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A high percentage of island floras are at risk of extinction and have been reduced to relic populations, often in remote hard-to-reach areas. Uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS aka drones) are now being utilized to assist in the survey and collection of rare plants in inaccessible areas or vertical cliff habitats. Here, we test the application of this technology for conservation of 23 plant taxa in three oceanic island hotspots: Hawaiʻi, Madeira and the Republic of Palau. We collect high-resolution imagery using a small UAS to document the distribution and abundance of vascular flowering plants. Location information is then used to map and assess plant populations. Depending on the terrain, collections are completed using either traditional rope techniques or newly developed remote drone-based collection methods. Over the course of 6 years, we have greatly expanded our knowledge of rare and endangered species, while increasing survey efficiency and staff safety. Most importantly, this work has had a large impact on the conservation of critically endangered plants. Although using drones for botanical conservation comes with limits and challenges, we see great potential in the continued employment of these techniques wherever plants are growing on cliffs or in other hard-to-reach areas.

The European Union (EU) wields significant influence over global markets through a phenomenon known as the Brussels Effect. This strategy involves aligning EU standards with regulations, effectively positioning the EU as a key driver of environmental and climate trade standards. Within the realm of trade in forest products, the EU has implemented instruments such as the Timber Regulation (EUTR), which was succeeded by Deforestation Free (EUDR) in 2023, and the EU Forest Law, Governance, and Trade Action Plan (FLEGT). These regulations have exerted considerable pressure on Brazil to embrace best practices for timber extraction, primarily by adhering to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and other private initiatives. The implications of EU influence in this context give rise to both positive and negative consequences, underscoring its significance in shaping global forest policies., A União Europeia (UE) possui o poder de exercer influência sobre os mercados globais por meio do fenômeno conhecido como Efeito Bruxelas. Essa estratégia envolve o alinhamento dos padrões da UE com as regulamentações, estabelecendo de fato a UE como impulsionadora essencial dos padrões de comércio ambiental e climático. No âmbito do comércio de produtos florestais, a UE implementou instrumentos como o Regulamento sobre Madeira (EUTR), substituído pelo regulamento livre desmatamento (EUDR), e o Plano de Ação sobre Legislação, Governança e Comércio Florestal da UE (FLEGT). Essas regulamentações exerceram uma pressão considerável sobre o Brasil para que adotasse as melhores práticas de extração de madeira, principalmente por meio da adesão ao Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) e a outras iniciativas privadas. As implicações da influência da UE nesse contexto geram consequências positivas e negativas, ressaltando sua importância na formação de políticas florestais globais.

A high percentage of island floras are at risk of extinction and have been reduced to relic populations, often in remote hard-to-reach areas. Uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS aka drones) are now being utilized to assist in the survey and collection of rare plants in inaccessible areas or vertical cliff habitats. Here, we test the application of this technology for conservation of 23 plant taxa in three oceanic island hotspots: Hawaiʻi, Madeira and the Republic of Palau. We collect high-resolution imagery using a small UAS to document the distribution and abundance of vascular flowering plants. Location information is then used to map and assess plant populations. Depending on the terrain, collections are completed using either traditional rope techniques or newly developed remote drone-based collection methods. Over the course of 6 years, we have greatly expanded our knowledge of rare and endangered species, while increasing survey efficiency and staff safety. Most importantly, this work has had a large impact on the conservation of critically endangered plants. Although using drones for botanical conservation comes with limits and challenges, we see great potential in the continued employment of these techniques wherever plants are growing on cliffs or in other hard-to-reach areas.

The path followed by species in the colonization of remote oceanic islands ultimately depends on their phylogenetic constraints and ecological responses. In this study, we aim to evaluate the relative role of geographical and ecological forces in the origin and evolution of the Madeiran ivy (Hedera maderensis), a single-species endemic belonging to the western polyploid clade of Hedera. To determine the phylogenetic placement of H. maderensis within the western polyploid clade, we analyzed 40 populations (92 individuals) using genotyping-by-sequencing and including Hedera helix as outgroup. Climatic niche differences among the study species were evaluated using a database with 867 records representing the entire species ranges. To test species responses to climate, 13 vegetative and reproductive functional traits were examined for 70 populations (335 individuals). Phylogenomic results revealed a nested pattern with H. maderensis embedded within the south-western Iberian H. iberica. Gradual niche differentiation from the coldest and most continental populations of H. iberica to the warm and stable coastal population sister to H. maderensis parallels the geographical pattern observed in the phylogeny. Similarity in functional traits is observed for H. maderensis and H. iberica. The two species show leaves with higher specific leaf area (SLA), lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and thickness and fruits with lower pulp fraction than the other western polyploid species H. hibernica. Acquisition of a Macaronesian climatic niche and the associated functional syndrome in mainland European ivies (leaves with high SLA, and low LDMC and thickness, and fruits with less pulp content) was a key step in the colonization of Madeira by the H. iberica/H. maderensis lineage, which points to climatic pre-adaptation as key in the success of island colonization (dispersal and establishment). Once in Madeira, budding speciation was driven by geographical isolation, while ecological proc, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Comunidad de Madrid/Fondo Social Europeo, Consejo superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Consumption and mass production constitute the central themes in Damián SinchiQ’s production, whose work on wood transforms the nature of everyday objects to question their usefulness in a hyper-industrialized panorama. Located on the borders of popular and contemporary art, he exercises an endemic trade, using practical languages to reveal the nature of artistic creation without excessive conceptual baggage. Through this brief review, we seek to make some notes on his work developed over fifteen years, from a factual and conceptual point of view, as well as from the practice of an ancient trade bequeathed by his family for more than three generations., O consumo e a produção em massa constituem os temas centrais da produção do artista Damián SinchiQ, cujo trabalho em madeira transfigura a natureza dos objetos do cotidiano para questionar sua utilidade em um panorama hiperindustrializado. Localizado nas fronteiras da arte popular e da arte contemporânea, exerce um ofício endêmico, utilizando linguagens práticas para revelar a natureza da criação artística sem excesso de bagagem conceitual., El consumo y la producción masiva constituyen los temas centrales en la producción del artista Damián SinchiQ, cuyo trabajo en la madera transfigura la naturaleza de objetos de uso cotidiano para interrogar su utilidad en un panorama hiperindustrializado. Situado en las fronteras del arte popular y el arte contemporáneo, ejerce un oficio endémico, utilizando lenguajes prácticos para revelar la naturaleza de la creación artística sin excesivos bagajes conceptuales. Mediante esta breve reseña, se busca realizar una serie de anotaciones sobre su obra gestada a lo largo de quince años de producción, desde un punto de vista fáctico y conceptual, así como desde la práctica de un oficio milenario legado por su familia por más de tres generaciones.

Access to housing in low-income sectors brings up the need for a relevant reflection on Latin America. In this context, a wood-based Modular Housing Solution (MHS) has been developed in a neighborhood on the outskirts of CABA called La Plata, oriented to a housing improvement for working-class sectors, and managed by a labor cooperative, the university, and the scientific-technical sector. The objective is to evaluate the thermal and light behavior and the airtightness conditions of the building envelope of a wooden MHS in the La Plata district in a warm-temperate climate. For this purpose, first, indoor and outdoor monitoring (temperature, relative humidity, and natural lighting) was carried out, then the solar air heaters were evaluated, and finally, digital thermography was performed at night. The results show favorable daytime lighting performance and good daytime thermal response in cold weather. However, there was also room for improvement, such as the need for thermal conditioning at night, improvement of the airtightness of the envelope, night ventilation in warm seasons, reinforcement of shading, and thermal insulation., O acesso à moradia nas camadas sociais de baixa renda levanta a necessidade de uma reflexão relevante para a América Latina. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvida uma Solução Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madeira em um bairro da periferia da CABA (Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires) chamado Partido de La Plata, com foco na melhoria habitacional das camadas populares e gerenciada por uma cooperativa de trabalho, a universidade e o setor científico-tecnológico. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico, lumínico e as condições de estanqueidade do envelope construtivo de uma SHM de madeira na região do Partido de La Plata em um clima temperado-quente. Para isso, em primeiro lugar, foi realizado um monitoramento interno e externo (temperatura, umidade relativa e iluminação natural), em seguida, foram avaliados os aquecedores solares de ar e, por fim, foi realizada termografia digital noturna. Os resultados mostram desempenhos favoráveis na iluminação diurna e uma boa resposta térmica diurna durante períodos frios. No entanto, também foram encontrados aspectos a serem melhorados, como a necessidade de condicionamento térmico noturno, melhoria na estanqueidade do envelope, ventilação noturna em períodos quentes, reforço do sombreamento e isolamento térmico., El acceso a la vivienda en los sectores sociales de bajos ingresos plantea la necesidad de una reflexión relevante para América Latina. En este contexto, se ha desarrollado una Solución Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madera en un barrio de la periferia de CABA llamado el Partido de La Plata, orientada a la mejora habitacional de sectores populares y gestionada por una cooperativa de trabajo, la universidad y el sector científico-técnico. Se tiene por objetivo evaluar el comportamiento térmico, lumínico y las condiciones de estanqueidad en la envolvente edilicia de una SHM de madera del sector Partido de la Plata en un clima templado-cálido. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realizó un monitoreo interior y exterior (temperatura, humedad relativa e iluminación natural), luego se evaluaron los calefactores solares de aire y finalmente se realizó termografía digital nocturna. Los resultados muestran desempeños favorables en el aspecto lumínico diurno y una buena respuesta térmica diurna en épocas frías. No obstante, también se encontraron fenómenos por mejorar, como la necesidad de acondicionamiento térmico nocturno, de mejora de la estanqueidad de la envolvente, de ventilación nocturna en épocas cálidas de refuerzo del sombreo y del aislamiento térmico.

