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The interconnection of Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) has created new opportunities for remote management, data storage in the cloud, real-time data transfer over long distances, or integration between different OT and IT networks. OT networks require increased attention due to the convergence of IT and OT, mainly due to the increased risk of cyber-attacks targeting these networks. This paper focuses on the analysis of different methods and data processing for protocol recognition and traffic classification in the context of OT specifics. Therefore, this paper summarizes the methods used to classify network traffic, analyzes the methods used to recognize and identify the protocol used in the industrial network, and describes machine learning methods to recognize industrial protocols. The output of this work is a comparative analysis of approaches specifically for protocol recognition and traffic classification in OT networks. In addition, publicly available datasets are compared in relation to their applicability for industrial protocol recognition. Research challenges are also identified, highlighting the lack of relevant datasets and defining directions for further research in the area of protocol recognition and classification in OT environments.

The interconnection of Operational Technology (OT) and Information Technology (IT) has created new opportunities for remote management, data storage in the cloud, real-time data transfer over long distances, or integration between different OT and IT networks. OT networks require increased attention due to the convergence of IT and OT, mainly due to the increased risk of cyber-attacks targeting these networks. This paper focuses on the analysis of different methods and data processing for protocol recognition and traffic classification in the context of OT specifics. Therefore, this paper summarizes the methods used to classify network traffic, analyzes the methods used to recognize and identify the protocol used in the industrial network, and describes machine learning methods to recognize industrial protocols. The output of this work is a comparative analysis of approaches specifically for protocol recognition and traffic classification in OT networks. In addition, publicly available datasets are compared in relation to their applicability for industrial protocol recognition. Research challenges are also identified, highlighting the lack of relevant datasets and defining directions for further research in the area of protocol recognition and classification in OT environments.

Elektronická publikace uvádí konkrétní postupy při návrhu analogových obvodů. Formou řady příkladů je na úrovni bakalářských studií ukázán postup při návrhu a zjednodušené analýze základních stavebních jednotek analogových obvodů jako jsou zdroje referenčního napětí s diodami, se Zenerovými diodami, s tranzistorovým „násobičem uBE“, s teplotně stabilizovanou podpovrchovou referenční diodou, a příklad návrhu referenčního zdroje napětí využívající princip zakázaného pásma. Dále jsou probrány vlastnosti zdroje konstantního proudu a proudového zrcadla. Jsou analyzovány výhodné i nevýhodné vlastnosti diferenčního zesilovače s tranzistory. Použití těchto základních jednotek je pak ukázáno při konstrukci jednoduchého operačního zesilovače. Podrobně je prozkoumán vliv reálných vlastností operačního zesilovače na invertující a neinvertující zapojení zesilovače. Je uveden návrh přístrojového diferenčního zesilovače a zdroje proudu řízeného napětím. Jsou vysvětleny konkrétní postupy při návrhu aktivních dolních a horních kmitočtových propustí s aproximací přenosové funkce dle Butterwortha, Bessela a Čebyševa, pásmových kmitočtových propustí a integrovaného filtru KHN. Návrh elektronicky přepínatelných obvodů je prezentován na elektronickém střídači a na elektronicky přepínatelném zesilovači. Jsou analyzovány vlastnosti jednocestného operačního usměrňovače a na základě poznatků je pak realizován návrh dvoucestného operačního usměrňovače. Použití třísvorkového integrovaného stabilizátoru je pak ukázáno na návrhu síťového napájecího zdroje se spojitou regulací. Uvedené návrhy analogových obvodů a analýza jejich vlastností jsou do jisté míry jen přibližné. Jak je ukázáno v další části publikace, k přesnější analýze analogových obvodů je možno použít obvodové počítačové simulátory. V této publikaci jsou uvedeny ukázkové simulace základních analogových obvodů v programech Micro-Cap a SNAP., The electronic publication presents specific procedures for the design of analog circuits. There are many examples and methods for the design and simplified analysis of the basic elements of analog circuits such as reference voltage sources with diodes, Zener diodes, transistor "VBE multiplier", temperature-stabilized subsurface reference diodes and moreover there is an example of the design of a bandgap voltage reference. The properties of a constant current source and current mirror are also discussed. The advantageous and disadvantageous properties of the transistor differential amplifier are analyzed. The using of these basic elements is shown in the proccess of construction of a simple operational amplifier. The impact of the operational amplifier's real properties on the inverting and non-inverting amplifier circuit diagram is investigated in detail. The design of an instrumentation differential amplifier and a voltage-controlled current source are described. Specific procedures for the design of active lowpass and highpass filters with approximation of the transfer function according to Butterworth, Bessel and Chebyshev, bandpass filters and an integrated KHN filter are explained. The design of electronically switchable circuits is presented in an electronic chopper and an electronically switchable amplifier. The properties of the half-way operational rectifier are analyzed and, based on the findings, the design of the full-way operational rectifier is presented in detail. The use of a three-terminal integrated stabilizer for the design of mains power supply with continuous regulation is shown. The design of analog circuits and the analysis of their properties are only approximate. As shown in the next part of the publication, circuit computer simulators can be used for more accurate analysis of analog circuits. There are examples of computer simulations in this publication and the software tools Micro-Cap and SNAP are used.

