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This study investigates the impact of the energy crisis on manufactured exports of Pakistan for the time period of 1990 to 2019 by employing the Ordinary Least Square method. Manufactured export is the regressand while energy crisis, energy price, real exchange rate, foreign demand, and industrial output are the regressors. The econometric analysis shows a significant negative relationship between manufactured exports and energy crisis, energy price, and exchange rate whereas a significant positive relationship has been found among manufactured exports and industrial output as well as foreign demand. The findings of this study call for such policy recommendations that can effectively tackle the issue of poor manufactured export performance in the light of the energy crisis. The government should take immediate initiatives to generate more energy to increase domestic production and to serve export purposes. Efficient energy policies should be formed, and innovative measures should be introduced for energy conservation.

This study investigates the impact of the energy crisis on manufactured exports of Pakistan for the time period of 1990 to 2019 by employing the Ordinary Least Square method. Manufactured export is the regressand while energy crisis, energy price, real exchange rate, foreign demand, and industrial output are the regressors. The econometric analysis shows a significant negative relationship between manufactured exports and energy crisis, energy price, and exchange rate whereas a significant positive relationship has been found among manufactured exports and industrial output as well as foreign demand. The findings of this study call for such policy recommendations that can effectively tackle the issue of poor manufactured export performance in the light of the energy crisis. The government should take immediate initiatives to generate more energy to increase domestic production and to serve export purposes. Efficient energy policies should be formed, and innovative measures should be introduced for energy conservation.

The role of foreign companies in the Argentine economy has been arousing the interest of historians in recent years. The most recent contributions, although of vital importance, have focused on more global examinations than on specific national cases. In this paper we propose to analyze the role of foreign German companies in the Argentine economy between the years 1960 and 1970. From a database prepared by a team of Argentine researchers, comparative variables such as the volume of capital, the specific branches and the number of firms registered between both decades. A relative importance of German capital has been observed during the stage of the second cycle of foreign investment and the second phase of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI); but some significant nuances were also established between large, medium and small firms in regards to greater diversification such as the impact of the volume of capital., El papel de las empresas extranjeras ha venido suscitando el interés de los historiadores en los últimos años. Los aportes más recientes, aunque de vital importancia, se han abocado a exámenes más globales que de casos nacionales puntuales. En este trabajo proponemos analizar el papel de las empresas extranjeras alemanas en la economía argentina entre los años 1960 y 1970. A partir de una base de datos elaborada por un equipo de investigadores e investigadoras argentinas, se examinan variables comparativas como el volumen de capital, las ramas elegidas y la cantidad de firmas registradas entre ambos periodos. Se ha podido observar la importancia del capital alemán durante la etapa de segundo ciclo de inversiones extranjeras y de la segunda fase de la Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones (ISI); pero también se establecieron algunos matices importantes entre las firmas grandes, medianas y pequeñas en lo que respecta a una mayor diversificación como el impacto del volumen de capital.

This study investigates the impact of the energy crisis on manufactured exports of Pakistan for the time period of 1990 to 2019 by employing the Ordinary Least Square method. Manufactured export is the regressand while energy crisis, energy price, real exchange rate, foreign demand, and industrial output are the regressors. The econometric analysis shows a significant negative relationship between manufactured exports and energy crisis, energy price, and exchange rate whereas a significant positive relationship has been found among manufactured exports and industrial output as well as foreign demand. The findings of this study call for such policy recommendations that can effectively tackle the issue of poor manufactured export performance in the light of the energy crisis. The government should take immediate initiatives to generate more energy to increase domestic production and to serve export purposes. Efficient energy policies should be formed, and innovative measures should be introduced for energy conservation.

While media often highlights the relocation of industry within or away from China for reasons of factor cost or, more recently, supply chain security, the complex web of policies developed by the Chinese state to guide internal industrial relocation are rarely mentioned and poorly understood. There are very few studies that systematically explore either the contents or effectiveness of China’s industrial relocation policies, despite the implications that this may have for understanding how the workshop of the world is being rearranged. This dissertation brings attention to such policies using the case study of Guangdong province’s “double transfer” program. This study first asks what types of policy tools have been employed by the Guangdong government to direct industrial relocation, to shed light on policies that are significantly different than those more common in liberal market economies. Secondly, it asks whether these policies have led to a different arrangement of industry than would otherwise have been the case. A review of relevant policy documents is conducted. This reveals a core strategy revolving around interjurisdictional partnerships and collaboratively run industrial relocation parks, which form the foundation for a wide variety of measures to promote industrial relocation. Policies are found to face interjurisdictional coordination problems that are addressed using a variety of measures to enhance hierarchical control, drawing on the mechanisms of China’s cadre management system. Fixed-effects and lagged dependent variable regression adjustment models are applied to statistical yearbook data to estimate their impact on county-level industrial output. A 5%-18% increase in county-level gross industrial output is estimated as a result of industrial relocation parks, but the effect appears to vary over time. The results suggest that state policy beyond infrastructure investment, taxation, and other fiscal incentives should be considered in future analys

Agroindustrial microenterprises are one of the key sectors in the country’s economy, generating jobs and contributing to regional and national development, however, the limitations and short lifespan these companies have is worrying. The study presents an analysis of the strategic management of 194 microenterprises in the agro-industrial sector of Villaher-mosa, Tabasco. The results show that these companies have deficiencies at two stages of this process, the formulation and implementation of strategies, as managers do not plan their activities or set their short, medium and long goals. The lack of an organizational philosophy is detected, which can affect the optimal functioning of the organization., As microempresas agroindustriais representam um dos setores fundamentais da economia do país, pois geram empregos e contribuem para o desenvolvimento regional e nacional, porém, as limitações e a curta vida útil dessas empresas são preocupantes. O estudo apresenta uma análise da gestão estratégica de 194 microempresas do setor agroindustrial em Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Os resultados mostram que essas empresas apresentam deficiências em duas das etapas do referido processo, a formulação e implementação de estratégias, identificando-se que os gestores não planejam suas atividades ou estabelecem seus objetivos a curto, médio e longo prazo. É detectada a falta de uma filosofia organizacio-nal, o que pode afetar o funcionamento ideal da organização., Las microempresas agroindustriales representan uno de los sectores fundamentales en la economía de México: generan empleos, y contribuyen al desarrollo regional y nacional. Sin embargo, las limitaciones y el corto tiempo de vida de estas empresas son preocupantes. El estudio presenta un análisis de la gestión estratégica de 194 microempresas del sector agroindustrial en Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Los resultados muestran que estas empresas presentan deficiencias en dos de las etapas de dicho proceso: la formulación y la implementación de estrategias. Se ha identificado que los gerentes no planifican sus actividades, ni establecen sus objetivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Además, se ha detectado la falta de una filosofía organizacional, lo que puede afectar el funcionamiento óptimo de la organización.

Agroindustrial microenterprises are one of the key sectors in the country’s economy, generating jobs and contributing to regional and national development, however, the limitations and short lifespan these companies have is worrying. The study presents an analysis of the strategic management of 194 microenterprises in the agro-industrial sector of Villaher-mosa, Tabasco. The results show that these companies have deficiencies at two stages of this process, the formulation and implementation of strategies, as managers do not plan their activities or set their short, medium and long goals. The lack of an organizational philosophy is detected, which can affect the optimal functioning of the organization., As microempresas agroindustriais representam um dos setores fundamentais da economia do país, pois geram empregos e contribuem para o desenvolvimento regional e nacional, porém, as limitações e a curta vida útil dessas empresas são preocupantes. O estudo apresenta uma análise da gestão estratégica de 194 microempresas do setor agroindustrial em Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Os resultados mostram que essas empresas apresentam deficiências em duas das etapas do referido processo, a formulação e implementação de estratégias, identificando-se que os gestores não planejam suas atividades ou estabelecem seus objetivos a curto, médio e longo prazo. É detectada a falta de uma filosofia organizacio-nal, o que pode afetar o funcionamento ideal da organização., Las microempresas agroindustriales representan uno de los sectores fundamentales en la economía de México: generan empleos, y contribuyen al desarrollo regional y nacional. Sin embargo, las limitaciones y el corto tiempo de vida de estas empresas son preocupantes. El estudio presenta un análisis de la gestión estratégica de 194 microempresas del sector agroindustrial en Villahermosa, Tabasco, México. Los resultados muestran que estas empresas presentan deficiencias en dos de las etapas de dicho proceso: la formulación y la implementación de estrategias. Se ha identificado que los gerentes no planifican sus actividades, ni establecen sus objetivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo. Además, se ha detectado la falta de una filosofía organizacional, lo que puede afectar el funcionamiento óptimo de la organización.

