. S. (Jonathan S.), Hector, A. (Andy), Adler, P. B. (Peter B.), Alberti, J. (Juan), Arnillas, C. A. (Carlos A.), Bakker, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Brudvig, L. A. (Lars A.), Bugalho, M. N. (Miguel N.), Cadotte, M. (Marc), Caldeira, M. C. (Maria C.), Carroll, O. (Oliver), Crawley, M. (Mick), Collins, S. L. (Scott L.), Daleo, P. (Pedro), Dee, L. E. (Laura E.), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eskelinen, A. (Anu), Fay, P. A. (Philip A.), Gilbert, B. (Benjamin), Hansar, A. (Amandine), Isbell, F. (Forest), Knops, J. M. (Johannes M. H.), MacDougall, A. S. (Andrew S.), McCulley, R. L. (Rebecca L.), Moore, J. L. (Joslin L.), Morgan, J. W. (John W.), Mori, A. S. (Akira S.), Peri, P. L. (Pablo L.), Pos, E. T. (Edwin T.), Power, S. A. (Sally A.), Price, J. N. (Jodi N.), Reich, P. B. (Peter B.), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Roscher, C. (Christiane), Sankaran, M. (Mahesh), Schutz, M. (Martin), Smith, M. (Melinda), Stevens, C. (Carly), Tognetti, P. M. (Pedro M.), Virtanen, R. (Risto), Wardle, G. M. (Glenda M.), Wilfahrt, P. A. (Peter A.), and Wang, S. (Shaopeng)
Abstract: Eutrophication is a widespread environmental change that usually reduces the stabilizing effect of plant diversity on productivity in local communities. Whether this effect is scale dependent remains to be elucidated. Here, we determine the relationship between plant diversity and temporal stability of productivity for 243 plant communities from 42 grasslands across the globe and quantify the effect of chronic fertilization on these relationships. Unfertilized local communities with more plant species exhibit greater asynchronous dynamics among species in response to natural environmental fluctuations, resulting in greater local stability (alpha stability). Moreover, neighborhood communities that have greater spatial variation in plant species composition within sites (higher beta diversity) have greater spatial asynchrony of productivity among communities, resulting in greater stability at the larger scale (gamma stability). Importantly, fertilization consistently weakens the contribution of plant diversity to both of these stabilizing mechanisms, thus diminishing the positive effect of biodiversity on stability at differing spatial scales. Our findings suggest that preserving grassland functional stability requires conservation of plant diversity within and among ecological communities.
Published: 2020

26. Thermodynamic, kinetic, and microstructure data for modeling solidification of Fe-Al-Mn-Si-C alloys

Author: Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Visuri, V.-V. (Ville-Valtteri), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Fabritius, T. (Timo), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Visuri, V.-V. (Ville-Valtteri), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Fabritius, T. (Timo), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: In this study, a set of thermodynamic, kinetic, and microstructure data is presented to simulate the non-equilibrium solidification of Fe-Al-Mn-Si-C alloys. The data were further validated with the experimental measurements and then used in a thermodynamic–kinetic software, IDS, to establish the effect of the alloying and cooling rate on the solidification behavior of high-AlMnSi (Al ≥ 0.5 wt pct, Mn ≥ 2 wt pct, Si ≥ 1 wt pct) steels. The modeling results were additionally validated by conducting electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) measurements. The results reveal that (1) solidification in high-AlMnSi steels occurs at much lower temperatures than in carbon steels; (2) increasing the cooling rate marginally lowers the solidus; (3) the microsegregation of Mn in austenite is much stronger than that of Si and Al due to the tendency of Al and Si to deplete from the liquid phase; (4) the residual delta ferrite content may be influenced by a proper heat treatment but not to the extent that could be expected solely from thermodynamic calculations; (5) in high-AlMnSi steels containing less than 0.2 wt pct carbon, the cracking tendency related to the strengthening above the solidus and the shell growth below the solidus may be much lower than in carbon steels.
Published: 2020

27. Blockchain-based Wi-Fi offloading platform for 5G

Author: Fernando, P. (Pramitha), Gunawardhana, L. (Lasitha), Rajapakshe, W. (Wishva), Dananjaya, M. (Mahesh), Gamage, T. (Tharindu), Liyanage, M. (Madhusanka), Fernando, P. (Pramitha), Gunawardhana, L. (Lasitha), Rajapakshe, W. (Wishva), Dananjaya, M. (Mahesh), Gamage, T. (Tharindu), and Liyanage, M. (Madhusanka)
Abstract: The advent of 5G has sparked interest in Wi-Fi offloading techniques that enable efficient resource sharing and congestion management of wireless communication spectrum. However, offloading data between multiple networks (i.e. service providers) requires costly inter-provider communication which has a substantial overhead as well as high offloading latency. Moreover, involvement of the profit-oriented decision making of service providers has an inherent weakness of unfair scheduling among users and networks. To overcome those problems, this research work proposes a holistic framework similar to an online data market place where existing infrastructure can be used to set up Wi-Fi zones that everyone can use from their own data plan irrespective of the network operators they belong to. First, our proposed architecture improves the efficacy of offloading by using decentralized nature of the emerging Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to set up an operator-assisted data offloading platform, resulting in efficient inter-provider communication. Second, our proposal strengthens the fair scheduling of offloading resources by using blockchain technology to initiate unbiased and independent decision making. The resulting service is a rating system for the sellers to make reliable transactions for payments.
Published: 2020

28. Characteristics of carbide-free medium-carbon bainitic steels in high-stress abrasive wear conditions

Author: Haiko, O. (Oskari), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Valtonen, K. (Kati), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Haiko, O. (Oskari), Kaikkonen, P. (Pentti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Valtonen, K. (Kati), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: This study encompasses a comprehensive account of the abrasive wear properties of carbide-free, ultrahigh-strength bainitic steels processed through ausforming at three different temperatures well below the recrystallization stop temperature followed by bainitic transformation at temperatures close to the Mₛ temperature. Five medium-carbon, high-silicon compositions were designed for the study by suitably varying the alloying levels of carbon, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, and aluminum. While ausforming at lower temperatures enabled a large number of nucleation sites leading to significant refinement of bainitic laths, the decomposition of austenite at relatively low transformation temperatures was accelerated due to the presence of a high dislocation density, thus enabling completion of bainitic transformation in a reasonable length of time. The steels were characterized in respect of microstructural features and mechanical properties, besides evaluation of wear resistance through a high-stress abrasive wear testing method with natural granite abrasives. The microstructures comprised different fractions of bainitic ferrite and/or granular bainite (56–68%), martensite (0–25%), besides a significant fraction of retained austenite (20–34%) manifesting as pools and also interlath films, depending on the ausforming conditions and subsequent cooling paths. A tensile strength of 1900 MPa level was achieved with hardness exceeding 500 HV for the medium-temperature ausformed steel containing a high carbon content that also showed lowest mass loss in the wear test. The hardness-to-mass loss ratio appeared highly promising with some of the carbide-free bainitic steels on par with or better than the reference martensitic steel. The high work-hardening capability as a consequence of the strain-induced austenite to martensite transformation was considered as the main factor for the superior abrasive wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steels.
Published: 2020

29. Optimization of niobium content in direct quenched high-strength steels

Author: Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Porter, D. (David), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Porter, D. (David), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: This paper focuses on understanding the effect of niobium content on the phase transformation behavior and resultant mechanical properties of thermomechanically rolled and direct-quenched low carbon steels containing 0.08 wt.% carbon. Investigated steels contained three different levels of niobium: 0, 0.02 and 0.05 wt.%. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams covering cooling rates in the range 3–96 °C/s constructed based on the dilatometer studies showed only a minor effects of Nb on the phase transformation characteristics. In addition, experiments were performed for reheating and soaking the slabs at 1050–1200 °C and the results revealed that for these low-carbon steels, Nb failed to prevent the austenite grain growth during slab reheating. In the case of hot rolling trials, two different finish rolling temperatures of 820 °C and 920 °C were used to obtain different levels of pancaking in the austenite prior to direct quenching. The resultant microstructures were essentially mixtures of autotempered martensite and lower bainite imparting yield strengths in the range 940–1070 MPa. The lower finish rolling temperature enabled better combinations of strength and toughness in all the cases, predominantly due to a higher degree of pancaking in the austenite. The optimum level of Nb in the steel was ascertained to be 0.02 wt.%, which resulted not only in marginally higher strength but also without any significant loss of impact toughness.
Published: 2020

30. Quantitative assessment of structural and compositional colors induced by femtosecond laser:a case study on 301LN stainless steel surface

Author: Shi, X. (Xinying), Huang, Z. (Zhongjia), Laakso, M. J. (Miku J.), Niklaus, F. (Frank), Sliz, R. (Rafal), Fabritius, T. (Tapio), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Nyo, T. (Tun), Wang, X. (Xiao), Zhang, M. (Meng), Wang, G. (Gang), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Huttula, M. (Marko), Cao, W. (Wei), Shi, X. (Xinying), Huang, Z. (Zhongjia), Laakso, M. J. (Miku J.), Niklaus, F. (Frank), Sliz, R. (Rafal), Fabritius, T. (Tapio), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Nyo, T. (Tun), Wang, X. (Xiao), Zhang, M. (Meng), Wang, G. (Gang), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Huttula, M. (Marko), and Cao, W. (Wei)
Abstract: The topic of durable coloration and passivation of metal surfaces using state-of-the-art techniques has gained enormous attention and devotion with unremitting efforts of researchers worldwide. Although femtosecond laser marking has been performed on many metals, the related coloration mechanisms are mainly referred to structural colors produced by the interaction of visible light with periodic surface structures. Yet, general quantitative determination of the resulting colors and their origins remain elusive. In this work, we realized quantitative separations of structural colors and compositional pigmentary colors on 301LN austenitic stainless steel surfaces that were treated by femtosecond laser machining. The overall color information was extracted from surface reflectance, with structural color given by numerical simulations, and oxide compositions by chemical state analysis. It was shown that the laser-induced apparent colors of 301LN steel surfaces were combinations of structural and compositional colorations, with the former dominating the angular response and the latter setting up the brownish bases. In addition to the quantification of colors, the analysis method in this work may be useful for the generation and specification of tailored color palettes for practical coloration on metal surfaces by femtosecond laser marking.
Published: 2019

31. Optimization of CCT equations using calculated grain boundary soluble compositions for the simulation of austenite decomposition of steels

Author: Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Louhenkilpi, S. (Seppo), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Larkiola, J. (Jari), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Miettinen, J. (Jyrki), Koskenniska, S. (Sami), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Louhenkilpi, S. (Seppo), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Larkiola, J. (Jari), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: New CCT equations have been developed and optimized to simulate the start temperatures of the austenite decomposition process in low-alloyed steels using experimental CCT data published in the literature. Exceptionally, this optimization does not apply the nominal compositions of the steels, but the corresponding soluble compositions of the grain boundaries calculated using IDS software, depending on the reported austenitization treatments of the steels. These compositions, rather than the nominal ones, are expected to control the start of the austenite decomposition, which usually initiates at the grain boundaries. The new optimization treatment takes into account the solute microsegregation and the possible precipitate formation. Using IDS software, the new equations were validated with new experimental CCT data. Agreement was good not only for the austenite decomposition start temperatures, but also for the final phase fractions, indicating fairly reasonable predictions of phase transformation kinetics by the IDS. In addition, IDS simulations were compared with the experimental CCT data of five high-carbon steels, applying both the new equations based on grain boundary soluble compositions as well as the equations based on the nominal compositions. With the same experimental CCT data used in optimization, better agreement was obtained with the new equations, indicating the importance of determining the soluble compositions at the grain boundaries where the austenite decomposition process is likely to begin.
Published: 2019

32. Infulence of chromium content of the mechanical properties and HAZ simulations of low-carbon bainitic steels

Author: Nyo, T. T. (Tun Tun), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Nyo, T. T. (Tun Tun), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: During thermomechanically controlled processing (TMCP) of carbon steels, controlled rolling in norecrystallization regime followed by directing quenching results in excellent mechanical properties, besides enabling cost-saving in respect of energy costs normally incurred during reheating and quenching procedure. The effects of three different combinations of Cr with 0.06 wt.% of Nb on the microstructures and mechanical properties of thermomechanically rolled and direct-quenched low-carbon (0.035 wt.%) microalloyed steel plates have been investigated to obtain balanced mechanical properties. Laboratory-scale ingots were cast, hot rolled and direct quenched into 12 mm thick plates as per an experimental plan. Tensile properties, impact toughness, hardness and hardenability were studied. In addition, coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) simulations were performed in a Gleeble simulator to evaluate the weldability of the investigated steels using cooling time from 800 °C to 500 °C (t8/5) of 5 s and 15 s.
Published: 2019

33. Quenching and partitioning of multiphase aluminum-added steels

Author: Nyyssönen, T. (Tuomo), Oja, O. (Olli), Jussila, P. (Petri), Saastamoinen, A. (Ari), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Peura, P. (Pasi), Nyyssönen, T. (Tuomo), Oja, O. (Olli), Jussila, P. (Petri), Saastamoinen, A. (Ari), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Peura, P. (Pasi)
Abstract: The quenching and partitioning response following intercritical annealing was investigated for three lean TRIP-type high-Al steel compositions. Depending on the intercritical austenite fraction following annealing, the steels assumed either a ferrite/martensite/retained austenite microstructure or a multiphase structure with ferritic, bainitic and martensitic constituents along with retained austenite. The amount of retained austenite was found to correlate with the initial quench temperature and, depending on the intercritical annealing condition prior to initial quenching, with the uniform and ultimate elongations measured in tensile testing.
Published: 2019

34. Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of direct quenched and partitioned high-aluminum and high-silicon steels

Author: Kantanen, P. (Pekka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Haiko, O. (Oskari), Porter, D. (David), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Kantanen, P. (Pekka), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Haiko, O. (Oskari), Porter, D. (David), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: A new experimental steel containing in weight percent 0.3C-2.0Mn-0.5Si-1.0Al-2.2Cr and 0.3C-1.9Mn-1.0Si-1.0Cr was hot rolled in a laboratory rolling mill and directly quenched within the martensite start and finish temperature range. It was then partitioned without reheating during slow furnace cooling to achieve tensile yield strengths over 1100 MPa with good combinations of strength, ductility and impact toughness. Gleeble thermomechanical simulations led to the selection of the partitioning at the temperatures 175 and 225 °C, which produced the desired microstructures of lath martensite with finely divided retained austenite in fractions of 6.5% and 10% respectively. The microstructures were analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy in combination with electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis. The mechanical properties were characterized extensively using hardness, tensile and Charpy V impact testing. In tensile testing a transformation induced plasticity mechanism was shown to operate with the less stable, carbon-poorer retained austenite, which transformed to martensite during straining. The auspicious results in respect to microstructures and mechanical properties indicate that there are possibilities for developing tough ductile structural steels through thermomechanical rolling followed by the direct quenching and partitioning route.
Published: 2019