Elektronická publikace uvádí konkrétní postupy při návrhu analogových obvodů. Formou řady příkladů je na úrovni bakalářských studií ukázán postup při návrhu a zjednodušené analýze základních stavebních jednotek analogových obvodů jako jsou zdroje referenčního napětí s diodami, se Zenerovými diodami, s tranzistorovým „násobičem uBE“, s teplotně stabilizovanou podpovrchovou referenční diodou, a příklad návrhu referenčního zdroje napětí využívající princip zakázaného pásma. Dále jsou probrány vlastnosti zdroje konstantního proudu a proudového zrcadla. Jsou analyzovány výhodné i nevýhodné vlastnosti diferenčního zesilovače s tranzistory. Použití těchto základních jednotek je pak ukázáno při konstrukci jednoduchého operačního zesilovače. Podrobně je prozkoumán vliv reálných vlastností operačního zesilovače na invertující a neinvertující zapojení zesilovače. Je uveden návrh přístrojového diferenčního zesilovače a zdroje proudu řízeného napětím. Jsou vysvětleny konkrétní postupy při návrhu aktivních dolních a horních kmitočtových propustí s aproximací přenosové funkce dle Butterwortha, Bessela a Čebyševa, pásmových kmitočtových propustí a integrovaného filtru KHN. Návrh elektronicky přepínatelných obvodů je prezentován na elektronickém střídači a na elektronicky přepínatelném zesilovači. Jsou analyzovány vlastnosti jednocestného operačního usměrňovače a na základě poznatků je pak realizován návrh dvoucestného operačního usměrňovače. Použití třísvorkového integrovaného stabilizátoru je pak ukázáno na návrhu síťového napájecího zdroje se spojitou regulací. Uvedené návrhy analogových obvodů a analýza jejich vlastností jsou do jisté míry jen přibližné. Jak je ukázáno v další části publikace, k přesnější analýze analogových obvodů je možno použít obvodové počítačové simulátory. V této publikaci jsou uvedeny ukázkové simulace základních analogových obvodů v programech Micro-Cap a SNAP., The electronic publication presents specific procedures for the design of analog circuits. There are many examples and methods for the design and simplified analysis of the basic elements of analog circuits such as reference voltage sources with diodes, Zener diodes, transistor "VBE multiplier", temperature-stabilized subsurface reference diodes and moreover there is an example of the design of a bandgap voltage reference. The properties of a constant current source and current mirror are also discussed. The advantageous and disadvantageous properties of the transistor differential amplifier are analyzed. The using of these basic elements is shown in the proccess of construction of a simple operational amplifier. The impact of the operational amplifier's real properties on the inverting and non-inverting amplifier circuit diagram is investigated in detail. The design of an instrumentation differential amplifier and a voltage-controlled current source are described. Specific procedures for the design of active lowpass and highpass filters with approximation of the transfer function according to Butterworth, Bessel and Chebyshev, bandpass filters and an integrated KHN filter are explained. The design of electronically switchable circuits is presented in an electronic chopper and an electronically switchable amplifier. The properties of the half-way operational rectifier are analyzed and, based on the findings, the design of the full-way operational rectifier is presented in detail. The use of a three-terminal integrated stabilizer for the design of mains power supply with continuous regulation is shown. The design of analog circuits and the analysis of their properties are only approximate. As shown in the next part of the publication, circuit computer simulators can be used for more accurate analysis of analog circuits. There are examples of computer simulations in this publication and the software tools Micro-Cap and SNAP are used.