In Chapter 1, I study a model of financial contracting with private information, limited liability, and the assumption that the firm’s collateral can only be liquidated continuously by resorting to the services of a costly third party. An optimal contract may take the form of a multi-level discounted debt, in which the firm defaults from the smallest bundle of loans and gradually increases its liquidation as the realized cash flow gets lower. Whether the firm will seek for a bankruptcy court is state-dependent and relies on both the cost of introducing the court and the firm’s start-up liquidity shortage. In Chapter 2, I try to find out what is the optimal retail contract between a manufacturer and a retailer who privately observes the retail demand that is materialized after the contracting stage. Return policies are applied by the manufacturer to prevent the retailer from misreporting the realized demand. When the order quantity is sufficiently high, the optimal contract can be implemented by a buy-back contract, otherwise the optimal contract does not exist. The optimal order quantity under the linear-cost assumption is lower than the first-best quantity, meaning that supplies are rationed due to the adverse selection problem. In Chapter 3, I build a model with boundedly rational investors and firms strategically choosing whether to offer normal or fraudulent products, with evidence from experiment and survey. Competition leads to a separating equilibrium in which an honest firm sells a normal product to sophisticated investors, while a dishonest firm targets only naive investors. The honest firm has limited incentive to disclose information about financial fraud, since doing so may induce the dishonest firm to deviate and compete for the normal product market. Policy instruments may also trigger the honest firm to strategically shroud information and thus cannot ensure an improvement in investors’ welfare.

The analysis of how the development of knowledge-intensive business service (KIBS) sectors in certain territories contributes to rebuild the competitive advantage of manufacturing businesses—a process described as territorial servitization—has increasingly drawn scholarly and policy attention. The collection of nine papers in this special issue brings new insights into how institutional and spatial as well as socio-economic and industry-specific attributes underpin the development of territorial servitization. By adopting a multidisciplinary perspective that combines a variety of frameworks (organizational, place-based, economic geography), the mechanics and the relationships underlying territorial servitization as well as its territorial economic repercussions are developed. This editorial note first portrays territorial servitization as a local hybrid value chain and argues that effective territorial servitization requires a value adding fit between manufacturers and KIBS. Also, we provide a number of yet unresolved topics that deserve academic attention., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Antecedentes: La creación de la Asociación Transatlántica para el Comercio y la Inversión (TTIP, por sus siglas en inglés) que actualmente negocian los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tendrá importantes repercusiones en el comercio mundial, especialmente para aquellas economías con una elevada dependencia comercial de alguno de los bloques firmantes, como es el caso de México. Métodos: Este trabajo analiza los efectos de este acuerdo comercial para las exportaciones de los sectores manufactureros mexicanos dirigidas a los Estados Unidos por medio de un modelo múltiple de ecuaciones gravitatorias en dos posibles escenarios, ambicioso y limitado. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una caída significativa de las exportaciones manufactureras de México y un debilitamiento de su posición en las cadenas globales de valor, especialmente en aquellos sectores donde la Unión Europea presenta ventajas competitivas en su comercio con los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que los efectos de desviación de comercio se vivirían especialmente en aquellas industrias con una elevada dependencia de sus exportaciones con el mercado estadunidense, de entre las que destacan la maquinaria y los equipos de transporte. Conclusiones: La actualización de los acuerdos que México tiene con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea podría mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos del TTIP, siempre y cuando ésta suponga una aproximación a los estándares de las exportaciones europeas acordados en este nuevo acuerdo., Background: The creation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), that the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are currently negotiating, will have a major impact on world trade, especially in third-country economies with greater dependence on any of the signatoring countries, as it is the case of Mexico. Methods: This paper analyses the effects of this trade agreement on the exports of the Mexican manufacturing sectors through the application of a model of multiple gravity equations in two possible scenarios (ambitious and limited TTIP). Results: Findings show significant drops of Mexican manufacturing exports and a weakening of its role in the global value chains, especially in those sectors where the EU has significant competitive advantages in its trade with the US. Furthermore, the estimated impacts show that the trade diversion effects would be particularly relevant in those industries with high dependence on exports to the US market, such as machinery and transport equipments. Conclusions: The update of the trade agreements between Mexico and the US and the EU could mitigate the potential negative effects of TTIP, provided that this update leads to an approximation to the standards set for European exports in this new agreement.

Antecedentes: La creación de la Asociación Transatlántica para el Comercio y la Inversión (TTIP, por sus siglas en inglés) que actualmente negocian los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tendrá importantes repercusiones en el comercio mundial, especialmente para aquellas economías con una elevada dependencia comercial de alguno de los bloques firmantes, como es el caso de México. Métodos: Este trabajo analiza los efectos de este acuerdo comercial para las exportaciones de los sectores manufactureros mexicanos dirigidas a los Estados Unidos por medio de un modelo múltiple de ecuaciones gravitatorias en dos posibles escenarios, ambicioso y limitado. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una caída significativa de las exportaciones manufactureras de México y un debilitamiento de su posición en las cadenas globales de valor, especialmente en aquellos sectores donde la Unión Europea presenta ventajas competitivas en su comercio con los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que los efectos de desviación de comercio se vivirían especialmente en aquellas industrias con una elevada dependencia de sus exportaciones con el mercado estadunidense, de entre las que destacan la maquinaria y los equipos de transporte. Conclusiones: La actualización de los acuerdos que México tiene con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea podría mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos del TTIP, siempre y cuando ésta suponga una aproximación a los estándares de las exportaciones europeas acordados en este nuevo acuerdo., Background: The creation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), that the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are currently negotiating, will have a major impact on world trade, especially in third-country economies with greater dependence on any of the signatoring countries, as it is the case of Mexico. Methods: This paper analyses the effects of this trade agreement on the exports of the Mexican manufacturing sectors through the application of a model of multiple gravity equations in two possible scenarios (ambitious and limited TTIP). Results: Findings show significant drops of Mexican manufacturing exports and a weakening of its role in the global value chains, especially in those sectors where the EU has significant competitive advantages in its trade with the US. Furthermore, the estimated impacts show that the trade diversion effects would be particularly relevant in those industries with high dependence on exports to the US market, such as machinery and transport equipments. Conclusions: The update of the trade agreements between Mexico and the US and the EU could mitigate the potential negative effects of TTIP, provided that this update leads to an approximation to the standards set for European exports in this new agreement.