Introdución: O esfínter velopalatino é unha válvula muscular que crea un selado hermético entre a nasofarinxe e a orofarinxe para garantir a fonación, deglutición e en parte a respiración (expiración forzada). Nos músicos de vento, o cerre do esfínter debe ser preciso durante a producción do son xa que o seu erro ocasionará unha insuficiencia velopalatina (IVP) que porá en risco o éxito profesional do instrumentista afecto. Obxectivos: Elaborar unha revisión do estado da arte sobre a IVP nos músicos de vento. Métodos: Para estruturar o proceso de revisión da literatura científica adoptouse un enfoque sistemático basado na declaración PRISMA, analizando etioloxía, epidemioloxía, clínica, diagnose e tratamento da IVP nos músicos. A procura realizouse en diferentes bases de datos (PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scielo) e a través do metabuscador Mergullador. Resultados: Un total de 20 publicacións foron seleccionadas. A IVP é unha patoloxía que afectaarredor dun terzo dos músicos de vento segundo os estudios elaborados, causando ruídos farínxeos e emisións nasais de aire durante a interpretación. A etioloxía principal parece ser a fatiga da musculatura do esfínter velopalatino, non obstante, non existen estudos de causalidade que o demostren. As técnicas diagnósticas máis empregadas son a historia clínica, a exploración física e a nasofibroscopia. Respecto ao manexo terapéutico, non existe un consenso entre autores. Conclusión: Son necesarias futuras investigacións para confirmar que a fatiga da musculatura do esfínter velopalatino e os factores que a aumentan sexan as principais causas de IVP nos músicos de vento. Ademais, é necesario empregar ferramentas obxectivas para avaliar os resultados das distintas opcións terapéuticas de cara a deseñar un protocolo de atención a estos pacientes enfocado na prevención dos factores de risco, a diagnose e o tratamento, Introducción: El esfínter velopalatino es una válvula muscular que crea un sellado hermético entre la nasofaringe y la orofaringe para garantizar la fonación, deglución y en parte la respiración (espiraciones forzadas). En los músicos de viento, el cierre del esfínter ha de ser preciso durante la producción del sonido ya que su fallo ocasionará una insuficiencia velopalatina (IVP) que pondrá en riesgo el éxito profesional del instrumentista afecto. Objetivo: Elaborar una revisión del estado del arte sobre la insuficiencia velopalatina en los músicos de viento. Métodos: Para estructurar el proceso de revisión de la literatura científica se adoptó un enfoque sistemático basado en la declaración PRISMA, analizando etiología, epidemiología, clínica, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la IVP en los músicos de viento. La búsqueda se realizó en diferentes bases de datos (PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scielo) y a través del metabuscador Mergullador. Resultados: Un total de 20 publicaciones fueron seleccionadas. La IVP es una patología que afecta alrededor de un tercio de los músicos de viento según los estudios elaborados, causando ruidos faríngeos y emisiones nasales de aire durante la interpretación. La etiología principal parece ser la fatiga de la musculatura del esfínter velopalatino, sin embargo, no existen estudiosde causalidad que lo demuestren. Las técnicas diagnósticas más empleadas son la historia clínica, exploración física y nasofibroscopia. En cuanto al manejo terapéutico no existe un consenso entre autores. Conclusión: Son necesarias futuras investigaciones para esclarecer que la fatiga de la musculatura del esfínter velopalatino y los factores que la aumentan sean las principales causas de IVP en los músicos de viento. Además, es necesario utilizar herramientas objetivas para evaluar los resultados de las distintas opciones terapéuticas de cara a establecer un protocolo de atención a estos pacientes enfocado en la prevención de los factores de riesgo, el d, Introduction: Velopalatine sphincter is a muscular valve that creates a hermetic seal between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx. It guarantees phonation, swallowing and breathing (forces expirations). In wind musicians, sphincter closure must be precise during sound generation. Its failure will cause velopalatal insufficiency (VPI) and the end of professional success, probably. Objective: Prepare state-of-art review about velopalatal insufficiency in wind musicians. Methods: In order to structure the literature review process, a systematic approach based on PRISMA was adopted. It was analysed etiology, epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis and treatment of VPI in wind musicians. The research was carried out in different databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scielo) and through Mergullador metasearch engine. Results: 20 publications were selected. VPI is a pathology that affects around a thir of wind musicians according to studies. It causes pharyngeal noises and nasal air emissions during performance. The main etiology seems to be fatigue of the velopalatine sphincter muscles. However, there are no causality studies that demostrate this. The most used diagnostic techniques are clinical history, physical examination and nasofibroscopy. There isn’t consensus among author about therapeutic management. Conclusions: Future investigations are necessary to confirm that fatigue of velopalatine sphincter muscles and factor that increase it are the main causes of VPI in wind musicians. In addition, it is important to use objective tools to evaluate results of the different therapeutic options in order to design a care protocol for these patients. It would be focused on the prevention of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

We recognize 20 species of Symmocinae, concluding that all belong in the genus Chersogenes Walsingham,1908 with the synonyms Epanastasis Walsingham, 1908, syn. rev., Ambloma Walsingham, 1908, syn. nov. and Thanatovena Gozmány, 1957. Thirteen species are described as new: Chersogenes variabilis Falck & Karsholt, sp.nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes pseudocanariensis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes subextricata Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Tenerife), Chersogenes gomerae Falck & Karsholt, sp.nov. (Spain: La Gomera), Chersogenes nigra Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogeneshermiguae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: La Gomera), Chersogenes mercedella Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov.(Spain: Tenerife), Chersogenes duabusalis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote), Chersogenes aguiari Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Portugal: Selvagens Islands), Chersogenes coxi Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes lanzarotae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Lanzarote), Chersogenes fuerteventurae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes indistincta Falck & Karsholt, sp.nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Chersogenes extricata (Gozmány, 1964), sp. rev., comb. nov. is removedfrom synonymy of Chersogenes (Epanastasis) canariensis (Rebel, 1906) and reinstated as a distinct species. Chersogenes excellens (Gozmány, 1977), syn. nov., comb. nov. is synonymized with Chersogenes klimeschi(Gozmány, 1975), comb. nov. Symmoca canariensisRebel, 1906 and Epanastasis eupractaGozmány, 1988 arenewly combined as Chersogenes canariensis (Rebel, 1906), comb. nov. and Chersogenes eupracta (Gozmány,1988), comb. nov. The following North African species are formally transferred from Epanastasis: Chersogenes arenbergerorum (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov., Chersogenes enigmatica (Gozmány, 1964), comb. n., Chersogeneseremicola (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov., Chersogenes erroris (Gozmány, 1, Reconocemos 20 especies de Symmocinae, concluyendo que todas pertenecen al género Chersogenes Walsingham, 1908 con las sinonímias de Epanastasis Walsingham, 1908, syn. rev., Ambloma Walsingham, 1908, syn.nov. y Thanatovena Gozmány, 1957. Trece especies se describen como nuevas: Chersogenes variabilis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes pseudocanariensis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes subextricata Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Tenerife), Chersogenes gomerae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: La Gomera), Chersogenes nigra Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes hermiguae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: La Gomera), Chersogenes mercedella Falck &Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Tenerife), Chersogenes duabusalis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Fuerteventura y Lanzarote), Chersogenes aguiari Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Portugal: Islas Salvajes), Chersogenes coxi Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes lanzarotae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Lanzarote), Chersogenes fuerteventurae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes indistincta Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (España: Fuerteventura y Lanzarote). Chersogenes extricata (Gozmány, 1964), sp. rev., comb.nov. se retira de la sinonimia de Chersogenes (Epanastasis) canariensis (Rebel, 1906) y se reintegra como especie distinta. Chersogenes excellens (Gozmány, 1977), syn. nov., comb. nov., es sinonimizada con Chersogenes klimes-chi (Gozmány, 1975), comb. nov., Symmoca canariensis Rebel, 1906 y Epanastasis eupracta Gozmány, 1988, se combinan de nuevo como Chersogenes canariensis (Rebel, 1906), comb. nov. y Chersogenes eupracta (Gozmány,1988), comb. nov. Las siguientes especies norteafricanas se transfieren formalmente de Epanastasis: Chersogenes arenbergerorum (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov., Chersogenes enigmatica (Gozmány, 1964), comb. n., Chersogenes eremicola (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov., Ch

Access to housing in low-income sectors brings up the need for a relevant reflection on Latin America. In this context, a wood-based Modular Housing Solution (MHS) has been developed in a neighborhood on the outskirts of CABA called La Plata, oriented to a housing improvement for working-class sectors, and managed by a labor cooperative, the university, and the scientific-technical sector. The objective is to evaluate the thermal and light behavior and the airtightness conditions of the building envelope of a wooden MHS in the La Plata district in a warm-temperate climate. For this purpose, first, indoor and outdoor monitoring (temperature, relative humidity, and natural lighting) was carried out, then the solar air heaters were evaluated, and finally, digital thermography was performed at night. The results show favorable daytime lighting performance and good daytime thermal response in cold weather. However, there was also room for improvement, such as the need for thermal conditioning at night, improvement of the airtightness of the envelope, night ventilation in warm seasons, reinforcement of shading, and thermal insulation., O acesso à moradia nas camadas sociais de baixa renda levanta a necessidade de uma reflexão relevante para a América Latina. Nesse contexto, foi desenvolvida uma Solução Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madeira em um bairro da periferia da CABA (Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires) chamado Partido de La Plata, com foco na melhoria habitacional das camadas populares e gerenciada por uma cooperativa de trabalho, a universidade e o setor científico-tecnológico. O objetivo é avaliar o desempenho térmico, lumínico e as condições de estanqueidade do envelope construtivo de uma SHM de madeira na região do Partido de La Plata em um clima temperado-quente. Para isso, em primeiro lugar, foi realizado um monitoramento interno e externo (temperatura, umidade relativa e iluminação natural), em seguida, foram avaliados os aquecedores solares de ar e, por fim, foi realizada termografia digital noturna. Os resultados mostram desempenhos favoráveis na iluminação diurna e uma boa resposta térmica diurna durante períodos frios. No entanto, também foram encontrados aspectos a serem melhorados, como a necessidade de condicionamento térmico noturno, melhoria na estanqueidade do envelope, ventilação noturna em períodos quentes, reforço do sombreamento e isolamento térmico., El acceso a la vivienda en los sectores sociales de bajos ingresos plantea la necesidad de una reflexión relevante para América Latina. En este contexto, se ha desarrollado una Solución Habitacional Modular (SHM) de madera en un barrio de la periferia de CABA llamado el Partido de La Plata, orientada a la mejora habitacional de sectores populares y gestionada por una cooperativa de trabajo, la universidad y el sector científico-técnico. Se tiene por objetivo evaluar el comportamiento térmico, lumínico y las condiciones de estanqueidad en la envolvente edilicia de una SHM de madera del sector Partido de la Plata en un clima templado-cálido. Para ello, en primer lugar, se realizó un monitoreo interior y exterior (temperatura, humedad relativa e iluminación natural), luego se evaluaron los calefactores solares de aire y finalmente se realizó termografía digital nocturna. Los resultados muestran desempeños favorables en el aspecto lumínico diurno y una buena respuesta térmica diurna en épocas frías. No obstante, también se encontraron fenómenos por mejorar, como la necesidad de acondicionamiento térmico nocturno, de mejora de la estanqueidad de la envolvente, de ventilación nocturna en épocas cálidas de refuerzo del sombreo y del aislamiento térmico.

