Search

EU’s and the Swedish government’s requirements to lower the energy consumption for buildings are getting stricter. In April 30 2014 the law on energy metering (SFS 2014: 267) was issued. The law deals with energy metering in new construction and reconstruction, during 2015 a decision must be taken on how measurement in existing buildings should be handled. Individual metering and charging (IMC) could be a tool to reduce energy consumption. And the residents get an incentive to save money. The purpose of this work was to do a cost accounting for an existing system of individual metering and charging. Earlier reports state that it’s possible to lower energy consumption for heat and hot water. The installation is getting analysed and the result compared to expectation. The metering is based on achieved indoor temperature. This principle is commonly used in Sweden, in other contries it is more common to meter delivered energy. The charge depends on the apartment’s indoor temperature. Domestic hot water consumption is metered by a flow meter. This work examines results of an already existing system. The work starts with a litterature review. A great number of data has been sorted too make this report. The purpose of the data sorting is to examine residents behaviour through analyse of changes in energy consumption since the installation. Values that have been used for the analysis are the same readings as heat and hot water charging is based on. To get a depiction on energy consumption before and after installation linear regression was used. The report shows that since introduction of individual metering, there has been an increase of the indoor temperatures. The domestic hot water consumption shows a steady decrease, which also follows the expectations. Since the introduction of IMC there has been a decline in energy use by five percent. Keywords: IMC, thermal comfort, hot water, energy savings, environmental effect, cost allocation, individual metering and charging.

Examensarbetet avhandlar möjligheterna att importera byggmaterial samt att anlita underentreprenörer från Polen. Arbetet har gjorts åt medlemmarna inom BIFAByggmästargruppen Interfaber AB. BIFA är en organisation med självständiga byggentreprenörer i effektiv samverkan vad avser gemensamma angelägenheter, som t.ex. inköp av byggmaterial. Rapporten omfattar tre delar, en teoretisk-, en empirisk- och en praktisk del. Arbetet inleds med en allmän beskrivning av Polen och dess ekonomiska förutsättningar. I denna del tar vi också upp EU-lagar för utländska entreprenörer som arbetar i Sverige. I rapporten kan man också ta del av en enkätundersökning. Enkätundersökningens syfte var att få kännedom om vilka typer av byggmaterial och underentreprenörsarbeten BIFA:s medlemmar är mest intresserade av. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att medlemmarna är mest angelägna om att importera fönster och dörrar. De underentreprenörsarbeten som är av störst intresse är mur- och putsarbeten. För att hitta leverantörer och underentreprenörer reste vi till Gdansk i Polen och där besökte vi en byggmaterialmässa. Besöket på mässan resulterade i flera kontakter med företag, varav tre har kontaktpersoner i Sverige. Vi träffade även betydelsefulla personer på Exportrådet Polen, Polsk-svenska Handelskammaren samt NCC. Dessa personer kunde ge oss användbar information angående leveranser, betalningar och problem som kan uppstå. Under arbetet har vi kommit i kontakt med rapporten ”Nya inköpsvägar för byggmaterial”, som har sammanställts av Svensk Handel. Rapporten behandlar inköp av byggmaterial från bl.a. Polen och innehåller information om polska leverantörer som bedömts som lämpliga för import till Sverige. Detta kan ge BIFA möjlighet att hitta ytterligare leverantörer av byggmaterial. Att hitta underentreprenörer visade sig vara betydligt svårare än att hitta leverantörer. Vi har kontaktat flera underentreprenörer men har tyvärr inte fått något gensvar. Ett sätt att hitta leverantörer och un, This thesis deals with the possibilities of importing construction materials and hiring sub-contractors from Poland. The report has been realized on behalf of the member companies of BIFA – Byggmästargruppen Interfaber AB. BIFA is an organization that includes independent companies that assist each other in affairs of common interest, for example, purchasing of building materials. The report consists of a theoretical, an empirical and a practical part. The theoreticalpart gives the reader a brief introduction to Poland and its economics. This part also discusses laws and practices concerning foreign companies working in Sweden. The practical part contains a survey which was conducted to learn what materials and sub-contractors from Poland BIFA´s members are interested in. The survey shows that the member companies of BIFA are most interested in importing windows and doors, and sub-contractors working with plaster and masonry. In order to contact Polish suppliers and sub-contractors we went to Gdansk in Poland, where we visited a construction fair. At the fair we made contact with several companies who export building materials, of which three had representatives working in Sweden. In Poland we also met with people who work at the Swedish Trade Council, Polish-Swedish Chamber of Commerce, and the Swedish construction company, NCC. These meetings gave us important information regarding distribution, payments, as well as common problems that could arise when dealing with Polish companies. Establishing contact with sub-contractors proved to be more difficult than with suppliers of materials. We have tried to contact some companies but have not yet received a response. The Polish-Swedish Chamber of Commerce work as consultants and present good opportunities for foreign companies who want to do business with Polish firms. An alternative that cuts out the middleman is to station employees in Poland who work only with contacting Polish firms.

