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Purpose: The objective of the study was to develop a management model to optimize the development of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects, developing specific tools and being able to serve as a basis for an extension of the study to other engineering studies for medium- to large-scale projects in general.   Theoretical framework: According to Gil (2018), geotechnical studies have been established as a fundamental and vitally important part in the execution of civil engineering projects, because these represent a set of activities that allow obtaining the most approximate information. of the conditions, characteristics, and properties that the soil has, in addition, to contemplate the analyzes and recommendations necessary for the design and subsequent construction of the most appropriate foundation system for the planned building.   Method/design/approach: This research is of a non-experimental explanatory type, which seeks a cause-effect relationship on the management model applied for the development of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects. The level of research is explanatory, because it seeks the relationship that exists when applying a management model of geotechnical studies for medium-sized mining projects in progress to traditional execution. The approach of this research is mixed qualitative and quantitative.   Results and conclusion: Conociendo el sector construcción minero, las empresas lograran completar sus estudios de geotecnia en el tiempo esperado. Los expertos consideran que, al tener visibilidad de los procesos, actividades y los controles respectivos de ejecución, las empresas pueden lograr mejoras significativas en la ejecución de los estudios.   Implications of the research: This research contributes to the understanding of mining activity in its various dimensions and the technical and methodological criteria in the execution of medium-sized projects in the mining sector.   Originality

This paper presents a nonlinear model and a control strategy to regulate airflow in small-scale underground mine ventilation networks. In underground ventilation control systems, a sensor and an actuator for each branch are usually considered. However, in small-scale underground mines, it is too expensive to have automatic doors for controlling the air flow in each tunnel, as well as to install flow and gas sensors in each branch. In order to regulate airflow in small-scale underground ventilation networks, the number of sensors and actuators is regarded as a limitation for practical installation. This work presents an alternative modeling of the network, with direct control of the airflow in each tunnel, by varying the speed of the fans available on the external surface of the mine. A state space model is presented, and a linear quadratic controller with integral action and a state estimator is designed. To validate the model and the controller, a network ventilation system for a small-scale mine with nine branches (tunnels) and two actuators (fans) is presented., Este artículo presenta un modelado no lineal y una estrategia para el control del flujo de aire en redes de ventilación de minas subterráneas de pequeña escala. Para los sistemas de control de ventilación subterránea usualmente se consideran un sensor y un actuador en cada rama. Sin embargo, en las minas subterráneas de pequeña escala, es muy costoso colocar puertas automáticas para controlar el flujo de aire en cada túnel, as ́ı como instalar sensores de flujo y gas en cada rama. Con el fin de regular el flujo de aire en redes de ventilación subterránea de pequeña escala, se considera el número de sensores y actuadores como una limitante para la instalación práctica. Este trabajo presenta una alternativa para el modelado de la red, con control directo del flujo de aire en cada túnel, a través de la variación de velocidad de los ventiladores disponibles en la superficie externa de la mina. Se presenta un modelo de espacio de estado y se diseña un controlador cuadrático lineal con acción integral y un estimador de estado. Para validar el modelo y el controlador, se presenta un sistema de red de ventilación para una mina de pequeña escala con nueve ramas (túneles) y dos actuadores (ventiladores).

Les mines de Can Palomeres són un exemple de la relació positiva que hi ha hagut entre l’activitat humana d’extracció d’un recurs i la formació d’un refugi ecològic important. Gràcies a l’activitat minera que va haver-hi a principis del segle XX a Malgrat de Mar, els vestigis dels espais excavats s’han convertit en l’hàbitat d’una de les colònies amb més biodiversitat de ratpenats de Catalunya. El projecte proposa un nou parc patrimonial que equipa la muntanya al llarg del camí de Can Palomeres posant en valor el patrimoni cultural del complex miner, així com el patrimoni ecològic de la muntanya. El programa combina un centre d’interpretació a l’aire lliure que explica la història del complex miner, una estació biològica i un refugi per a la pernoctació que permet la investigació i la divulgació de la colònia de ratpenats. Les boques de les mines, enteses com espais de transició atmosfèrica entre l’exterior i l’interior, es veuen com una oportunitat per ubicar aquest programa en forma de 8 portes, essent a la vegada fites reconeixibles que acompanyen al visitant durant el recorregut. L’entorn de Can Palomeres és transformat per donar a conèixer aquesta part de la història del municipi i acompanyar al visitant amb espais d’estada i lleure per poder-la gaudir., Las minas de Can Palomeres son un ejemplo de la relación positiva que ha habido entre la actividad humana de extracción de un recurso y la formación de un refugio ecológico importante. Gracias a la actividad minera que hubo a principios del siglo XX en Malgrat de Mar, los vestigios de los espacios excavados se han convertido en el hábitat de una de las colonias con mayor biodiversidad de murciélagos de Cataluña. El proyecto propone un nuevo parque patrimonial que equipa la montaña a lo largo del camino de Can Palomeres poniendo en valor el patrimonio cultural del complejo minero, así como el patrimonio ecológico de la montaña. El programa combina un centro de interpretación al aire libre que cuenta la historia del complejo minero, una estación biológica y un refugio para la pernoctación que permite la investigación y divulgación de la colonia de murciélagos. Las entradas de las minas, entendidas como espacios de transición atmosférica entre el exterior y el interior, se ven como una oportunidad para ubicar este programa en forma de 8 puertas, siendo a su vez hitos reconocibles que acompañan al visitante durante el recorrido. El entorno de Can Palomeres es transformado para dar a conocer esta parte de la historia del municipio y acompañar al visitante con espacios de estancia y ocio para poder disfrutarla., The mines of Can Palomeres are an example of the positive relationship that has existed between the human activity of extracting a resource and the formation of an important ecological refuge. Thanks to the mining activity that took place at the beginning of the 20th century in Malgrat de Mar, the remains of the excavated spaces have become the habitat of one of the most biodiverse bat colonies in Catalonia. The project proposes a new heritage park that equips the mountain along the Can Palomeres path, highlighting the cultural heritage of the mining complex, as well as the ecological heritage of the mountain. The program combines an open-air interpretation center that explains the history of the mining complex, a biological station and an overnight shelter that allows research and dissemination of the bat colony. The entrances of the mines, understood as spaces of atmospheric transition between the outside and the inside, are seen as an opportunity to locate this program in the form of 8 doors-buildings, being at the same time recognizable landmarks that accompany the visitor during the tour.

Contemplant el paisatge de Malgrat de Mar, ens adonem que està format per diferents espais naturals molt atractius per la seva ubicació entre la plana al·luvial del delta de la Tordera, la costa del Maresme i la Costa Brava, i a l’interior, amb els últims contraforts de la serralada del Montnegre. És per aquest motiu que el treball comença amb la intuïció de la posada en valor de l’entorn natural que voreja el nucli urbà de la ciutat. L’entorn natural i les activitats econòmiques vinculades a aquest han definit la ciutat actual. La platja i la tradició marinera, la muntanya i l’activitat minera, el pla agrari i la pagesia, formen part de l’imaginari popular. Davant d’aquest escenari, es presenta una oportunitat idònia per realitzar una relectura del municipi, aprofitant una constel·lació d’elements abandonats que colonitzen un territori ric en paisatge i història. Per tant, considerem essencial la recuperació de traces antigues mitjançant la implementació d’estratègies de restauració del patrimoni i la divulgació i conscienciació de valors naturals, utilitzant com a eina l’educació i recerca d’aquest entorn natural. Després de la diagnosi dels diferents espais naturals que conformen Malgrat de Mar, evidenciem la singularitat de l’entorn de les Mines de Can Palomeres, un espai protegit per la Xarxa Natura 2000, on es refugia una de les colònies de ratpenats més importants del sud d’Europa, per la qual cosa té un valor ecològic i epidemiològic significatiu. El projecte commemora la història de la mineria i posa en valor l’espai natural de Can Palomeres, aprofitant les restes de l’antiga activitat minera encara visible en el paisatge. S’articulen els quatre vestigis que es troben en l’antiga traça de les mines, donant lloc al Centre d’Educació Ambiental de Malgrat de Mar, sent aquest l’inici d’un projecte d’escala territorial que pretén promoure noves vies d’actuació amb la finalitat de la millora ecològica de l’espai.

Estudi de la possibilitat d'utilitzar l’excés d’aigua de les rieres de Terrassa per al consum a través de la xarxa subterrània de la ciutat.