Antecedentes: La creación de la Asociación Transatlántica para el Comercio y la Inversión (TTIP, por sus siglas en inglés) que actualmente negocian los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tendrá importantes repercusiones en el comercio mundial, especialmente para aquellas economías con una elevada dependencia comercial de alguno de los bloques firmantes, como es el caso de México. Métodos: Este trabajo analiza los efectos de este acuerdo comercial para las exportaciones de los sectores manufactureros mexicanos dirigidas a los Estados Unidos por medio de un modelo múltiple de ecuaciones gravitatorias en dos posibles escenarios, ambicioso y limitado. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una caída significativa de las exportaciones manufactureras de México y un debilitamiento de su posición en las cadenas globales de valor, especialmente en aquellos sectores donde la Unión Europea presenta ventajas competitivas en su comercio con los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que los efectos de desviación de comercio se vivirían especialmente en aquellas industrias con una elevada dependencia de sus exportaciones con el mercado estadunidense, de entre las que destacan la maquinaria y los equipos de transporte. Conclusiones: La actualización de los acuerdos que México tiene con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea podría mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos del TTIP, siempre y cuando ésta suponga una aproximación a los estándares de las exportaciones europeas acordados en este nuevo acuerdo., Background: The creation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), that the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are currently negotiating, will have a major impact on world trade, especially in third-country economies with greater dependence on any of the signatoring countries, as it is the case of Mexico. Methods: This paper analyses the effects of this trade agreement on the exports of the Mexican manufacturing sectors through the application of a model of multiple gravity equations in two possible scenarios (ambitious and limited TTIP). Results: Findings show significant drops of Mexican manufacturing exports and a weakening of its role in the global value chains, especially in those sectors where the EU has significant competitive advantages in its trade with the US. Furthermore, the estimated impacts show that the trade diversion effects would be particularly relevant in those industries with high dependence on exports to the US market, such as machinery and transport equipments. Conclusions: The update of the trade agreements between Mexico and the US and the EU could mitigate the potential negative effects of TTIP, provided that this update leads to an approximation to the standards set for European exports in this new agreement.

Antecedentes: La creación de la Asociación Transatlántica para el Comercio y la Inversión (TTIP, por sus siglas en inglés) que actualmente negocian los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tendrá importantes repercusiones en el comercio mundial, especialmente para aquellas economías con una elevada dependencia comercial de alguno de los bloques firmantes, como es el caso de México. Métodos: Este trabajo analiza los efectos de este acuerdo comercial para las exportaciones de los sectores manufactureros mexicanos dirigidas a los Estados Unidos por medio de un modelo múltiple de ecuaciones gravitatorias en dos posibles escenarios, ambicioso y limitado. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una caída significativa de las exportaciones manufactureras de México y un debilitamiento de su posición en las cadenas globales de valor, especialmente en aquellos sectores donde la Unión Europea presenta ventajas competitivas en su comercio con los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que los efectos de desviación de comercio se vivirían especialmente en aquellas industrias con una elevada dependencia de sus exportaciones con el mercado estadunidense, de entre las que destacan la maquinaria y los equipos de transporte. Conclusiones: La actualización de los acuerdos que México tiene con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea podría mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos del TTIP, siempre y cuando ésta suponga una aproximación a los estándares de las exportaciones europeas acordados en este nuevo acuerdo., Background: The creation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), that the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are currently negotiating, will have a major impact on world trade, especially in third-country economies with greater dependence on any of the signatoring countries, as it is the case of Mexico. Methods: This paper analyses the effects of this trade agreement on the exports of the Mexican manufacturing sectors through the application of a model of multiple gravity equations in two possible scenarios (ambitious and limited TTIP). Results: Findings show significant drops of Mexican manufacturing exports and a weakening of its role in the global value chains, especially in those sectors where the EU has significant competitive advantages in its trade with the US. Furthermore, the estimated impacts show that the trade diversion effects would be particularly relevant in those industries with high dependence on exports to the US market, such as machinery and transport equipments. Conclusions: The update of the trade agreements between Mexico and the US and the EU could mitigate the potential negative effects of TTIP, provided that this update leads to an approximation to the standards set for European exports in this new agreement.

Antecedentes: La creación de la Asociación Transatlántica para el Comercio y la Inversión (TTIP, por sus siglas en inglés) que actualmente negocian los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tendrá importantes repercusiones en el comercio mundial, especialmente para aquellas economías con una elevada dependencia comercial de alguno de los bloques firmantes, como es el caso de México. Métodos: Este trabajo analiza los efectos de este acuerdo comercial para las exportaciones de los sectores manufactureros mexicanos dirigidas a los Estados Unidos por medio de un modelo múltiple de ecuaciones gravitatorias en dos posibles escenarios, ambicioso y limitado. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una caída significativa de las exportaciones manufactureras de México y un debilitamiento de su posición en las cadenas globales de valor, especialmente en aquellos sectores donde la Unión Europea presenta ventajas competitivas en su comercio con los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que los efectos de desviación de comercio se vivirían especialmente en aquellas industrias con una elevada dependencia de sus exportaciones con el mercado estadunidense, de entre las que destacan la maquinaria y los equipos de transporte. Conclusiones: La actualización de los acuerdos que México tiene con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea podría mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos del TTIP, siempre y cuando ésta suponga una aproximación a los estándares de las exportaciones europeas acordados en este nuevo acuerdo., Background: The creation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), that the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are currently negotiating, will have a major impact on world trade, especially in third-country economies with greater dependence on any of the signatoring countries, as it is the case of Mexico. Methods: This paper analyses the effects of this trade agreement on the exports of the Mexican manufacturing sectors through the application of a model of multiple gravity equations in two possible scenarios (ambitious and limited TTIP). Results: Findings show significant drops of Mexican manufacturing exports and a weakening of its role in the global value chains, especially in those sectors where the EU has significant competitive advantages in its trade with the US. Furthermore, the estimated impacts show that the trade diversion effects would be particularly relevant in those industries with high dependence on exports to the US market, such as machinery and transport equipments. Conclusions: The update of the trade agreements between Mexico and the US and the EU could mitigate the potential negative effects of TTIP, provided that this update leads to an approximation to the standards set for European exports in this new agreement.

Antecedentes: La creación de la Asociación Transatlántica para el Comercio y la Inversión (TTIP, por sus siglas en inglés) que actualmente negocian los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea tendrá importantes repercusiones en el comercio mundial, especialmente para aquellas economías con una elevada dependencia comercial de alguno de los bloques firmantes, como es el caso de México. Métodos: Este trabajo analiza los efectos de este acuerdo comercial para las exportaciones de los sectores manufactureros mexicanos dirigidas a los Estados Unidos por medio de un modelo múltiple de ecuaciones gravitatorias en dos posibles escenarios, ambicioso y limitado. Resultados: Los resultados muestran una caída significativa de las exportaciones manufactureras de México y un debilitamiento de su posición en las cadenas globales de valor, especialmente en aquellos sectores donde la Unión Europea presenta ventajas competitivas en su comercio con los Estados Unidos. Asimismo, los resultados muestran que los efectos de desviación de comercio se vivirían especialmente en aquellas industrias con una elevada dependencia de sus exportaciones con el mercado estadunidense, de entre las que destacan la maquinaria y los equipos de transporte. Conclusiones: La actualización de los acuerdos que México tiene con los Estados Unidos y con la Unión Europea podría mitigar los potenciales efectos negativos del TTIP, siempre y cuando ésta suponga una aproximación a los estándares de las exportaciones europeas acordados en este nuevo acuerdo., Background: The creation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), that the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) are currently negotiating, will have a major impact on world trade, especially in third-country economies with greater dependence on any of the signatoring countries, as it is the case of Mexico. Methods: This paper analyses the effects of this trade agreement on the exports of the Mexican manufacturing sectors through the application of a model of multiple gravity equations in two possible scenarios (ambitious and limited TTIP). Results: Findings show significant drops of Mexican manufacturing exports and a weakening of its role in the global value chains, especially in those sectors where the EU has significant competitive advantages in its trade with the US. Furthermore, the estimated impacts show that the trade diversion effects would be particularly relevant in those industries with high dependence on exports to the US market, such as machinery and transport equipments. Conclusions: The update of the trade agreements between Mexico and the US and the EU could mitigate the potential negative effects of TTIP, provided that this update leads to an approximation to the standards set for European exports in this new agreement.