Anagenetic speciation is an important mode of evolution in oceanic islands, yet relatively understudied compared to adaptive radiation. In the Macaronesian region, three closely related species of Artemisia (i.e. A. argentea, A. thuscula and A. gorgonum) are each endemic from a single archipelago (i.e. Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde, respectively), representing a perfect opportunity to study three similar but independent anagenetic speciation processes. By analysing plastid and nuclear DNA sequences, as well as nuclear DNA amount data, generated from a comprehensive sampling in all the islands and archipelagos where these species are currently distributed, we intend to find common evolutionary patterns that help us explain the limited taxonomic diversification experienced by endemic Macaronesian Artemisia. Our time-calibrated phylogenetic reconstruction suggested that divergence among the three lineages occurred in a coincidental short period of time during the Pleistocene. Haplotype and genetic differentiation analyses showed similar diversity values among A. argentea, A. thuscula and A. gorgonum. Clear phylogeographic patterns¿showing comparable genetic structuring among groups of islands¿were also found within the three archipelagos. Even from the cytogenetic point of view, the three species presented similarly lower genome size values compared to the mainland closely related species A. arborescens. We hypothesize that the limited speciation experienced by the endemic Artemisia in Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde archipelagos could be related to their recent parallel evolutionary histories as independent lineages, combined with certain shared characteristics of seed dispersal, pollen transport and type of habitat.

This paper presents an overview of the ‘Atlantic Identities’ touring photographic exhibitions held throughout the Macaronesian archipelagos, includ- ing the Canary Islands, Azores, Cape Verde and Madeira, between 2022-23. The project comprised two exhibitions funded by the European Union through the Archipel.eu programme. The first, titled ‘Atlantic Identities: A Heritage Perspec- tive’, was curated by the Gran Canaria Island Council (Cabildo) in conjunction with fedac’s Canary Island Historical Photographic Archive. It explored the role of photography in creating Atlantic iconographies and the generation of shared cultural identities among the Macronesian islands. The second exhibition, ‘Javier Reyes: la Mirada Artesana’, was organised by the Lanzarote Cabildo and show- cased the work of a local photographer whose ‘Artisan’s Eye-View’ captured the essence of the island in the mid-20th century. This experience highlighted that the Macaronesian archipelago’s photographic heritage shares certain features and has unique characteristics that set it apart from that of the European continent. As a result, we propose curating a new itinerant exhibition to further promote the photographic heritage of this region of the Atlantic Ocean., La ponencia describe el itinerario y el impacto social y mediático de exposiciones de patrimonio fotográfico que, bajo el título genérico de «Identida- des Atlánticas», se llevó a cabo por los archipiélagos de la Macaronesia (Canarias, Azores, Cabo Verde y Madeira) en el periodo 2022-2023. El proyecto, que contó con la financiación de la Unión Europea a través del programa Archipel.eu, estaba compuesto por dos exposiciones: Identidades atlánticas: la perspectiva patrimonial del Cabildo de Gran Canaria y su Archivo de Fotografía Histórica de Canarias de la fedac, cuya temática ahonda en la relación entre la fotografía como creadora de iconografías atlánticas y la generación de identidades culturales compartidas por las islas de la Macaronesia; y la exposición Javier Reyes: la mirada artesana, producida por el Cabildo de Lanzarote y que aborda la obra de un fotógrafo local que retrató esa isla a mediados del siglo xx. Se contrasta así la construcción de una iconografía colonial, correspondiente a la mirada exterior, con la visión insular. Con la experiencia desarrollada se ha constatado que el patrimonio fotográfico de los archipiélagos de la Macaronesia presenta unas características comunes y peculiares que lo diferencian respecto al del continente europeo. De ahí que se proponga la organización de un nuevo circuito para reforzar la puesta en valor del patrimonio fotográfico de esta región del Atlántico.

The origin of the independence movements in the Macaronesian archipelagos have many similarities, from their chronologies to their character- istics. They arise from their different historical realities and colonial occupations, although, they also have important differences. In this article we develop a com- parison of these movements that were evolutionarily more united than previously thought., El origen de los movimientos independentistas en los archipiélagos de la Macaronesia guardan muchas similitudes, desde sus cronologías hasta sus características. Surgen de sus diferentes realidades históricas y de las ocupaciones coloniales, aunque, sin embargo, poseen también importantes diferencias. En este artículo desarrollamos una comparativa de estos movimientos que están evoluti- vamente más unidos de lo que hasta el momento se había pensado.

We recognize 20 species of Symmocinae, concluding that all belong in the genus Chersogenes Walsingham, 1908 with the synonyms Epanastasis Walsingham, 1908, syn. rev., Ambloma Walsingham, 1908, syn. nov. and Thanatovena Gozmány, 1957. Thirteen species are described as new: Chersogenes variabilis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes pseudocanariensis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes subextricata Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Tenerife), Chersogenes gomerae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: La Gomera), Chersogenes nigra Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes hermiguae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: La Gomera), Chersogenes mercedella Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Tenerife), Chersogenes duabusalis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote), Chersogenes aguiari Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Portugal: Selvagens Islands), Chersogenes coxi Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes lanzarotae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Lanzarote), Chersogenes fuerteventurae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes indistincta Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Chersogenes extricata (Gozmány, 1964), sp. rev., comb. nov. is removed from synonymy of Chersogenes (Epanastasis) canariensis (Rebel, 1906) and reinstated as a distinct species. Chersogenes excellens (Gozmány, 1977), syn. nov., comb. nov. is synonymized with Chersogenes klimeschi (Gozmány, 1975), comb. nov. Symmoca canariensis Rebel, 1906 and Epanastasis eupracta Gozmány, 1988 are newly combined as Chersogenes canariensis (Rebel, 1906), comb. nov. and Chersogenes eupracta (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov. The following North African species are formally transferred from Epanastasis: Chersogenes arenbergerorum (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov., Chersogenes enigmatica (Gozmány, 1964), comb. n., Chersogenes er

We recognize 20 species of Symmocinae, concluding that all belong in the genus Chersogenes Walsingham, 1908 with the synonyms Epanastasis Walsingham, 1908, syn. rev., Ambloma Walsingham, 1908, syn. nov. and Thanatovena Gozmány, 1957. Thirteen species are described as new: Chersogenes variabilis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes pseudocanariensis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes subextricata Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Tenerife), Chersogenes gomerae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: La Gomera), Chersogenes nigra Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Chersogenes hermiguae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: La Gomera), Chersogenes mercedella Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Tenerife), Chersogenes duabusalis Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote), Chersogenes aguiari Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Portugal: Selvagens Islands), Chersogenes coxi Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes lanzarotae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Lanzarote), Chersogenes fuerteventurae Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura), Chersogenes indistincta Falck & Karsholt, sp. nov. (Spain: Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). Chersogenes extricata (Gozmány, 1964), sp. rev., comb. nov. is removed from synonymy of Chersogenes (Epanastasis) canariensis (Rebel, 1906) and reinstated as a distinct species. Chersogenes excellens (Gozmány, 1977), syn. nov., comb. nov. is synonymized with Chersogenes klimeschi (Gozmány, 1975), comb. nov. Symmoca canariensis Rebel, 1906 and Epanastasis eupracta Gozmány, 1988 are newly combined as Chersogenes canariensis (Rebel, 1906), comb. nov. and Chersogenes eupracta (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov. The following North African species are formally transferred from Epanastasis: Chersogenes arenbergerorum (Gozmány, 1988), comb. nov., Chersogenes enigmatica (Gozmány, 1964), comb. n., Chersogenes er

Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. is a terrestrial, inconspicuous green orchid. Its distribution includes the central and western Mediterranean region as well as the Canary Islands and Madeira. Investigations on its pollination biology are scarce. In literature there are mentions of autogamy and of allogamy. Pollination and pollen import and export were studied on Tenerife and Madeira. The investigations showed autogamy plays a less important role than thought, although a caging experiment showed that the species is well capable of self-pollination. The orchid is pollinated by a variety of small moths, especially of the families Geometridae, Pyralidae and Crambidae. It is flowering in a period when few other plants flower, so there is little competition for pollinators. Complemented by autogamy this seems to be a successful strategy, as the species shows a relatively high average fruit set of 73 %.