In recent years, we have seen an increasing dependency between different urban critical infrastructures, which raises the demands on their analysis and cybersecurity. Current open-source solutions do not provide simulations of interconnected data networks and power grids, which are essential for analysing of both infrastructures weak parts and reducing the risk of emerging threats. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a simulation platform that provides this type of simulation to customers using the virtual user interface. The paper describes the development of a complex model of interconnected power and data infrastructures. Created virtualization platform that consists of several open-source tools is described in detail. Outputs of this paper can be used for analysis of critical infrastructures at the level of urban networks

Power line communication (PLC) is considered one of the possible communication technologies for applications in the field of smart metering, smart substations, smart homes, and recently for the management of renewable resources or micro grid control. This article deals with the use of PLC technology to determine the technical condition of the cable. This coefficient can help distribution system operators (DSO) to assess the condition of their cable routes. In this way, possible cable breakdowns and subsequent power outages can be prevented. The resulting methodology for calculating the coefficient is presented in two specific examples of routes, in which a significant benefit for DSO’s can be found.

The last decade has transformed wireless access technologies and crystallized a new direction for the internet of things (IoT). The modern low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been introduced to deliver connectivity for billions of devices while keeping the costs and consumption low, and the range of communication high. While the 5G (fifth generation mobile network) LPWAN-like radio technologies, namely NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) and LTE-M (long-term evolution machine type communication) are emerging, the long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) remains extremely popular. One unique feature of this technology, which distinguishes it from the competitors, is the possibility of supporting both public and private network deployments. In this paper we focus on this aspect and deliver original results comparing the performance of the private and public LoRAWAN deployment options; these results should help understand the LoRaWAN technology and give a clear overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the private versus public approaches. Notably, we carry the comparison along the three dimensions: the communication performance, the security, and the cost analysis. The presented results illustratively demonstrate the differences of the two deployment approaches, and thus can support selection of the most efficient deployment option for a target application.

In recent years, we have seen an increasing dependency between different urban critical infrastructures, which raises the demands on their analysis and cybersecurity. Current open-source solutions do not provide simulations of interconnected data networks and power grids, which are essential for analysing of both infrastructures weak parts and reducing the risk of emerging threats. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a simulation platform that provides this type of simulation to customers using the virtual user interface. The paper describes the development of a complex model of interconnected power and data infrastructures. Created virtualization platform that consists of several open-source tools is described in detail. Outputs of this paper can be used for analysis of critical infrastructures at the level of urban networks

Power line communication (PLC) is considered one of the possible communication technologies for applications in the field of smart metering, smart substations, smart homes, and recently for the management of renewable resources or micro grid control. This article deals with the use of PLC technology to determine the technical condition of the cable. This coefficient can help distribution system operators (DSO) to assess the condition of their cable routes. In this way, possible cable breakdowns and subsequent power outages can be prevented. The resulting methodology for calculating the coefficient is presented in two specific examples of routes, in which a significant benefit for DSO’s can be found.