Examensarbetet avhandlar möjligheterna att importera byggmaterial samt att anlita underentreprenörer från Polen. Arbetet har gjorts åt medlemmarna inom BIFAByggmästargruppen Interfaber AB. BIFA är en organisation med självständiga byggentreprenörer i effektiv samverkan vad avser gemensamma angelägenheter, som t.ex. inköp av byggmaterial. Rapporten omfattar tre delar, en teoretisk-, en empirisk- och en praktisk del. Arbetet inleds med en allmän beskrivning av Polen och dess ekonomiska förutsättningar. I denna del tar vi också upp EU-lagar för utländska entreprenörer som arbetar i Sverige. I rapporten kan man också ta del av en enkätundersökning. Enkätundersökningens syfte var att få kännedom om vilka typer av byggmaterial och underentreprenörsarbeten BIFA:s medlemmar är mest intresserade av. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att medlemmarna är mest angelägna om att importera fönster och dörrar. De underentreprenörsarbeten som är av störst intresse är mur- och putsarbeten. För att hitta leverantörer och underentreprenörer reste vi till Gdansk i Polen och där besökte vi en byggmaterialmässa. Besöket på mässan resulterade i flera kontakter med företag, varav tre har kontaktpersoner i Sverige. Vi träffade även betydelsefulla personer på Exportrådet Polen, Polsk-svenska Handelskammaren samt NCC. Dessa personer kunde ge oss användbar information angående leveranser, betalningar och problem som kan uppstå. Under arbetet har vi kommit i kontakt med rapporten ”Nya inköpsvägar för byggmaterial”, som har sammanställts av Svensk Handel. Rapporten behandlar inköp av byggmaterial från bl.a. Polen och innehåller information om polska leverantörer som bedömts som lämpliga för import till Sverige. Detta kan ge BIFA möjlighet att hitta ytterligare leverantörer av byggmaterial. Att hitta underentreprenörer visade sig vara betydligt svårare än att hitta leverantörer. Vi har kontaktat flera underentreprenörer men har tyvärr inte fått något gensvar. Ett sätt att hitta leverantörer och un, This thesis deals with the possibilities of importing construction materials and hiring sub-contractors from Poland. The report has been realized on behalf of the member companies of BIFA – Byggmästargruppen Interfaber AB. BIFA is an organization that includes independent companies that assist each other in affairs of common interest, for example, purchasing of building materials. The report consists of a theoretical, an empirical and a practical part. The theoreticalpart gives the reader a brief introduction to Poland and its economics. This part also discusses laws and practices concerning foreign companies working in Sweden. The practical part contains a survey which was conducted to learn what materials and sub-contractors from Poland BIFA´s members are interested in. The survey shows that the member companies of BIFA are most interested in importing windows and doors, and sub-contractors working with plaster and masonry. In order to contact Polish suppliers and sub-contractors we went to Gdansk in Poland, where we visited a construction fair. At the fair we made contact with several companies who export building materials, of which three had representatives working in Sweden. In Poland we also met with people who work at the Swedish Trade Council, Polish-Swedish Chamber of Commerce, and the Swedish construction company, NCC. These meetings gave us important information regarding distribution, payments, as well as common problems that could arise when dealing with Polish companies. Establishing contact with sub-contractors proved to be more difficult than with suppliers of materials. We have tried to contact some companies but have not yet received a response. The Polish-Swedish Chamber of Commerce work as consultants and present good opportunities for foreign companies who want to do business with Polish firms. An alternative that cuts out the middleman is to station employees in Poland who work only with contacting Polish firms.

The purpose with this project is to compare different fuels when investing in a central combustion station at a case study farm. I have chosen to write about biofuel from an economical perspective. This because the heating costs are steadily increasing. Also because the farm in this case study has several different heating systems, which are neither profitable nor easy to work with. I have made calculations regarding usage of splinter, wood and grain for the heating system. An investment would be profitable, but not with as much as I assumed from the start of this case study. I have further studied which contribution there are possibilities to apply. The conclusion is that splinter, for heating, is more profitable to invest in., Syftet med detta arbete är att jämföra olika bränslen vid en investering i panncentral på en fallstudiegård. Jag har valt att skriva om biobränsle ur i huvudsak ekonomisk synvinkel. Jag har valt detta för att uppvärmningen blir en allt större kostnad, och för att fallstudiegården har flera olika uppvärmningssystem som varken är ekonomiska eller lättarbetade. Jag har räknat med eldning av flis, ved och havre. En investering är lönsam, men inte med så mycket som jag trodde från början. Jag har även undersökt vilka bidrag man kan söka. Slutsatsen blir att flis är mest lönsamt att satsa på..

The primary objective of the proposed research was to quantify the applicability of photorefractive media in holographic interferometry as applied to the visualization of unsteady transonic flow. Photorefractive crystals possess properties that make them well suited for holographic interferometry applications. These properties include instantaneous hologram formation (self- development), huge data storage capacity via volume superposition (three dimensional storage), high sensitivity and resolution, erasability and reusability, real-time recording and readout, hologram fixing (archival storage) , and sensitivity to the recording light only. Photorefractive crystals will be important recording media in future holographic interferometry. For aerodynamics, heat transfer, acoustics, and other areas where a large number of interferograms must be rapidly recorded and processed, photorefractive materials have significant advantages over photographic film. This works focus was to carry out a program of research and development to define in detail the applicability of photorefractive crystals to interferometry for the visualization of dynamic flow fields and to establish the techniques necessary for efficient utilization of such media. Concepts developed included volume hologram superposition, real-time interferometry, hologram fixing, coherent image subtraction, and asymmetric recording/readout hologram characteristics (two photon recording). The application of these concepts to the visualization of unsteady transonic flow-fields was emphasized. (KR)