35. Mechanical properties of direct-quenched ultra-high-strength steel alloyed with molybdenum and niobium

Author: Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Porter, D. (David), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Hannula, J. (Jaakko), Porter, D. (David), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: The direct quenching process is an energy- and resource-efficient process for making high-strength structural steels with good toughness, weldability, and bendability. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effect of molybdenum and niobium on the microstructures and mechanical properties of laboratory rolled and direct-quenched 11 mm thick steel plates containing 0.16 wt.% C. Three of the studied compositions were niobium-free, having molybdenum contents of 0 wt.%, 0.25 wt.%, and 0.5 wt.%. In addition, a composition containing 0.25 wt.% molybdenum and 0.04 wt.% niobium was studied. Prior to direct quenching, finish rolling temperatures (FRTs) of about 800 °C and 900 °C were used to obtain different levels of austenite pancaking. The final direct-quenched microstructures were martensitic and yield strengths varied in the range of 766–1119 MPa. Mo and Nb additions led to a refined martensitic microstructure that resulted in a good combination of strength and toughness. Furthermore, Mo and Nb alloying significantly reduced the amount of strain-induced ferrite in the microstructure at lower FRTs (800 °C). The steel with 0.5 wt.% Mo exhibited a high yield strength of 1119 MPa combined with very low 28 J transition temperature of −95 °C in the as-quenched condition. Improved mechanical properties of Mo and Mo–Nb steels can be attributed to the improved boron protection. Also, the crystallographic texture of the investigated steels showed that Nb and Nb–Mo alloying increased the amount of {112}<131> and {554}<225> texture components. The 0Mo steel also contained the texture components of {110}<110> and {011}<100>, which can be considered to be detrimental for impact toughness properties.
Published: 2019

36. Isolation and identification of azo dye degrading microbes using 16s r RNA sequencing

Author: V, Pushpa, K., Yogendra, K. M., Mahadevan, M., Mahesh, V, Pushpa, K., Yogendra, K. M., Mahadevan, and M., Mahesh
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify azo dye degrading microbes using 16s r RNA sequencing. For this, ten effluent and fifty soil samples were collected from textile industry from a discharge panel of textile industries near Peenya and Magadi road Industrial area, Bengaluru, and dying industries near Kerur, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. The pH, temperature, BOD, COD, Odor, Total dissolved solid (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Hardness values were very high when compared with the values given by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Pure cultures were screened on the basis of colony morphology. Three different types of unique cultures were selected and named as isolates S1, S2 and S3. Outof 6 dyes viz. Corafast blue, Corafast red, Red 3BN, Solophenyl Brown, RemazoleRG , Rubin M2B used, isolate S1 showed degradation on the maximum number of dyes Red 3BN, Corafast blue, Corafast red, in comparison to other isolates (isolates S2 and S3). Thus, isolate S1 was used for the further studies. For this study Red 3BN dye was chosen. The isolated bacterium was gram positive Bacilli. In the biochemical characterization, the isolate was partially confirmed as Bacillus sp. Further, the selected isolate was identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus species exhibiting 99% similarity, the phylogenic relationship of 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence of the isolated strain and species related to Bacillus species in the gene bank database. Thus, this organism may be used significantly in effluent treatment such as textile, paper, ink and other industries.
Published: 2019

37. Isolation and purification of anticoagulant enzymes from plant latex

Author: Khuraishi, Aeraaf Amal, Jayalakshmi, M., Harini, A. P., Kunder, Achielle Sherlin, M, Mahesh Mariswamy, Khuraishi, Aeraaf Amal, Jayalakshmi, M., Harini, A. P., Kunder, Achielle Sherlin, and M, Mahesh Mariswamy
Abstract: The plant latex is a complex mixture of organic, inorganic and hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases which acts as anticoagulant and finds its uses in surgeries, heart diseases and blood clot treatment. In the present study, latex was collected from Euphorbia milii, Jatropha malacophylla, Thevetia peruviana, Euphorbia pulcherimma and Artocarpus altilis to evaluate the best source of anticoagulant enzyme though four other plants were originally screened as well but failed to show the enzyme. Among the five, A. altilis and J. malacophylla showed the highest anticoagulant activity by milk clotting, blood clotting and APTT assay. The samples were subjected to three-step purification, i.e., salt precipitation, dialysis, ion exchange and gel filtration. The fold purification of A. altilis was found to be 5.37 and 2.31 for J. malacophylla respectively after the gel filtration. The percentage of yield of A. altilis was found to be 63.23% and 26.4% for J. malacophylla. Molecular weight of J. malacophylla sample and A. altilis was found to be ~80kDa and ~105kDa respectively, determined by SDS PAGE. Both enzymes showed optimum activity at pH 7. A. altilis showed optimum activity at 35°C, incubation time of 40 minutes, substrate concentration of 60mM, with MgCl2 as activator the activity increased at 600?L and with EDTA as inhibitor the activity increased at 400?L. J. malacophylla showed optimum activity at 45°C, incubation time of 10 minutes, substrate concentration of 80mM and stable at 35 °C which is the human body temperature. A. altilis showed optimum conditions for human administration making it therapeutically viable.
Published: 2019