In recent years, quality has been one of the most influential factors in modern business. There is an increasing demand on quality products from customers, and quality improvement becomes the pursuit of any successful company. In the past few decades, various approaches have been proposed for quality improvement. Among them, Statistical Process Control (SPC) serves as the most useful tool, and it is widely applied in modern manufacturing and service processes. With the rapid development of technology, people are seeing an explosive growth on the complexity of modern processes. Also, limited by inherent mechanism, some processes present certain unique features. Both process complexity and unique features result in an increasing variety of data types (data hybridity), as well as the difficulties in process control and monitoring. For example, in some complex processes, rather than single quality index, multiple quality information are recorded; while some other processes can only generate incomplete data, in which only part of the collected data are accurate. A natural question is raised that how to make use of the multiple quality information or inaccurate data for process monitoring. This thesis devotes some discussions for process control under data hybridity, and it mainly considers two commonly seen processes - the multivariate process and lifetime process. Although some previous research works have been devoted for monitoring multivariate processes and lifetime processes, the problem associated with designing robust and flexible control schemes for both processes have yet to be fully addressed. In multivariate processes, the challenges such as non-normality and multiple data types prevent conventional methods from working efficiently; and some existing methods for lifetime process monitoring cannot deliver satisfactory in control (IC) and our of control (OC) performances. To overcome the above limitations, this thesis provides some novel methods as well as usefu

In recent years, quality has been one of the most influential factors in modern business. There is an increasing demand on quality products from customers, and quality improvement becomes the pursuit of any successful company. In the past few decades, various approaches have been proposed for quality improvement. Among them, Statistical Process Control (SPC) serves as the most useful tool, and it is widely applied in modern manufacturing and service processes. With the rapid development of technology, people are seeing an explosive growth on the complexity of modern processes. Also, limited by inherent mechanism, some processes present certain unique features. Both process complexity and unique features result in an increasing variety of data types (data hybridity), as well as the difficulties in process control and monitoring. For example, in some complex processes, rather than single quality index, multiple quality information are recorded; while some other processes can only generate incomplete data, in which only part of the collected data are accurate. A natural question is raised that how to make use of the multiple quality information or inaccurate data for process monitoring. This thesis devotes some discussions for process control under data hybridity, and it mainly considers two commonly seen processes - the multivariate process and lifetime process. Although some previous research works have been devoted for monitoring multivariate processes and lifetime processes, the problem associated with designing robust and flexible control schemes for both processes have yet to be fully addressed. In multivariate processes, the challenges such as non-normality and multiple data types prevent conventional methods from working efficiently; and some existing methods for lifetime process monitoring cannot deliver satisfactory in control (IC) and our of control (OC) performances. To overcome the above limitations, this thesis provides some novel methods as well as usefu

Este proyecto estudia y compara las metodologías Bottom Up y Top Down, utilizadas en el desarrollo de productos dentro de un departamento de manufactura en un ambiente colaborativo -- Se desarrolló un producto mediante ambas metodologías, posteriormente se analizó su incidencia en el comportamiento de indicadores de gestión, que miden el desempeño de una organización -- Se destacan también los beneficios del Top Down en la manufactura de grandes ensambles, tomando como ejemplo un torno

In recent years, quality has been one of the most influential factors in modern business. There is an increasing demand on quality products from customers, and quality improvement becomes the pursuit of any successful company. In the past few decades, various approaches have been proposed for quality improvement. Among them, Statistical Process Control (SPC) serves as the most useful tool, and it is widely applied in modern manufacturing and service processes. With the rapid development of technology, people are seeing an explosive growth on the complexity of modern processes. Also, limited by inherent mechanism, some processes present certain unique features. Both process complexity and unique features result in an increasing variety of data types (data hybridity), as well as the difficulties in process control and monitoring. For example, in some complex processes, rather than single quality index, multiple quality information are recorded; while some other processes can only generate incomplete data, in which only part of the collected data are accurate. A natural question is raised that how to make use of the multiple quality information or inaccurate data for process monitoring. This thesis devotes some discussions for process control under data hybridity, and it mainly considers two commonly seen processes - the multivariate process and lifetime process. Although some previous research works have been devoted for monitoring multivariate processes and lifetime processes, the problem associated with designing robust and flexible control schemes for both processes have yet to be fully addressed. In multivariate processes, the challenges such as non-normality and multiple data types prevent conventional methods from working efficiently; and some existing methods for lifetime process monitoring cannot deliver satisfactory in control (IC) and our of control (OC) performances. To overcome the above limitations, this thesis provides some novel methods as well as usefu

In this thesis, we study the impact of consumer-generated popularity on a firm's dynamic pricing strategy in presence of strategic customers. Particularly, the firm sells products over two periods. In our model, consumers' valuation of the product in the second period can be directly affected by the observed popularity. Facing with this valuation uncertainty, customers behave strategically and weigh the payoff of immediate purchases against the expected future utility of delaying their purchases. In anticipation of consumers' purchasing behavior being affected by popularity, the firm can respond by its pricing strategy and thus control the popularity of the product over time. We demonstrate that how much consumers care about the popularity of the product makes a big difference to the firm's optimal pricing policy. Surprisingly, if consumers care much about the popularity, markup pricing policy can be optimal. Moreover, the firm always benefits from the consumer-generated popularity effect. Interestingly, with the popularity effect, the firm can sometimes get better off due to consumers' strategic waiting. Finally, consumer surplus can also benefit from the popularity effect, but the more popular is not always the better.

In this thesis, we study the impact of consumer-generated popularity on a firm's dynamic pricing strategy in presence of strategic customers. Particularly, the firm sells products over two periods. In our model, consumers' valuation of the product in the second period can be directly affected by the observed popularity. Facing with this valuation uncertainty, customers behave strategically and weigh the payoff of immediate purchases against the expected future utility of delaying their purchases. In anticipation of consumers' purchasing behavior being affected by popularity, the firm can respond by its pricing strategy and thus control the popularity of the product over time. We demonstrate that how much consumers care about the popularity of the product makes a big difference to the firm's optimal pricing policy. Surprisingly, if consumers care much about the popularity, markup pricing policy can be optimal. Moreover, the firm always benefits from the consumer-generated popularity effect. Interestingly, with the popularity effect, the firm can sometimes get better off due to consumers' strategic waiting. Finally, consumer surplus can also benefit from the popularity effect, but the more popular is not always the better.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlation among sales, employment and innovation in Mexican manufacturing SMEs, through a longitudinal study undertaken between 2007 and 2010. To this end, an empirical investigation was carried out through a survey from a sample of Mexican manufacturing firms in order to explain whether the growth in sales and employment of firms is related to R&D + innovation., El propósito de este trabajo es conocer la relación entre las ventas, el empleo y la innovación en la industria manufacturera mexicana, mediante el seguimiento longitudinal a las mipymes en el periodo 2007-2010, a través de una investigación empírica y la aplicación de una encuesta a una determinada muestra de mipymes manufactureras mexicanas. Nuestro objetivo fundamental es explicar si el crecimiento en las ventas y el empleo de las empresas se explica por factores de la innovación, investigación y desarrollo (I+D+i)., O propósito deste trabalho é conhecer a relação entre as vendas, o emprego e a inovação na indústria manufatureira mexicana, mediante o acompanhamento longitudinal às micro, pequenas e médias empresas no período 2007-2010, através de uma pesquisa empírica e a aplicação de uma enquete a uma determinada amostra de micro, pequenas e médias empresas manufatureiras mexicanas. Nosso objetivo fundamental é explicar se o aumento nas vendas e o emprego nas empresas é explicado por fatores da inovação, pesquisa e desenvolvimento (I+D+i).