This paper presents a nonlinear model and a control strategy to regulate airflow in small-scale underground mine ventilation networks. In underground ventilation control systems, a sensor and an actuator for each branch are usually considered. However, in small-scale underground mines, it is too expensive to have automatic doors for controlling the air flow in each tunnel, as well as to install flow and gas sensors in each branch. In order to regulate airflow in small-scale underground ventilation networks, the number of sensors and actuators is regarded as a limitation for practical installation. This work presents an alternative modeling of the network, with direct control of the airflow in each tunnel, by varying the speed of the fans available on the external surface of the mine. A state space model is presented, and a linear quadratic controller with integral action and a state estimator is designed. To validate the model and the controller, a network ventilation system for a small-scale mine with nine branches (tunnels) and two actuators (fans) is presented., Este artículo presenta un modelado no lineal y una estrategia para el control del flujo de aire en redes de ventilación de minas subterráneas de pequeña escala. Para los sistemas de control de ventilación subterránea usualmente se consideran un sensor y un actuador en cada rama. Sin embargo, en las minas subterráneas de pequeña escala, es muy costoso colocar puertas automáticas para controlar el flujo de aire en cada túnel, as ́ı como instalar sensores de flujo y gas en cada rama. Con el fin de regular el flujo de aire en redes de ventilación subterránea de pequeña escala, se considera el número de sensores y actuadores como una limitante para la instalación práctica. Este trabajo presenta una alternativa para el modelado de la red, con control directo del flujo de aire en cada túnel, a través de la variación de velocidad de los ventiladores disponibles en la superficie externa de la mina. Se presenta un modelo de espacio de estado y se diseña un controlador cuadrático lineal con acción integral y un estimador de estado. Para validar el modelo y el controlador, se presenta un sistema de red de ventilación para una mina de pequeña escala con nueve ramas (túneles) y dos actuadores (ventiladores).

This thesis is a text analysis regarding the processing concession of Kallak K nr 1, an iron ore deposit located in Sweden outside of Jokkmokk. On March 22, 2022, processing concession was granted the Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB. The process of reaching this decision has been long and fought with great resistance by the Sami people, who today use the area for reindeer herding. This thesis uses the material from three official documents with the goal of discovering the justification for the concession. Galtung’s violence triangle is the chosen analytical tool. Cultural violence manifests through the economic model, prioritising mines over reindeer herding because of the wealth a mine would bring. The cultural violence of the “lapp-ska-vara-lapp” mentality can be seen in how the government makes decisions regarding what conditions should be posed against the company without consulting the Sami people, although Swedish law states that they should do so.

The "Minett" region in southern Luxembourg was the industrial heartland of the country. The mines and blast furnaces, most of which have now disappeared, once dominated the landscape. Luciano Pagliarini's collection of interviews constitutes a unique corpus of audio testimonies that allow us to discover the local history and the daily experiences of the inhabitants of that time. The interviews conducted from the end of the 1970s to the early 1990s by Luciano Pagliarini, “an Italian born in 1957 in Differdange (Luxembourg) to a father who was an underground miner and accordion player and a mother who worked in a textiles shop, (and who) worked most of his life as a jazz musician in France”, all contribute to a particularly rich testimony of a past that ultimately forged contemporary Luxembourg. “An oral history of the Minett” takes us back to a not so distant past, one characterised by the intertwined stories of industry, labour, migration and war. It is the history of a region and its inhabitants. The aim is to rediscover a local history by bringing to life the daily experiences of the region’s inhabitants through their testimonies on subjects as diverse as: • what the miners ate as they engaged in difficult and gruelling work • the history of young people, who often followed in the footsteps of their elders and embarked on industry trades from a very young age • accidents that befell the workers • the question of the value of work, linked closely with that of wages • the memories of the two World Wars (1914-1918; 1939-1945) and their impact on the region and its inhabitants

O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar os resultados da pesquisa de doutorado intitulada Vida familiar na população escravizada e liberta da província de Popayán, Colômbia (1780-1852). A pesquisa pretende analisar as relações familiares e de parentesco da população escravizadas e liberta das fazendas da Província de Popayán, na (Colômbia), entre 1780 e 1852, levando em conta as relações de poder, dominação e hierarquias sociais, raciais e de gênero próprias da instituição escravista. Para isso, nossa atenção estará centrada em grupos de escravos pertencentes à uma das famílias influentes da província de Popayán: a família Arboleda. Buscando problematizar as relações destes grupos de escravos na virada do século XVIII para o século XIX, fizemos cruzamentos de várias fontes, tais como: inventários, registros paroquiais, escrituras de vendas de escravos, manumissões e censos de população, visando à compreensão da formação de suas relações de casal; as características das diversas formas familiares ou de parentesco e sua estabilidade; a formação de suas identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre a família; a importância das mulheres escravas e libertadas na formação de famílias e redes de parentesco; e a importância da família escrava como estratégia de sobrevivência, obtenção da liberdade e resistência à escravatura., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de la investigación de doctorado intitulada Vida Familiar en la Población Esclavizada y Liberta de la provincia de Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los modos en que la población esclavizada y liberta de las haciendas de la provincia de Popayán en la Nueva Granada (Colombia), establecían sus relaciones de pareja, formas familiares y de parentesco en sociedades estructuradas sobre jerarquías sociales, raciales y de género entre 1780 y 1852. Para ello, nos concentramos en grupos de esclavizados pertenecientes a una de las familias más prestigiosas de la ciudad de Popayán, la familia Arboleda. Intentando acompañar a estos grupos de esclavizados a lo largo del tiempo hicimos cruzamientos de varias fuentes como: inventarios, escrituras de ventas de esclavos, manumisiones, juicios criminales, archivos parroquiales y censos de población, para comprender la formación de sus relaciones de pareja; las características de las diversas formas familiares o de parentesco y su estabilidad; la formación de sus identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre la familia; la importancia de la familia esclava como estrategia de supervivencia para la obtención de la libertad y resistencia a la esclavitud; y el papel de las mujeres esclavizadas y libertas en la formación de las familias y redes de parentesco., The objective of this thesis is to present the results of the PhD research entitled Family Life in the Enslaved and Freed Population of the province of Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. The research aims to analyze how the enslaved and freed population of the haciendas of the province of Popayán in New Granada (Colombia), established their couple relationships, family and kinship forms in societies structured on social, racial and gender hierarchies between 1780 and 1852. For this purpose, we focused on groups of enslaved people belonging to one of the most prestigious families in the city of Popayán, the Arboleda family. Trying to follow these groups of enslaved people through time, we cross-checked several sources such as: inventories, deeds of slave sales, manumissions, criminal trials, parish archives and population censuses, to understand the formation of their couple relationships; the characteristics of the various family or kinship forms and their stability; the formation of their identities based on dominant values about the family; the importance of the slave family as a survival strategy for obtaining freedom and resistance to slavery; and the role of enslaved and freed women in the formation of families and kinship networks.

Tous les samedis, « Le Soir » publie la chronique d’un ou plusieurs membres de Carta Academica. Cette semaine : sept ans après une catastrophe minière au Brésil, les populations touchées continuent à réclamer justice. Elles sont insatisfaites de la manière dont les procédures d’indemnisation et de réparations se déroulent et exigent un dialogue direct avec les entreprises responsables. Ces dernières accumulent les atteintes aux droits humains et environnementaux au niveau mondial.

O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar os resultados da pesquisa de doutorado intitulada Vida familiar na população escravizada e liberta da província de Popayán, Colômbia (1780-1852). A pesquisa pretende analisar as relações familiares e de parentesco da população escravizadas e liberta das fazendas da Província de Popayán, na (Colômbia), entre 1780 e 1852, levando em conta as relações de poder, dominação e hierarquias sociais, raciais e de gênero próprias da instituição escravista. Para isso, nossa atenção estará centrada em grupos de escravos pertencentes à uma das famílias influentes da província de Popayán: a família Arboleda. Buscando problematizar as relações destes grupos de escravos na virada do século XVIII para o século XIX, fizemos cruzamentos de várias fontes, tais como: inventários, registros paroquiais, escrituras de vendas de escravos, manumissões e censos de população, visando à compreensão da formação de suas relações de casal; as características das diversas formas familiares ou de parentesco e sua estabilidade; a formação de suas identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre a família; a importância das mulheres escravas e libertadas na formação de famílias e redes de parentesco; e a importância da família escrava como estratégia de sobrevivência, obtenção da liberdade e resistência à escravatura., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de la investigación de doctorado intitulada Vida Familiar en la Población Esclavizada y Liberta de la provincia de Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los modos en que la población esclavizada y liberta de las haciendas de la provincia de Popayán en la Nueva Granada (Colombia), establecían sus relaciones de pareja, formas familiares y de parentesco en sociedades estructuradas sobre jerarquías sociales, raciales y de género entre 1780 y 1852. Para ello, nos concentramos en grupos de esclavizados pertenecientes a una de las familias más prestigiosas de la ciudad de Popayán, la familia Arboleda. Intentando acompañar a estos grupos de esclavizados a lo largo del tiempo hicimos cruzamientos de varias fuentes como: inventarios, escrituras de ventas de esclavos, manumisiones, juicios criminales, archivos parroquiales y censos de población, para comprender la formación de sus relaciones de pareja; las características de las diversas formas familiares o de parentesco y su estabilidad; la formación de sus identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre la familia; la importancia de la familia esclava como estrategia de supervivencia para la obtención de la libertad y resistencia a la esclavitud; y el papel de las mujeres esclavizadas y libertas en la formación de las familias y redes de parentesco., The objective of this thesis is to present the results of the PhD research entitled Family Life in the Enslaved and Freed Population of the province of Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. The research aims to analyze how the enslaved and freed population of the haciendas of the province of Popayán in New Granada (Colombia), established their couple relationships, family and kinship forms in societies structured on social, racial and gender hierarchies between 1780 and 1852. For this purpose, we focused on groups of enslaved people belonging to one of the most prestigious families in the city of Popayán, the Arboleda family. Trying to follow these groups of enslaved people through time, we cross-checked several sources such as: inventories, deeds of slave sales, manumissions, criminal trials, parish archives and population censuses, to understand the formation of their couple relationships; the characteristics of the various family or kinship forms and their stability; the formation of their identities based on dominant values about the family; the importance of the slave family as a survival strategy for obtaining freedom and resistance to slavery; and the role of enslaved and freed women in the formation of families and kinship networks.