38. Factors Associated with Revision Surgery after Internal Fixation of Hip Fractures

Author: Sprague, S. (Sheila), Schemitsch, E.H. (Emil H.), Swiontkowski, M.F. (Marc ), Della Rocca, G.J. (Gregory J.), Jeray, K.J. (Kyle J.), Liew, S. (Susan), Slobogean, G.P. (Gerard P.), Bzovsky, S. (Sofia), Heels-Ansdell, D. (Diane), Zhou, Q. (Qi), Bhandari, M. (Mohit), Sprag, S. (Sheila), Devereaux, P.J., Guyatt, G.H. (Gordon), Heetveld, M.J. (Martin J.), Richardson, M. (Martin), Thabane, L. (Lehana), Tornetta III, P. (Paul), Walter, S.D. (Stephen D.), McKay, P. (Paula), Scott, T. (Taryn), Garibaldi, A. (Alisha), Viveiros, H. (Helena), Swinton, M. (Marilyn), Gichuru, M. (Mark), Buckingham, L. (Lisa), Duraikannan, A. (Aravin), Maddock, D. (Deborah), Simunovic, N. (Nicole), Agel, J. (Julie), Lieshout, E.M.M. (Esther) van, Zielinski, S.M. (Stephanie), Rangan, A. (Amar), Hanusch, B.C. (Birgit C.), Kottam, L. (Lucksy), Clarkson, R. (Rachel), Haverlag, R. (Robert), McCormack, R. (Robert), Apostle, K. (Kelly), Boyer, D. (Dory), Moola, F. (Farhad), Perey, B. (Bertrand), Stone, T. (Trevor), Viskontas, D. (Darius), Lemke, H.M. (H. Michael), Zomar, M. (Mauri), Moon, K. (Karyn), Moon, R. (Raely), Oatt, A. (Amber), Buckley, R.E. (Richard E.), Duffy, P. (Paul), Korley, R. (Robert), Puloski, S. (Shannon), Powell, J. (James), Johnston, K. (Kelly), Carcary, K. (Kimberly), Lorenzo, M. (Melissa), McKercher, R. (Ross), Sanders, D. (David), MacLeod, M. (Mark), Lawendy, A.-R. (Abdel-Rahman), Tieszer, C. (Christina), Stephen, D. (David), Kreder, H. (Hans), Jenkinson, R. (Richard), Nousiainen, M. (Markku), Axelrod, T. (Terry), Murnaghan, J. (John), Nam, D. (Diane), Wadey, V. (Veronica), Yee, A. (Albert), Milner, K. (Katrine), Kunz, M. (Monica), Ghent, W. (Wesley), McKee, M.D. (Michael D.), Hall, J.A. (Jeremy A.), Nauth, A. (Aaron), Ahn, H. (Henry), Whelan, D.B. (Daniel B.), Vicente, M.R. (Milena R.), Wild, L.M. (Lisa M.), Khan, R.M. (Ryan M.), Hidy, J.T. (Jennifer T.), Coles, C. (Chad), Leighton, R. (Ross), Biddulph, M. (Michael), Johnston, D. (David), Glazebrook, M. (Mark), Alexander, D. (David), Coady, C. (Catherine), Dunbar, M. (Michael), Amirault, J.D. (J. David), Gross, M. (Michael), Oxner, W. (William), Reardon, G. (Gerald), Richardson, C.G. (C. Glen), Trenholm, J.A. (J. Andrew), Wong, I. (Ivan), Trask, K. (Kelly), MacDonald, S. (Shelley), Dobbin, G. (Gwendolyn), Bicknell, R. (Ryan), Yach, J. (Jeff), Bardana, D. (Davide), Wood, G. (Gavin), Harrison, M. (Mark), Yen, D. (David), Lambert, S. (Sue), Howells, F. (Fiona), Ward, A. (Angela), Zalzal, P. (Paul), Brien, H. (Heather), Naumetz, V. (V.), Weening, B. (Brad), Wai, E.K. (Eugene K.), Papp, S. (Steve), Gofton, W.T. (Wade T.), Liew, A. (Allen), Kingwell, S.P. (Stephen P.), Johnson, G. (Garth), O'Neil, J. (Joseph), Roffey, D.M. (Darren M.), Borsella, V. (Vivian), Avram, V. (Victoria), Oliver, T.M. (Todd M.), Jones, V. (Vicki), Vogt, M. (Michelle), Jones, C.B. (Clifford B.), Ringler, J.R. (James R.), Endres, T.J. (Terrence J.), Sietsema, D.L. (Debra L.), Walker, J.E. (Jane E.), Broderick, J.S. (J. Scott), Goetz, D.R. (David R.), Pace, T.B. (Thomas B.), Schaller, T.M. (Thomas M.), Porter, S.E. (Scott E.), Beckish, M.L. (Michael L.), Adams, J.D. (John D.), Barden, B.B. (Benjamin B.), Creek, A.T. (Aaron T.), Finley, S.H. (Stephen H.), Foret, J.L. (Jonathan L.), Gudger, G.K. (Garland K.), Gurich, R.W. (Richard W.), Hill, A.D. (Austin D.), Hollenbeck, S.M. (Steven M.), Jackson, L.T. (Lyle T.), Kruse, K.K. (Kevin K.), Lackey, W.G. (Wesley G.), Langan, J.W. (Justin W.), Lee, J. (Julia), Leffler, L.C. (Lauren C.), Miller, T.J. (Timothy J.), Murphy, R.L. (R. Lee), O'Malley, L.K. (Lawrence K.), Peters, M.E. (Melissa E.), Price, D.M. (Dustin M.), Tanksley, J.A. (John A.), Torres, E.T. (Erick T.), Watson, D.J. (Dylan J.), Watson, S.T. (Scott T.), Tanner, S.L. (Stephanie L.), Snider, R.G. (Rebecca G.), Nastoff, L.A. (Lauren A.), Bielby, S.A. (Shea A.), Teasdall, R.J. (Robert J.), Switzer, J.A. (Julie A.), Cole, P.A. (Peter A.), Anderson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Lafferty, P.M. (Paul M.), Li, M. (Mengnai), Ly, T.V. (Thuan V.), Marston, S.B. (Scott B.), Foley, A.L. (Amy L.), Vang, S. (Sandy), Wright, D.M. (David M.), Marcantonio, A.J. (Andrew J.), Kain, M.S.H. (Michael S.H.), Iorio, R. (Richard), Specht, L.M. (Lawrence M.), Tilzey, J.F. (John F.), Lobo, M.J. (Margaret J.), Garfi, J.S. (John S.), Vallier, H.A. (Heather A.), Dolenc, A. (Andrea), Breslin, M. (Mary), Prayson, M.J. (Michael J.), Laughlin, R. (Richard), Rubino, L.J. (L. Joseph), May, J. (Jedediah), Rieser, G.R. (Geoffrey Ryan), Dulaney-Cripe, L. (Liz), Gayton, C. (Chris), Shaer, J. (James), Schrickel, T. (Tyson), Hileman, B. (Barbara), Gorczyca, J.T. (John T.), Gross, J.M. (Jonathan M.), Humphrey, C.A. (Catherine A.), Kates, S. (Stephen), Ketz, J.P. (John P.), Noble, K. (Krista), McIntyre, A.W. (Allison W.), Pecorella, K. (Kaili), Davis, C.A. (Craig A.), Weinerman, S. (Stuart), Weingarten, P. (Peter), Stull, P. (Philip), Lindenbaum, S. (Stephen), Hewitt, M. (Michael), Schwappach, J. (John), Baker, J.K. (Janell K.), Rutherford, T. (Tori), Newman, H. (Heike), Lieberman, S. (Shane), Finn, E. (Erin), Robbins, K. (Kristin), Hurley, M. (Meghan), Lyle, L. (Lindsey), Mitchell, K. (Khalis), Browner, K. (Kieran), Whatley, E. (Erica), Payton, K. (Krystal), Reeves, C. (Christina), Cannada, L.K. (Lisa K.), Karges, D.E. (David E.), Dawson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Mehta, S. (Samir), Esterhai, J. (John), Ahn, J. (Jaimo), Donegan, D. (Derek), Horan, A.D. (Annamarie D.), Hesketh, P.J. (Patrick J.), Bannister, E.R. (Evan R.), Keeve, J.P. (Jonathan P.), Anderson, C.G. (Christopher G.), McDonald, M.D. (Michael D.), Hoffman, J.M. (Jodi M.), Tarkin, I. (Ivan), Siska, P. (Peter), Gruen, G. (Gary), Evans, A. (Andrew), Farrell, D.J. (Dana J.), Irrgang, J. (James), Luther, A. (Arlene), Cross, W.W. (William W.), Cass, J.R. (Joseph R.), Sems, S.A. (Stephen A.), Torchia, M.E. (Michael E.), Scrabeck, T. (Tyson), Jenkins, M. (Mark), Dumais, J. (Jules), Romero, A.W. (Amanda W.), Sagebien, C.A. (Carlos A.), Butler, M.S. (Mark S.), Monica, J.T. (James T.), Seuffert, P. (Patricia), Hsu, J.R. (Joseph R.), Stinner, D. (Daniel), Ficke, J. (James), Charlton, M. (Michael), Napierala, M. (Matthew), Fan, M. (Mary), Tannoury, C. (Chadi), Carlisle, H. (Hope), Silva, H. (Heather), Archdeacon, M. (Michael), Finnan, R. (Ryan), Le, T. (Toan), Wyrick, J. (John), Hess, S. (Shelley), Brennan, M.L. (Michael L.), Probe, R. (Robert), Kile, E. (Evelyn), Mills, K. (Kelli), Clipper, L. (Lydia), Yu, M. (Michelle), Erwin, K. (Katie), Horwitz, D. (Daniel), Strohecker, K. (Kent), Swenson, T.K. (Teresa K.), Schmidt, A.H. (Andrew H.), Westberg, J.R. (Jerald R.), Aurang, K. (Kamran), Zohman, G. (Gary), Peterson, B. (Brett), Huff, R.B. (Roger B.), Baele, J. (Joseph), Weber, T. (Timothy), Edison, M. (Matt), McBeth, J.C. (Jessica Cooper), Shively, K. (Karl), Ertl, J.P. (Janos P.), Mullis, B. (Brian), Parr, J.A. (J. Andrew), Worman, R. (Ripley), Frizzell, V. (Valda), Moore, M.M. (Molly M.), DePaolo, C.J. (Charles J.), Alosky, R. (Rachel), Shell, L.E. (Leslie E.), Hampton, L. (Lynne), Shepard, S. (Stephanie), Nanney, T. (Tracy), Cuento, C. (Claudine), Cantu, R.V. (Robert V.), Henderson, E.R. (Eric R.), Eickhoff, L.S. (Linda S.), Hammerberg, E.M. (E. Mark), Stahel, P. (Philip), Hak, D. (David), Mauffrey, C. (Cyril), Henderson, C. (Corey), Gissel, H. (Hannah), Gibula, D. (Douglas), Zamorano, D.P. (David P.), Tynan, M.C. (Martin C.), Pourmand, D. (Deeba), Lawson, D. (Deanna), Crist, B.D. (Brett D.), Murtha, Y.M. (Yvonne M.), Anderson, L.K. (Linda K.), Linehan, C. (Colleen), Pilling, L. (Lindsey), Lewis, C.G. (Courtland G.), Caminiti, S. (Stephanie), Sullivan, R.J. (Raymond J.), Roper, E. (Elizabeth), Obremskey, W. (William), Kregor, P. (Philip), Richards, J.E. (Justin E.), Stringfellow, K. (Kenya), Dohm, M.P. (Michael P.), Zellar, A. (Abby), Segers, M.J.M. (Michiel), Zijl, J.A.C. (Jacco A.C.), Verhoeven, B. (Bart), Smits, A.B. (Anke B.), De Vries, J.P.P.M. (Jean Paul P.M.), Fioole, B. (Bram), Van Der Hoeven, H. (Henk), Theunissen, E.B.M. (Evert B.M.), De Vries Reilingh, T.S. (Tammo S.), Govaert, L. (Lonneke), Wittich, P. (Philippe), De Brauw, M. (Maurits), Wille, J.C. (Jan), Go, P.M.N.Y.M. (Peter M.N.Y.M.), Ritchie, E.D. (Ewan D.), Wessel, R.N. (Ronald N.), Hammacher, E.R. (Eric), Visser, G.A. (Gijs A.), Stockmann, H. (Heyn), Silvis, R. (Rob), Snellen, J.P. (Jaap P.), Rijbroek, B. (Bram), Scheepers, J.J. (Joris J.), Vermeulen, E.G.J. (Erik G.J.), Siroen, M.P.C. (Michiel P.C.), Vuylsteke, R. (Ronald), Brom, H.L.F., Rijna, H., Rijcke, P.A.R. (Piet), Koppert, C.L. (Cees L.), Buijk, S.E. (Steven E.), Groenendijk, R.P.R. (Richard), Dawson, I. (Imro), Tetteroo, G.W.M. (Geert), Bruijninckx, M.M.M. (Milko), Doornebosch, P. (Pascal), Graaf, E.J.R. (Eelco) de, Elst, M. (Maarten) van der, Pol, C. (Carmen) van der, Riet, M. (Martijne) van 't, Karsten, T.M. (Thomas), Vries, M.R. (Mark) de, Stassen, L.P.S. (Laurents P.S.), Schep, N.W.L. (Niels), Ben Schmidt, G. (G.), Hoffman, W.H. (W. H.), Poolman, R.W. (Rudolf), Simons, M.P., Heijden, F.H.W.M. (Frank) van der, Willems, W.J. (Jaap), De Meulemeester, F.R.A.J. (Frank R.A.J.), Hart, C.P. (Cor P.) van der, Turckan, K. (Kahn), Festen, S. (Sebastiaan), Nies, F. (Frank) de, Out, N.J.M. (Nico J.M.), Bosma, J. (Jan), Kampen, A. (A.) van, Biert, J. (Jan), Van Vugt, A.B. (Arie B.), Edwards, M.J.R. (Michael J.R.), Blokhuis, T.J. (Taco J.), Frölke, J.P.M. (Jan Paul), Geeraedts, L.M.G. (Leo M.G.), Gardeniers, J.W.M. (Jean W.M.), Tan, E.C.T.H. (Edward C.T.H.), Poelhekke, L.M.S.J., De Waal Malefijt, M.C. (Maarten C.), Schreurs, B. (Bart), Roukema, G.R. (Gert), Josaputra, H.A. (Hong A.), Keller, P. (Paul), De Rooij, P.D. (Peter D.), Kuiken, H. (Hans), Boxma, H. (Han), Cleffken, B.I. (Berry), Liem, R. (Ronald), Rhemrev, S. (Steven), Bosman, C.H.R. (Coks H.R.), De Mol Van Otterloo, A. (Alexander), Hoogendoorn, J. (Jochem), Vries, A.C. (Alexander) de, Meylaerts, S.A.G. (Sven), Verhofstad, M.H.J. (Michiel), Meijer, J. (Joost), Van Egmond, T. (Teun), Van Der Brand, I. (Igor), Patka, P. (Peter), Eversdijk, M.G. (Martin), Peters, R. (Rolf), Hartog, D. (Dennis) den, Waes, O.J.F. (Oscar) van, Oprel, P.P. (Pim), Vis, H.M. (Harm) van der, Campo, M. (Martin), Verhagen, R. (Ronald), Albers, G.H.R. (G.H. Robert), Zurcher, A.W. (Arthur W.), Simmermacher, R.K.J., Van Mulken, J. (Jeroen), Wessem, K.J.P. van, Van Gaalen, S.M. (Steven M.), Leenen, L.P.H., Bronkhorst, M.W.G.A. (Maarten), Guicherit, O.R. (Onno R.), Goslings, J.C. (Carel), Ponsen, K.J. (Kees-jan), Bhatia, M. (Mahesh), Arora, V. (Vinod), Tyagi, V. (Vivek), Bedi, H. (Harvinder), Carr, A. (Ashley), Curry, H. (Hamish), Chia, A. (Andrew), Csongvay, S. (Steve), Donohue, C. (Craig), Doig, S. (Stephen), Edwards, E. (Elton), Etherington, G. (Greg), Esser, M. (Max), Gong, A. (Andrew), Jain, A. (Arvind), Li, D. (Doug), Miller, R. (Russell), Moaveni, A. (Ash), Russ, M. (Matthias), Ton, L. (Lu), Wang, O. (Otis), Dowrick, A. (Adam), Murdoch, Z. (Zoe), Sage, C. (Claire), Frihagen, F. (Frede), Clarke-Jenssen, J. (John), Hjorthaug, G. (Geir), Ianssen, T. (Torben), Amundsen, A. (Asgeir), Brattgjerd, J.E. (Jan Egil), Borch, T. (Tor), Bøe, B. (Berthe), Flatøy, B. (Bernhard), Hasselund, S. (Sondre), Haug, K.J. (Knut Jørgen), Hemlock, K. (Kim), Hoseth, T.M. (Tor Magne), Jomaas, G. (Geir), Kibsgård, T. (Thomas), Lona, T. (Tarjei), Moatshe, G. (Gilbert), Müller, O. (Oliver), Molund, M. (Marius), Nicolaisen, T. (Tor), Nilsen, F. (Fredrik), Rydinge, J. (Jonas), Smedsrud, M. (Morten), Stødle, A. (Are), Trommer, A. (Axel), Ugland, S. (Stein), Karlsten, A. (Anders), Ekås, G. (Guri), Vesterhus, E.B. (Elise Berg), Brekke, A.C. (Anne Christine), Gupta, A. (Ajay), Jain, N. (Neeraj), Khan, F. (Farah), Sharma, A. (Ateet), Sanghavi, A. (Amir), Trivedi, M. (Mittal), Rai, A. (Anil), Subash, (), Rai, K. (Kamal), Yadav, V. (Vineet), Singh, S. (Sanjay), Tetsworth, K. (Kevin), Donald, G. (Geoff), Weinrauch, P. (Patrick), Pincus, P. (Paul), Yang, S. (Steven), Halliday, B. (Brett), Gervais, T. (Trevor), Holt, M. (Michael), Flynn, A. (Annette), Prasad, A.S. (Amal Shankar), Mishra, V. (Vimlesh), Sundaresh, D.C. (D. C.), Khanna, A. (Angshuman), Cherian, J.J. (Joe Joseph), Olakkengil, D.J. (Davy J), Sharma, G. (Gaurav), Pirpiris, M. (Marinis), Love, D. (David), Bucknill, A. (Andrew), Farrugia, R.J. (Richard J), Pape, H.-C. (Hans-Christoph), Knobe, M. (Matthias), Pfeifer, R. (Roman), Hull, P. (Peter), Lewis, S. (Sophie), Evans, S. (Simone), Nanda, R. (Rajesh), Logishetty, R. (Rajanikanth), Anand, S. (Sanjeev), Bowler, C. (Carol), Dadi, A. (Akhil), Palla, N. (Naveen), Ganguly, U. (Utsav), Rai, B.S. (B. Sachidananda), Rajakumar, J. (Janakiraman), Jennings, A. (Andrew), Chuter, G. (Graham), Rose, G. (Glynis), Horner, G. (Gillian), Clark, C. (Callum), Eke, K. (Kate), Reed, M.R. (Mike), Inman, D. (Dominic), Herriott, C. (Chris), Dobb, C. (Christine), Sprague, S. (Sheila), Schemitsch, E.H. (Emil H.), Swiontkowski, M.F. (Marc ), Della Rocca, G.J. (Gregory J.), Jeray, K.J. (Kyle J.), Liew, S. (Susan), Slobogean, G.P. (Gerard P.), Bzovsky, S. (Sofia), Heels-Ansdell, D. (Diane), Zhou, Q. (Qi), Bhandari, M. (Mohit), Sprag, S. (Sheila), Devereaux, P.J., Guyatt, G.H. (Gordon), Heetveld, M.J. (Martin J.), Richardson, M. (Martin), Thabane, L. (Lehana), Tornetta III, P. (Paul), Walter, S.D. (Stephen D.), McKay, P. (Paula), Scott, T. (Taryn), Garibaldi, A. (Alisha), Viveiros, H. (Helena), Swinton, M. (Marilyn), Gichuru, M. (Mark), Buckingham, L. (Lisa), Duraikannan, A. (Aravin), Maddock, D. (Deborah), Simunovic, N. (Nicole), Agel, J. (Julie), Lieshout, E.M.M. (Esther) van, Zielinski, S.M. (Stephanie), Rangan, A. (Amar), Hanusch, B.C. (Birgit C.), Kottam, L. (Lucksy), Clarkson, R. (Rachel), Haverlag, R. (Robert), McCormack, R. (Robert), Apostle, K. (Kelly), Boyer, D. (Dory), Moola, F. (Farhad), Perey, B. (Bertrand), Stone, T. (Trevor), Viskontas, D. (Darius), Lemke, H.M. (H. Michael), Zomar, M. (Mauri), Moon, K. (Karyn), Moon, R. (Raely), Oatt, A. (Amber), Buckley, R.E. (Richard E.), Duffy, P. (Paul), Korley, R. (Robert), Puloski, S. (Shannon), Powell, J. (James), Johnston, K. (Kelly), Carcary, K. (Kimberly), Lorenzo, M. (Melissa), McKercher, R. (Ross), Sanders, D. (David), MacLeod, M. (Mark), Lawendy, A.-R. (Abdel-Rahman), Tieszer, C. (Christina), Stephen, D. (David), Kreder, H. (Hans), Jenkinson, R. (Richard), Nousiainen, M. (Markku), Axelrod, T. (Terry), Murnaghan, J. (John), Nam, D. (Diane), Wadey, V. (Veronica), Yee, A. (Albert), Milner, K. (Katrine), Kunz, M. (Monica), Ghent, W. (Wesley), McKee, M.D. (Michael D.), Hall, J.A. (Jeremy A.), Nauth, A. (Aaron), Ahn, H. (Henry), Whelan, D.B. (Daniel B.), Vicente, M.R. (Milena R.), Wild, L.M. (Lisa M.), Khan, R.M. (Ryan M.), Hidy, J.T. (Jennifer T.), Coles, C. (Chad), Leighton, R. (Ross), Biddulph, M. (Michael), Johnston, D. (David), Glazebrook, M. (Mark), Alexander, D. (David), Coady, C. (Catherine), Dunbar, M. (Michael), Amirault, J.D. (J. David), Gross, M. (Michael), Oxner, W. (William), Reardon, G. (Gerald), Richardson, C.G. (C. Glen), Trenholm, J.A. (J. Andrew), Wong, I. (Ivan), Trask, K. (Kelly), MacDonald, S. (Shelley), Dobbin, G. (Gwendolyn), Bicknell, R. (Ryan), Yach, J. (Jeff), Bardana, D. (Davide), Wood, G. (Gavin), Harrison, M. (Mark), Yen, D. (David), Lambert, S. (Sue), Howells, F. (Fiona), Ward, A. (Angela), Zalzal, P. (Paul), Brien, H. (Heather), Naumetz, V. (V.), Weening, B. (Brad), Wai, E.K. (Eugene K.), Papp, S. (Steve), Gofton, W.T. (Wade T.), Liew, A. (Allen), Kingwell, S.P. (Stephen P.), Johnson, G. (Garth), O'Neil, J. (Joseph), Roffey, D.M. (Darren M.), Borsella, V. (Vivian), Avram, V. (Victoria), Oliver, T.M. (Todd M.), Jones, V. (Vicki), Vogt, M. (Michelle), Jones, C.B. (Clifford B.), Ringler, J.R. (James R.), Endres, T.J. (Terrence J.), Sietsema, D.L. (Debra L.), Walker, J.E. (Jane E.), Broderick, J.S. (J. Scott), Goetz, D.R. (David R.), Pace, T.B. (Thomas B.), Schaller, T.M. (Thomas M.), Porter, S.E. (Scott E.), Beckish, M.L. (Michael L.), Adams, J.D. (John D.), Barden, B.B. (Benjamin B.), Creek, A.T. (Aaron T.), Finley, S.H. (Stephen H.), Foret, J.L. (Jonathan L.), Gudger, G.K. (Garland K.), Gurich, R.W. (Richard W.), Hill, A.D. (Austin D.), Hollenbeck, S.M. (Steven M.), Jackson, L.T. (Lyle T.), Kruse, K.K. (Kevin K.), Lackey, W.G. (Wesley G.), Langan, J.W. (Justin W.), Lee, J. (Julia), Leffler, L.C. (Lauren C.), Miller, T.J. (Timothy J.), Murphy, R.L. (R. Lee), O'Malley, L.K. (Lawrence K.), Peters, M.E. (Melissa E.), Price, D.M. (Dustin M.), Tanksley, J.A. (John A.), Torres, E.T. (Erick T.), Watson, D.J. (Dylan J.), Watson, S.T. (Scott T.), Tanner, S.L. (Stephanie L.), Snider, R.G. (Rebecca G.), Nastoff, L.A. (Lauren A.), Bielby, S.A. (Shea A.), Teasdall, R.J. (Robert J.), Switzer, J.A. (Julie A.), Cole, P.A. (Peter A.), Anderson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Lafferty, P.M. (Paul M.), Li, M. (Mengnai), Ly, T.V. (Thuan V.), Marston, S.B. (Scott B.), Foley, A.L. (Amy L.), Vang, S. (Sandy), Wright, D.M. (David M.), Marcantonio, A.J. (Andrew J.), Kain, M.S.H. (Michael S.H.), Iorio, R. (Richard), Specht, L.M. (Lawrence M.), Tilzey, J.F. (John F.), Lobo, M.J. (Margaret J.), Garfi, J.S. (John S.), Vallier, H.A. (Heather A.), Dolenc, A. (Andrea), Breslin, M. (Mary), Prayson, M.J. (Michael J.), Laughlin, R. (Richard), Rubino, L.J. (L. Joseph), May, J. (Jedediah), Rieser, G.R. (Geoffrey Ryan), Dulaney-Cripe, L. (Liz), Gayton, C. (Chris), Shaer, J. (James), Schrickel, T. (Tyson), Hileman, B. (Barbara), Gorczyca, J.T. (John T.), Gross, J.M. (Jonathan M.), Humphrey, C.A. (Catherine A.), Kates, S. (Stephen), Ketz, J.P. (John P.), Noble, K. (Krista), McIntyre, A.W. (Allison W.), Pecorella, K. (Kaili), Davis, C.A. (Craig A.), Weinerman, S. (Stuart), Weingarten, P. (Peter), Stull, P. (Philip), Lindenbaum, S. (Stephen), Hewitt, M. (Michael), Schwappach, J. (John), Baker, J.K. (Janell K.), Rutherford, T. (Tori), Newman, H. (Heike), Lieberman, S. (Shane), Finn, E. (Erin), Robbins, K. (Kristin), Hurley, M. (Meghan), Lyle, L. (Lindsey), Mitchell, K. (Khalis), Browner, K. (Kieran), Whatley, E. (Erica), Payton, K. (Krystal), Reeves, C. (Christina), Cannada, L.K. (Lisa K.), Karges, D.E. (David E.), Dawson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Mehta, S. (Samir), Esterhai, J. (John), Ahn, J. (Jaimo), Donegan, D. (Derek), Horan, A.D. (Annamarie D.), Hesketh, P.J. (Patrick J.), Bannister, E.R. (Evan R.), Keeve, J.P. (Jonathan P.), Anderson, C.G. (Christopher G.), McDonald, M.D. (Michael D.), Hoffman, J.M. (Jodi M.), Tarkin, I. (Ivan), Siska, P. (Peter), Gruen, G. (Gary), Evans, A. (Andrew), Farrell, D.J. (Dana J.), Irrgang, J. (James), Luther, A. (Arlene), Cross, W.W. (William W.), Cass, J.R. (Joseph R.), Sems, S.A. (Stephen A.), Torchia, M.E. (Michael E.), Scrabeck, T. (Tyson), Jenkins, M. (Mark), Dumais, J. (Jules), Romero, A.W. (Amanda W.), Sagebien, C.A. (Carlos A.), Butler, M.S. (Mark S.), Monica, J.T. (James T.), Seuffert, P. (Patricia), Hsu, J.R. (Joseph R.), Stinner, D. (Daniel), Ficke, J. (James), Charlton, M. (Michael), Napierala, M. (Matthew), Fan, M. (Mary), Tannoury, C. (Chadi), Carlisle, H. (Hope), Silva, H. (Heather), Archdeacon, M. (Michael), Finnan, R. (Ryan), Le, T. (Toan), Wyrick, J. (John), Hess, S. (Shelley), Brennan, M.L. (Michael L.), Probe, R. (Robert), Kile, E. (Evelyn), Mills, K. (Kelli), Clipper, L. (Lydia), Yu, M. (Michelle), Erwin, K. (Katie), Horwitz, D. (Daniel), Strohecker, K. (Kent), Swenson, T.K. (Teresa K.), Schmidt, A.H. (Andrew H.), Westberg, J.R. (Jerald R.), Aurang, K. (Kamran), Zohman, G. (Gary), Peterson, B. (Brett), Huff, R.B. (Roger B.), Baele, J. (Joseph), Weber, T. (Timothy), Edison, M. (Matt), McBeth, J.C. (Jessica Cooper), Shively, K. (Karl), Ertl, J.P. (Janos P.), Mullis, B. (Brian), Parr, J.A. (J. Andrew), Worman, R. (Ripley), Frizzell, V. (Valda), Moore, M.M. (Molly M.), DePaolo, C.J. (Charles J.), Alosky, R. (Rachel), Shell, L.E. (Leslie E.), Hampton, L. (Lynne), Shepard, S. (Stephanie), Nanney, T. (Tracy), Cuento, C. (Claudine), Cantu, R.V. (Robert V.), Henderson, E.R. (Eric R.), Eickhoff, L.S. (Linda S.), Hammerberg, E.M. (E. Mark), Stahel, P. (Philip), Hak, D. (David), Mauffrey, C. (Cyril), Henderson, C. (Corey), Gissel, H. (Hannah), Gibula, D. (Douglas), Zamorano, D.P. (David P.), Tynan, M.C. (Martin C.), Pourmand, D. (Deeba), Lawson, D. (Deanna), Crist, B.D. (Brett D.), Murtha, Y.M. (Yvonne M.), Anderson, L.K. (Linda K.), Linehan, C. (Colleen), Pilling, L. (Lindsey), Lewis, C.G. (Courtland G.), Caminiti, S. (Stephanie), Sullivan, R.J. (Raymond J.), Roper, E. (Elizabeth), Obremskey, W. (William), Kregor, P. (Philip), Richards, J.E. (Justin E.), Stringfellow, K. (Kenya), Dohm, M.P. (Michael P.), Zellar, A. (Abby), Segers, M.J.M. (Michiel), Zijl, J.A.C. (Jacco A.C.), Verhoeven, B. (Bart), Smits, A.B. (Anke B.), De Vries, J.P.P.M. (Jean Paul P.M.), Fioole, B. (Bram), Van Der Hoeven, H. (Henk), Theunissen, E.B.M. (Evert B.M.), De Vries Reilingh, T.S. (Tammo S.), Govaert, L. (Lonneke), Wittich, P. (Philippe), De Brauw, M. (Maurits), Wille, J.C. (Jan), Go, P.M.N.Y.M. (Peter M.N.Y.M.), Ritchie, E.D. (Ewan D.), Wessel, R.N. (Ronald N.), Hammacher, E.R. (Eric), Visser, G.A. (Gijs A.), Stockmann, H. (Heyn), Silvis, R. (Rob), Snellen, J.P. (Jaap P.), Rijbroek, B. (Bram), Scheepers, J.J. (Joris J.), Vermeulen, E.G.J. (Erik G.J.), Siroen, M.P.C. (Michiel P.C.), Vuylsteke, R. (Ronald), Brom, H.L.F., Rijna, H., Rijcke, P.A.R. (Piet), Koppert, C.L. (Cees L.), Buijk, S.E. (Steven E.), Groenendijk, R.P.R. (Richard), Dawson, I. (Imro), Tetteroo, G.W.M. (Geert), Bruijninckx, M.M.M. (Milko), Doornebosch, P. (Pascal), Graaf, E.J.R. (Eelco) de, Elst, M. (Maarten) van der, Pol, C. (Carmen) van der, Riet, M. (Martijne) van 't, Karsten, T.M. (Thomas), Vries, M.R. (Mark) de, Stassen, L.P.S. (Laurents P.S.), Schep, N.W.L. (Niels), Ben Schmidt, G. (G.), Hoffman, W.H. (W. H.), Poolman, R.W. (Rudolf), Simons, M.P., Heijden, F.H.W.M. (Frank) van der, Willems, W.J. (Jaap), De Meulemeester, F.R.A.J. (Frank R.A.J.), Hart, C.P. (Cor P.) van der, Turckan, K. (Kahn), Festen, S. (Sebastiaan), Nies, F. (Frank) de, Out, N.J.M. (Nico J.M.), Bosma, J. (Jan), Kampen, A. (A.) van, Biert, J. (Jan), Van Vugt, A.B. (Arie B.), Edwards, M.J.R. (Michael J.R.), Blokhuis, T.J. (Taco J.), Frölke, J.P.M. (Jan Paul), Geeraedts, L.M.G. (Leo M.G.), Gardeniers, J.W.M. (Jean W.M.), Tan, E.C.T.H. (Edward C.T.H.), Poelhekke, L.M.S.J., De Waal Malefijt, M.C. (Maarten C.), Schreurs, B. (Bart), Roukema, G.R. (Gert), Josaputra, H.A. (Hong A.), Keller, P. (Paul), De Rooij, P.D. (Peter D.), Kuiken, H. (Hans), Boxma, H. (Han), Cleffken, B.I. (Berry), Liem, R. (Ronald), Rhemrev, S. (Steven), Bosman, C.H.R. (Coks H.R.), De Mol Van Otterloo, A. (Alexander), Hoogendoorn, J. (Jochem), Vries, A.C. (Alexander) de, Meylaerts, S.A.G. (Sven), Verhofstad, M.H.J. (Michiel), Meijer, J. (Joost), Van Egmond, T. (Teun), Van Der Brand, I. (Igor), Patka, P. (Peter), Eversdijk, M.G. (Martin), Peters, R. (Rolf), Hartog, D. (Dennis) den, Waes, O.J.F. (Oscar) van, Oprel, P.P. (Pim), Vis, H.M. (Harm) van der, Campo, M. (Martin), Verhagen, R. (Ronald), Albers, G.H.R. (G.H. Robert), Zurcher, A.W. (Arthur W.), Simmermacher, R.K.J., Van Mulken, J. (Jeroen), Wessem, K.J.P. van, Van Gaalen, S.M. (Steven M.), Leenen, L.P.H., Bronkhorst, M.W.G.A. (Maarten), Guicherit, O.R. (Onno R.), Goslings, J.C. (Carel), Ponsen, K.J. (Kees-jan), Bhatia, M. (Mahesh), Arora, V. (Vinod), Tyagi, V. (Vivek), Bedi, H. (Harvinder), Carr, A. (Ashley), Curry, H. (Hamish), Chia, A. (Andrew), Csongvay, S. (Steve), Donohue, C. (Craig), Doig, S. (Stephen), Edwards, E. (Elton), Etherington, G. (Greg), Esser, M. (Max), Gong, A. (Andrew), Jain, A. (Arvind), Li, D. (Doug), Miller, R. (Russell), Moaveni, A. (Ash), Russ, M. (Matthias), Ton, L. (Lu), Wang, O. (Otis), Dowrick, A. (Adam), Murdoch, Z. (Zoe), Sage, C. (Claire), Frihagen, F. (Frede), Clarke-Jenssen, J. (John), Hjorthaug, G. (Geir), Ianssen, T. (Torben), Amundsen, A. (Asgeir), Brattgjerd, J.E. (Jan Egil), Borch, T. (Tor), Bøe, B. (Berthe), Flatøy, B. (Bernhard), Hasselund, S. (Sondre), Haug, K.J. (Knut Jørgen), Hemlock, K. (Kim), Hoseth, T.M. (Tor Magne), Jomaas, G. (Geir), Kibsgård, T. (Thomas), Lona, T. (Tarjei), Moatshe, G. (Gilbert), Müller, O. (Oliver), Molund, M. (Marius), Nicolaisen, T. (Tor), Nilsen, F. (Fredrik), Rydinge, J. (Jonas), Smedsrud, M. (Morten), Stødle, A. (Are), Trommer, A. (Axel), Ugland, S. (Stein), Karlsten, A. (Anders), Ekås, G. (Guri), Vesterhus, E.B. (Elise Berg), Brekke, A.C. (Anne Christine), Gupta, A. (Ajay), Jain, N. (Neeraj), Khan, F. (Farah), Sharma, A. (Ateet), Sanghavi, A. (Amir), Trivedi, M. (Mittal), Rai, A. (Anil), Subash, (), Rai, K. (Kamal), Yadav, V. (Vineet), Singh, S. (Sanjay), Tetsworth, K. (Kevin), Donald, G. (Geoff), Weinrauch, P. (Patrick), Pincus, P. (Paul), Yang, S. (Steven), Halliday, B. (Brett), Gervais, T. (Trevor), Holt, M. (Michael), Flynn, A. (Annette), Prasad, A.S. (Amal Shankar), Mishra, V. (Vimlesh), Sundaresh, D.C. (D. C.), Khanna, A. (Angshuman), Cherian, J.J. (Joe Joseph), Olakkengil, D.J. (Davy J), Sharma, G. (Gaurav), Pirpiris, M. (Marinis), Love, D. (David), Bucknill, A. (Andrew), Farrugia, R.J. (Richard J), Pape, H.-C. (Hans-Christoph), Knobe, M. (Matthias), Pfeifer, R. (Roman), Hull, P. (Peter), Lewis, S. (Sophie), Evans, S. (Simone), Nanda, R. (Rajesh), Logishetty, R. (Rajanikanth), Anand, S. (Sanjeev), Bowler, C. (Carol), Dadi, A. (Akhil), Palla, N. (Naveen), Ganguly, U. (Utsav), Rai, B.S. (B. Sachidananda), Rajakumar, J. (Janakiraman), Jennings, A. (Andrew), Chuter, G. (Graham), Rose, G. (Glynis), Horner, G. (Gillian), Clark, C. (Callum), Eke, K. (Kate), Reed, M.R. (Mike), Inman, D. (Dominic), Herriott, C. (Chris), and Dobb, C. (Christine)
Abstract: Background: Femoral neck fractures are associated with high rates of revision surgery after management with internal fixation. Using data from the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip fractures (FAITH) trial evaluating methods of internal fixation in patients with femoral neck fractures, we investigated associations between baseline and surgical factors and the need for revision surgery to promote healing, relieve pain, treat infection or improve function over 24 months postsurgery. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with (1) hardware removal and (2) implant exchange from cancellous screws (CS) or sliding hip screw (SHS) to total hip arthroplasty, hemiarthroplasty, or another internal fixation device. Methods: We identified 15 potential factors a priori that may be associated with revision surgery, 7 with hardware removal, and 14 with implant exchange. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses in our investigation. Results: Factors associated with increased risk of revision surgery included: female sex, [hazard ratio (HR) 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-2.50; P = 0.001], higher body mass index (for
Published: 2018
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39. Determinants of Intention to Participate in Corporate BYOD-Programs: The Case of Digital Natives