The present work uses for the first time scatterometer wind fields to force a wave model and compares the accuracy of the resulting wave conditions with the ones obtained when using two different sources of hindcast wind fields forcing the same wave spectral model in the Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, a 5-year hindcast (2010–2014) is performed with the wave spectral model SWAN for the Madeira and Azores archipelagos. The model uses as input the bathymetry from GEBCO, the wave boundary conditions from the WAVEWATCH III wave model provided by Ifremer and winds from the ERA-Interim and ERA5 databases, and remotely sensed winds from scatterometers. A quantitative analysis of the results is performed, and the numerical results are validated against altimeter data and buoy measurements. Globally, ERA-Interim, ERA5 and scatterometer wind data provided similar accuracy of the generated wave fields, as expressed in the error statistics, which are very close to each other, but in the case of extreme events, the scatterometer data reveals more intense winds and consequently lead to sea states with higher significant wave height. This is more visible in the Azores area than in Madeira. The results demonstrate that, in general, the significant wave height is well reproduced by SWAN.

The present work uses for the first time scatterometer wind fields to force a wave model and compares the accuracy of the resulting wave conditions with the ones obtained when using two different sources of hindcast wind fields forcing the same wave spectral model in the Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, a 5-year hindcast (2010–2014) is performed with the wave spectral model SWAN for the Madeira and Azores archipelagos. The model uses as input the bathymetry from GEBCO, the wave boundary conditions from the WAVEWATCH III wave model provided by Ifremer and winds from the ERA-Interim and ERA5 databases, and remotely sensed winds from scatterometers. A quantitative analysis of the results is performed, and the numerical results are validated against altimeter data and buoy measurements. Globally, ERA-Interim, ERA5 and scatterometer wind data provided similar accuracy of the generated wave fields, as expressed in the error statistics, which are very close to each other, but in the case of extreme events, the scatterometer data reveals more intense winds and consequently lead to sea states with higher significant wave height. This is more visible in the Azores area than in Madeira. The results demonstrate that, in general, the significant wave height is well reproduced by SWAN.

The objective of this article is to generate conceptual contributions to analyze and characterize the use of wood as a bio-based material, based on the approach of Laranjeira & Menezes (2021). The authors focus their efforts on showing alternative solutions to the excessive consumption of textile materials and contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions. Under this perspective of sustainability, this work assumes the methodology and relates it to the field of architectural design and construction, through the revaluation of wood as a construction material, since it is “the only renewable natural resource endowed with structural properties and the only living element used in construction ”(Kottas, [2016] in (Espinosa et al., 2018, p. V)). Wood is analyzed based on the results obtained by Espinosa, et al. (2018) in the Catalog of structural woods of Ecuador, and depending on the knowledge of the characteristics and properties of the material, take advantage of and optimize its use within architecture., O objetivo deste artigo é gerar contribuições conceituais para analisar e caracterizar o uso da madeira como material de base biológica, com base na abordagem de Laranjeira & Menezes (2021). Os autores concentram seus esforços em mostrar soluções alternativas para o consumo excessivo de materiais têxteis e contribuir para a redução das emissões de carbono. Nesta perspetiva de sustentabilidade, este trabalho assume a sua metodologia e relaciona-a com o domínio do projeto arquitetónico e da construção, através da revalorização da madeira como material de construção, visto ser “o único recurso natural renovável dotado de propriedades estruturais e único vivente elemento usado na construção ”(Kottas, [2016] em (Espinosa et al., 2018, p. V)). A madeira é analisada com base nos resultados obtidos por Espinosa, et al. (2018) no Catálogo de madeiras estruturais do Equador, e dependendo do conhecimento das características e propriedades do material, aproveitar e otimizar seu uso dentro da arquitetura., El objetivo de este artículo es generar aportes conceptuales para analizar y caracterizar el uso de la madera como material bio basado, a partir del enfoque de Laranjeira & Menezes (2021). Las autoras centran sus esfuerzos en mostrar soluciones alternativas al consumo desmedido de materiales textiles y contribuir a la reducción de emisiones de carbono. Bajo esta perspectiva de sostenibilidad, este trabajo asume su metodología y la relaciona con el campo del diseño arquitectónico y la construcción, a través de la revalorización de la madera como material de construcción, ya que es “el único recurso natural renovable dotado de propiedades estructurales y el único elemento vivo que se emplea en construcción” (Kottas, [2016] en (Espinosa et al., 2018, p. V)). Se analiza la madera en base a los resultados obtenidos por Espinosa, et al. (2018) en el Catálogo de madera estructural del Ecuador, y en función del conocimiento de las características y propiedades del material, aprovechar y optimizar su empleo dentro de la arquitectura.

Dolphins play a key role in marine food webs as predators of mid-trophic level consumers. Because of their mobility and relatively long life span, they can be used as indicators of large scale changes in the ecosystem. In this study, we calculated the trophic position (TP) of five dolphin species from the Canary, Madeira and Azores Islands using bulk and compound-specific stable isotope ratios from muscle tissue to assess trophic adaptations to recent changes in the availability of feeding resources. Dolphin TP values were then compared with those of seven other species of cetaceans from this region. Analysis of stable nitrogen isotopes in amino acids of the common dolphin indicated non-significant effects of changes in the basal resources of the food web and thus supported the use of bulk samples for TP estimations. Dolphins occupied an intermediate TP (mean 3.91 to 4.20) between fin (3.25) and sperm whales (4.95). Species-specific TP were equivalent among islands. However, TP increased for the common dolphin and decreased for the striped dolphin (the latter also becoming more oceanic) between 2000 and 2018 in the Canary Islands. These results suggest different impacts of recent changes in the oceanography and in the pelagic food web of the Macaronesian region on the trophic ecology of dolphin species.

[Resumen] El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión de la situación actual de la construcción de madera en altura, analizando las diferentes soluciones estructurales y las alturas alcanzadas. Se tendrá en cuenta tanto la tipología estructural como los tiempos de montaje, el volumen de madera, la composición de los elementos estructurales y los tipos de unión. Estos datos se resumirán en unas fichas técnicas acompañadas de dibujos en planta y sección, para así poder realizar comparaciones entre los diferentes casos de estudio y entender las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno., [Resumo] O presente traballo ten como obxectivo facer unha revisión da situación actual da construcción de madeira en altura, analizando as diferentes solucións estruturais e as alturas alcanzadas. Terase en conta tanto a tipoloxía estrutural como os tempos de montaxe, o volume de madeira, a composición dos elementos estruturais e os tipos de unión. Estos datos resumiranse nas fichas técnicas acompañadas de debuxos en planta e sección, para así poder realizar comparacións entre os diferentes casos de estudo e entender as vantaxes e desvantaxes de cada un., [Abstract] This final degree project has been developed to make a review on the present situation of high-rise wooden structures, analyzing the different structures and height reached. We will consider structural typology , time that was needed to build the structures, the composition of the structural elements as well as the kind of joints that were used. The data will be summarized in technical sheets with attached draws, so we can compare every different building and be able to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Gennaria diphylla (Link) Parl. is a terrestrial, inconspicuous green orchid. Its distribution includes the central and western Mediterranean region as well as the Canary Islands and Madeira. Investigations on its pollination biology are scarce. In literature there are mentions of autogamy and of allogamy. Pollination and pollen import and export were studied on Tenerife and Madeira. The investigations showed autogamy plays a less important role than thought, although a caging experiment showed that the species is well capable of self-pollination. The orchid is pollinated by a variety of small moths, especially of the families Geometridae, Pyralidae and Crambidae. It is flowering in a period when few other plants flower, so there is little competition for pollinators. Complemented by autogamy this seems to be a successful strategy, as the species shows a relatively high average fruit set of 73 %.

Dolphins play a key role in marine food webs as predators of mid-trophic-level consumers. Because of their mobility and relatively long life span, they can be used as indicators oflarge-scale changes in the ecosystem. In this study, we calculated the trophic position (TP) of 5 dolphin species from the Canary, Madeira and Azores Islands using bulk and compound-specific stable isotope ratios from muscle tissue to assess trophic adaptations to recent changes in the availability of feeding resources. Dolphin TP values were then compared with those of 7 other species of cetaceans from this region. Analysis of stable nitrogen isotopes in amino acids of the common dolphin indicated non-significant effects of changes in the basal resources of the food web and thus supported the use of bulk samples for TP estimations. Dolphins occupied an intermediate TP (mean: 3.91 to 4.20) between fin (3.25) and sperm whales (4.95). Species-specific TP were equivalent among islands. However, TP increased for the common dolphin and decreased for the bottlenose dolphin (the latter also becoming more oceanic) between 2000 and 2018 in the Canary Islands. These results suggest different impacts of recent changes in the oceanography and in the pelagic food web of the Macaronesian region on the trophic ecology of dolphin species

Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisited the old Portuguese tradition of making cases for flatware, producing especially designed cases for tea and coffee spoons. Endowed with great manual skill, she replicated models of the 19th century. The novelty consisted on luxurious coffee spoons cases’ of small dimensions. With wooden structure, these presented a leather lining on the outside enriched with metal fittings, while crimson velvet and gallons lined the inside. Some oral memoirs will also be hereby presented giving the context of her production., Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisitou a antiga tradição portuguesa de execução de estojos para talheres, realizando sobretudo exemplares destinados a colheres de chá e café. Dotada de uma grande habilidade manual, replicou modelos do século XIX. A novidade consistiu nos estojos de colheres de café de pequenas dimensões. Com estrutura de madeira, eram revestidos a couro no exterior e enriquecidos com aplicações metálicas, possuindo veludo carmesim e galões no interior. Serão apresentadas algumas memórias orais contextualizando a sua produção.

Chara braunii C.C. Gmelin (Characeae, Charophyta) was found in Madeira Island (Portugal) in a water channel in an agricultural area. This constitutes the first record of that species since 1944 in the Macaronesian region (Azores, Madeira and Canary archipelagos)., Chara braunii C.C. Gmelin (Characeae, Charophyta) ha sido encontrado en un canal de riego de la isla de Madeira (Portugal) en una zona de intensa actividad agrícola. Se trata de la primera cita de esta especie desde 1944 en la región Macaronérica, formada por los archipiélagos de Azores, Madera y Canarias.