The "Minett" region in southern Luxembourg was the industrial heartland of the country. The mines and blast furnaces, most of which have now disappeared, once dominated the landscape. Luciano Pagliarini's collection of interviews constitutes a unique corpus of audio testimonies that allow us to discover the local history and the daily experiences of the inhabitants of that time. The interviews conducted from the end of the 1970s to the early 1990s by Luciano Pagliarini, “an Italian born in 1957 in Differdange (Luxembourg) to a father who was an underground miner and accordion player and a mother who worked in a textiles shop, (and who) worked most of his life as a jazz musician in France”, all contribute to a particularly rich testimony of a past that ultimately forged contemporary Luxembourg. “An oral history of the Minett” takes us back to a not so distant past, one characterised by the intertwined stories of industry, labour, migration and war. It is the history of a region and its inhabitants. The aim is to rediscover a local history by bringing to life the daily experiences of the region’s inhabitants through their testimonies on subjects as diverse as: • what the miners ate as they engaged in difficult and gruelling work • the history of young people, who often followed in the footsteps of their elders and embarked on industry trades from a very young age • accidents that befell the workers • the question of the value of work, linked closely with that of wages • the memories of the two World Wars (1914-1918; 1939-1945) and their impact on the region and its inhabitants

La mine LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) fait partie du camp minier Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde (DBL) et est située dans la partie sud de la Sous-province de l'Abitibi. Le gisement LZ5 est constitué de trois corridors minéralisés superposés dans la stratigraphie : la Zone 4, la Zone 4.1 et la Zone 5. Les zones 4 et 4.1 sont des corridors minéralisés satellites discontinus situés au sud du corps minéralisé principal (Zone 5). La minéralisation dans les trois zones de la LZ5 consiste en des réseaux discordants de veines et de veinules de pyrite ±chalcopyrite ±sphalérite ±pyrrhotite (10- 20 % en volume) et, dans une moindre mesure, de pyrite très finement disséminée et de veines boudinées (≤5 % en volume) dans des roches hôtes fortement altérées. L'or se présente sous forme d'inclusions microscopiques dans la pyrite granoblastique, à la jonction triple des grains recristallisés. Les zones minéralisées, y compris les veines, les stockworks et les disséminations, ont été intensément plissées et transposées dans la schistosité régionale est-ouest. Le réseau filonien est au moins partiellement discordant par rapport à la stratigraphie. Les réserves totales (prouvées et probables) et les ressources (indiquées et présumées) à la fin de l’année 2021 pour LZ5 ont été estimées à 18,5 Mt de minerai à 1,96 g/t pour un total de 36,3 t Au (1,17 Moz). Les zones minéralisées du gisement LZ5 sont encaissées dans une série de roches volcaniques et volcanoclastiques de composition intermédiaire et d’affinité transitionnelle à calco-alcaline du membre supérieur de la Formation de Bousquet (2699 à 2695 Ma), faisant partie du Groupe de Blake River, daté entre 2704 à 2695 Ma. L’unité hôte de la LZ5, la dacite-rhyodacite de Westwood (unité 5.1a), forme la base du membre supérieur de la Formation de Bousquet. Les roches de la formation de Bousquet sont fortement déformées, c.-à-d. modérément à intensément foliées, localement cisaillées et altérées. Une schistosité régionale est-ouest, à fort pendage vers le s

O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar os resultados da pesquisa de doutorado intitulada Vida familiar na população escravizada e liberta da província de Popayán, Colômbia (1780-1852). A pesquisa pretende analisar as relações familiares e de parentesco da população escravizadas e liberta das fazendas da Província de Popayán, na (Colômbia), entre 1780 e 1852, levando em conta as relações de poder, dominação e hierarquias sociais, raciais e de gênero próprias da instituição escravista. Para isso, nossa atenção estará centrada em grupos de escravos pertencentes à uma das famílias influentes da província de Popayán: a família Arboleda. Buscando problematizar as relações destes grupos de escravos na virada do século XVIII para o século XIX, fizemos cruzamentos de várias fontes, tais como: inventários, registros paroquiais, escrituras de vendas de escravos, manumissões e censos de população, visando à compreensão da formação de suas relações de casal; as características das diversas formas familiares ou de parentesco e sua estabilidade; a formação de suas identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre a família; a importância das mulheres escravas e libertadas na formação de famílias e redes de parentesco; e a importância da família escrava como estratégia de sobrevivência, obtenção da liberdade e resistência à escravatura., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de la investigación de doctorado intitulada Vida Familiar en la Población Esclavizada y Liberta de la provincia de Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los modos en que la población esclavizada y liberta de las haciendas de la provincia de Popayán en la Nueva Granada (Colombia), establecían sus relaciones de pareja, formas familiares y de parentesco en sociedades estructuradas sobre jerarquías sociales, raciales y de género entre 1780 y 1852. Para ello, nos concentramos en grupos de esclavizados pertenecientes a una de las familias más prestigiosas de la ciudad de Popayán, la familia Arboleda. Intentando acompañar a estos grupos de esclavizados a lo largo del tiempo hicimos cruzamientos de varias fuentes como: inventarios, escrituras de ventas de esclavos, manumisiones, juicios criminales, archivos parroquiales y censos de población, para comprender la formación de sus relaciones de pareja; las características de las diversas formas familiares o de parentesco y su estabilidad; la formación de sus identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre la familia; la importancia de la familia esclava como estrategia de supervivencia para la obtención de la libertad y resistencia a la esclavitud; y el papel de las mujeres esclavizadas y libertas en la formación de las familias y redes de parentesco., The objective of this thesis is to present the results of the PhD research entitled Family Life in the Enslaved and Freed Population of the province of Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. The research aims to analyze how the enslaved and freed population of the haciendas of the province of Popayán in New Granada (Colombia), established their couple relationships, family and kinship forms in societies structured on social, racial and gender hierarchies between 1780 and 1852. For this purpose, we focused on groups of enslaved people belonging to one of the most prestigious families in the city of Popayán, the Arboleda family. Trying to follow these groups of enslaved people through time, we cross-checked several sources such as: inventories, deeds of slave sales, manumissions, criminal trials, parish archives and population censuses, to understand the formation of their couple relationships; the characteristics of the various family or kinship forms and their stability; the formation of their identities based on dominant values about the family; the importance of the slave family as a survival strategy for obtaining freedom and resistance to slavery; and the role of enslaved and freed women in the formation of families and kinship networks.