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlation among variables such as sales, employment and innovation in the Mexican manufacturing SMEs, through longitudinal study from 2007 to 2010. To this end, empirical investigation was supported through a survey of a sample of Mexican manufacturing firms. The objective was to try to explain whether the growth in sales and employment of firms is related to the R&D + innovation. We based on the literature review of similar studies and our descriptive results of the survey so we propose two models of binary logistic regression to determine the relationship between sale and employment with R&D+i. Finally, we conclude that the competitiveness and increased sales of manufacturing SMEs depends on the acquisition of capital goods, software, engineering, industrial design and human capital in addition to training. And this result appears no to make up with employment growth of firms that varies inversely proportional to sales growth., El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar la correlación entre las ventas, el empleo y la innovación en la industria manufacturera mexicana, mediante el seguimiento longitudinal a las Mipymes en el período 2007-2010. Para tal fin, se realizó una investigación empírica a través de una encuesta aplicada a una determinada muestra de pequeñas y medianas empresas manufactureras mexicanas. Nuestro objetivo fundamental era tratar de explicar si el crecimiento en las ventas y el empleo de las empresas tiene relación con la I+D+i. Partiendo de la revisión bibliográfica de estudios similares y de los resultados descriptivos de la encuesta planteamos dos modelos de regresión logística binaria múltiple para determinar la relación entre las variables mencionadas. De los resultados obtenidos se deduce que la competitividad e incremento de las ventas de la Mipyme manufacturera depende de la adquisición de bienes de capital, software, ingeniería, diseño industrial y además de la capacitación capital humano. Mediante el segundo modelo de regresión, se infiere que el crecimiento del empleo de las empresas varía de manera inversamente proporcional al crecimiento de las ventas.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlation among variables such as sales, employment and innovation in the Mexican manufacturing SMEs, through longitudinal study from 2007 to 2010. To this end, empirical investigation was supported through a survey of a sample of Mexican manufacturing firms. The objective was to try to explain whether the growth in sales and employment of firms is related to the R&D + innovation. We based on the literature review of similar studies and our descriptive results of the survey so we propose two models of binary logistic regression to determine the relationship between sale and employment with R&D+i. Finally, we conclude that the competitiveness and increased sales of manufacturing SMEs depends on the acquisition of capital goods, software, engineering, industrial design and human capital in addition to training. And this result appears no to make up with employment growth of firms that varies inversely proportional to sales growth., El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar la correlación entre las ventas, el empleo y la innovación en la industria manufacturera mexicana, mediante el seguimiento longitudinal a las Mipymes en el período 2007-2010. Para tal fin, se realizó una investigación empírica a través de una encuesta aplicada a una determinada muestra de pequeñas y medianas empresas manufactureras mexicanas. Nuestro objetivo fundamental era tratar de explicar si el crecimiento en las ventas y el empleo de las empresas tiene relación con la I+D+i. Partiendo de la revisión bibliográfica de estudios similares y de los resultados descriptivos de la encuesta planteamos dos modelos de regresión logística binaria múltiple para determinar la relación entre las variables mencionadas. De los resultados obtenidos se deduce que la competitividad e incremento de las ventas de la Mipyme manufacturera depende de la adquisición de bienes de capital, software, ingeniería, diseño industrial y además de la capacitación capital humano. Mediante el segundo modelo de regresión, se infiere que el crecimiento del empleo de las empresas varía de manera inversamente proporcional al crecimiento de las ventas.

Since the decade of the two thousands, the Mexican economy has shown an increasing share of Chinese exports within the total trade of Mexico. As a result, the economy of China exhibits the highest commercial surplus with Mexico. With the goal of estimating the effect of changes in Chinese and Mexican trade on the Mexican economy, an econometric model was established to estimate relations of causality, and a long run function was created, based on a fully modified ordinary least equation (fmols). The results showed the existence of co-integrating equations between the current account, the commercial deficit with China, the real gdp of Mexico and the peso/yuan exchange rate. The Granger test showed causality between the current account balance and the real gdp. Finally, the long run equation estimation exhibited a negative relationship with the balance of the current account and a positive relationship with the exchange rate, Desde la década del dos mil el comercio entre China y México se ha incremen-tado como porcentaje del comercio total de México. Como resultado, Chinase ha convertido en el socio comercial de México con un mayor superávitcomercial. Para estimar el efecto de los cambios en el comercio entre Chinay México en la economía de México, se estableció un modelo econométricopara determinar la relación de causalidad y estimar una función de largo pla-zo mediante una regresión de mínimos cuadrados totalmente modificados(FMOLS). Los resultados muestran relaciones de cointegración a largo plazoentre la cuenta corriente, el déficit comercial total entre China y México, elPIB real y el tipo de cambio peso-yuan. Asimismo, se obtuvo una relación decausalidad de Granger entre la balanza en cuenta corriente y el pibreal de México. Finalmente, la estimación de la ecuación a largo plazo muestra que el PIB real muestra una relación negativa con el déficit en la cuenta corriente y una relación positiva con los movimientos del tipo de cambio entre el peso y el yuan.

Este texto presenta desde un punto de vista sistémico, el proceso de la planeación de la producción con el propósito de que el lector comprenda, analice, desarrolle, relacione e implemente las diferentes etapas que lo conforman -- Teniendo en cuenta sus experiencias docentes y empresariales, el autor brinda un enfoque aplicativo de cada uno de los temas tratados, mediante la utilización de una adecuada formulación matemática, ejemplos ilustrativos resueltos detalladamente, problemas propuestos y casos que integran las diferentes fases de la planeación de la producción, convirtiéndolo en un recurso valioso para estudiantes, profesionales y profesores -- El libro incluye los temas de planificación y control de la producción, pronósticos de la demanda, planificación y control de la capacidad, planeación agregada y planeación de los requerimientos de materiales, Este texto presenta desde un punto de vista sistémico, el proceso de la planeación de la producción con el propósito de que el lector comprenda, analice, desarrolle, relacione e implemente las diferentes etapas que lo conforman -- Teniendo en cuenta sus experiencias docentes y empresariales, el autor brinda un enfoque aplicativo de cada uno de los temas tratados, mediante la utilización de una adecuada formulación matemática, ejemplos ilustrativos resueltos detalladamente, problemas propuestos y casos que integran las diferentes fases de la planeación de la producción, convirtiéndolo en un recurso valioso para estudiantes, profesionales y profesores -- El libro incluye los temas de planificación y control de la producción, pronósticos de la demanda, planificación y control de la capacidad, planeación agregada y planeación de los requerimientos de materiales

In this thesis, we study the impact of consumer-generated popularity on a firm's dynamic pricing strategy in presence of strategic customers. Particularly, the firm sells products over two periods. In our model, consumers' valuation of the product in the second period can be directly affected by the observed popularity. Facing with this valuation uncertainty, customers behave strategically and weigh the payoff of immediate purchases against the expected future utility of delaying their purchases. In anticipation of consumers' purchasing behavior being affected by popularity, the firm can respond by its pricing strategy and thus control the popularity of the product over time. We demonstrate that how much consumers care about the popularity of the product makes a big difference to the firm's optimal pricing policy. Surprisingly, if consumers care much about the popularity, markup pricing policy can be optimal. Moreover, the firm always benefits from the consumer-generated popularity effect. Interestingly, with the popularity effect, the firm can sometimes get better off due to consumers' strategic waiting. Finally, consumer surplus can also benefit from the popularity effect, but the more popular is not always the better.