This research project explores the long and diverse history of the cavaquinho through a combination of practical performance and archival research. This four-string soprano guitar is a ubiquitous instrument in several musical cultures and its origins may be traced to Portugal where very similar instruments have been in use since the seventeenth century. The cavaquinho, and closely related instruments, spread across the globe along routes of migration and this study will focus on four key traditions, those of Brazil, Portugal, Indonesia, and Hawaii. These historical links will be investigated through recorded performances played on the modern Brazilian cavaquinho, together with written analysis of historical and performance contexts. A diverse portfolio of recordings showcases performance practices and repertoires from the nineteenth century, through to the flourishing tradition of the twentieth century and new and emerging contemporary genres. The Brazilian cavaquinho is the instrument through which I engage with these contrasting repertoires, drawing on the richness of the instrument’s technique and performance style. The recordings are not presented as historical recreations, but as extensions of the distinct evolving traditions through the application of contemporary practices. Collaborations with renowned international practitioners feature on many of the recordings, and the creative element of this thesis extends to original arrangements and compositions. Through a combination of performance recordings, research, analysis and original arrangements and compositions, this project demonstrates how the cavaquinho is the perfect vehicle to illuminate and reinvigorate historically linked traditions and styles.

Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisited the old Portuguese tradition of making cases for flatware, producing especially designed cases for tea and coffee spoons. Endowed with great manual skill, she replicated models of the 19th century. The novelty consisted on luxurious coffee spoons cases’ of small dimensions. With wooden structure, these presented a leather lining on the outside enriched with metal fittings, while crimson velvet and gallons lined the inside. Some oral memoirs will also be hereby presented giving the context of her production., Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisitou a antiga tradição portuguesa de execução de estojos para talheres, realizando sobretudo exemplares destinados a colheres de chá e café. Dotada de uma grande habilidade manual, replicou modelos do século XIX. A novidade consistiu nos estojos de colheres de café de pequenas dimensões. Com estrutura de madeira, eram revestidos a couro no exterior e enriquecidos com aplicações metálicas, possuindo veludo carmesim e galões no interior. Serão apresentadas algumas memórias orais contextualizando a sua produção.

Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisited the old Portuguese tradition of making cases for flatware, producing especially designed cases for tea and coffee spoons. Endowed with great manual skill, she replicated models of the 19th century. The novelty consisted on luxurious coffee spoons cases’ of small dimensions. With wooden structure, these presented a leather lining on the outside enriched with metal fittings, while crimson velvet and gallons lined the inside. Some oral memoirs will also be hereby presented giving the context of her production., Maria da Conceição Cardoso de Menezes (Guimarães, 1903 – Porto, 1989) revisitou a antiga tradição portuguesa de execução de estojos para talheres, realizando sobretudo exemplares destinados a colheres de chá e café. Dotada de uma grande habilidade manual, replicou modelos do século XIX. A novidade consistiu nos estojos de colheres de café de pequenas dimensões. Com estrutura de madeira, eram revestidos a couro no exterior e enriquecidos com aplicações metálicas, possuindo veludo carmesim e galões no interior. Serão apresentadas algumas memórias orais contextualizando a sua produção.

This paper aims to study the evolution of the business environment in Paragominas, a municipality that between 2007 and 2008 underwent government interventions, such as inclusion in the List of Priority Municipalities (LMP) and Arc Fire Operation (AFO), both actions that acted to combat deforestation and offer sustainable alternatives to the region's economy; as well as verifying whether these institutionalities caused long-term changes in the municipality's production base and formal labor market. To this end, a historical-institutional study was carried out, where bibliographic materials were collected, along with the analysis of secondary data; showing the transformations that have taken place. In this sense, adding the historical trajectory of Paragominas taking into account the process of socioeconomic and institutional formation experienced by the municipality, the work focused on the transformations that took place between 2001 and 2018, through the analysis of municipal agricultural production data; establishments and the labor market; and deforestation. The results show that state intervention in combating deforestation in the municipality was inefficient, since the rate of deforestation remains positive, as well as its business environment and formal labor market, which also showed little change after the institution of the LMP and OAF. With regard to municipal agricultural production, over the past few years, it has been restructured with the strengthening of grain activities, such as soy and corn., O presente trabalho objetiva estudar a evolução do ambiente de negócios em Paragominas, um município que entre 2007 e 2008 sofreu intervenções governamentais, como a inserção na Lista de Municípios Prioritários (LMP) e a Operação Arco de Fogo (OAF), ambas as ações que atuaram para combater o desmatamento e oferecer alternativas sustentáveis à economia da região; bem como verificar se estas institucionalidades ocasionaram alterações de longo prazo, na base produtiva e no mercado de trabalho formal do município. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo histórico-institucional, onde foram levantados materiais bibliográficos, juntamente com o uso de dados secundários; mostrando as transformações ocorridas. Nesse sentido, somando a trajetória histórica de Paragominas levando em conta o processo de formação socioeconômica e institucional vivenciado pelo município, o trabalho focou nas transformações ocorridas, entre 2001 e 2018, por meio da análise dos dados da produção agropecuária municipal; estabelecimentos e mercado de trabalho; e do desmatamento. Os resultados mostram que a intervenção estatal no combate ao desmatamento no município foi ineficiente, uma vez que a taxa de desmatamento continua positiva, assim como, seu ambiente de negócios e mercado de trabalho formal, também apresentou pouca modificação após a instituição da LMP e OAF. Já no que tange a produção agropecuária municipal, ao longo dos últimos anos, ela vem sendo reestruturada com o fortalecimento das atividades graneleiras, como soja e milho. Palavras-chave, El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar la evolución del entorno empresarial en Paragominas, municipio que entre 2007 y 2008 sufrió intervenciones gubernamentales, como la inclusión en la Lista de Municipios Prioritarios (LMP) y la Operación Arco de Fuego (OAF), ambas acciones que actuó para combatir la deforestación y ofrecer alternativas sostenibles a la economía de la región; así como verificar si estas instituciones provocaron cambios de largo plazo en la base productiva del municipio y en el mercado laboral formal. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio histórico-institucional, donde se recopilaron materiales bibliográficos, junto con el análisis de datos secundarios; mostrando las transformaciones que se han producido. En este sentido, sumando la trayectoria histórica de Paragominas tomando en cuenta el proceso de formación socioeconómica e institucional vivido por el municipio, el trabajo se enfocó en las transformaciones ocurridas entre 2001 y 2018, a través del análisis de datos de producción agropecuaria municipal; establecimientos y mercado laboral; y deforestación. Los resultados muestran que la intervención estatal en el combate a la deforestación en el municipio fue ineficiente, ya que la tasa de deforestación se mantiene positiva, así como su entorno empresarial y mercado laboral formal, que también mostró pocos cambios luego de la institución de la LMP y OAF. En cuanto a la producción agrícola municipal, en los últimos años se ha reestructurado con el fortalecimiento de las actividades de cereales, como la soja y el maíz.

This paper aims to study the evolution of the business environment in Paragominas, a municipality that between 2007 and 2008 underwent government interventions, such as inclusion in the List of Priority Municipalities (LMP) and Arc Fire Operation (AFO), both actions that acted to combat deforestation and offer sustainable alternatives to the region's economy; as well as verifying whether these institutionalities caused long-term changes in the municipality's production base and formal labor market. To this end, a historical-institutional study was carried out, where bibliographic materials were collected, along with the analysis of secondary data; showing the transformations that have taken place. In this sense, adding the historical trajectory of Paragominas taking into account the process of socioeconomic and institutional formation experienced by the municipality, the work focused on the transformations that took place between 2001 and 2018, through the analysis of municipal agricultural production data; establishments and the labor market; and deforestation. The results show that state intervention in combating deforestation in the municipality was inefficient, since the rate of deforestation remains positive, as well as its business environment and formal labor market, which also showed little change after the institution of the LMP and OAF. With regard to municipal agricultural production, over the past few years, it has been restructured with the strengthening of grain activities, such as soy and corn., O presente trabalho objetiva estudar a evolução do ambiente de negócios em Paragominas, um município que entre 2007 e 2008 sofreu intervenções governamentais, como a inserção na Lista de Municípios Prioritários (LMP) e a Operação Arco de Fogo (OAF), ambas as ações que atuaram para combater o desmatamento e oferecer alternativas sustentáveis à economia da região; bem como verificar se estas institucionalidades ocasionaram alterações de longo prazo, na base produtiva e no mercado de trabalho formal do município. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo histórico-institucional, onde foram levantados materiais bibliográficos, juntamente com o uso de dados secundários; mostrando as transformações ocorridas. Nesse sentido, somando a trajetória histórica de Paragominas levando em conta o processo de formação socioeconômica e institucional vivenciado pelo município, o trabalho focou nas transformações ocorridas, entre 2001 e 2018, por meio da análise dos dados da produção agropecuária municipal; estabelecimentos e mercado de trabalho; e do desmatamento. Os resultados mostram que a intervenção estatal no combate ao desmatamento no município foi ineficiente, uma vez que a taxa de desmatamento continua positiva, assim como, seu ambiente de negócios e mercado de trabalho formal, também apresentou pouca modificação após a instituição da LMP e OAF. Já no que tange a produção agropecuária municipal, ao longo dos últimos anos, ela vem sendo reestruturada com o fortalecimento das atividades graneleiras, como soja e milho. Palavras-chave, El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar la evolución del entorno empresarial en Paragominas, municipio que entre 2007 y 2008 sufrió intervenciones gubernamentales, como la inclusión en la Lista de Municipios Prioritarios (LMP) y la Operación Arco de Fuego (OAF), ambas acciones que actuó para combatir la deforestación y ofrecer alternativas sostenibles a la economía de la región; así como verificar si estas instituciones provocaron cambios de largo plazo en la base productiva del municipio y en el mercado laboral formal. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio histórico-institucional, donde se recopilaron materiales bibliográficos, junto con el análisis de datos secundarios; mostrando las transformaciones que se han producido. En este sentido, sumando la trayectoria histórica de Paragominas tomando en cuenta el proceso de formación socioeconómica e institucional vivido por el municipio, el trabajo se enfocó en las transformaciones ocurridas entre 2001 y 2018, a través del análisis de datos de producción agropecuaria municipal; establecimientos y mercado laboral; y deforestación. Los resultados muestran que la intervención estatal en el combate a la deforestación en el municipio fue ineficiente, ya que la tasa de deforestación se mantiene positiva, así como su entorno empresarial y mercado laboral formal, que también mostró pocos cambios luego de la institución de la LMP y OAF. En cuanto a la producción agrícola municipal, en los últimos años se ha reestructurado con el fortalecimiento de las actividades de cereales, como la soja y el maíz.