O objetivo desse trabalho é mostrar os resultados da pesquisa de doutorado intitulada Vida familiar na população escravizada e liberta da província de Popayán, Colômbia (1780-1852). A pesquisa pretende analisar as relações familiares e de parentesco da população escravizadas e liberta das fazendas da Província de Popayán, na (Colômbia), entre 1780 e 1852, levando em conta as relações de poder, dominação e hierarquias sociais, raciais e de gênero próprias da instituição escravista. Para isso, nossa atenção estará centrada em grupos de escravos pertencentes à uma das famílias influentes da província de Popayán: a família Arboleda. Buscando problematizar as relações destes grupos de escravos na virada do século XVIII para o século XIX, fizemos cruzamentos de várias fontes, tais como: inventários, registros paroquiais, escrituras de vendas de escravos, manumissões e censos de população, visando à compreensão da formação de suas relações de casal; as características das diversas formas familiares ou de parentesco e sua estabilidade; a formação de suas identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre a família; a importância das mulheres escravas e libertadas na formação de famílias e redes de parentesco; e a importância da família escrava como estratégia de sobrevivência, obtenção da liberdade e resistência à escravatura., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de la investigación de doctorado intitulada Vida Familiar en la Población Esclavizada y Liberta de la provincia de Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los modos en que la población esclavizada y liberta de las haciendas de la provincia de Popayán en la Nueva Granada (Colombia), establecían sus relaciones de pareja, formas familiares y de parentesco en sociedades estructuradas sobre jerarquías sociales, raciales y de género entre 1780 y 1852. Para ello, nos concentramos en grupos de esclavizados pertenecientes a una de las familias más prestigiosas de la ciudad de Popayán, la familia Arboleda. Intentando acompañar a estos grupos de esclavizados a lo largo del tiempo hicimos cruzamientos de varias fuentes como: inventarios, escrituras de ventas de esclavos, manumisiones, juicios criminales, archivos parroquiales y censos de población, para comprender la formación de sus relaciones de pareja; las características de las diversas formas familiares o de parentesco y su estabilidad; la formación de sus identidades a partir de valores dominantes sobre la familia; la importancia de la familia esclava como estrategia de supervivencia para la obtención de la libertad y resistencia a la esclavitud; y el papel de las mujeres esclavizadas y libertas en la formación de las familias y redes de parentesco., The objective of this thesis is to present the results of the PhD research entitled Family Life in the Enslaved and Freed Population of the province of Popayán (Colombia), 1780-1852. The research aims to analyze how the enslaved and freed population of the haciendas of the province of Popayán in New Granada (Colombia), established their couple relationships, family and kinship forms in societies structured on social, racial and gender hierarchies between 1780 and 1852. For this purpose, we focused on groups of enslaved people belonging to one of the most prestigious families in the city of Popayán, the Arboleda family. Trying to follow these groups of enslaved people through time, we cross-checked several sources such as: inventories, deeds of slave sales, manumissions, criminal trials, parish archives and population censuses, to understand the formation of their couple relationships; the characteristics of the various family or kinship forms and their stability; the formation of their identities based on dominant values about the family; the importance of the slave family as a survival strategy for obtaining freedom and resistance to slavery; and the role of enslaved and freed women in the formation of families and kinship networks.

This thesis is a text analysis regarding the processing concession of Kallak K nr 1, an iron ore deposit located in Sweden outside of Jokkmokk. On March 22, 2022, processing concession was granted the Jokkmokk Iron Mines AB. The process of reaching this decision has been long and fought with great resistance by the Sami people, who today use the area for reindeer herding. This thesis uses the material from three official documents with the goal of discovering the justification for the concession. Galtung’s violence triangle is the chosen analytical tool. Cultural violence manifests through the economic model, prioritising mines over reindeer herding because of the wealth a mine would bring. The cultural violence of the “lapp-ska-vara-lapp” mentality can be seen in how the government makes decisions regarding what conditions should be posed against the company without consulting the Sami people, although Swedish law states that they should do so.

Actualmente China es el país de mayor producción y reserva de tierras raras (REEs) en el mundo, y es el principal exportador de ellas a nivel global. Debido a la falta de minas de REEs, la Unión Europea (UE) es dependiente del país oriental. Por ello, la UE está fomentando la valorización de residuos del continente como recurso secundario de suministro sostenible, como son las aguas ácidas de mina (AMW). Las AMW se generan por la oxidación de sulfuros metálicos en presencia de agua y/u oxígeno produciendo ácido sulfúrico con metales de transición y REEs al medio natural, perjudicando a la fauna y flora. España es una de las mayores fuentes de sulfuros metálicos, localizándose en el sur de la península la Faja Pirítica Ibérica (FPB). El abandono de minas y la actividad humana han intensificado su generación, siendo tratadas mediante la adición de cal. Por ejemplo, el AMW de la balsa de Aznalcóllar se caracteriza por un pH alrededor de 2,4, y por la presencia de Mg (1,93 g/L), Zn (870 mg/L), Mn (220 mg/L) y otros metales de transición en concentraciones inferiores (Pb, Cd, Fe, Al). Sin embargo, estas contienes entre 10-20 mg/L de REEs (4 o 5 órdenes de magnitud más grande que los cuerpos de aguas naturales). Por ello, es de interés su recuperación mediante integración de procesos híbridos. Este trabajo evalúa la integración de procesos híbridos para la valorización de AMW de la mina de Aznalcóllar, a través de tecnologías de intercambio iónico y precipitaciones selectivas. Para maximizar la recuperación de REEs en la etapa de intercambio iónico se ha eliminado primeramente el Fe(III), Al(III) y Zn(II) mediante precipitación: los dos primeros como hidróxidos y el Zn(II) como sulfuro. El intercambio iónico se ha llevado a cabo utilizando tres resinas distintas: S930, SPC11706 y TP272, regenerándolas al final de su saturación mediante dos disoluciones distintas (H2SO4 o Na2EDTA/NH4Cl). El contenido rico en REEs conseguido durante la elución de las resinas se ha tratado m, Actualment, la Xina és el país de major producció i reserva de terres rares (REEs) al món, i és el principal exportador d’aquestes a escala global. A causa de la manca de mines de REEs, la Unió Europea (EU) suposa d’una dependència al país oriental. Per aquest motiu, la UE està fomentant la valorització de residus del continent com a recurs secundari de subministrament sostenible, com són les aigües àcides de la mina (AMW). Les AMW es generen per l'oxidació de sulfurs metàl·lics en presència d’aigua i/o oxigen produint àcid sulfúric amb metalls de transició i REEs al medi natural, perjudicant la flora i la fauna. Espanya és una de les fonts més grans de sulfurs metàl·lics, trobant-se al sud de la península la Faixa Pirítica Ibèrica (FPB). L’abandonament de mines i l’activitat humana han intensificat la seva generació, sent tractades mitjançant l’addició de calç. Per exemple, l’AMW de la balsa d’Aznalcóllar es caracteritza per un pH aproximat de 2,4 i per la presència de Mg (1,93 g/L), Zn (870 g/L), Mn (220 mg/L) i altres metalls de transició en concentracions inferiors (Pb, Cd, Fe, Al). Tot i això, aquestes contenen entre 10-20 mg/L de REEs (4 o 5 ordres de magnitud més gran que els cossos d’aigües naturals). Per això, és d’interès la seva recuperació a través d’integració de processos híbrids. Aquest treball avalua la integració de processos híbrids per a la valoració d'AMW de la mina d'Aznalcóllar a través de tecnologia d'intercanvi iònic i precipitacions selectives. Per a maximitzar la recuperació de REEs en l’etapa d’intercanvi iònic s’ha eliminat primerament el Fe(III), Al(III) i Zn(II) per precipitació: els dos primers com a hidròxids i el Zn(II) com a sulfur. L'intercanvi iònic s'ha dut a terme utilitzant tres resines diferents: S930, SPC11706 i TP272, i s’han regenerat al final de la saturació mitjançant dues dissolucions diferents (H2SO4 o Na2EDTA/NH4Cl). El contingut ric en REEs aconseguit durant l’elució de les resines s’ha tractat mitjançant àcid oxàlic, China is currently the country with the largest production and stock of rare earths (REEs) in the world, and is the main exporter of them globally. Due to the lack of REEs mines, the European Union (EU) is dependent on the eastern country. For this reason, the EU is promoting the recovery of wastematerials from the continent as a secondary resource for sustainable supply stock, such as acidic mine waste (AMW). AMW is generated by the oxidation of metal sulphides in presence of water and/or oxygen producing sulphuric acid with transition metals and REEs to the environment, damaging the wildlife. Spain is one of the largest sources of metallic sulphides, localizing in the south of the territory the Iberian Pyritic Belt (FPB). Mine abandonment and human activity have intensified its generation, being trated by the addition of lime. For example, the AMW from the pond of Aznalcóllar is characterised by a pH around 2,4, and by the presence of Mg (1,93 g/L), Zn (870 mg/L), Mn (220 mg/L) and other transition metals in lower concentrations (Pb, Cd, Fe, AL). Otherwise, it contains between 10-20 mg/L of REEs (4 to 5 orders of magnitude larger than natural water bodies). Therefore, their recovery by integration of hybrid process is of interest. This work evaluates the integration of hybrid processes for the valorisation of AMW from the Aznalcóllar mine through ionic exchange technology and selective precipitation. To maximise the recovery of REEs in the ion exchange stage, Fe(III), Al(III) and Zn(II) have been removed from the AMW by precipitation: the first two as hydroxides and Zn(II) as sulphur. Ion exchange was carried out using three different resins: S930, SPC11706 and TP272, regenerating them at the end of their saturation using two different solutions (H2SO4 o Na2EDTA/NH4Cl). The REEs rich stream obtained during the eluation of the resins was treated with oxalic acid for its selective precipitation. The results of the Fe and Al removal were carried out at an optimum pH, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::6 - Aigua Neta i Sanejament