Purpose: Purpose: This paper mainly focus on the application of adversarial risk analysis (ARA) in pricing strategy with remanufacturing. We hope to obtain more realistic results than classical model. Moreover, we also wish that our research improve the development of ARA in pricing strategy of manufacturing or remanufacturing. Approach: In order to gain more actual research, combining adversarial risk analysis, we explore the pricing strategy with remanufacturing based on Stackelberg model. Especially, we build OEM’s 1-order ARA model and further study on manufacturers and remanufacturers’ pricing strategy. Findings: We find the OEM’s 1-order ARA model for the OEM’s product cost C. Besides, we get according manufacturers and remanufacturers’ pricing strategies. Besides, the pricing strategies based on 1-order ARA model have advantage over than the classical model regardless of OEMs and remanufacturers. Research implications: The research on application of ARA imply that we can get more actual results with this kind of modern risk analysis method and ARA can be extensively in pricing strategies of supply chain. Value: Our research improves the application of ARA in remanufacturing industry. Meanwhile, inspired by this analysis, we can also create different ARA models for different parameters. Furthermore, some results and analysis methods can be applied to other pricing strategies of supply chain., Peer Reviewed

Across seven experiments, my dissertation examines the effect of product anthropomorphism on product perceptions and consumer states. The notion of anthropomorphism is pervasive in marketing communication, with advertising frequently seeking to endow products with human-like appeal. However, research on when and how consumers anthropomorphize products and on the likely consequences of this process remains at a relatively early stage. The first set of experiments of my thesis examines when consumers anthropomorphize products and what type of humans are the products perceived as being. In contrast to previous consumer research, which has primarily studied anthropomorphizing through cognitive perspectives, I propose and test a trait-specific motivational view of product anthropomorphizing. Previous research on psychology suggests that two key motives – the need to stay socially connected (sociality motive) and the need to control one’s environment (effectance motive) – both induce anthropomorphizing. Integrating this premise with the literature on motivated perception and that on brand personality, I propose and show that although both motives lead consumers to anthropomorphize, they differ in terms of the specific humanlike traits with which the product is endowed. As a way of satisfying salient needs, the sociality (effectance) motive leads people to perceive products as being warm (dependable). I also identify a boundary condition for the influence of product anthropomorphism on product perceptions. Beyond the effect of anthropomorphism on product perceptions, my dissertation also investigates how consumers get transformed through the anthropomorphizing process. I show that the negative feeling states that induce the anthropomorphizing process to begin with are reduced by the act of anthropomorphizing – lonely people feel less lonely, and helpless people feel less helpless. Thus, in some sense, anthropomorphizing products provides emotional succor to the consumer. M

Across seven experiments, my dissertation examines the effect of product anthropomorphism on product perceptions and consumer states. The notion of anthropomorphism is pervasive in marketing communication, with advertising frequently seeking to endow products with human-like appeal. However, research on when and how consumers anthropomorphize products and on the likely consequences of this process remains at a relatively early stage. The first set of experiments of my thesis examines when consumers anthropomorphize products and what type of humans are the products perceived as being. In contrast to previous consumer research, which has primarily studied anthropomorphizing through cognitive perspectives, I propose and test a trait-specific motivational view of product anthropomorphizing. Previous research on psychology suggests that two key motives – the need to stay socially connected (sociality motive) and the need to control one’s environment (effectance motive) – both induce anthropomorphizing. Integrating this premise with the literature on motivated perception and that on brand personality, I propose and show that although both motives lead consumers to anthropomorphize, they differ in terms of the specific humanlike traits with which the product is endowed. As a way of satisfying salient needs, the sociality (effectance) motive leads people to perceive products as being warm (dependable). I also identify a boundary condition for the influence of product anthropomorphism on product perceptions. Beyond the effect of anthropomorphism on product perceptions, my dissertation also investigates how consumers get transformed through the anthropomorphizing process. I show that the negative feeling states that induce the anthropomorphizing process to begin with are reduced by the act of anthropomorphizing – lonely people feel less lonely, and helpless people feel less helpless. Thus, in some sense, anthropomorphizing products provides emotional succor to the consumer. M

Casi toda la producción epigráfica romana se realizaba en officinae, la mayor parte de las cuales están en las ciudades y solo algunas en las zonas rurales. Todas las ciudades tuvieron sus propias officinae y el grueso de la producción epigráfica fue posterior al gobierno de Augusto, con el que se produjo el incremento real del hábito epigráfico en el Imperio romano. Es muy difícil identificar las officinae y los oficios individuales relacionados con las inscripciones, pues seguramente muchos talleres y artesanos no solo producían monumentos epigráficos sino materiales en piedra para la construcción. La identificación de los talleres se puede hacer a partir de criterios estéticos y del análisis de su clientela, pero también hay que tener en cuenta las modas que se extendieron por todo el Imperio y que afectan a la forma de los monumentos y a los formularios., Roman Epigraphic production was carried out in officinae, most of which were located at towns and only a few in rural areas. All Roman towns had their own officinae and most of the Epigraphic production can be dated after the Government of Augustus. The real increase in the epigraphic habit occurred in the Roman Empire in this period. It is very difficult to identify the officinae and individual jobs, as surely many workshops and craftsmen not only produced epigraphic monuments but building materials. The identification of the workshops can be based on aesthetic criteria and analysis of its clientele, but must also be taken into account the fashions that spread throughout the Roman Empire and which affect the shape of monuments and the texts.

Lo que se pretende lograr con este proyecto es el desarrollo completo de dos procesos, uno para productos tangibles y otro para productos intangibles que mediante la automatización de ciertas actividades de dicho proceso permita minimizar costos y tiempo en la realización de pruebas y ensayos, esto enfocado siempre en la posibilidad de crear una microempresa la cual prestará este servicio; es algo que se desarrollará a través de una serie de actividades que se cumplirán a lo largo de la realización del proyecto

Casi toda la producción epigráfica romana se realizaba en officinae, la mayor parte de las cuales están en las ciudades y solo algunas en las zonas rurales. Todas las ciudades tuvieron sus propias officinae y el grueso de la producción epigráfica fue posterior al gobierno de Augusto, con el que se produjo el incremento real del hábito epigráfico en el Imperio romano. Es muy difícil identificar las officinae y los oficios individuales relacionados con las inscripciones, pues seguramente muchos talleres y artesanos no solo producían monumentos epigráficos sino materiales en piedra para la construcción. La identificación de los talleres se puede hacer a partir de criterios estéticos y del análisis de su clientela, pero también hay que tener en cuenta las modas que se extendieron por todo el Imperio y que afectan a la forma de los monumentos y a los formularios., Roman Epigraphic production was carried out in officinae, most of which were located at towns and only a few in rural areas. All Roman towns had their own officinae and most of the Epigraphic production can be dated after the Government of Augustus. The real increase in the epigraphic habit occurred in the Roman Empire in this period. It is very difficult to identify the officinae and individual jobs, as surely many workshops and craftsmen not only produced epigraphic monuments but building materials. The identification of the workshops can be based on aesthetic criteria and analysis of its clientele, but must also be taken into account the fashions that spread throughout the Roman Empire and which affect the shape of monuments and the texts.

Across seven experiments, my dissertation examines the effect of product anthropomorphism on product perceptions and consumer states. The notion of anthropomorphism is pervasive in marketing communication, with advertising frequently seeking to endow products with human-like appeal. However, research on when and how consumers anthropomorphize products and on the likely consequences of this process remains at a relatively early stage. The first set of experiments of my thesis examines when consumers anthropomorphize products and what type of humans are the products perceived as being. In contrast to previous consumer research, which has primarily studied anthropomorphizing through cognitive perspectives, I propose and test a trait-specific motivational view of product anthropomorphizing. Previous research on psychology suggests that two key motives – the need to stay socially connected (sociality motive) and the need to control one’s environment (effectance motive) – both induce anthropomorphizing. Integrating this premise with the literature on motivated perception and that on brand personality, I propose and show that although both motives lead consumers to anthropomorphize, they differ in terms of the specific humanlike traits with which the product is endowed. As a way of satisfying salient needs, the sociality (effectance) motive leads people to perceive products as being warm (dependable). I also identify a boundary condition for the influence of product anthropomorphism on product perceptions. Beyond the effect of anthropomorphism on product perceptions, my dissertation also investigates how consumers get transformed through the anthropomorphizing process. I show that the negative feeling states that induce the anthropomorphizing process to begin with are reduced by the act of anthropomorphizing – lonely people feel less lonely, and helpless people feel less helpless. Thus, in some sense, anthropomorphizing products provides emotional succor to the consumer. M