Globally, there is growing concern regarding the effects of the increasing anthropogenic pressures in marine communities. Artificial structures such as marinas and aquaculture facilities serve as invasion hotspots; hence, monitoring fouling communities on these structures can be valuable for detecting new invasions. In the current study, 24 settlement PVC plates were deployed for three months to compare the recruitment ability of these two artificial environments along the south coast of the offshore island of Madeira (NE Atlantic). The results showed higher variations in the species richness between regions (SW vs. SE) than between artificial habitats (sea-cages vs. marinas), although the community composition differed. Cnidaria and Bryozoa were the most representative groups in the aquaculture systems, while Bryozoa and Chordata were in the marinas. A sum of 18 NIS was recorded for the study, accounting for between 21.88% and 54.84% of the total number of species in the aquaculture facilities and marinas, respectively. The higher NIS percentage from the marinas was even more explicit in the SE coast, where Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii, Parasmittina alba, and Botrylloides niger distinctly dominated fouling populations. The results suggest that at least some particular NIS previously reported in the studied marinas successfully colonized sea-cages. Future assessments need to address the potential role of aquaculture facilities as drivers for the secondary spread of NIS. Additionally, two new records are considered for Madeira: Eudendrium capillare and Ericthonius punctatus.

The genus Apatema Walsingham, 1900 in the Canary Islands and Madeira is revised based on external morphology, genitalia and DNA barcodes. We recognize 18 species, 13 of which are described as new: Apatema confluellum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife), Apatema minimum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), Apatema lapalmae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: La Palma), Apatema sallyae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema lanzarotae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Lanzarote), Apatema mixtum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife), Apatema pseudolucidum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema griseum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema grancanariae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema brunneum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife), Apatema transversum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema stadeli Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife) and Apatema skulei Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria). The monotypic Dysallomima Gozmány, 2008, syn. n. is treated as a new synonym of Apatema and its type species Lampros coarctella Rebel, 1896 is transferred as Apatema coarctella (Rebel, 1896) comb. n. Apatema helleri (Rebel, 1910), comb. n. is transferred from the Blastobasidae. A. mediopallidum Walsingham, 1900 is removed from the list of Lepidoptera of the Canary Island. Morphology of all species is described and figured in detail. All species occurs in the Canary Islands and only one, A. fasciata (Stainton, 1859) occurs both in these islands and in the Madeiran archipelago. Records of A. mediopallidum Walsingham, 1900 from the Canary Islands are based on misidentifications. Analyses of DNA barcodes support the identification distinctiveness of the species as each species appear monophyletic, well-supported and genetically isolated in the analyses. The only exception is A. coarctella

The first records of the European wool carder bee Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from the island of Madeira (Portugal) are reported. The species was observed and photographed in an urban park in Funchal in 2021., Se presentan las primeras citas de la abeja cardadora Anthidium manicatum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) de la isla de Madeira (Portugal). La especie fue observada y fotografiada en un parque urbano en Funchal en 2021.

The genus Apatema Walsingham, 1900 in the Canary Islands and Madeira is revised based on external morphology, genitalia and DNA barcodes. We recognize 18 species, 13 of which are described as new: Apatema confluellum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife), Apatema minimum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), Apatema lapalmae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: La Palma), Apatema sallyae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema lanzarotae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Lanzarote), Apatema mixtum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife), Apatema pseudolucidum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema griseum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema grancanariae Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema brunneum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife), Apatema transversum Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria), Apatema stadeli Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Tenerife) and Apatema skulei Falck & Karsholt, sp. n. (Spain: Gran Canaria). The monotypic Dysallomima Gozmány, 2008, syn. n. is treated as a new synonym of Apatema and its type species Lampros coarctella Rebel, 1896 is transferred as Apatema coarctella (Rebel, 1896) comb. n. Apatema helleri (Rebel, 1910), comb. n. is transferred from the Blastobasidae. A. mediopallidum Walsingham, 1900 is removed from the list of Lepidoptera of the Canary Island. Morphology of all species is described and figured in detail. All species occurs in the Canary Islands and only one, A. fasciata (Stainton, 1859) occurs both in these islands and in the Madeiran archipelago. Records of A. mediopallidum Walsingham, 1900 from the Canary Islands are based on misidentifications. Analyses of DNA barcodes support the identification distinctiveness of the species as each species appear monophyletic, well-supported and genetically isolated in the analyses. The only exception is A. coarctella

The Macaronesian species of the muscid genus Limnophora are reviewed with special emphasis on the fauna of the western Canary Islands. The genus is represented by 14 species in the Macaronesian archipelagos, with 10 species in the Canary Islands, 4 species in the Cape Verde Islands, and 3 species in Madeira. Limnophora obsignatula sp. nov. is endemic to the western Canary Islands, where it replaces the widespread continental L. obsignata (Rondani). It is further shown that L. paneliusi Emden, a species so far considered endemic to the Cape Verde Islands, is widespread in the Canary Islands. Two species, L. obsignata (Rondani) and L. tigrina Am Stein, are removed from the list of Canarian Muscidae as based on misidentifications of other species with a mesonotal ?Anthomyia-pattern?. Limnophora (Calliophrys) riparia capoverdica Emden, a taxon described from the Cape Verde Islands, is synonymized with L. riparia (Fallen), syn. nov. Distribution data and illustrated diagnoses are given for each species. The species account is finalized with an identification key to males and females. An assessment of the ovipositor as a characters source in phylogeny and species recognition is made for 12 species of Limnophora. Finally, it is pointed out that several species are acutely threatened due to habitat disturbance.

[EN] A revised checklist of eight of the twelve known palaearctic species in the subgenus Macroneura of Eupelmus occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Macaronesian islands (Azores, Balearics, Canaries, Madeira) is presented. Records of the distribution in the region of all the revised species are given with new biological notes, including host insects and plants. Eupelmus (Macroneura) seculatus is a new record for the Canary Islands and Eupelmus(Macroneura) vesicularis is recorded for the first time in Portugal. Additionally, a study of Malaise trap captures of species of Macroneura in an arid habitat in south-east Spain is presented and discussed. 358 individuals belonging to six species were collected and identified. Eupelmus (Macroneura)muellneri comprised 43.5% of the Macroneura and was the most abundant species followed by E. (M.) barai (25.4%)., [ES] Se presenta la revision y una lista anotada de ocho de las doce especies paleárticas de Eupelmus (Macro-neura) que se conocen de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares y Macaronesia (Canarias, Madeira y Azores). Se aportan para cada especie las citas en cada ámbito geográfico, incluyendo nuevos datos biológicos, como los de sus insectos y plantas hospedadoras. Eupelmus (Macroneura) seculatus es nueva cita para las Islas Canarias y Eupelmus(Macroneura) vesicularis se cita por primera vez de Portugal. Como complemento a esta revisión, se presentan los resultados de las capturas de especies de Macroneura efectuadas con una trampa Malaise que se mantuvo operativa en primavera y verano de 2013 en una zona árida del sureste español (Mojácar, Almería). Se capturaron 358 ejemplares de seis especies, siendo Eupelmus (Macroneura)muellneri (43,5% del total) la especie más abundante en las muestras, seguida de E. (M.)barai (25,4%).

Black scabbardfish, Aphanopus carbo, is a commercially important species that takes distant migrations throughout its life cycle. Sex steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay in the blood plasma of specimens caught off the Madeira Archipelago and mainland Portugal to link this species migratory path with its reproductive cycle. Furthermore, a pilot study using Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was designed to evaluate the effect of sample freshness on steroid levels because black scabbardfish blood was collected at separate times after specimens were caught. The changes in T and 11-KT concentrations between the time of blood extraction and the time after preservation did not statistically differ among the different methods applied. Therefore, measured black scabbardfish steroid concentrations were directly used in the subsequent data analyses. In females, E2 and in T concentrations peaked at a late stage of vitellogenesis. E2 concentration was significantly different between females caught off each area. Clustering E2 and T concentrations from all developing females resulted in the separation of two distinct groups, independently of their geographical area. In males, T and 11-KT were not significantly different between maturity stages. The hepatosomatic index of males caught off mainland Portugal was relatively high. This may reflect a mechanism for storing energy that will later be consumed during migration to the spawning grounds. The trend of sex steroids concentrations throughout the sexual maturation of the species is consistent with the morphological indicators and shows evidence of the reproductive and migratory pattern hypothesised for the black scabbardfish in NE Atlantic.

Chara braunii C.C. Gmelin (Characeae, Charophyta) was found in Madeira Island (Portugal) in a water channel in an agricultural area. This constitutes the first record of that species since 1944 in the Macaronesian region (Azores, Madeira and Canary archipelagos)., Chara braunii C.C. Gmelin (Characeae, Charophyta) ha sido encontrado en un canal de riego de la isla de Madeira (Portugal) en una zona de intensa actividad agrícola. Se trata de la primera cita de esta especie desde 1944 en la región Macaronérica, formada por los archipiélagos de Azores, Madera y Canarias.