Author: Weeger, A. (Andy), Wang, X. (Xuequn), Gewald, H. (Heiko), Raisinghani, M. (Mahesh), Sanchez, O. (Otavio), Grant, G. (Gerald), Pittayachawan, S. (Siddhi), Weeger, A. (Andy), Wang, X. (Xuequn), Gewald, H. (Heiko), Raisinghani, M. (Mahesh), Sanchez, O. (Otavio), Grant, G. (Gerald), and Pittayachawan, S. (Siddhi)
Abstract: Corporations continue to see a growing demand for Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) programs which allow employees to use their own computing devices for business purposes. This study analyses the demand of digital natives for such programs when entering the workforce and how they perceive the benefits and risk associated with BYOD. A theoretical model building on net valence considerations, technology adoption theories and perceived risk theory is proposed and tested. International students from five countries in their final year and with relevant work experience were surveyed. The results show that the intention to enroll in a BYOD program is primarily a function of perceived benefits while risks are widely ignored. Only safety and performance risks proved to contribute significantly to the overall perceived risk. The knowledge acquired from this study is particularly beneficial to IT executives as a guide to deciding whether and how to set up or adjust corporate BYOD initiatives.
Published: 2018
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40. Comparison of impact-abrasive wear characteristics and performance of direct quenched (DQ) and direct quenched and partitioned (DQ&P) steels