Le texte analyse les relations entre agriculture et proto-industrialisation. La démonstration s'inscrit dans un cadre interprétatif qui concoit l'industrialisation comme un phénomène évolutif, où la proto-industrialisation est une étape clé pour comprendre le processus dans son ensemble. En premier lieu, l'usage du terme proto-industriel se précise, ensuite on aborde l'organisation de l'espace rural, les impacts dérivés de l'accroissement de la productivité agricole, le rôle joué par la commercialisation des activités qui se déroulent dans le monde rural, comme c'est le cas de la croissance du travail non agricole, la retro-alimentation entre agriculture et production manufacturière., El texto analiza las relaciones entre agricultura y protoindustrialización. La exposición se inscribe en un marco interpretativo que concibe a la industrialización como fenómeno evolutivo, donde la protoindustrialización es una etapa clave para entender el proceso en su conjunto. En primer lugar, se acota el uso del vocablo protoindustrial; luego, se aborda la organización del espacio rural; los impactos derivados del aumento en la productividad agrícola; el papel que jugó la comercialización de las actividades que se desempeñaban en el campo; cómo fue que se incrementó el trabajo no agrícola rural; y por último, la retroalimentación entre agricultura y producción manufacturera., This text analyzes the relation between agriculture and proto-industrialization, approached through an interpretative framework that conceives industrialization as an evolutionary phenomenon in which pro-to-industrialization is a key stage for understanding the process as a whole. The essay first refines the use of the term proto-industrial, before examining the topics of the organization of rural space, the impacts that result from increased agricultural productivity, the role of commercialization in the activities performed in the fields -such as increases in non-agricultural rural employment- and, finally, the feedback between agriculture and manufacturing.

Cet article offre une perspective sur les dimensions productives des manufactures de Puebla et de la ville de Mexico à la fin du XVIe siècle en prenant comme source principale une « relation » des manufactures qui donne des informations sur les manufacturiers des villes de Puebla et Mexico -et leurs alentours-, le nombre de métiers dont ils disposaient et les divers types de textiles qui s'y travaillaient, draps, bayetas, sayales, de qualité ou communs. C'est une photographie de leur composition, car cela ne vaut que pour un an, mais son intérêt provient de ce que les estimations de production sont accompagnées des prix du marché., This essay presents a view of the productive dimensions of textile mills in Puebla and Mexico City in the late 16th century. The principal source is a "Relación" of textile mills with accounts of the operations that existed in Puebla and Mexico City -and the surrounding areas- the number of looms installed, and the diverse kinds of textiles produced: cloths, felt, and sackcloth, both fine and plain. The document offers but a snapshot of the composition of the mills because it covers only one year; however, it makes a valuable contribution because the production figures are accompanied by market prices., Este artículo ofrece una visión de las dimensiones productivas de los obrajes de Puebla y la ciudad de México para finales del siglo XVI, tomando como fuente principal una "Relación" de obrajes que da cuenta de los obrajeros que existían en las ciudades de Puebla y México -con sus alrededores-, el número de telares que disponían y los diversos géneros textiles que trabajaban en ellos, paños, bayetas y sayales, finos o comunes. Es una fotografía de su composición, porque finalmente es sólo para un año, pero su valor radica en que las estimaciones productivas van acompañadas de los precios de mercado.

Cet article offre une perspective sur les dimensions productives des manufactures de Puebla et de la ville de Mexico à la fin du XVIe siècle en prenant comme source principale une « relation » des manufactures qui donne des informations sur les manufacturiers des villes de Puebla et Mexico -et leurs alentours-, le nombre de métiers dont ils disposaient et les divers types de textiles qui s'y travaillaient, draps, bayetas, sayales, de qualité ou communs. C'est une photographie de leur composition, car cela ne vaut que pour un an, mais son intérêt provient de ce que les estimations de production sont accompagnées des prix du marché., This essay presents a view of the productive dimensions of textile mills in Puebla and Mexico City in the late 16th century. The principal source is a "Relación" of textile mills with accounts of the operations that existed in Puebla and Mexico City -and the surrounding areas- the number of looms installed, and the diverse kinds of textiles produced: cloths, felt, and sackcloth, both fine and plain. The document offers but a snapshot of the composition of the mills because it covers only one year; however, it makes a valuable contribution because the production figures are accompanied by market prices., Este artículo ofrece una visión de las dimensiones productivas de los obrajes de Puebla y la ciudad de México para finales del siglo XVI, tomando como fuente principal una "Relación" de obrajes que da cuenta de los obrajeros que existían en las ciudades de Puebla y México -con sus alrededores-, el número de telares que disponían y los diversos géneros textiles que trabajaban en ellos, paños, bayetas y sayales, finos o comunes. Es una fotografía de su composición, porque finalmente es sólo para un año, pero su valor radica en que las estimaciones productivas van acompañadas de los precios de mercado.

Le texte analyse les relations entre agriculture et proto-industrialisation. La démonstration s'inscrit dans un cadre interprétatif qui concoit l'industrialisation comme un phénomène évolutif, où la proto-industrialisation est une étape clé pour comprendre le processus dans son ensemble. En premier lieu, l'usage du terme proto-industriel se précise, ensuite on aborde l'organisation de l'espace rural, les impacts dérivés de l'accroissement de la productivité agricole, le rôle joué par la commercialisation des activités qui se déroulent dans le monde rural, comme c'est le cas de la croissance du travail non agricole, la retro-alimentation entre agriculture et production manufacturière., El texto analiza las relaciones entre agricultura y protoindustrialización. La exposición se inscribe en un marco interpretativo que concibe a la industrialización como fenómeno evolutivo, donde la protoindustrialización es una etapa clave para entender el proceso en su conjunto. En primer lugar, se acota el uso del vocablo protoindustrial; luego, se aborda la organización del espacio rural; los impactos derivados del aumento en la productividad agrícola; el papel que jugó la comercialización de las actividades que se desempeñaban en el campo; cómo fue que se incrementó el trabajo no agrícola rural; y por último, la retroalimentación entre agricultura y producción manufacturera., This text analyzes the relation between agriculture and proto-industrialization, approached through an interpretative framework that conceives industrialization as an evolutionary phenomenon in which pro-to-industrialization is a key stage for understanding the process as a whole. The essay first refines the use of the term proto-industrial, before examining the topics of the organization of rural space, the impacts that result from increased agricultural productivity, the role of commercialization in the activities performed in the fields -such as increases in non-agricultural rural employment- and, finally, the feedback between agriculture and manufacturing.

Cet article offre une perspective sur les dimensions productives des manufactures de Puebla et de la ville de Mexico à la fin du XVIe siècle en prenant comme source principale une « relation » des manufactures qui donne des informations sur les manufacturiers des villes de Puebla et Mexico -et leurs alentours-, le nombre de métiers dont ils disposaient et les divers types de textiles qui s'y travaillaient, draps, bayetas, sayales, de qualité ou communs. C'est une photographie de leur composition, car cela ne vaut que pour un an, mais son intérêt provient de ce que les estimations de production sont accompagnées des prix du marché., This essay presents a view of the productive dimensions of textile mills in Puebla and Mexico City in the late 16th century. The principal source is a "Relación" of textile mills with accounts of the operations that existed in Puebla and Mexico City -and the surrounding areas- the number of looms installed, and the diverse kinds of textiles produced: cloths, felt, and sackcloth, both fine and plain. The document offers but a snapshot of the composition of the mills because it covers only one year; however, it makes a valuable contribution because the production figures are accompanied by market prices., Este artículo ofrece una visión de las dimensiones productivas de los obrajes de Puebla y la ciudad de México para finales del siglo XVI, tomando como fuente principal una "Relación" de obrajes que da cuenta de los obrajeros que existían en las ciudades de Puebla y México -con sus alrededores-, el número de telares que disponían y los diversos géneros textiles que trabajaban en ellos, paños, bayetas y sayales, finos o comunes. Es una fotografía de su composición, porque finalmente es sólo para un año, pero su valor radica en que las estimaciones productivas van acompañadas de los precios de mercado.