The results from the study on ten adobe and quincha buildings located in the areas of Fachinal, Aviles River and Mallín Grande (south-west bank of Lake General Carrera) from the Aysén Region, Chile, are displayed in this document. With the objective of identifying the local building techniques and the material used, settling and building periods were characterized, along with its planimetry registered. The oldest date back to 1925 to 1929. Most were self-assembled using soil, wood, and stone. Their current deteriorated state of preservation demands its characterization for its protection and value enhancement as Aysén vernacular architecture., São apresentados os resultados do estudo de dez edifícios em adobe e quincha, localizados nas regiões de Fachinal, Río Avilés e Mallín Grande (margem sudoeste do Lago General Carrera), distrito de Chile Chico, região de Aysén, Chile. O objetivo foi identificar as técnicas de construção locais próprias do território, caracterizando os materiais utilizados, os períodos de povoamento e construção e registando a sua planimetria. As construções mais antigas correspondem às erguidas pelos habitantes da região estudada entre os anos 1925 e 1929. Em todas elas prevalece a autoconstrução em terra, madeira e pedra, cujo atual estado de degradação torna a sua caracterização imprescindível para a sua salvaguarda e valorização como elementos de identidade da arquitetura vernácula de Aysén., Se presentan los resultados del estudio de diez construcciones en adobe y quincha, ubicadas en los sectores de Fachinal, Río Avilés y Mallín Grande (ribera sur-poniente del lago General Carrera), comuna de Chile Chico, región de Aysén, Chile. El objetivo fue identificar aquellas técnicas constructivas locales propias del territorio, caracterizando los materiales utilizados, los periodos de asentamiento y construcción, y registrando su planimetría. Las construcciones más antiguas corresponden a las erigidas por los pobladores del sector estudiado entre los años 1925 y 1929. En todas prevalece la autoconstrucción en tierra, madera y piedra, cuyo estado actual de deterioro hace que sea imprescindible su caracterización para su salvaguarda y puesta en valor como elementos identitarios de la arquitectura vernácula de Aysén.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento e descrever a evolução do setor empresarial na Regional Autónoma dos Açores (RAA) e na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM). De salientar que na União Europeia (UE) existem nove regiões ultraperiféricas (RUP), sendo a RAA e a RAM duas delas. As RUP apresentam diversas especificidades que limitam o seu desenvolvimento económico e social, mas a sua importância estratégica é significativa face à Zona Económica Exclusiva (ZEE), pelo que importa conhecer. Através de um estudo descritivo e recorrendo a dados secundários publicados pelo Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira e Instituto Nacional de Estatística, foi possível verificar que na RAA e na RAM, entre 2008 e 2017, existiu inicialmente uma regressão no número de empresas e posteriormente uma recuperação até 2017. Contudo, na RAA o número total de empresas em 2017 ainda não iguala o de 2008. Acresce que em ambas as regiões os números totais de pequenas, médias e grandes empresas em 2017 ainda não perfazem os números de 2008. Quanto à forma jurídica, na RAA as empresas individuais apresentam uma diminuição da sua expressão, enquanto na RAM a tendência é inversa. Relativamente aos setores de atividade económica, ocorreram algumas variações ao longo deste período, designadamente, em ambas as regiões, o setor da construção, tem vindo a diminuir a sua expressão e o setor do alojamento, restauração e similares tem aumentado a sua expressão em relação ao global de empresas, evidenciando uma mudança de paradigma.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento e descrever a evolução do setor empresarial na Regional Autónoma dos Açores (RAA) e na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM). De salientar que na União Europeia (UE) existem nove regiões ultraperiféricas (RUP), sendo a RAA e a RAM duas delas. As RUP apresentam diversas especificidades que limitam o seu desenvolvimento económico e social, mas a sua importância estratégica é significativa face à Zona Económica Exclusiva (ZEE), pelo que importa conhecer. Através de um estudo descritivo e recorrendo a dados secundários publicados pelo Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira e Instituto Nacional de Estatística, foi possível verificar que na RAA e na RAM, entre 2008 e 2017, existiu inicialmente uma regressão no número de empresas e posteriormente uma recuperação até 2017. Contudo, na RAA o número total de empresas em 2017 ainda não iguala o de 2008. Acresce que em ambas as regiões os números totais de pequenas, médias e grandes empresas em 2017 ainda não perfazem os números de 2008. Quanto à forma jurídica, na RAA as empresas individuais apresentam uma diminuição da sua expressão, enquanto na RAM a tendência é inversa. Relativamente aos setores de atividade económica, ocorreram algumas variações ao longo deste período, designadamente, em ambas as regiões, o setor da construção, tem vindo a diminuir a sua expressão e o setor do alojamento, restauração e similares tem aumentado a sua expressão em relação ao global de empresas, evidenciando uma mudança de paradigma.

The results from the study on ten adobe and quincha buildings located in the areas of Fachinal, Aviles River and Mallín Grande (south-west bank of Lake General Carrera) from the Aysén Region, Chile, are displayed in this document. With the objective of identifying the local building techniques and the material used, settling and building periods were characterized, along with its planimetry registered. The oldest date back to 1925 to 1929. Most were self-assembled using soil, wood, and stone. Their current deteriorated state of preservation demands its characterization for its protection and value enhancement as Aysén vernacular architecture., São apresentados os resultados do estudo de dez edifícios em adobe e quincha, localizados nas regiões de Fachinal, Río Avilés e Mallín Grande (margem sudoeste do Lago General Carrera), distrito de Chile Chico, região de Aysén, Chile. O objetivo foi identificar as técnicas de construção locais próprias do território, caracterizando os materiais utilizados, os períodos de povoamento e construção e registando a sua planimetria. As construções mais antigas correspondem às erguidas pelos habitantes da região estudada entre os anos 1925 e 1929. Em todas elas prevalece a autoconstrução em terra, madeira e pedra, cujo atual estado de degradação torna a sua caracterização imprescindível para a sua salvaguarda e valorização como elementos de identidade da arquitetura vernácula de Aysén., Se presentan los resultados del estudio de diez construcciones en adobe y quincha, ubicadas en los sectores de Fachinal, Río Avilés y Mallín Grande (ribera sur-poniente del lago General Carrera), comuna de Chile Chico, región de Aysén, Chile. El objetivo fue identificar aquellas técnicas constructivas locales propias del territorio, caracterizando los materiales utilizados, los periodos de asentamiento y construcción, y registrando su planimetría. Las construcciones más antiguas corresponden a las erigidas por los pobladores del sector estudiado entre los años 1925 y 1929. En todas prevalece la autoconstrucción en tierra, madera y piedra, cuyo estado actual de deterioro hace que sea imprescindible su caracterización para su salvaguarda y puesta en valor como elementos identitarios de la arquitectura vernácula de Aysén.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é aprofundar o conhecimento e descrever a evolução do setor empresarial na Regional Autónoma dos Açores (RAA) e na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM). De salientar que na União Europeia (UE) existem nove regiões ultraperiféricas (RUP), sendo a RAA e a RAM duas delas. As RUP apresentam diversas especificidades que limitam o seu desenvolvimento económico e social, mas a sua importância estratégica é significativa face à Zona Económica Exclusiva (ZEE), pelo que importa conhecer. Através de um estudo descritivo e recorrendo a dados secundários publicados pelo Serviço Regional de Estatística dos Açores, Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira e Instituto Nacional de Estatística, foi possível verificar que na RAA e na RAM, entre 2008 e 2017, existiu inicialmente uma regressão no número de empresas e posteriormente uma recuperação até 2017. Contudo, na RAA o número total de empresas em 2017 ainda não iguala o de 2008. Acresce que em ambas as regiões os números totais de pequenas, médias e grandes empresas em 2017 ainda não perfazem os números de 2008. Quanto à forma jurídica, na RAA as empresas individuais apresentam uma diminuição da sua expressão, enquanto na RAM a tendência é inversa. Relativamente aos setores de atividade económica, ocorreram algumas variações ao longo deste período, designadamente, em ambas as regiões, o setor da construção, tem vindo a diminuir a sua expressão e o setor do alojamento, restauração e similares tem aumentado a sua expressão em relação ao global de empresas, evidenciando uma mudança de paradigma.

Background Here we present the data obtained from the samples collected as part of a large research project (MACDIV) which aims at understanding the drivers of spider (Araneae) community assembly in Macaronesian islands. To obtain the data, we applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment), in twelve 50 m x 50 m native forest plots and five dry habitat plots on the island of Madeiraand in 5 dry habitat plots on the island of Porto Santo. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Madeiran archipelago. New information From the samples that we collected, we obtained a total of 14,902 specimens, of which 49% were adults (7,263). We identified these specimens to 87 species and 18 morphospecies (undescribed), belonging to 26 families. Species of the family Linyphiidae dominated the samples, with 24 (morpho)species. Out of the 105 recorded (morpho)species, 34 were endemic, 26 native non-endemic, 22 introduced and 23 species of unknown origin. We report seven new records of possibly recently introduced species in the Madeiran archipelago. We also present 21 new records for Madeira island and 32 for Porto Santo (33 for the whole archipelago).