The allocation of trucks in open pit mines is a field with great potential for optimizing resources and applying advanced computer modeling techniques, mainly because many companies still choose to use manual allocation, which is premised on the decisions made by the operator, being subject to common failures and not reaching the maximum potential that the equipment can provide. Therefore, this work focuses on optimizing the allocation of trucks in order to increase production, reducing queue time and keeping ore grades within proper limits. The proposed algorithm was based on the differential evolution technique, where two types of mutation operators were used: rand/1/bin and best/1/bin, thus verifying the most suitable to solve the problem. The trucks were allocated in the ore loading and unloading process, aiming to improve the production capacity in a virtual mine. The results brought a convergence to the maximum global production, in addition to which, the allocation of unnecessary transport equipment to the planned routes was avoided. The two mutation operators compared had certain advantages and disadvantages, each better adapting to certain types of situations. The proposed technique can still be extended to other areas, for example, in the transport of grain on the road network or in the implementation of an allocation in freight cars that transport grain.

The allocation of trucks in open pit mines is a field with great potential for optimizing resources and applying advanced computer modeling techniques, mainly because many companies still choose to use manual allocation, which is premised on the decisions made by the operator, being subject to common failures and not reaching the maximum potential that the equipment can provide. Therefore, this work focuses on optimizing the allocation of trucks in order to increase production, reducing queue time and keeping ore grades within proper limits. The proposed algorithm was based on the differential evolution technique, where two types of mutation operators were used: rand/1/bin and best/1/bin, thus verifying the most suitable to solve the problem. The trucks were allocated in the ore loading and unloading process, aiming to improve the production capacity in a virtual mine. The results brought a convergence to the maximum global production, in addition to which, the allocation of unnecessary transport equipment to the planned routes was avoided. The two mutation operators compared had certain advantages and disadvantages, each better adapting to certain types of situations. The proposed technique can still be extended to other areas, for example, in the transport of grain on the road network or in the implementation of an allocation in freight cars that transport grain.

La llegada de diferentes pueblos y sobre todo de los romanos a Hispania fue en parte motivada por el deseo de obtener las enormes riquezas de que disponía la Península Ibérica. Tras un proceso inicial muy costoso en vidas y recursos los romanos se hicieron con el control territorial y rápidamente pusieron todos sus medios para lograr obtener la máxima cantidad de metales posibles para sustentar al Imperio. Para lograrlo fue preciso utilizar y también desarrollar una prodigiosa ingeniería minera capaz de resolver todos los problemas que se plantearon y de obtener gigantescos resultados en la explotación de las numerosas minas que componían el territorio peninsular. Los distintos trabajos mineros permitieron obtener una formidable cantidad de diferentes metales como fueron principalmente el oro, la plata, el cobre, el hierro y otros de menor importancia. Todo ello convirtió a Hispania en el principal foco metalúrgico del Imperio., The arrival of diverse inhabitants and principally the entrance of Romans in Hispania was partly pushed by the desire to obtain the enormous wealth of the Iberian Peninsula. After an initial process that cost many lives and resources, the Romans took control over the new territory and immediately used all their means to acquire the maximum amount of metals to sustain the Empire. To achieve this, it required the development and use of an extraordinary mining engineering, qualified to solve all the obstacles that appeared and capable of obtaining massive results in the exploitation of multiple mines that made up the Peninsular territory. The different mining occupations allowed them to obtain an impressive amount of diverse metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and others of less importance. All of this made Hispania become the main metallurgical focus of the Empire., Departamento de Historia Antigua y Medieval, Grado en Historia

El origen de la metalurgia es una de las innovaciones tecnológicas más importantes de la historia, la cual ha contribuido al desarrollo y a la diferenciación social. En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado nos centraremos en las minas calcolíticas de El Aramo (Asturias), uno de los espacios de extracción de cobre más notables de la Península Ibérica, por su antigüedad y por la excepcional información que aportan tanto del instrumental como de las modalidades extractivas, así como de los ritos y creencias que giran en torno a la minería desde la Prehistoria, sin olvidar la circulación de sus minerales a nivel europeo., The origin of metallurgy is one of the most important technological innovations in history, which has contributed to development and social differentiation. In this Final Degree Project we will focus on the chalcolithic mines of El Aramo (Asturias), one of the most notable copper extraction sites in the Iberian Peninsula, due to its antiquity and the exceptional information provided by both the instruments and the the extractive modalities, as well as the rites and beliefs that revolve around mining since prehistoric times, without forgetting the circulation of its minerals at the European level., Grado en Historia

This paper focuses on the so-called Labaza mines, in the upper basin of the Ara River, upstream from Bujaruelo, in Torla. Due to the type of work, it seems that the mines have been exploited on several occasions. The mineralization is of pyrite-sphalerite type, in poor seams., El presente artículo se centra en las denominadas minas de Labaza, en la cuenca alta del río Ara, aguas arriba de Bujaruelo, en Torla. Por el tipo de labores, parece que las minas han sido trabajadas en varias ocasiones. La mineralización es de tipo pirita-esfalerita, en filones de muy débil potencia

Software deployment is all of the activities that make a software system available for use. An examaple of such activites can be installations, updating and removing of software. Each deployment platform can differ in quality attributes such as performance, maintainability, etc. Docker, a deployment platform using container technology offering a more modular way of deployment has become increasingly popular over the past few years. The aim of the project is to find out how a deployment with Docker would affect the performance of a client­server application from the mining industry. Three scenarios were performed in a simulated environment for the existing as well as the potential deployment platform. Measures of round­trip time were made for both sets of the scenarios. Results show a general decrease in performance when running the application on Docker. This is especially seen in early stages of each scenario, where Docker in average has 15 times higher round­trip times than the existing platform. However, results gathered from each scenario suggests that while Docker does start much slower than the existing platform, in later stages of each scenarios, Docker manages to narrow the gap and be at most 1.14 times higher than the existing platform. In conclusion, while the deployment in which the existing platform is deployed on does out perform Docker, it still shows some promise and could potentially be a worthy option to look at for further work.

Robotics is the ­new-age domain of technology that deals with bringing a collaboration of all disciplines of sciences and engineering to create a mechanical machine that may or may not work entirely independently but definitely focuses on making human lives much easier. It has repeatedly shown its ability to change lives at home and in the industry. As the field of robotics research grows and reaches new worlds, the military is one area where advances can have a significant impact, and the government is aware of this. Military technology has come a long way from the days where soldiers had to walk into traps, putting their own lives in danger for their fellow soldiers, to today, when soldiers have robots walk into the same traps with possibility and result of zero human casualties. High-risk military operations such as mine detection, bomb defusing, fighter pilot aviation, and entering enemy territory without complete knowledge of what is to come are all tasks that can be programmed in a way that makes them accustomed to scenarios like these, either by intensive machine learning algorithms or artificially intelligent robot systems. Military soldiers are human capital; they are not self-driving robots; they are living beings with emotions, fears, and weaknesses, and they will almost always be unreliable as compared to computers and robots. They are easily affected by environmental effects and are vulnerable to external influences. The government's costs for deployed troops, such as training and salaries, are extremely high. As a result, the solution is to build AI robots for defence operations that can sense, collect data by observing surroundings as any human soldier would, and report it back to a workstation where it can be used for strategy building and planning on what the next step should be during a mission, thus making the army better prepared for any kind of trouble that might be on their way. In this paper, the survey and bibliometric analysis of AI-based Io