Le texte analyse les relations entre agriculture et proto-industrialisation. La démonstration s'inscrit dans un cadre interprétatif qui concoit l'industrialisation comme un phénomène évolutif, où la proto-industrialisation est une étape clé pour comprendre le processus dans son ensemble. En premier lieu, l'usage du terme proto-industriel se précise, ensuite on aborde l'organisation de l'espace rural, les impacts dérivés de l'accroissement de la productivité agricole, le rôle joué par la commercialisation des activités qui se déroulent dans le monde rural, comme c'est le cas de la croissance du travail non agricole, la retro-alimentation entre agriculture et production manufacturière., El texto analiza las relaciones entre agricultura y protoindustrialización. La exposición se inscribe en un marco interpretativo que concibe a la industrialización como fenómeno evolutivo, donde la protoindustrialización es una etapa clave para entender el proceso en su conjunto. En primer lugar, se acota el uso del vocablo protoindustrial; luego, se aborda la organización del espacio rural; los impactos derivados del aumento en la productividad agrícola; el papel que jugó la comercialización de las actividades que se desempeñaban en el campo; cómo fue que se incrementó el trabajo no agrícola rural; y por último, la retroalimentación entre agricultura y producción manufacturera., This text analyzes the relation between agriculture and proto-industrialization, approached through an interpretative framework that conceives industrialization as an evolutionary phenomenon in which pro-to-industrialization is a key stage for understanding the process as a whole. The essay first refines the use of the term proto-industrial, before examining the topics of the organization of rural space, the impacts that result from increased agricultural productivity, the role of commercialization in the activities performed in the fields -such as increases in non-agricultural rural employment- and, finally, the feedback between agriculture and manufacturing.

The decision and the timing of entry and exit are sensitive to condition and cyclical disturbances which are neglected in the Iranian manufacturing sector. The lack of entrants‟ paying attention to productivity conditions as main determinants of entry is resulted in wastage of resources and growth instability in the manufacturing sector. Iranian authorities of manufacturing sector do not pay much attention to the importance of entry condition; market structures, entry barriers as well as entry incentives and productivity measures. They facilitate the conditions of entry to the industry without paying attention to the ability of entrants, market potential, market structure, and scarcity of natural resource. Basically, entry is an investment behavior that involves long-term decision.This study attempts to evaluate the structure of the Iranian manufacturing industry by studying estimations of productivity indexes, entry and exit phenomena in the manufacturing sector as a whole, as well as capital and labour intensive sub sectors during the time period of 1997-2006. This study covers five models; three of which deal with industry productivity and the other two focus on entry and exit decisions. In the first three models, variables that act as performance indicators in productivity equations are growth rate of demand, capital output ratio, investment sale ratio, advertising intensity and minimum efficiency scale (MES). The idea being, the productivity and behavior of firms is based on performance indicator, will predict whether they will be able to continue in market route or not. The fourth and fifth models take into account the impacts of incentives, barriers, economic conditions and productivity indicators on entry and exit phenomena. Moreover, it included testing on displacement and replacement effects by considering lagged entry rate and lagged exit rate in the exit and entry equations, respectively. Ultimately, we arrive at a causality relationship between entry an

Le texte analyse les relations entre agriculture et proto-industrialisation. La démonstration s'inscrit dans un cadre interprétatif qui concoit l'industrialisation comme un phénomène évolutif, où la proto-industrialisation est une étape clé pour comprendre le processus dans son ensemble. En premier lieu, l'usage du terme proto-industriel se précise, ensuite on aborde l'organisation de l'espace rural, les impacts dérivés de l'accroissement de la productivité agricole, le rôle joué par la commercialisation des activités qui se déroulent dans le monde rural, comme c'est le cas de la croissance du travail non agricole, la retro-alimentation entre agriculture et production manufacturière., El texto analiza las relaciones entre agricultura y protoindustrialización. La exposición se inscribe en un marco interpretativo que concibe a la industrialización como fenómeno evolutivo, donde la protoindustrialización es una etapa clave para entender el proceso en su conjunto. En primer lugar, se acota el uso del vocablo protoindustrial; luego, se aborda la organización del espacio rural; los impactos derivados del aumento en la productividad agrícola; el papel que jugó la comercialización de las actividades que se desempeñaban en el campo; cómo fue que se incrementó el trabajo no agrícola rural; y por último, la retroalimentación entre agricultura y producción manufacturera., This text analyzes the relation between agriculture and proto-industrialization, approached through an interpretative framework that conceives industrialization as an evolutionary phenomenon in which pro-to-industrialization is a key stage for understanding the process as a whole. The essay first refines the use of the term proto-industrial, before examining the topics of the organization of rural space, the impacts that result from increased agricultural productivity, the role of commercialization in the activities performed in the fields -such as increases in non-agricultural rural employment- and, finally, the feedback between agriculture and manufacturing.

Cet article offre une perspective sur les dimensions productives des manufactures de Puebla et de la ville de Mexico à la fin du XVIe siècle en prenant comme source principale une « relation » des manufactures qui donne des informations sur les manufacturiers des villes de Puebla et Mexico -et leurs alentours-, le nombre de métiers dont ils disposaient et les divers types de textiles qui s'y travaillaient, draps, bayetas, sayales, de qualité ou communs. C'est une photographie de leur composition, car cela ne vaut que pour un an, mais son intérêt provient de ce que les estimations de production sont accompagnées des prix du marché., This essay presents a view of the productive dimensions of textile mills in Puebla and Mexico City in the late 16th century. The principal source is a "Relación" of textile mills with accounts of the operations that existed in Puebla and Mexico City -and the surrounding areas- the number of looms installed, and the diverse kinds of textiles produced: cloths, felt, and sackcloth, both fine and plain. The document offers but a snapshot of the composition of the mills because it covers only one year; however, it makes a valuable contribution because the production figures are accompanied by market prices., Este artículo ofrece una visión de las dimensiones productivas de los obrajes de Puebla y la ciudad de México para finales del siglo XVI, tomando como fuente principal una "Relación" de obrajes que da cuenta de los obrajeros que existían en las ciudades de Puebla y México -con sus alrededores-, el número de telares que disponían y los diversos géneros textiles que trabajaban en ellos, paños, bayetas y sayales, finos o comunes. Es una fotografía de su composición, porque finalmente es sólo para un año, pero su valor radica en que las estimaciones productivas van acompañadas de los precios de mercado.

This article proposes a set of indicators, easy to use by a wide public, aimed at analyzing and following up export performance in the Dominican Republic. It proposes general and structural indicators, export composition and concentration of products and markets. General and structural indicators suggest a sluggish behavior of exports, a noteworthy decline of the export value as proportion of GDP and a significant reduction in the share in world markets. Indicators of composition of exports reveal a restructuring process. Exports of clothing reduced and other exports of manufactures grew while new primary exports emerged. Indicators of technological composition of exports improved although they are not fully trustable. Finally, both markets and products have experienced diversification., Este artículo propone un conjunto de indicadores básicos, de fácil manejo para un público amplio que pretenda analizar y dar seguimiento continuo al desempeño exportador dominicano. Propone indicadores generales y estructurales, de composición de las exportaciones y de concentración de productos y mercados. Los indicadores generales y estructurales sugieren un escaso dinamismo exportador, una notable pérdida de peso del sector en la economía y una caída de la participación dominicana en los mercados mundiales de bienes. Los indicadores de composición dan cuenta de una reestructuración. Cayeron las exportaciones de confecciones textiles, y se incrementaron otras exportaciones manufactureras a la vez que emergieron nuevas exportaciones primarias. Los indicadores de intensidad tecnológica de las exportaciones mejoraron pero no se trata de un indicador del todo confiable. Finalmente, los mercados y productos se han diversificado.