The last decade has transformed wireless access technologies and crystallized a new direction for the internet of things (IoT). The modern low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been introduced to deliver connectivity for billions of devices while keeping the costs and consumption low, and the range of communication high. While the 5G (fifth generation mobile network) LPWAN-like radio technologies, namely NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) and LTE-M (long-term evolution machine type communication) are emerging, the long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) remains extremely popular. One unique feature of this technology, which distinguishes it from the competitors, is the possibility of supporting both public and private network deployments. In this paper we focus on this aspect and deliver original results comparing the performance of the private and public LoRAWAN deployment options; these results should help understand the LoRaWAN technology and give a clear overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the private versus public approaches. Notably, we carry the comparison along the three dimensions: the communication performance, the security, and the cost analysis. The presented results illustratively demonstrate the differences of the two deployment approaches, and thus can support selection of the most efficient deployment option for a target application.

Power line communication (PLC) is considered one of the possible communication technologies for applications in the field of smart metering, smart substations, smart homes, and recently for the management of renewable resources or micro grid control. This article deals with the use of PLC technology to determine the technical condition of the cable. This coefficient can help distribution system operators (DSO) to assess the condition of their cable routes. In this way, possible cable breakdowns and subsequent power outages can be prevented. The resulting methodology for calculating the coefficient is presented in two specific examples of routes, in which a significant benefit for DSO’s can be found.

The last decade has transformed wireless access technologies and crystallized a new direction for the internet of things (IoT). The modern low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been introduced to deliver connectivity for billions of devices while keeping the costs and consumption low, and the range of communication high. While the 5G (fifth generation mobile network) LPWAN-like radio technologies, namely NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) and LTE-M (long-term evolution machine type communication) are emerging, the long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) remains extremely popular. One unique feature of this technology, which distinguishes it from the competitors, is the possibility of supporting both public and private network deployments. In this paper we focus on this aspect and deliver original results comparing the performance of the private and public LoRAWAN deployment options; these results should help understand the LoRaWAN technology and give a clear overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the private versus public approaches. Notably, we carry the comparison along the three dimensions: the communication performance, the security, and the cost analysis. The presented results illustratively demonstrate the differences of the two deployment approaches, and thus can support selection of the most efficient deployment option for a target application.

In recent years, we have seen an increasing dependency between different urban critical infrastructures, which raises the demands on their analysis and cybersecurity. Current open-source solutions do not provide simulations of interconnected data networks and power grids, which are essential for analysing of both infrastructures weak parts and reducing the risk of emerging threats. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a simulation platform that provides this type of simulation to customers using the virtual user interface. The paper describes the development of a complex model of interconnected power and data infrastructures. Created virtualization platform that consists of several open-source tools is described in detail. Outputs of this paper can be used for analysis of critical infrastructures at the level of urban networks

In recent years, we have seen an increasing dependency between different urban critical infrastructures, which raises the demands on their analysis and cybersecurity. Current open-source solutions do not provide simulations of interconnected data networks and power grids, which are essential for analysing of both infrastructures weak parts and reducing the risk of emerging threats. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a simulation platform that provides this type of simulation to customers using the virtual user interface. The paper describes the development of a complex model of interconnected power and data infrastructures. Created virtualization platform that consists of several open-source tools is described in detail. Outputs of this paper can be used for analysis of critical infrastructures at the level of urban networks

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper's key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper’s key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

In today’s world, the volume of cyber attacks grows every year. These attacks can cause many people or companies high financial losses or loss of private data. One of the most common types of attack on the Internet is a DoS (denial-of-service) attack, which, despite its simplicity, can cause catastrophic consequences. A slow DoS attack attempts to make the Internet service unavailable to users. Due to the small data flows, these attacks are very similar to legitimate users with a slow Internet connection. Accurate detection of these attacks is one of the biggest challenges in cybersecurity. In this paper, we implemented our proposal of eleven major and most dangerous slow DoS attacks and introduced an advanced attack generator for testing vulnerabilities of protocols, servers, and services. The main motivation for this research was the absence of a similarly comprehensive generator for testing slow DoS vulnerabilities in network systems. We built an experimental environment for testing our generator, and then we performed a security analysis of the five most used web servers. Based on the discovered vulnerabilities, we also discuss preventive and detection techniques to mitigate the attacks. In future research, our generator can be used for testing slow DoS security vulnerabilities and increasing the level of cyber security of various network systems.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper’s key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