Author: Haiko, O. (Oskari), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Porter, D. (David), Kantanen, P. (Pekka), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Ojala, N. (Niko), Heino, V. (Vuokko), Haiko, O. (Oskari), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Porter, D. (David), Kantanen, P. (Pekka), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Ojala, N. (Niko), and Heino, V. (Vuokko)
Abstract: The recently developed method of direct quenching and partitioning (DQ&P) was utilized to produce ultra-high strength martensitic steels with retained austenite. The DQ&P steels have high surface hardness while retaining good impact toughness and elongation values. The toughness and elongation properties are attributed to the retained austenite which is stabilized in the DQ&P process. The aim was to study if DQ&P processing could be utilized for improved abrasive wear resistance. Two medium-carbon (0.3%) chemical compositions were selected with varying amounts of silicon, aluminum and chromium. The processing route for DQ&P involved interrupted water quenching with two different quench stop temperatures (TQ) (175 and 225 °C). Direct quenched (DQ) variants were also produced for comparison of both mechanical properties and wear characteristics. Compared to the DQ treatment, improved impact toughness and elongation to fracture were achieved with the DQ&P treatment while initial strength and hardness was reduced. An impeller-tumbler testing device was used to measure the impact-abrasive wear performance of the different experimental microstructures and compared with that of a reference commercial 500 HB steel. No advantage of the increased ductility of the DQ&P steels was apparent; wear resistance was shown to only correlate with the initial surface hardness of the steels.
Published: 2018

41. Molecular insights into the interaction of RONS and thieno[3,2-c]pyran analogs with SIRT6/COX-2:a molecular dynamics study

Author: Yadav, D. K. (Dharmendra K.), Kumar, S. (Surendra), Saloni, Misra, S. (Sanjeev), Yadav, L. (Lalit), Teli, M. (Mahesh), Sharma, P. (Praveen), Chaudhary, S. (Sandeep), Kumar, N. (Naresh), Choi, E. H. (Eun Ha), Kim, H. S. (Hyung Sik), Kim, M.-h. (Mi-hyun), Yadav, D. K. (Dharmendra K.), Kumar, S. (Surendra), Saloni, Misra, S. (Sanjeev), Yadav, L. (Lalit), Teli, M. (Mahesh), Sharma, P. (Praveen), Chaudhary, S. (Sandeep), Kumar, N. (Naresh), Choi, E. H. (Eun Ha), Kim, H. S. (Hyung Sik), and Kim, M.-h. (Mi-hyun)
Abstract: SIRT6 and COX-2 are oncogenes target that promote the expression of proinflammatory and pro-survival proteins through a signaling pathway, which leads to increased survival and proliferation of tumor cells. However, COX-2 also suppresses skin tumorigenesis and their relationship with SIRT6, making it an interesting target for the discovery of drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Herein, we studied the interaction of thieno[3,2-c]pyran analogs and RONS species with SIRT6 and COX-2 through the use of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Molecular docking studies revealed the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid residues for the stability. The molecular dynamics study examined conformational changes in the enzymes caused by the binding of the substrates and how those changes affected the stability of the protein-drug complex. The average RMSD values of the backbone atoms in compounds 6 and 10 were calculated from 1000 ps to 10000 ps and were found to be 0.13 nm for both compounds. Similarly, the radius of gyration values for compounds 6 and 10 were found to be 1.87 ± 0.03 nm and 1.86 ± 0.02 nm, respectively. The work presented here, will be of great help in lead identification and optimization for early drug discovery.
Published: 2018

42. Influence of manganese content and finish rolling temperature on the martensitic transformation of ultrahigh-strength strip steels

Author: Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Hemmilä, M. (Mikko), Liimatainen, T. (Tommi), Porter, D. A. (David A.), Kömi, J. (Jukka), Kaijalainen, A. (Antti), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Hemmilä, M. (Mikko), Liimatainen, T. (Tommi), Porter, D. A. (David A.), and Kömi, J. (Jukka)
Abstract: The effects of manganese content and finish rolling temperature (FRT) on the transformed microstructures and properties of two low-alloyed thermomechanically rolled and direct-quenched (TM-DQ) steels were investigated. The materials were characterized in respect of microstructures and tensile properties. In addition, microhardness measurements were made both at the surface and centerline of the hot-rolled strips to help characterize the phase constituents. Detailed microstructural features were further revealed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with electron backscatter diffraction (FESEM-EBSD). It was apparent that a decrease in the temperature of controlled rolling, i.e., the finish rolling temperature (FRT), resulted in reduced martensite fractions at the surface, as a consequence of strain-induced fine ferrite formation. The centerline of the strip, however, comprised essentially martensite and upper bainite. In contrast, high FRT and higher manganese content resulted in essentially a fully martensitic microstructure due to enhanced hardenability. The paper presents a detailed account of the hot rolling and hardenability aspects of TM-DQ ultra-high-strength strip steels and corresponding microstructures and properties.
Published: 2018

43. Effects of chemical composition and austenite deformation on the onset of ferrite formation for arbitrary cooling paths

Author: Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Porter, D. (David), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Porter, D. (David)
Abstract: We present a computational method for calculating the phase transformation start for arbitrary cooling paths and for different steel compositions after thermomechanical treatments. We apply the method to quantitatively estimate how much austenite deformation and how many different alloying elements affect the transformation start at different temperatures. The calculations are done for recrystallized steel as well as strain hardened steel, and the results are compared. The method is parameterized using continuous cooling transformation (CCT) data as an input, and it can be easily adapted for different thermomechanical treatments when corresponding CCT data is available. The analysis can also be used to obtain estimates for the range of values for parameters in more detailed microstructure models.
Published: 2018

44. Modelling of austenite transformation along arbitrary cooling paths

Author: Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Somani, M. (Mahesh), Porter, D. (David), Pohjonen, A. (Aarne), Somani, M. (Mahesh), and Porter, D. (David)
Abstract: A computational model based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov equation for simulating the onset and kinetics of austenite to bainite and martensite transformation has been fitted to experimental continuous cooling data for two different steels. We investigated how deformation below recrystallization temperature affected the transformation onset and kinetics in comparison to the same steel in the undeformed state. The fitted model can be used to simulate phase transformations occurring when the steel is cooled along any cooling path. The model can be fully coupled to heat transfer and conduction simulations in order to optimize cooling practice, for example in industrial thermomechanical processing of steel. The fitted model can also be used to predict the hardness of the steel after cooling.
Published: 2018

45. Fracture fixation in the operative management of hip fractures (FAITH): an international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial

Author: Nauth, A. (Aaron), Creek, A.T. (Aaron T.), Zellar, A. (Abby), Lawendy, A.-R. (Abdel-Rahman), Dowrick, A. (Adam), Gupta, A. (Ajay), Dadi, A. (Akhil), Kampen, A. (A.) van, Yee, A. (Albert), Vries, A.C. (Alexander) de, de Mol van Otterloo, A. (Alexander), Garibaldi, A. (Alisha), Liew, A. (Allen), McIntyre, A.W. (Allison W.), Prasad, A.S. (Amal Shankar), Romero, A.W. (Amanda W.), Rangan, A. (Amar), Oatt, A. (Amber), Sanghavi, A. (Amir), Foley, A.L. (Amy L.), Karlsten, A. (Anders), Dolenc, A. (Andrea), Bucknill, A. (Andrew), Chia, A. (Andrew), Evans, A. (Andrew), Gong, A. (Andrew), Schmidt, A.H. (Andrew H.), Marcantonio, A.J. (Andrew J.), Jennings, A. (Andrew), Ward, A. (Angela), Khanna, A. (Angshuman), Rai, A. (Anil), Smits, A.B. (Anke B.), Horan, A.D. (Annamarie D.), Brekke, A.C. (Anne Christine), Flynn, A. (Annette), Duraikannan, A. (Aravin), Stødle, A. (Are), van Vugt, A.B. (Arie B.), Luther, A. (Arlene), Zurcher, A.W. (Arthur W.), Jain, A. (Arvind), Amundsen, A. (Asgeir), Moaveni, A. (Ash), Carr, A. (Ashley), Sharma, A. (Ateet), Hill, A.D. (Austin D.), Trommer, A. (Axel), Rai, B.S. (B. Sachidananda), Hileman, B. (Barbara), Schreurs, B. (Bart), Verhoeven, B. (Bart), Barden, B.B. (Benjamin B.), Flatøy, B. (Bernhard), Cleffken, B.I. (Berry), Bøe, B. (Berthe), Perey, B. (Bertrand), Hanusch, B.C. (Birgit C.), Weening, B. (Brad), Fioole, B. (Bram), Rijbroek, B. (Bram), Crist, B.D. (Brett D.), Halliday, B. (Brett), Peterson, B. (Brett), Mullis, B. (Brian), Richardson, C.G. (C. Glen), Clark, C. (Callum), Sagebien, C.A. (Carlos A.), Pol, C. (Carmen) van der, Bowler, C. (Carol), Humphrey, C.A. (Catherine A.), Coady, C. (Catherine), Koppert, C.L. (Cees L.), Coles, C. (Chad), Tannoury, C. (Chadi), DePaolo, C.J. (Charles J.), Gayton, C. (Chris), Herriott, C. (Chris), Reeves, C. (Christina), Tieszer, C. (Christina), Dobb, C. (Christine), Anderson, C.G. (Christopher G.), Sage, C. (Claire), Cuento, C. (Claudine), Jones, C.B. (Clifford B.), Bosman, C.H.R. (Coks H.R.), Linehan, C. (Colleen), Hart, C.P. (Cor P.) van der, Henderson, C. (Corey), Lewis, C.G. (Courtland G.), Davis, C.A. (Craig A.), Donohue, C. (Craig), Mauffrey, C. (Cyril), Sundaresh, D.C. (D. C.), Farrell, D.J. (Dana J.), Whelan, D.B. (Daniel B.), Horwitz, D. (Daniel), Stinner, D. (Daniel), Viskontas, D. (Darius), Roffey, D.M. (Darren M.), Alexander, D. (David), Karges, D.E. (David E.), Hak, D. (David), Johnston, D. (David), Love, D. (David), Wright, D.M. (David M.), Zamorano, D.P. (David P.), Goetz, D.R. (David R.), Sanders, D. (David), Stephen, D. (David), Yen, D. (David), Bardana, D. (Davide), Olakkengil, D.J. (Davy J), Lawson, D. (Deanna), Maddock, D. (Deborah), Sietsema, D.L. (Debra L.), Pourmand, D. (Deeba), Hartog, D. (Dennis) den, Donegan, D. (Derek), Heels-Ansdell, D. (Diane), Nam, D. (Diane), Inman, D. (Dominic), Boyer, D. (Dory), Li, D. (Doug), Gibula, D. (Douglas), Price, D.M. (Dustin M.), Watson, D.J. (Dylan J.), Hammerberg, E.M. (E. Mark), Tan, E.T.C.H. (Edward T.C.H.), Graaf, E.J.R. (Eelco) de, Vesterhus, E.B. (Elise Berg), Roper, E. (Elizabeth), Edwards, E. (Elton), Schemitsch, E.H. (Emil), Hammacher, E.R. (Eric), Henderson, E.R. (Eric R.), Whatley, E. (Erica), Torres, E.T. (Erick T.), Vermeulen, E.G.J. (Erik G.J.), Finn, E. (Erin), Lieshout, E.M.M. (Esther) van, Wai, E.K. (Eugene K.), Bannister, E.R. (Evan R.), Kile, E. (Evelyn), Theunissen, E.B.M. (Evert B.M.), Ritchie, E.D. (Ewan D.), Khan, F. (Farah), Moola, F. (Farhad), Howells, F. (Fiona), Nies, F. (Frank) de, Heijden, F.H.W.M. (Frank) van der, de Meulemeester, F.R.A.J. (Frank R.A.J.), Frihagen, F. (Frede), Nilsen, F. (Fredrik), Schmidt, G.B. (G. Ben), Albers, G.H.R. (G.H. Robert), Gudger, G.K. (Garland K.), Johnson, G. (Garth), Gruen, G. (Gary), Zohman, G. (Gary), Sharma, G. (Gaurav), Wood, G. (Gavin), Tetteroo, G.W.M. (Geert), Hjorthaug, G. (Geir), Jomaas, G. (Geir), Donald, G. (Geoff), Rieser, G.R. (Geoffrey Ryan), Reardon, G. (Gerald), Slobogean, G.P. (Gerard P.), Roukema, G.R. (Gert), Visser, G.A. (Gijs A.), Moatshe, G. (Gilbert), Horner, G. (Gillian), Rose, G. (Glynis), Guyatt, G. (Gordon), Chuter, G. (Graham), Etherington, G. (Greg), Rocca, G.J.D. (Gregory J. Della), Ekås, G. (Guri), Dobbin, G. (Gwendolyn), Lemke, H.M. (H. Michael), Curry, H. (Hamish), Boxma, H. (Han), Gissel, H. (Hannah), Kreder, H. (Hans), Kuiken, H. (Hans), Brom, H.L.F., Pape, H.-C. (Hans-Christoph), Vis, H.M. (Harm) van der, Bedi, H. (Harvinder), Vallier, H.A. (Heather A.), Brien, H. (Heather), Silva, H. (Heather), Newman, H. (Heike), Viveiros, H. (Helena), van der Hoeven, H. (Henk), Ahn, H. (Henry), Johal, H. (Herman), Rijna, H., Stockmann, H. (Heyn), Josaputra, H.A. (Hong A.), Carlisle, H. (Hope), van der Brand, I. (Igor), Dawson, I. (Imro), Tarkin, I. (Ivan), Wong, I. (Ivan), Parr, J.A. (J. Andrew), Trenholm, J.A. (J. Andrew), Goslings, J.C. (Carel), Amirault, J.D. (J. David), Broderick, J.S. (J. Scott), Snellen, J.P. (Jaap P.), Zijl, J.A.C. (Jacco A.C.), Ahn, J. (Jaimo), Ficke, J. (James), Irrgang, J. (James), Powell, J. (James), Ringler, J.R. (James R.), Shaer, J. (James), Monica, J.T. (James T.), Biert, J. (Jan), Bosma, J. (Jan), Brattgjerd, J.E. (Jan Egil), Frölke, J.P.M. (Jan Paul), Wille, J.C. (Jan), Rajakumar, J. (Janakiraman), Walker, J.E. (Jane E.), Baker, J.K. (Janell K.), Ertl, J.P. (Janos P.), de Vries, J.P.P.M. (Jean Paul P.M.), Gardeniers, J.W.M. (Jean W.M.), May, J. (Jedediah), Yach, J. (Jeff), Hidy, J.T. (Jennifer T.), Westberg, J.R. (Jerald R.), Hall, J.A. (Jeremy A.), van Mulken, J. (Jeroen), McBeth, J.C. (Jessica Cooper), Hoogendoorn, J. (Jochem), Hoffman, J.M. (Jodi M.), Cherian, J.J. (Joe Joseph), Tanksley, J.A. (John A.), Clarke-Jenssen, J. (John), Adams, J.D. (John D.), Esterhai, J. (John), Tilzey, J.F. (John F.), Murnaghan, J. (John), Ketz, J.P. (John P.), Garfi, J.S. (John S.), Schwappach, J. (John), Gorczyca, J.T. (John T.), Wyrick, J. (John), Rydinge, J. (Jonas), Foret, J.L. (Jonathan L.), Gross, J.M. (Jonathan M.), Keeve, J.P. (Jonathan P.), Meijer, J. (Joost), Scheepers, J.J. (Joris J.), Baele, J. (Joseph), O'Neil, J. (Joseph), Cass, J.R. (Joseph R.), Hsu, J.R. (Joseph R.), Dumais, J. (Jules), Lee, J. (Julia), Switzer, J.A. (Julie A.), Agel, J. (Julie), Richards, J.E. (Justin E.), Langan, J.W. (Justin W.), Turckan, K. (Kahn), Pecorella, K. (Kaili), Rai, K. (Kamal), Aurang, K. (Kamran), Shively, K. (Karl), Wessem, K.J.P. van, Moon, K. (Karyn), Eke, K. (Kate), Erwin, K. (Katie), Milner, K. (Katrine), Ponsen, K.J. (Kees-jan), Mills, K. (Kelli), Apostle, K. (Kelly), Johnston, K. (Kelly), Trask, K. (Kelly), Strohecker, K. (Kent), Stringfellow, K. (Kenya), Kruse, K.K. (Kevin K.), Tetsworth, K. (Kevin), Mitchell, K. (Khalis), Browner, K. (Kieran), Hemlock, K. (Kim), Carcary, K. (Kimberly), Jørgen Haug, K. (Knut), Noble, K. (Krista), Robbins, K. (Kristin), Payton, K. (Krystal), Jeray, K.J. (Kyle J.), Rubino, L.J. (L. Joseph), Nastoff, L.A. (Lauren A.), Leffler, L.C. (Lauren C.), Stassen, L.P. (Laurents), O'Malley, L.K. (Lawrence K.), Specht, L.M. (Lawrence M.), Thabane, L. (Lehana), Geeraedts, L.M.G. (Leo M.G.), Shell, L.E. (Leslie E.), Anderson, L.K. (Linda K.), Eickhoff, L.S. (Linda S.), Lyle, L. (Lindsey), Pilling, L. (Lindsey), Buckingham, L. (Lisa), Cannada, L.K. (Lisa K.), Wild, L.M. (Lisa M.), Dulaney-Cripe, L. (Liz), Poelhekke, L.M.S.J., Govaert, L. (Lonneke), Ton, L. (Lu), Kottam, L. (Lucksy), Leenen, L.P.H. (Luke), Clipper, L. (Lydia), Jackson, L.T. (Lyle T.), Hampton, L. (Lynne), de Waal Malefijt, M.C. (Maarten C.), Simons, M.P., Elst, M. (Maarten) van der, Bronkhorst, M.W.G.A. (Maarten), Bhatia, M. (Mahesh), Swiontkowski, M.F. (Marc ), Lobo, M.J. (Margaret J.), Swinton, M. (Marilyn), Pirpiris, M. (Marinis), Molund, M. (Marius), Gichuru, M. (Mark), Glazebrook, M. (Mark), Harrison, M. (Mark), Jenkins, M. (Mark), MacLeod, M. (Mark), Vries, M.R. (Mark) de, Butler, M.S. (Mark S.), Nousiainen, M. (Markku), van ‘t Riet, M. (Martijne), Tynan, M.C. (Martin C.), Campo, M. (Martin), Eversdijk, M.G. (Martin), Heetveld, M.J. (Martin), Richardson, M. (Martin), Breslin, M. (Mary), Fan, M. (Mary), Edison, M. (Matt), Napierala, M. (Matthew), Knobe, M. (Matthias), Russ, M. (Matthias), Zomar, M. (Mauri), de Brauw, M. (Maurits), Esser, M. (Max), Hurley, M. (Meghan), Peters, M.E. (Melissa E.), Lorenzo, M. (Melissa), Li, M. (Mengnai), Archdeacon, M. (Michael), Biddulph, M. (Michael), Charlton, M. (Michael), McDonald, M.D. (Michael D.), McKee, M.D. (Michael D.), Dunbar, M. (Michael), Torchia, M.E. (Michael E.), Gross, M. (Michael), Hewitt, M. (Michael), Holt, M. (Michael), Prayson, M.J. (Michael J.), Edwards, M.J.R. (Michael), Beckish, M.L. (Michael L.), Brennan, M.L. (Michael L.), Dohm, M.P. (Michael P.), Kain, M.S.H. (Michael S.H.), Vogt, M. (Michelle), Yu, M. (Michelle), Verhofstad, M.H.J. (Michiel), Segers, M.J.M. (Michiel J.M.), Segers, M.J.M. (Michiel), Siroen, M.P.C. (Michiel P.C.), Reed, M.R. (Mike), Vicente, M.R. (Milena R.), Bruijninckx, M.M.M. (Milko), Trivedi, M. (Mittal), Bhandari, M. (Mohit), Moore, M.M. (Molly M.), Kunz, M. (Monica), Smedsrud, M. (Morten), Palla, N. (Naveen), Jain, N. (Neeraj), Out, N.J.M. (Nico J.M.), Simunovic, N. (Nicole), Schep, N.W.L. (Niels), Müller, O. (Oliver), Guicherit, O.R. (Onno R.), Waes, O.J.F. (Oscar) van, Wang, O. (Otis), Doornebosch, P. (Pascal), Seuffert, P. (Patricia), Hesketh, P.J. (Patrick J.), Weinrauch, P. (Patrick), Duffy, P. (Paul), Keller, P. (Paul), Lafferty, P.M. (Paul M.), Pincus, P. (Paul), Tornetta III, P. (Paul), Zalzal, P. (Paul), McKay, P. (Paula), Cole, P.A. (Peter A.), de Rooij, P.D. (Peter D.), Hull, P. (Peter), Go, P.M.N.Y.M. (Peter M.N.Y.M.), Patka, P. (Peter), Siska, P. (Peter), Weingarten, P. (Peter), Kregor, P. (Philip), Stahel, P. (Philip), Stull, P. (Philip), Wittich, P. (Philippe), Rijcke, P.A.R. (Piet), Oprel, P.P. (Pim), Devereaux, P.J. (P. J.), Zhou, Q. (Qi), Lee Murphy, R. (R.), Alosky, R. (Rachel), Clarkson, R. (Rachel), Moon, R. (Raely), Logishetty, R. (Rajanikanth), Nanda, R. (Rajesh), Sullivan, R.J. (Raymond J.), Snider, R.G. (Rebecca G.), Buckley, R.E. (Richard E.), Iorio, R. (Richard), Farrugia, R.J. (Richard J), Jenkinson, R. (Richard), Laughlin, R. (Richard), Groenendijk, R.P.R. (Richard), Gurich, R.W. (Richard W.), Worman, R. (Ripley), Silvis, R. (Rob), Haverlag, R. (Robert), Teasdall, R.J. (Robert J.), Korley, R. (Robert), McCormack, R. (Robert), Probe, R. (Robert), Cantu, R.V. (Robert V.), Huff, R.B. (Roger B.), Simmermacher, R.K.J., Peters, R. (Rolf), Pfeifer, R. (Roman), Liem, R. (Ronald), Wessel, R.N. (Ronald N.), Verhagen, R. (Ronald), Vuylsteke, R. (Ronald), Leighton, R. (Ross), McKercher, R. (Ross), Poolman, R.W. (Rudolf), Miller, R. (Russell), Bicknell, R. (Ryan), Finnan, R. (Ryan), Khan, R.M. (Ryan M.), Mehta, S. (Samir), Vang, S. (Sandy), Singh, S. (Sanjay), Anand, S. (Sanjeev), Anderson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Dawson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Marston, S.B. (Scott B.), Porter, S.E. (Scott E.), Watson, S.T. (Scott T.), Festen, S. (Sebastiaan), Lieberman, S. (Shane), Puloski, S. (Shannon), Bielby, S.A. (Shea A.), Sprague, S. (Sheila), Hess, S. (Shelley), MacDonald, S. (Shelley), Evans, S. (Simone), Bzovsky, S. (Sofia), Hasselund, S. (Sondre), Lewis, S. (Sophie), Ugland, S. (Stein), Caminiti, S. (Stephanie), Tanner, S.L. (Stephanie L.), Zielinski, S.M. (Stephanie), Shepard, S. (Stephanie), Sems, S.A. (Stephen A.), Walter, S.D. (Stephen D.), Doig, S. (Stephen), Finley, S.H. (Stephen H.), Kates, S. (Stephen), Lindenbaum, S. (Stephen), Kingwell, S.P. (Stephen P.), Csongvay, S. (Steve), Papp, S. (Steve), Buijk, S.E. (Steven E.), Rhemrev, S. (Steven), Hollenbeck, S.M. (Steven M.), van Gaalen, S.M. (Steven M.), Yang, S. (Steven), Weinerman, S. (Stuart), Subash, (), Lambert, S. (Sue), Liew, S. (Susan), Meylaerts, S.A.G. (Sven), Blokhuis, T.J. (Taco J.), de Vries Reilingh, T.S. (Tammo S.), Lona, T. (Tarjei), Scott, T. (Taryn), Swenson, T.K. (Teresa K.), Endres, T.J. (Terrence J.), Axelrod, T. (Terry), van Egmond, T. (Teun), Pace, T.B. (Thomas B.), Kibsgård, T. (Thomas), Schaller, T.M. (Thomas M.), Ly, T.V. (Thuan V.), Miller, T.J. (Timothy J.), Weber, T. (Timothy), Le, T. (Toan), Oliver, T.M. (Todd M.), Karsten, T.M. (Thomas), Borch, T. (Tor), Hoseth, T.M. (Tor Magne), Nicolaisen, T. (Tor), Ianssen, T. (Torben), Rutherford, T. (Tori), Nanney, T. (Tracy), Gervais, T. (Trevor), Stone, T. (Trevor), Schrickel, T. (Tyson), Scrabeck, T. (Tyson), Ganguly, U. (Utsav), Naumetz, V. (V.), Frizzell, V. (Valda), Wadey, V. (Veronica), Jones, V. (Vicki), Avram, V. (Victoria), Mishra, V. (Vimlesh), Yadav, V. (Vineet), Arora, V. (Vinod), Tyagi, V. (Vivek), Borsella, V. (Vivian), Willems, W.J. (Jaap), Hoffman, W.H. (W. H.), Gofton, W.T. (Wade T.), Lackey, W.G. (Wesley G.), Ghent, W. (Wesley), Obremskey, W. (William), Oxner, W. (William), Cross, W.W. (William W.), Murtha, Y.M. (Yvonne M.), Murdoch, Z. (Zoe), Nauth, A. (Aaron), Creek, A.T. (Aaron T.), Zellar, A. (Abby), Lawendy, A.-R. (Abdel-Rahman), Dowrick, A. (Adam), Gupta, A. (Ajay), Dadi, A. (Akhil), Kampen, A. (A.) van, Yee, A. (Albert), Vries, A.C. (Alexander) de, de Mol van Otterloo, A. (Alexander), Garibaldi, A. (Alisha), Liew, A. (Allen), McIntyre, A.W. (Allison W.), Prasad, A.S. (Amal Shankar), Romero, A.W. (Amanda W.), Rangan, A. (Amar), Oatt, A. (Amber), Sanghavi, A. (Amir), Foley, A.L. (Amy L.), Karlsten, A. (Anders), Dolenc, A. (Andrea), Bucknill, A. (Andrew), Chia, A. (Andrew), Evans, A. (Andrew), Gong, A. (Andrew), Schmidt, A.H. (Andrew H.), Marcantonio, A.J. (Andrew J.), Jennings, A. (Andrew), Ward, A. (Angela), Khanna, A. (Angshuman), Rai, A. (Anil), Smits, A.B. (Anke B.), Horan, A.D. (Annamarie D.), Brekke, A.C. (Anne Christine), Flynn, A. (Annette), Duraikannan, A. (Aravin), Stødle, A. (Are), van Vugt, A.B. (Arie B.), Luther, A. (Arlene), Zurcher, A.W. (Arthur W.), Jain, A. (Arvind), Amundsen, A. (Asgeir), Moaveni, A. (Ash), Carr, A. (Ashley), Sharma, A. (Ateet), Hill, A.D. (Austin D.), Trommer, A. (Axel), Rai, B.S. (B. Sachidananda), Hileman, B. (Barbara), Schreurs, B. (Bart), Verhoeven, B. (Bart), Barden, B.B. (Benjamin B.), Flatøy, B. (Bernhard), Cleffken, B.I. (Berry), Bøe, B. (Berthe), Perey, B. (Bertrand), Hanusch, B.C. (Birgit C.), Weening, B. (Brad), Fioole, B. (Bram), Rijbroek, B. (Bram), Crist, B.D. (Brett D.), Halliday, B. (Brett), Peterson, B. (Brett), Mullis, B. (Brian), Richardson, C.G. (C. Glen), Clark, C. (Callum), Sagebien, C.A. (Carlos A.), Pol, C. (Carmen) van der, Bowler, C. (Carol), Humphrey, C.A. (Catherine A.), Coady, C. (Catherine), Koppert, C.L. (Cees L.), Coles, C. (Chad), Tannoury, C. (Chadi), DePaolo, C.J. (Charles J.), Gayton, C. (Chris), Herriott, C. (Chris), Reeves, C. (Christina), Tieszer, C. (Christina), Dobb, C. (Christine), Anderson, C.G. (Christopher G.), Sage, C. (Claire), Cuento, C. (Claudine), Jones, C.B. (Clifford B.), Bosman, C.H.R. (Coks H.R.), Linehan, C. (Colleen), Hart, C.P. (Cor P.) van der, Henderson, C. (Corey), Lewis, C.G. (Courtland G.), Davis, C.A. (Craig A.), Donohue, C. (Craig), Mauffrey, C. (Cyril), Sundaresh, D.C. (D. C.), Farrell, D.J. (Dana J.), Whelan, D.B. (Daniel B.), Horwitz, D. (Daniel), Stinner, D. (Daniel), Viskontas, D. (Darius), Roffey, D.M. (Darren M.), Alexander, D. (David), Karges, D.E. (David E.), Hak, D. (David), Johnston, D. (David), Love, D. (David), Wright, D.M. (David M.), Zamorano, D.P. (David P.), Goetz, D.R. (David R.), Sanders, D. (David), Stephen, D. (David), Yen, D. (David), Bardana, D. (Davide), Olakkengil, D.J. (Davy J), Lawson, D. (Deanna), Maddock, D. (Deborah), Sietsema, D.L. (Debra L.), Pourmand, D. (Deeba), Hartog, D. (Dennis) den, Donegan, D. (Derek), Heels-Ansdell, D. (Diane), Nam, D. (Diane), Inman, D. (Dominic), Boyer, D. (Dory), Li, D. (Doug), Gibula, D. (Douglas), Price, D.M. (Dustin M.), Watson, D.J. (Dylan J.), Hammerberg, E.M. (E. Mark), Tan, E.T.C.H. (Edward T.C.H.), Graaf, E.J.R. (Eelco) de, Vesterhus, E.B. (Elise Berg), Roper, E. (Elizabeth), Edwards, E. (Elton), Schemitsch, E.H. (Emil), Hammacher, E.R. (Eric), Henderson, E.R. (Eric R.), Whatley, E. (Erica), Torres, E.T. (Erick T.), Vermeulen, E.G.J. (Erik G.J.), Finn, E. (Erin), Lieshout, E.M.M. (Esther) van, Wai, E.K. (Eugene K.), Bannister, E.R. (Evan R.), Kile, E. (Evelyn), Theunissen, E.B.M. (Evert B.M.), Ritchie, E.D. (Ewan D.), Khan, F. (Farah), Moola, F. (Farhad), Howells, F. (Fiona), Nies, F. (Frank) de, Heijden, F.H.W.M. (Frank) van der, de Meulemeester, F.R.A.J. (Frank R.A.J.), Frihagen, F. (Frede), Nilsen, F. (Fredrik), Schmidt, G.B. (G. Ben), Albers, G.H.R. (G.H. Robert), Gudger, G.K. (Garland K.), Johnson, G. (Garth), Gruen, G. (Gary), Zohman, G. (Gary), Sharma, G. (Gaurav), Wood, G. (Gavin), Tetteroo, G.W.M. (Geert), Hjorthaug, G. (Geir), Jomaas, G. (Geir), Donald, G. (Geoff), Rieser, G.R. (Geoffrey Ryan), Reardon, G. (Gerald), Slobogean, G.P. (Gerard P.), Roukema, G.R. (Gert), Visser, G.A. (Gijs A.), Moatshe, G. (Gilbert), Horner, G. (Gillian), Rose, G. (Glynis), Guyatt, G. (Gordon), Chuter, G. (Graham), Etherington, G. (Greg), Rocca, G.J.D. (Gregory J. Della), Ekås, G. (Guri), Dobbin, G. (Gwendolyn), Lemke, H.M. (H. Michael), Curry, H. (Hamish), Boxma, H. (Han), Gissel, H. (Hannah), Kreder, H. (Hans), Kuiken, H. (Hans), Brom, H.L.F., Pape, H.-C. (Hans-Christoph), Vis, H.M. (Harm) van der, Bedi, H. (Harvinder), Vallier, H.A. (Heather A.), Brien, H. (Heather), Silva, H. (Heather), Newman, H. (Heike), Viveiros, H. (Helena), van der Hoeven, H. (Henk), Ahn, H. (Henry), Johal, H. (Herman), Rijna, H., Stockmann, H. (Heyn), Josaputra, H.A. (Hong A.), Carlisle, H. (Hope), van der Brand, I. (Igor), Dawson, I. (Imro), Tarkin, I. (Ivan), Wong, I. (Ivan), Parr, J.A. (J. Andrew), Trenholm, J.A. (J. Andrew), Goslings, J.C. (Carel), Amirault, J.D. (J. David), Broderick, J.S. (J. Scott), Snellen, J.P. (Jaap P.), Zijl, J.A.C. (Jacco A.C.), Ahn, J. (Jaimo), Ficke, J. (James), Irrgang, J. (James), Powell, J. (James), Ringler, J.R. (James R.), Shaer, J. (James), Monica, J.T. (James T.), Biert, J. (Jan), Bosma, J. (Jan), Brattgjerd, J.E. (Jan Egil), Frölke, J.P.M. (Jan Paul), Wille, J.C. (Jan), Rajakumar, J. (Janakiraman), Walker, J.E. (Jane E.), Baker, J.K. (Janell K.), Ertl, J.P. (Janos P.), de Vries, J.P.P.M. (Jean Paul P.M.), Gardeniers, J.W.M. (Jean W.M.), May, J. (Jedediah), Yach, J. (Jeff), Hidy, J.T. (Jennifer T.), Westberg, J.R. (Jerald R.), Hall, J.A. (Jeremy A.), van Mulken, J. (Jeroen), McBeth, J.C. (Jessica Cooper), Hoogendoorn, J. (Jochem), Hoffman, J.M. (Jodi M.), Cherian, J.J. (Joe Joseph), Tanksley, J.A. (John A.), Clarke-Jenssen, J. (John), Adams, J.D. (John D.), Esterhai, J. (John), Tilzey, J.F. (John F.), Murnaghan, J. (John), Ketz, J.P. (John P.), Garfi, J.S. (John S.), Schwappach, J. (John), Gorczyca, J.T. (John T.), Wyrick, J. (John), Rydinge, J. (Jonas), Foret, J.L. (Jonathan L.), Gross, J.M. (Jonathan M.), Keeve, J.P. (Jonathan P.), Meijer, J. (Joost), Scheepers, J.J. (Joris J.), Baele, J. (Joseph), O'Neil, J. (Joseph), Cass, J.R. (Joseph R.), Hsu, J.R. (Joseph R.), Dumais, J. (Jules), Lee, J. (Julia), Switzer, J.A. (Julie A.), Agel, J. (Julie), Richards, J.E. (Justin E.), Langan, J.W. (Justin W.), Turckan, K. (Kahn), Pecorella, K. (Kaili), Rai, K. (Kamal), Aurang, K. (Kamran), Shively, K. (Karl), Wessem, K.J.P. van, Moon, K. (Karyn), Eke, K. (Kate), Erwin, K. (Katie), Milner, K. (Katrine), Ponsen, K.J. (Kees-jan), Mills, K. (Kelli), Apostle, K. (Kelly), Johnston, K. (Kelly), Trask, K. (Kelly), Strohecker, K. (Kent), Stringfellow, K. (Kenya), Kruse, K.K. (Kevin K.), Tetsworth, K. (Kevin), Mitchell, K. (Khalis), Browner, K. (Kieran), Hemlock, K. (Kim), Carcary, K. (Kimberly), Jørgen Haug, K. (Knut), Noble, K. (Krista), Robbins, K. (Kristin), Payton, K. (Krystal), Jeray, K.J. (Kyle J.), Rubino, L.J. (L. Joseph), Nastoff, L.A. (Lauren A.), Leffler, L.C. (Lauren C.), Stassen, L.P. (Laurents), O'Malley, L.K. (Lawrence K.), Specht, L.M. (Lawrence M.), Thabane, L. (Lehana), Geeraedts, L.M.G. (Leo M.G.), Shell, L.E. (Leslie E.), Anderson, L.K. (Linda K.), Eickhoff, L.S. (Linda S.), Lyle, L. (Lindsey), Pilling, L. (Lindsey), Buckingham, L. (Lisa), Cannada, L.K. (Lisa K.), Wild, L.M. (Lisa M.), Dulaney-Cripe, L. (Liz), Poelhekke, L.M.S.J., Govaert, L. (Lonneke), Ton, L. (Lu), Kottam, L. (Lucksy), Leenen, L.P.H. (Luke), Clipper, L. (Lydia), Jackson, L.T. (Lyle T.), Hampton, L. (Lynne), de Waal Malefijt, M.C. (Maarten C.), Simons, M.P., Elst, M. (Maarten) van der, Bronkhorst, M.W.G.A. (Maarten), Bhatia, M. (Mahesh), Swiontkowski, M.F. (Marc ), Lobo, M.J. (Margaret J.), Swinton, M. (Marilyn), Pirpiris, M. (Marinis), Molund, M. (Marius), Gichuru, M. (Mark), Glazebrook, M. (Mark), Harrison, M. (Mark), Jenkins, M. (Mark), MacLeod, M. (Mark), Vries, M.R. (Mark) de, Butler, M.S. (Mark S.), Nousiainen, M. (Markku), van ‘t Riet, M. (Martijne), Tynan, M.C. (Martin C.), Campo, M. (Martin), Eversdijk, M.G. (Martin), Heetveld, M.J. (Martin), Richardson, M. (Martin), Breslin, M. (Mary), Fan, M. (Mary), Edison, M. (Matt), Napierala, M. (Matthew), Knobe, M. (Matthias), Russ, M. (Matthias), Zomar, M. (Mauri), de Brauw, M. (Maurits), Esser, M. (Max), Hurley, M. (Meghan), Peters, M.E. (Melissa E.), Lorenzo, M. (Melissa), Li, M. (Mengnai), Archdeacon, M. (Michael), Biddulph, M. (Michael), Charlton, M. (Michael), McDonald, M.D. (Michael D.), McKee, M.D. (Michael D.), Dunbar, M. (Michael), Torchia, M.E. (Michael E.), Gross, M. (Michael), Hewitt, M. (Michael), Holt, M. (Michael), Prayson, M.J. (Michael J.), Edwards, M.J.R. (Michael), Beckish, M.L. (Michael L.), Brennan, M.L. (Michael L.), Dohm, M.P. (Michael P.), Kain, M.S.H. (Michael S.H.), Vogt, M. (Michelle), Yu, M. (Michelle), Verhofstad, M.H.J. (Michiel), Segers, M.J.M. (Michiel J.M.), Segers, M.J.M. (Michiel), Siroen, M.P.C. (Michiel P.C.), Reed, M.R. (Mike), Vicente, M.R. (Milena R.), Bruijninckx, M.M.M. (Milko), Trivedi, M. (Mittal), Bhandari, M. (Mohit), Moore, M.M. (Molly M.), Kunz, M. (Monica), Smedsrud, M. (Morten), Palla, N. (Naveen), Jain, N. (Neeraj), Out, N.J.M. (Nico J.M.), Simunovic, N. (Nicole), Schep, N.W.L. (Niels), Müller, O. (Oliver), Guicherit, O.R. (Onno R.), Waes, O.J.F. (Oscar) van, Wang, O. (Otis), Doornebosch, P. (Pascal), Seuffert, P. (Patricia), Hesketh, P.J. (Patrick J.), Weinrauch, P. (Patrick), Duffy, P. (Paul), Keller, P. (Paul), Lafferty, P.M. (Paul M.), Pincus, P. (Paul), Tornetta III, P. (Paul), Zalzal, P. (Paul), McKay, P. (Paula), Cole, P.A. (Peter A.), de Rooij, P.D. (Peter D.), Hull, P. (Peter), Go, P.M.N.Y.M. (Peter M.N.Y.M.), Patka, P. (Peter), Siska, P. (Peter), Weingarten, P. (Peter), Kregor, P. (Philip), Stahel, P. (Philip), Stull, P. (Philip), Wittich, P. (Philippe), Rijcke, P.A.R. (Piet), Oprel, P.P. (Pim), Devereaux, P.J. (P. J.), Zhou, Q. (Qi), Lee Murphy, R. (R.), Alosky, R. (Rachel), Clarkson, R. (Rachel), Moon, R. (Raely), Logishetty, R. (Rajanikanth), Nanda, R. (Rajesh), Sullivan, R.J. (Raymond J.), Snider, R.G. (Rebecca G.), Buckley, R.E. (Richard E.), Iorio, R. (Richard), Farrugia, R.J. (Richard J), Jenkinson, R. (Richard), Laughlin, R. (Richard), Groenendijk, R.P.R. (Richard), Gurich, R.W. (Richard W.), Worman, R. (Ripley), Silvis, R. (Rob), Haverlag, R. (Robert), Teasdall, R.J. (Robert J.), Korley, R. (Robert), McCormack, R. (Robert), Probe, R. (Robert), Cantu, R.V. (Robert V.), Huff, R.B. (Roger B.), Simmermacher, R.K.J., Peters, R. (Rolf), Pfeifer, R. (Roman), Liem, R. (Ronald), Wessel, R.N. (Ronald N.), Verhagen, R. (Ronald), Vuylsteke, R. (Ronald), Leighton, R. (Ross), McKercher, R. (Ross), Poolman, R.W. (Rudolf), Miller, R. (Russell), Bicknell, R. (Ryan), Finnan, R. (Ryan), Khan, R.M. (Ryan M.), Mehta, S. (Samir), Vang, S. (Sandy), Singh, S. (Sanjay), Anand, S. (Sanjeev), Anderson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Dawson, S.A. (Sarah A.), Marston, S.B. (Scott B.), Porter, S.E. (Scott E.), Watson, S.T. (Scott T.), Festen, S. (Sebastiaan), Lieberman, S. (Shane), Puloski, S. (Shannon), Bielby, S.A. (Shea A.), Sprague, S. (Sheila), Hess, S. (Shelley), MacDonald, S. (Shelley), Evans, S. (Simone), Bzovsky, S. (Sofia), Hasselund, S. (Sondre), Lewis, S. (Sophie), Ugland, S. (Stein), Caminiti, S. (Stephanie), Tanner, S.L. (Stephanie L.), Zielinski, S.M. (Stephanie), Shepard, S. (Stephanie), Sems, S.A. (Stephen A.), Walter, S.D. (Stephen D.), Doig, S. (Stephen), Finley, S.H. (Stephen H.), Kates, S. (Stephen), Lindenbaum, S. (Stephen), Kingwell, S.P. (Stephen P.), Csongvay, S. (Steve), Papp, S. (Steve), Buijk, S.E. (Steven E.), Rhemrev, S. (Steven), Hollenbeck, S.M. (Steven M.), van Gaalen, S.M. (Steven M.), Yang, S. (Steven), Weinerman, S. (Stuart), Subash, (), Lambert, S. (Sue), Liew, S. (Susan), Meylaerts, S.A.G. (Sven), Blokhuis, T.J. (Taco J.), de Vries Reilingh, T.S. (Tammo S.), Lona, T. (Tarjei), Scott, T. (Taryn), Swenson, T.K. (Teresa K.), Endres, T.J. (Terrence J.), Axelrod, T. (Terry), van Egmond, T. (Teun), Pace, T.B. (Thomas B.), Kibsgård, T. (Thomas), Schaller, T.M. (Thomas M.), Ly, T.V. (Thuan V.), Miller, T.J. (Timothy J.), Weber, T. (Timothy), Le, T. (Toan), Oliver, T.M. (Todd M.), Karsten, T.M. (Thomas), Borch, T. (Tor), Hoseth, T.M. (Tor Magne), Nicolaisen, T. (Tor), Ianssen, T. (Torben), Rutherford, T. (Tori), Nanney, T. (Tracy), Gervais, T. (Trevor), Stone, T. (Trevor), Schrickel, T. (Tyson), Scrabeck, T. (Tyson), Ganguly, U. (Utsav), Naumetz, V. (V.), Frizzell, V. (Valda), Wadey, V. (Veronica), Jones, V. (Vicki), Avram, V. (Victoria), Mishra, V. (Vimlesh), Yadav, V. (Vineet), Arora, V. (Vinod), Tyagi, V. (Vivek), Borsella, V. (Vivian), Willems, W.J. (Jaap), Hoffman, W.H. (W. H.), Gofton, W.T. (Wade T.), Lackey, W.G. (Wesley G.), Ghent, W. (Wesley), Obremskey, W. (William), Oxner, W. (William), Cross, W.W. (William W.), Murtha, Y.M. (Yvonne M.), and Murdoch, Z. (Zoe)
Abstract: Background Reoperation rates are high after surgery for hip fractures. We investigated the effect of a sliding hip screw versus cancellous screws on the risk of reoperation and other key outcomes. Methods For this international, multicentre, allocation concealed randomised controlled trial, we enrolled patients aged 50 years or older with a low-energy hip fracture requiring fracture fixation from 81 clinical centres in eight countries. Patients were assigned by minimisation with a centralised computer system to receive a single large-diameter screw with a side-plate (sliding hip screw) or the present standard of care, multiple small-diameter cancellous screws. Surgeons and patients were not blinded but the data analyst, while doing the analyses, remained blinded to treatment groups. The primary outcome was hip reoperation within 24 months after initial surgery to promote fracture healing, relieve pain, treat infection, or improve function. Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00761813. Findings Between Marc
Published: 2017
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46. Effectiveness of 32 versus 20 weeks of prednisolone in leprosy patients with recent nerve function impairment: A randomized controlled trial