Romanesque polychromed wooden imagery in the Iberian Peninsula (12th-13th centuries) stands both as a valuable and complex heritage. Apart from some general lines that determine compositional and symbolic features, the local context, the liturgy, the artists or workshops and the influence of some prestigious models have created a highly attractive scenario. It is important to note that some statues that are preserved separately today may well be, from a broader perspective, part of larger ensembles of liturgical furniture. At the same time, the number of studies on technical and material aspects involving interdisciplinary work has increased. One of the questions that concern scholars the most is the spread of typology and stylistic trends. The influence of metal and precious metal works on tempered polychromed must be assessed. Other times, the spread of modalities confined to an area might well obey cult and pilgrimage reasons. Not all works, however, strictly follow one modality or another. Another hypothesis deals with the importation of some objects., A imagística românica de madeira policromada na Península Ibérica (séculos XII-XII) representa uma herança que tem tanto de valioso como de complexo. Exceptuando algumas linhas gerais que determinam características composicionais e simbólicas, o contexto local, a liturgia, os artistas ou as oficinas e a influência de certos modelos prestigiados criaram um cenário altamente atrativo. É importante notar que algumas das estátuas que se encontram preservadas em separado actualmente podem muito bem fazer, numa perspectiva mais vasta, parte de conjuntos maiores de mobiliário litúrgico. Ao mesmo tempo, o número de estudos sobre aspectos técnicos e materiais que envolvem trabalho interdisciplinar tem aumentado. Uma das questões que mais preocupa os académicos é a disseminação das tendências tipológicas e estilísticas. A influência de trabalhos com metal e metais preciosos na policromia temperada deve ser avaliada. Outras vezes, a disseminação de modalidades confinadas a uma área poderá perfeitamente obedecer a motivos de culto e peregrinação. Porém, nem todos os trabalhos seguem estritamente uma modalidade ou outra. Outra hipótese prende-se com a importação de alguns objectos.

This article reviews the historical framework of logging and the loss of timber wealth and the loss of forest cover in relation to rural settlement, fostered by some colonization programs and policies in the Yucatan Peninsula since the 1950s. It also analyses the efforts that are currently being made to mitigate and even reverse this situation, based on international public policies that have been assumed by the Mexican authorities. This qualitative work is a product of the review of academic and institutional literature. It makes it possible to see how the transition from extractive to sustainable forestry is still in a context in which geopolitics is a determining factor., Este article revê o quadro histórico de exploração florestal e da perda da riqueza madeireira e da perda de cobertura florestal em relação a assentamentos rurais, fomentada por alguns programas e políticas de colonização na Península de Yucatán desde a década de 1950. Analisa também os esforços que estão sendo feitos actualmente para mitigar e até reverter essa situação, com base em políticas públicas internacionais assumidas pelas autoridades mexicanas. Este trabalho qualitativo é produto da revisão da literatura acadêmica e institucional. É possível ver como a transição da silvicultura extrativista para a silvicultura sustentável ainda está em um contexto em que a geopolítica é um fator determinante., Este artículo revisa el marco histórico de la explotación forestal y de la pérdida de la riqueza maderera y de la cobertura forestal en relación con el poblamiento rural, propiciado por algunas políticas de colonización en la Península de Yucatán desde la década de 1950, como el Programa Nacional de Desmontes o proyectos económicos como el arrocero, el azucarero y el ganadero. También se analizan los esfuerzos que actualmente se están llevando a cabo para mitigar e, incluso, revertir la deforestación, con base en políticas públicas internacionales que han sido asumidas por las autoridades mexicanas. Este trabajo cualitativo es producto de la revisión de literatura académica e institucional. Permite advertir cómo el paso de la explotación forestal extractiva a la sustentable aún se sitúa en un contexto en el que la geopolítica es determinante.

The present study had as objective to determine the basic density, age and anatomical characteristics of the woods of nine species of the Maiombe forest, Cabinda province, Angola. Age was determined with the aid of the Presser Increment Trado. Rolls of wood were removed in the middle third of the trees and counting the growth rings. The density of the wood was determined by dividing the mass of each wood cube by its volume. The volume was obtained by the Archimedes principle and the mass by weighing. The anatomical characteristics were determined by means of the optical microscopy to the microtomic cuts made in each one of the wooden pieces. The anatomical characteristics determined were as follows: vessel diameter, cell wall thickness, fiber diameter, vessel area. The basic wood density was between 896 and 1 149 kg / m3. M. africana, E. cylindricum, B. toxisperma, S. stipitata and G. arnoldiana were the species with the highest densities. Age ranged between 39 and 43 years of age. Optical microscopy showed a significant difference between some anatomical characteristics such as vessel diameter, fiber diameter and vessel area, with the exception of cell wall thickness that was not different among the nine species of wood., O presente estudo teve como objectivo determinar a densidade básica, a idade e as características anatómicas das madeiras de nove espécies da floresta do Maiombe, província de Cabinda, Angola. A idade foi determinada com o auxílio do Trado de Incremento de Pressler. Foram retirados rolos de madeira no terço médio das árvores e posteriormente contagem dos anéis de crescimento. A densidade da madeira foi determinada dividindo a massa de cada cubo de madeira, pelo seu volume. O volume foi obtido pelo princípio de Arquimedes e a massa por pesagem. As características anatómicas foram determinadas por meio da microscopia óptica aos cortes microtómicos efectuados em cada um dos pedações de madeira. As características anatómicas determinadas foram as seguintes: diâmetro dos vasos, espessura da parede celular, diâmetro das fibras, área dos vasos. A densidade básica das madeiras situou-se entre 896 e 1 149 kg/m3. M. africana, E. cylindricum, B. toxisperma, S. stipitata e G. arnoldiana foram as espécies com maiores densidades. A idade situou-se entre os 39 e 43 anos de idade. A microscopia óptica mostrou diferença significativa entre algumas características anatómicas como o diâmetro dos vasos, diâmetro da fibra e área dos vasos com excepção da espessura da parede celular que não foi diferente entre as madeiras das nove espécies.

The present study had as objective to determine the basic density, age and anatomical characteristics of the woods of nine species of the Maiombe forest, Cabinda province, Angola. Age was determined with the aid of the Presser Increment Trado. Rolls of wood were removed in the middle third of the trees and counting the growth rings. The density of the wood was determined by dividing the mass of each wood cube by its volume. The volume was obtained by the Archimedes principle and the mass by weighing. The anatomical characteristics were determined by means of the optical microscopy to the microtomic cuts made in each one of the wooden pieces. The anatomical characteristics determined were as follows: vessel diameter, cell wall thickness, fiber diameter, vessel area. The basic wood density was between 896 and 1 149 kg / m3. M. africana, E. cylindricum, B. toxisperma, S. stipitata and G. arnoldiana were the species with the highest densities. Age ranged between 39 and 43 years of age. Optical microscopy showed a significant difference between some anatomical characteristics such as vessel diameter, fiber diameter and vessel area, with the exception of cell wall thickness that was not different among the nine species of wood., O presente estudo teve como objectivo determinar a densidade básica, a idade e as características anatómicas das madeiras de nove espécies da floresta do Maiombe, província de Cabinda, Angola. A idade foi determinada com o auxílio do Trado de Incremento de Pressler. Foram retirados rolos de madeira no terço médio das árvores e posteriormente contagem dos anéis de crescimento. A densidade da madeira foi determinada dividindo a massa de cada cubo de madeira, pelo seu volume. O volume foi obtido pelo princípio de Arquimedes e a massa por pesagem. As características anatómicas foram determinadas por meio da microscopia óptica aos cortes microtómicos efectuados em cada um dos pedações de madeira. As características anatómicas determinadas foram as seguintes: diâmetro dos vasos, espessura da parede celular, diâmetro das fibras, área dos vasos. A densidade básica das madeiras situou-se entre 896 e 1 149 kg/m3. M. africana, E. cylindricum, B. toxisperma, S. stipitata e G. arnoldiana foram as espécies com maiores densidades. A idade situou-se entre os 39 e 43 anos de idade. A microscopia óptica mostrou diferença significativa entre algumas características anatómicas como o diâmetro dos vasos, diâmetro da fibra e área dos vasos com excepção da espessura da parede celular que não foi diferente entre as madeiras das nove espécies.

The present study had as objective to determine the basic density, age and anatomical characteristics of the woods of nine species of the Maiombe forest, Cabinda province, Angola. Age was determined with the aid of the Presser Increment Trado. Rolls of wood were removed in the middle third of the trees and counting the growth rings. The density of the wood was determined by dividing the mass of each wood cube by its volume. The volume was obtained by the Archimedes principle and the mass by weighing. The anatomical characteristics were determined by means of the optical microscopy to the microtomic cuts made in each one of the wooden pieces. The anatomical characteristics determined were as follows: vessel diameter, cell wall thickness, fiber diameter, vessel area. The basic wood density was between 896 and 1 149 kg / m3. M. africana, E. cylindricum, B. toxisperma, S. stipitata and G. arnoldiana were the species with the highest densities. Age ranged between 39 and 43 years of age. Optical microscopy showed a significant difference between some anatomical characteristics such as vessel diameter, fiber diameter and vessel area, with the exception of cell wall thickness that was not different among the nine species of wood., O presente estudo teve como objectivo determinar a densidade básica, a idade e as características anatómicas das madeiras de nove espécies da floresta do Maiombe, província de Cabinda, Angola. A idade foi determinada com o auxílio do Trado de Incremento de Pressler. Foram retirados rolos de madeira no terço médio das árvores e posteriormente contagem dos anéis de crescimento. A densidade da madeira foi determinada dividindo a massa de cada cubo de madeira, pelo seu volume. O volume foi obtido pelo princípio de Arquimedes e a massa por pesagem. As características anatómicas foram determinadas por meio da microscopia óptica aos cortes microtómicos efectuados em cada um dos pedações de madeira. As características anatómicas determinadas foram as seguintes: diâmetro dos vasos, espessura da parede celular, diâmetro das fibras, área dos vasos. A densidade básica das madeiras situou-se entre 896 e 1 149 kg/m3. M. africana, E. cylindricum, B. toxisperma, S. stipitata e G. arnoldiana foram as espécies com maiores densidades. A idade situou-se entre os 39 e 43 anos de idade. A microscopia óptica mostrou diferença significativa entre algumas características anatómicas como o diâmetro dos vasos, diâmetro da fibra e área dos vasos com excepção da espessura da parede celular que não foi diferente entre as madeiras das nove espécies.