La llegada de diferentes pueblos y sobre todo de los romanos a Hispania fue en parte motivada por el deseo de obtener las enormes riquezas de que disponía la Península Ibérica. Tras un proceso inicial muy costoso en vidas y recursos los romanos se hicieron con el control territorial y rápidamente pusieron todos sus medios para lograr obtener la máxima cantidad de metales posibles para sustentar al Imperio. Para lograrlo fue preciso utilizar y también desarrollar una prodigiosa ingeniería minera capaz de resolver todos los problemas que se plantearon y de obtener gigantescos resultados en la explotación de las numerosas minas que componían el territorio peninsular. Los distintos trabajos mineros permitieron obtener una formidable cantidad de diferentes metales como fueron principalmente el oro, la plata, el cobre, el hierro y otros de menor importancia. Todo ello convirtió a Hispania en el principal foco metalúrgico del Imperio., The arrival of diverse inhabitants and principally the entrance of Romans in Hispania was partly pushed by the desire to obtain the enormous wealth of the Iberian Peninsula. After an initial process that cost many lives and resources, the Romans took control over the new territory and immediately used all their means to acquire the maximum amount of metals to sustain the Empire. To achieve this, it required the development and use of an extraordinary mining engineering, qualified to solve all the obstacles that appeared and capable of obtaining massive results in the exploitation of multiple mines that made up the Peninsular territory. The different mining occupations allowed them to obtain an impressive amount of diverse metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and others of less importance. All of this made Hispania become the main metallurgical focus of the Empire., Departamento de Historia Antigua y Medieval, Grado en Historia

El origen de la metalurgia es una de las innovaciones tecnológicas más importantes de la historia, la cual ha contribuido al desarrollo y a la diferenciación social. En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado nos centraremos en las minas calcolíticas de El Aramo (Asturias), uno de los espacios de extracción de cobre más notables de la Península Ibérica, por su antigüedad y por la excepcional información que aportan tanto del instrumental como de las modalidades extractivas, así como de los ritos y creencias que giran en torno a la minería desde la Prehistoria, sin olvidar la circulación de sus minerales a nivel europeo., The origin of metallurgy is one of the most important technological innovations in history, which has contributed to development and social differentiation. In this Final Degree Project we will focus on the chalcolithic mines of El Aramo (Asturias), one of the most notable copper extraction sites in the Iberian Peninsula, due to its antiquity and the exceptional information provided by both the instruments and the the extractive modalities, as well as the rites and beliefs that revolve around mining since prehistoric times, without forgetting the circulation of its minerals at the European level., Grado en Historia

Bien que les réponses écologiques et physiologiques des poissons face à une contamination minière soient bien documentées dans les régions tempérées, les connaissances ne sont pas directement transférables dans le nord du Québec où le climat subarctique influence grandement la biologie des espèces. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer les impacts des opérations minières sur la santé des poissons et de leur environnement dans le bassin versant de la rivière Caniapiscau. Dans ce projet, un lac directement affecté par les activités minières passées dans la région de Schefferville (Lac Denault), deux lacs proches d’installations minières (Lac Cherny à Fermont et Lac Houston à Schefferville) et un lac référence (Lac Perroche) ont été échantillonnés pour l’eau, les sédiments et les poissons. Huit espèces de poissons ont été capturés comprenant le grand brochet (Esox lucius), le touladi (Salvelinus namaycush), l’omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis), le grand corégone (Coregonus clupeaformis), le ménomini rond (Prosopium cylindraceum), le meunier rouge (Catostomus catostomus), le meunier noir (Catostomus commersonii) et le mené de lac (Couesius plumbeus). La santé des poissons a été évaluée à travers l’estimation d’indices biométriques, la quantification des concentrations de quatorze éléments dans plusieurs tissus ainsi que l’analyse de cinq biomarqueurs du stress oxydant (8-OHdG, MDA) et des capacités antioxydantes (CAT, SOD, GPx). Les poissons capturés dans la région de Schefferville présentent des concentrations élémentaires généralement plus élevées que les individus échantillonnés à Fermont et comparés au site référence. Par ailleurs, la bioaccumulation des éléments ainsi que les impacts associés diffèrent selon les sous-familles étudiées (Salmoninae, Coregoninae, Catostominae). Les Catostominae et les Coregoninae ont démontré d’importantes concentrations hépatiques de manganèse qui étaient positivement corrélées à l’activité de la SOD chez les Coregoninae ainsi

The disaster in the Bois du Cazier mine in Marcinelle, Belgium was one of the biggest mining accidents in post-Second World War Western European history. The death toll was large: 262 miners died, of whom 136 were Italian. This article studies the transnational impact of that event by combining theoretical frameworks from both risk studies and European integration literature, with a specific focus on the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). After the catastrophe, numerous actors shifted the question of blame from an individual and national level to the European level. Mining risks were discussed as a structural and European issue. Furthermore, the ECSC saw the disaster as an opportunity for more European integration in new domains, most notably social policy. An intergovernmental conference in 1957 placed new policy areas, such as the harmonization of technical standards, emergency management, working conditions, wages and arrangements for foreign labourers on the political agenda. The conference and the body that was founded after it - the Mines Safety Commission - are often portrayed as failures because they did not manage to complete this ambitious social agenda. Still, the Marcinelle accident had a long-lasting impact on the way in which risks and disasters were managed on the European level. Some measures were deemed more 'technical', but played a social role as well. The implemented and established institutions and practices within the High Authority remained influential in the decades to come. On a more theoretical level, the case of Marcinelle illustrates the importance of combining risk and European integration frameworks. By studying Marcinelle from a risk management perspective, it is possible to transcend the current historiographic discussions, which seem stuck in a normative quarrel about responsibilities and blame., QC 20210330

La llegada de diferentes pueblos y sobre todo de los romanos a Hispania fue en parte motivada por el deseo de obtener las enormes riquezas de que disponía la Península Ibérica. Tras un proceso inicial muy costoso en vidas y recursos los romanos se hicieron con el control territorial y rápidamente pusieron todos sus medios para lograr obtener la máxima cantidad de metales posibles para sustentar al Imperio. Para lograrlo fue preciso utilizar y también desarrollar una prodigiosa ingeniería minera capaz de resolver todos los problemas que se plantearon y de obtener gigantescos resultados en la explotación de las numerosas minas que componían el territorio peninsular. Los distintos trabajos mineros permitieron obtener una formidable cantidad de diferentes metales como fueron principalmente el oro, la plata, el cobre, el hierro y otros de menor importancia. Todo ello convirtió a Hispania en el principal foco metalúrgico del Imperio., The arrival of diverse inhabitants and principally the entrance of Romans in Hispania was partly pushed by the desire to obtain the enormous wealth of the Iberian Peninsula. After an initial process that cost many lives and resources, the Romans took control over the new territory and immediately used all their means to acquire the maximum amount of metals to sustain the Empire. To achieve this, it required the development and use of an extraordinary mining engineering, qualified to solve all the obstacles that appeared and capable of obtaining massive results in the exploitation of multiple mines that made up the Peninsular territory. The different mining occupations allowed them to obtain an impressive amount of diverse metals such as gold, silver, copper, iron and others of less importance. All of this made Hispania become the main metallurgical focus of the Empire., Departamento de Historia Antigua y Medieval, Grado en Historia

El origen de la metalurgia es una de las innovaciones tecnológicas más importantes de la historia, la cual ha contribuido al desarrollo y a la diferenciación social. En este Trabajo de Fin de Grado nos centraremos en las minas calcolíticas de El Aramo (Asturias), uno de los espacios de extracción de cobre más notables de la Península Ibérica, por su antigüedad y por la excepcional información que aportan tanto del instrumental como de las modalidades extractivas, así como de los ritos y creencias que giran en torno a la minería desde la Prehistoria, sin olvidar la circulación de sus minerales a nivel europeo., The origin of metallurgy is one of the most important technological innovations in history, which has contributed to development and social differentiation. In this Final Degree Project we will focus on the chalcolithic mines of El Aramo (Asturias), one of the most notable copper extraction sites in the Iberian Peninsula, due to its antiquity and the exceptional information provided by both the instruments and the the extractive modalities, as well as the rites and beliefs that revolve around mining since prehistoric times, without forgetting the circulation of its minerals at the European level., Grado en Historia

The main objective of this article is the study of the ordinances concerning the emerald mines of Muzo that were established in the 16th and 17th centuries, together with their social and economic implications. To the present time, there have been few historical, in-depth studies, with oft repeated generalisations, on the subject of the emeralds; as opposed to the many works of general interest and geological focus. Here we have used primary sources from Colombian and Spanish archives, as well as exhibits from the museums. The results demonstrate the interest in controlling and receiving the quintos (the fifth part due to the king) as opposed to other, more social or humane aspects., El objetivo fundamental de este artículo es el estudio de las ordenanzas sobre las minas de esmeraldas de Muzo que se dictaminaron en los siglos XVI y XVII, con sus implicaciones, sociales y económicas. Hasta ahora no existen muchos estudios históricos en profundidad sobre el tema de las esmeraldas, con generalidades muy repetidas, frente a la abundancia de los divulgativos y geológicos. Se han utilizado fuentes primarias de archivos colombianos y españoles, así como objetos de museos. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto el interés por el control y cobro de los quintos frente a otros aspectos más sociales y humanos.