Author: Wagenaar, I.M. (Inge), Post, E. (Eduard), Brandsma, J.W. (Wim), Bowers, B. (Bob), Alam, K. (Khorshed), Shetty, V. (Vanaja), Pai, V. (Vivek), Husain, S. (Sajid), Sigit Prakoeswa, C.R. (Cita Rosita), Astari, L. (Linda), Hagge, D. (Deanna), Shah, M. (Mahesh), Neupane, K. (Kapil), Tamang, K.B. (Krishna Bahadur), Nicholls, P.G. (Peter), Richardus, J.H. (Jan Hendrik), Wagenaar, I.M. (Inge), Post, E. (Eduard), Brandsma, J.W. (Wim), Bowers, B. (Bob), Alam, K. (Khorshed), Shetty, V. (Vanaja), Pai, V. (Vivek), Husain, S. (Sajid), Sigit Prakoeswa, C.R. (Cita Rosita), Astari, L. (Linda), Hagge, D. (Deanna), Shah, M. (Mahesh), Neupane, K. (Kapil), Tamang, K.B. (Krishna Bahadur), Nicholls, P.G. (Peter), and Richardus, J.H. (Jan Hendrik)
Abstract: CONCLUSION: In our study, a 20-week course of prednisolone was as effective as a 32-week course in improving and restoring recent clinical NFI in leprosy patients. Twenty weeks is therefore the preferred initial treatment duration for leprosy neuropathy, after which likely only a minority of patients require further individualized treatment.BACKGROUND: While prednisolone is commonly used to treat recent nerve function impairment (NFI) in leprosy patients, the optimal treatment duration has not yet been established. In this "Treatment of Early Neuropathy in Leprosy" (TENLEP) trial, we evaluated whether a 32-week prednisolone course is more effective than a 20-week course in restoring and improving nerve function.METHODS: In this multi-centre, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial, leprosy patients who had recently developed clinical NFI (<6 months) were allocated to a prednisolone treatment regimen of either 20 weeks or 32 weeks. Prednisolone was started at either 45 or 60 mg/day, depending on the patient's body weight, and was then tapered. Throughout follow up, NFI was assessed by voluntary muscle testing and monofilament testing. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with improved or restored nerve function at week 78. As secondary outcomes, we analysed improvements between baseline and week 78 on the Reaction Severity Scale, the SALSA Scale and the Participation Scale. Serious Adverse Events and the need for additional prednisolone treatment were monitored and reported.RESULTS: We included 868 patients in the study, 429 in the 20-week arm and 439 in the 32-week arm. At 78 weeks, the proportion of patients with improved or restored nerve function did not differ significantly between the groups: 78.1% in the 20-week arm and 77.5% in the 32-week arm (p = 0.821). Nor were there any differences in secondary outcomes, except for a significant higher proportion of Serious Adverse Events in the longer treatment arm.
Published: 2017
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47. SDN based operator assisted offloading platform for multi-controller 5G networks

Author: Liyanage, M. (Madhusanka), Dananjaya, M. (Mahesh), Okwuibe, J. (Jude), Ylianttila, M. (Mika), Liyanage, M. (Madhusanka), Dananjaya, M. (Mahesh), Okwuibe, J. (Jude), and Ylianttila, M. (Mika)
Abstract: This paper presents an operator-assisted data offloading platform for 5G mobile networks by using Software Defined Networking (SDN). By enabling lateral communication between multiple SDN controllers, operators are able to perform the offloading process without the intervention of the user. Moreover, the offloading decision of proposed platform is based on accurate real time network conditions. The proposed mechanism is implemented on a testbed to verify feasibility and performance.
Published: 2017

48. Unsupervised High-Dimensional Analysis Aligns Dendritic Cells across Tissues and Species

Author: Guilliams, M. (Martin), Dutertre, C.-A. (Charles-Antoine), Scott, C.L. (C.), McGovern, N. (Naomi), Sichien, D. (Dorine), Chakarov, S. (Svetoslav), Van Gassen, S. (Sofie), Chen, J. (Jinmiao), Poidinger, M. (Michael), Prijck, S. (Sofie) de, Tavernier, S.J. (Simon), Low, I. (Ivy), Irac, S.E. (Sergio Erdal), Mattar, C.N. (Citra Nurfarah), Sumatoh, H.R. (Hermi Rizal), Low, G.H.L. (Gillian Hui Ling), Chung, T.J.K. (Tam John Kit), Chan, D.K.H. (Dedrick Kok Hong), Tan, K.K. (Ker Kan), Hon, T.L.K. (Tony Lim Kiat), Fossum, E. (Even), Bogen, B. (Bjarne), Choolani, M. (Mahesh), Chan, J.K.Y. (Jerry Kok Yen), Larbi, A. (Anis), Luche, H. (Hervé), Henri, S. (Sandrine), Saeys, Y. (Yvan), Newell, E.W. (Evan William), Lambrecht, B.N.M. (Bart), Malissen, B. (Bernard), Ginhoux, F. (Florent), Guilliams, M. (Martin), Dutertre, C.-A. (Charles-Antoine), Scott, C.L. (C.), McGovern, N. (Naomi), Sichien, D. (Dorine), Chakarov, S. (Svetoslav), Van Gassen, S. (Sofie), Chen, J. (Jinmiao), Poidinger, M. (Michael), Prijck, S. (Sofie) de, Tavernier, S.J. (Simon), Low, I. (Ivy), Irac, S.E. (Sergio Erdal), Mattar, C.N. (Citra Nurfarah), Sumatoh, H.R. (Hermi Rizal), Low, G.H.L. (Gillian Hui Ling), Chung, T.J.K. (Tam John Kit), Chan, D.K.H. (Dedrick Kok Hong), Tan, K.K. (Ker Kan), Hon, T.L.K. (Tony Lim Kiat), Fossum, E. (Even), Bogen, B. (Bjarne), Choolani, M. (Mahesh), Chan, J.K.Y. (Jerry Kok Yen), Larbi, A. (Anis), Luche, H. (Hervé), Henri, S. (Sandrine), Saeys, Y. (Yvan), Newell, E.W. (Evan William), Lambrecht, B.N.M. (Bart), Malissen, B. (Bernard), and Ginhoux, F. (Florent)
Abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that hold great therapeutic potential. Multiple DC subsets have been described, and it remains challenging to align them across tissues and species to analyze their function in the absence of macrophage contamination. Here, we provide and validate a universal toolbox for the automated identification of DCs through unsupervised analysis of conventional flow cytometry and mass cytometry data obtained from multiple mouse, macaque, and human tissues. The use of a minimal set of lineage-imprinted markers was sufficient to subdivide DCs into conventional type 1 (cDC1s), conventional type 2 (cDC2s), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) across tissues and species. This way, a large number of additional markers can still be used to further characterize the heterogeneity of DCs across tissues and during inflammation. This framework represents the way forward to a universal, high-throughput, and standardized analysis of DC populations from mutant mice and human patients.
Published: 2016
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49. Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs in geriatric population in tertiary care hospital

Author: Philip, Renoy, A., Drisyamol K., Mathew, Minu, Tanuja Reddy, Vennapusa Lakshmi, M., Mahesh N., Krishnamurthy, M. S., Philip, Renoy, A., Drisyamol K., Mathew, Minu, Tanuja Reddy, Vennapusa Lakshmi, M., Mahesh N., and Krishnamurthy, M. S.
Abstract: Hypertension is one of the major chronic diseases with high mortality and morbidity in the todays world. Present study was to assess the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive medications in geriatric population suffering mainly from hypertension with or without co morbidities like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of six months in an in-patient general medicine department. Elderly patients who have been diagnosed with pure hypertension as per JNC 7 guidelines and hypertension with co- morbid condition like diabetes mellitus and patients receiving or prescribed with antihypertensive drugs were included. A total of 150 prescriptions were analyzed. The present study revealed that there were 93 patients with pure Hypertension and 57 patients with co morbid conditions like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Among antihypertensive drugs in pure hypertensive cases, 53.76% of cases were prescribed with monotherapy, followed by 46.23% by combination therapy. The commonly prescribed antihypertensive monotherapy is calcium channel blockers. The most commonly prescribed combination therapy in severe cases was angiotensin receptor blockers with diuretics. This prescribing pattern of antihypertensives was as per Joint National Committee-7report on hypertension. In case of geriatric patients suffering from hypertension with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, most commonly prescribed antihypertensive as monotherapy was found to be amlodipine and combination therapy was telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide.
Published: 2016

50. Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs in geriatric population in tertiary care hospital

Author: Philip, Renoy, A., Drisyamol K., Mathew, Minu, Tanuja Reddy, Vennapusa Lakshmi, M., Mahesh N., Krishnamurthy, M. S., Philip, Renoy, A., Drisyamol K., Mathew, Minu, Tanuja Reddy, Vennapusa Lakshmi, M., Mahesh N., and Krishnamurthy, M. S.
Abstract: Hypertension is one of the major chronic diseases with high mortality and morbidity in the todays world. Present study was to assess the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive medications in geriatric population suffering mainly from hypertension with or without co morbidities like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of six months in an in-patient general medicine department. Elderly patients who have been diagnosed with pure hypertension as per JNC 7 guidelines and hypertension with co- morbid condition like diabetes mellitus and patients receiving or prescribed with antihypertensive drugs were included. A total of 150 prescriptions were analyzed. The present study revealed that there were 93 patients with pure Hypertension and 57 patients with co morbid conditions like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Among antihypertensive drugs in pure hypertensive cases, 53.76% of cases were prescribed with monotherapy, followed by 46.23% by combination therapy. The commonly prescribed antihypertensive monotherapy is calcium channel blockers. The most commonly prescribed combination therapy in severe cases was angiotensin receptor blockers with diuretics. This prescribing pattern of antihypertensives was as per Joint National Committee-7report on hypertension. In case of geriatric patients suffering from hypertension with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, most commonly prescribed antihypertensive as monotherapy was found to be amlodipine and combination therapy was telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide.
Published: 2016

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