Software deployment is all of the activities that make a software system available for use. An examaple of such activites can be installations, updating and removing of software. Each deployment platform can differ in quality attributes such as performance, maintainability, etc. Docker, a deployment platform using container technology offering a more modular way of deployment has become increasingly popular over the past few years. The aim of the project is to find out how a deployment with Docker would affect the performance of a client­server application from the mining industry. Three scenarios were performed in a simulated environment for the existing as well as the potential deployment platform. Measures of round­trip time were made for both sets of the scenarios. Results show a general decrease in performance when running the application on Docker. This is especially seen in early stages of each scenario, where Docker in average has 15 times higher round­trip times than the existing platform. However, results gathered from each scenario suggests that while Docker does start much slower than the existing platform, in later stages of each scenarios, Docker manages to narrow the gap and be at most 1.14 times higher than the existing platform. In conclusion, while the deployment in which the existing platform is deployed on does out perform Docker, it still shows some promise and could potentially be a worthy option to look at for further work.

The allocation of trucks in open pit mines is a field with great potential for optimizing resources and applying advanced computer modeling techniques, mainly because many companies still choose to use manual allocation, which is premised on the decisions made by the operator, being subject to common failures and not reaching the maximum potential that the equipment can provide. Therefore, this work focuses on optimizing the allocation of trucks in order to increase production, reducing queue time and keeping ore grades within proper limits. The proposed algorithm was based on the differential evolution technique, where two types of mutation operators were used: rand/1/bin and best/1/bin, thus verifying the most suitable to solve the problem. The trucks were allocated in the ore loading and unloading process, aiming to improve the production capacity in a virtual mine. The results brought a convergence to the maximum global production, in addition to which, the allocation of unnecessary transport equipment to the planned routes was avoided. The two mutation operators compared had certain advantages and disadvantages, each better adapting to certain types of situations. The proposed technique can still be extended to other areas, for example, in the transport of grain on the road network or in the implementation of an allocation in freight cars that transport grain.

The allocation of trucks in open pit mines is a field with great potential for optimizing resources and applying advanced computer modeling techniques, mainly because many companies still choose to use manual allocation, which is premised on the decisions made by the operator, being subject to common failures and not reaching the maximum potential that the equipment can provide. Therefore, this work focuses on optimizing the allocation of trucks in order to increase production, reducing queue time and keeping ore grades within proper limits. The proposed algorithm was based on the differential evolution technique, where two types of mutation operators were used: rand/1/bin and best/1/bin, thus verifying the most suitable to solve the problem. The trucks were allocated in the ore loading and unloading process, aiming to improve the production capacity in a virtual mine. The results brought a convergence to the maximum global production, in addition to which, the allocation of unnecessary transport equipment to the planned routes was avoided. The two mutation operators compared had certain advantages and disadvantages, each better adapting to certain types of situations. The proposed technique can still be extended to other areas, for example, in the transport of grain on the road network or in the implementation of an allocation in freight cars that transport grain.

Thanks to the recognition given to Almadén and its mines by EuChemS, Europe will mark on its map a region that has lived by and for Mercury. This metal has a lot of history and interests both at a chemical level and in many other sectors and has given life to many spectacular moments and monuments that we recommend you to know and visit, but so that when you come you can fully enjoy this fantastic enclave we recommend you to read this article, where we want you to walk previously through its history and know why and for what is mercury there and to understand how it has been fundamental in the region and in its life, having this metal in its lands. Initially, this contribution describes what this recognition means and how and when it was granted, as well as some fantastic contributions from four experts that allow us to live and better understand a history that should be known and in which chemistry and other fundamental sciences have been and will always be present., Gracias al reconocimiento otorgado a Almadén y sus minas por parte de EuChemS, Europa va a señalar en su mapa una región que ha vivido por y para el Mercurio. Este metal tiene mucha historia e interés, tanto en el sector químico como en muchos otros, y ha dado vida a momentos y monumentos espectaculares que te recomendamos que conozcas y visites. Para que cuando vengas a Almadén puedas disfrutar plenamente de este enclave fantástico, te recomendamos que leas este artículo, donde queremos que pasees previamente por su historia y conozcas por qué y para qué está ahí el mercurio y que comprendas como ha sido fundamental en esta región y en su vida, el tener este metal en sus tierras. Inicialmente en esta contribución se describe qué significa este reconocimiento y cómo y cuándo se otorgó. De igual forma se presentan unas fantásticas contribuciones de cuatro expertos que nos permiten vivir y entender mejor una historia que se debe conocer y en la que la química y otras ciencias fundamentales han estado y estarán siempre presentes.

This paper focuses on the so-called Labaza mines, in the upper basin of the Ara River, upstream from Bujaruelo, in Torla. Due to the type of work, it seems that the mines have been exploited on several occasions. The mineralization is of pyrite-sphalerite type, in poor seams., El presente artículo se centra en las denominadas minas de Labaza, en la cuenca alta del río Ara, aguas arriba de Bujaruelo, en Torla. Por el tipo de labores, parece que las minas han sido trabajadas en varias ocasiones. La mineralización es de tipo pirita-esfalerita, en filones de muy débil potencia

This paper focuses on the so-called Labaza mines, in the upper basin of the Ara River, upstream from Bujaruelo, in Torla. Due to the type of work, it seems that the mines have been exploited on several occasions. The mineralization is of pyrite-sphalerite type, in poor seams., El presente artículo se centra en las denominadas minas de Labaza, en la cuenca alta del río Ara, aguas arriba de Bujaruelo, en Torla. Por el tipo de labores, parece que las minas han sido trabajadas en varias ocasiones. La mineralización es de tipo pirita-esfalerita, en filones de muy débil potencia

This paper focuses on the so-called Labaza mines, in the upper basin of the Ara River, upstream from Bujaruelo, in Torla. Due to the type of work, it seems that the mines have been exploited on several occasions. The mineralization is of pyrite-sphalerite type, in poor seams., El presente artículo se centra en las denominadas minas de Labaza, en la cuenca alta del río Ara, aguas arriba de Bujaruelo, en Torla. Por el tipo de labores, parece que las minas han sido trabajadas en varias ocasiones. La mineralización es de tipo pirita-esfalerita, en filones de muy débil potencia

With the gradual decrease in the grade of copper ores being processed, copper concentrates have become more complex with higher impurity and gangue content. This trend has had a detrimental effect on smelters as they have to increase throughput to maintain copper metal production, while increasing operating costs due to processing the increased amounts of secondary products (slag, acid) and stabilising waste streams. This paper discusses impacts from the increased complexity of resources from mine to smelters, highlighting the need for an integrated processing approach to achieve sustainable and competitive multi-metal recovery. The most efficient technical solutions will involve a combination of mineral processing and hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processing techniques and will include processing complex materials from both primary and secondary sources at both mine sites and smelters., With the gradual decrease in the grade of copper ores being processed, copper concentrates have become more complex with higher impurity and gangue content. This trend has had a detrimental effect on smelters as they have to increase throughput to maintain copper metal production, while increasing operating costs due to processing the increased amounts of secondary products (slag, acid) and stabilising waste streams. This paper discusses impacts from the increased complexity of resources from mine to smelters, highlighting the need for an integrated processing approach to achieve sustainable and competitive multi-metal recovery. The most efficient technical solutions will involve a combination of mineral processing and hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processing techniques and will include processing complex materials from both primary and secondary sources at both mine sites and smelters.

The British Geological Survey (BGS) contains 5000 pages of geological data spanning the last 200 years. The author, BGS industrial minerals geologist Clive Mitchell, navigates a path through the site. The starting point is OpenGeoscience, a free service that acts as the portal where visitors can view maps and download data, scans, photos and other information. Geological maps are available through a series of online map viewers. Further detailed geological data for rock units is accessed via the BGS Lexicon. This is essentially the bible for UK geology covering all of the named rock units that appear on BGS maps and publications. The viewer and the lexicon are two of the top four most visited web pages on the BGS website. Other geological map viewers include onshore and offshore GeoIndex datasets for mineral resources, groundwater, soil properties and environmental baseline monitoring for shale gas sites. Fans of paper maps can access the entire archive of over 6000 maps published by the BGS from 1832 to 2015 via the BGS maps portal. Increasingly BGS maps and data are available via mobile devices. The most popular mobile application is iGeology, which is essentially the Geology of Britain viewer in app form. It is anticipated that most BGS geological data will be accessed via mobile devices in the near future with the prospect that demand from our user community will not only drive app development but also shape the future data priorities of the BGS., The British Geological Survey (BGS) contains 5000 pages of geological data spanning the last 200 years. The author, BGS industrial minerals geologist Clive Mitchell, navigates a path through the site. The starting point is OpenGeoscience, a free service that acts as the portal where visitors can view maps and download data, scans, photos and other information. Geological maps are available through a series of online map viewers. Further detailed geological data for rock units is accessed via the BGS Lexicon. This is essentially the bible for UK geology covering all of the named rock units that appear on BGS maps and publications. The viewer and the lexicon are two of the top four most visited web pages on the BGS website. Other geological map viewers include onshore and offshore GeoIndex datasets for mineral resources, groundwater, soil properties and environmental baseline monitoring for shale gas sites. Fans of paper maps can access the entire archive of over 6000 maps published by the BGS from 1832 to 2015 via the BGS maps portal. Increasingly BGS maps and data are available via mobile devices. The most popular mobile application is iGeology, which is essentially the Geology of Britain viewer in app form. It is anticipated that most BGS geological data will be accessed via mobile devices in the near future with the prospect that demand from our user community will not only drive app development but also shape the future data priorities of the BGS.

Mining is extraction of exhaustible resources. Each mine has a finite life span. Sustainable mining has been defined by Tilton (2009) as an oxymoron, since mining depends on non-renewable, and depleting mineral resources. Therefore, mining, by its very nature is unsustainable. However, World Bank has promoted sustainability throughout the mine life cycle, and even after mine closure, to ensure non declining welfare for the local people (Pokolbin 2006). A mine is closed down when subsurface reserve is exhausted, or it is no longer economically viable. In a closed mine site, derelict landform, will bring forth several sustainability issues. Extensive land is degraded due to abandoned mines and old dumps. Indigenous people lose their traditional means of earning from the degraded natural resources, around the closed mine site.

Les développements de la biologie moléculaire depuis les années 1970 permettent désormais de fonder de grands espoirs sur la bioremédiation, une technique peu coûteuse faisant appel à divers microorganismes, pour s’attaquer à la décontamination des sites miniers. Aussi prometteur puisse-t-il sembler à première vue, le déploiement de biotechnologies est la cause de risques considérables pour l’environnement. Dans ce contexte, il apparaît nécessaire de savoir comment le cadre normatif québécois répond aux enjeux que soulève le recours aux biotechnologies en matière de restauration minière. Pour y répondre, cet essai retrace l’historique du régime minier depuis ses tout débuts afin de mieux comprendre les importants développements législatifs et réglementaires en matière de restauration minière de la dernière décennie. Une analyse juridique approfondie des mécanismes de droit interne et de droit international destinés à encadrer plus précisément la biorestauration dans le domaine minier québécois constitue le cœur de son contenu.

This paper addresses the study of place names imposed on Alosno’s mining concessions between 1844 and 1860. The special characteristics of this type of toponymy make it an important source for the knowledge of the dealers’ psychology and the mentality of the period. The types of place names are analyzed from the names found in the miningdocumentation of the Archivo Histórico Provincial de Huelva, taking into account the reason for the imposition of the names. The most important feature of this type of place name is the rupture with the usual forms in general toponymy because the namescharacterized by the relationship between the place name and the characteristics of the place stand out, but in the mining toponymy prevails the arbitrariness in the cause of the name and even the use of abstract nouns which manifest the subjectivity and expectations of the mining concession, as well as his particular devotions, friendship or kinship relations and the mythological perception of the place., En este trabajo se aborda el estudio de los topónimos impuestos a las concesiones mineras de Alosno, entre 1844 y 1860. Las características especiales de este tipo de toponimia la convierten en una fuente importante para el conocimiento de la psicología de los concesionarios y de la mentalidad del periodo. Se analizan los tipos de topónimos a partir de los nombres hallados en la documentación minera del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Huelva, atendiendo especialmente al motivo de imposición de los nombres. El rasgo más importante de este tipo de topónimos es la ruptura con las formas habituales en la toponimia general, ya que en esta destacan los nombres caracterizados por la relación entre el topónimo y los rasgos del terreno, pero en la toponimia minera destaca la arbitrariedad en la causa de imposición e incluso el uso de sustantivos abstractos que manifiestan la subjetividad y las expectativas del solicitante de la concesión minera, así como sus devociones particulares, las relaciones de amistad o parentesco y la percepción mitológica del lugar.

Includes supplementary material, Offensive mine warfare (OMW) is an often overlooked and underdeveloped potential benefit to the breadth of options available for current naval forces regarding enemy deterrence. By taking a modified systems engineering Vee approach and applying it to offensive mine warfare, this project provides a definition of existing operational concepts and projects the future potential of this methodology. This project defines two simulations utilizing OMW in both an open-ocean transit mission and an ocean strait escort mission. These mission scenarios help provide the composition of the interconnected system of systems involved with the deployment, loiter, engagement, and recovery functions of offensive mines. An emphasis is placed on the use of Advanced Undersea Weapons Systems to carry out these functions, specifically large-displacement unmanned underwater vehicles. Simulations provided within this project better map the interconnection of the deployment, loiter, engagement, and recovery functions as they pertain to the measures of effectiveness for each mission scenario. By decomposing the major functions of OMW, this project provides the initial framework for the inclusion of offensive mining into the current naval forces’ repertoire of enemy-deterrence options. Additionally, this project’s decomposition of offensive mining in its current iteration provides the framework for a further investigation into the future capabilities of this product., Civilian, Department of the Navy, Civilian, Department of the Navy, Civilian, Department of the Navy, Civilian, Department of the Navy, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

Studies that look at mining decline and its accompanying economic consequences often focus on empiricism or economic theory. Among the leading economic theories that explain mine closure and economic decline is the resource curse theory. The gender aspects of resource curse are, however, muted. This study uncovered the lived experiences of women within a declining economy and its attendant institutional morass. The feminist critique methodology was adopted by using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to allow women to express their experience through their lenses. The analysis of the data was done through the use of Atlasti.8. The institutional responses have been captured through the use of structured interviews. These interviews were done at a local mine and the municipality. Thematic analysis was used to process the institutional responses. The study concluded that during mining decline, as the revenue of the municipality dwindles, mine shafts close, governance within the municipality and mine management is eroded. The empowerment of women in both institutions is deprioritised. As crime becomes normalised and pervasive, women take on a life of crime. Men determine the economic ascendancy and women are objectified in the process.

Discrete fracture networks (DFN) were used to model the structural regime around mining drifts at the Éléonore underground mine in Canada. The generated DFN models were subsequently used to investigate the creation of rock wedges along the drifts that may impact the stability of the excavations. Photogrammetry tools were used to characterise the rock mass structural regime and provide the input data for the generated DFN models. The impact of the choice of employed DFN model on the analysis was investigated with reference to the stability of excavations. A series of parametric analyses demonstrated the sensitivity of the model to variations in the properties of the structural regime. The benefits of using stochastic modelling to capture the inherent variability are reviewed. The paper concludes with a discussion on the requirements for the appropriate implementation of the DFN methodology as part of a probabilistic design approach for mining drifts.

The blasting of mining stopes is an important driver for mine seismicity. The factors controlling seismic response are not well understood. Mines mostly rely on the number of events and associated moment magnitudes. Geological and operational parameters are often neglected although known to be potential seismic drivers. A database was created for more than 83 production blasts between 230 m and 800 m below the surface from March 2016 to June 2017 at the Goldcorp Eleonore mine. The database consists of 78 parameters defining spatial, temporal, mining, geometrical, geological, drill-and-blast, and temporal blast properties and their associated seismic response. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted using the created database to better understand the key factors controlling the seismic response of the rock mass to production blasting. The geological structures’ orientation and location relative to the stope, the stope geometry and the drilling pattern were identified as major factors contributing to induced seismicity at the Eleonore mine.

Seismic activity is known to affect the short- and long-term behavior of mining ground support, yet the influence of seismicity on ground support demand is not fully understood. The objective of this paper is to quantitatively assess the influence of various seismic parameters on the performance and degradation of ground support elements. A large database was created using the LaRonde mine (Quebec, Canada) as a case study, which consolidates information on the history of the rock support of an entire mine sector comprising 18.5 km of drifts: type, installation date, and behavior over time. This database was linked with the seismic event database available at the mine. Analyses identified various seismic parameters (i.e., large seismic events, number of seismic events, increase in apparent stress, b-value from the GutenbergRichter frequency-magnitude relationship, peak particle velocity, and energy radiated from the event) as precursory trends that may influence the performance and degradation of ground support elements. A key finding is that the number of seismic events and their magnitude are contributing factors in controlling the demand on ground support. A high number of seismic events and high local magnitude event have frequently been recorded before observing degradation on ground support elements. Another important finding is that the demand on ground support cannot entirely be explained by seismicity, but is also controlled by other site factors.