In today’s world, the volume of cyber attacks grows every year. These attacks can cause many people or companies high financial losses or loss of private data. One of the most common types of attack on the Internet is a DoS (denial-of-service) attack, which, despite its simplicity, can cause catastrophic consequences. A slow DoS attack attempts to make the Internet service unavailable to users. Due to the small data flows, these attacks are very similar to legitimate users with a slow Internet connection. Accurate detection of these attacks is one of the biggest challenges in cybersecurity. In this paper, we implemented our proposal of eleven major and most dangerous slow DoS attacks and introduced an advanced attack generator for testing vulnerabilities of protocols, servers, and services. The main motivation for this research was the absence of a similarly comprehensive generator for testing slow DoS vulnerabilities in network systems. We built an experimental environment for testing our generator, and then we performed a security analysis of the five most used web servers. Based on the discovered vulnerabilities, we also discuss preventive and detection techniques to mitigate the attacks. In future research, our generator can be used for testing slow DoS security vulnerabilities and increasing the level of cyber security of various network systems.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper's key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper's key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper’s key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

In today’s world, the volume of cyber attacks grows every year. These attacks can cause many people or companies high financial losses or loss of private data. One of the most common types of attack on the Internet is a DoS (denial-of-service) attack, which, despite its simplicity, can cause catastrophic consequences. A slow DoS attack attempts to make the Internet service unavailable to users. Due to the small data flows, these attacks are very similar to legitimate users with a slow Internet connection. Accurate detection of these attacks is one of the biggest challenges in cybersecurity. In this paper, we implemented our proposal of eleven major and most dangerous slow DoS attacks and introduced an advanced attack generator for testing vulnerabilities of protocols, servers, and services. The main motivation for this research was the absence of a similarly comprehensive generator for testing slow DoS vulnerabilities in network systems. We built an experimental environment for testing our generator, and then we performed a security analysis of the five most used web servers. Based on the discovered vulnerabilities, we also discuss preventive and detection techniques to mitigate the attacks. In future research, our generator can be used for testing slow DoS security vulnerabilities and increasing the level of cyber security of various network systems.

Elektronická publikace představuje otevřený přístup k vědeckým poznatkům z oblasti analogové obvodové techniky. Jsou vysvětleny návrhové postupy základních bloků integrovaných analogových obvodů s bipolárními a unipolárními tranzistory až po koncepční řešení základních typů operačních zesilovačů. Podstatná část publikace je pak zaměřena na využití operačních zesilovačů v lineárních a nelineárních či parametrických aplikacích. V publikaci je prezentována celá řada původních zapojení z oblasti elektronicky přepínatelných zesilovačů, elektronických střídačů a operačních usměrňovačů, která autoři mají patentována. Patentovaná zapojení byla již uvolněna k bezplatnému použití., The electronic publication represents an open access to scientific knowledge in the field of analog circuits technology. The design procedures of the basic blocks of integrated analog circuits with bipolar and unipolar transistors up to the conceptual solution of the basic types of operational amplifiers are explained. A substantial part of the publication is then focused on the use of operational amplifiers in linear and nonlinear or parametric applications. The publication presents a number of original connections from the field of electronically switchable amplifiers, electronic inverters and operational rectifiers, which the authors have patented. The patented connections have already been released for free use.

Elektronická publikace představuje otevřený přístup k vědeckým poznatkům z oblasti analogové obvodové techniky. Jsou vysvětleny návrhové postupy základních bloků integrovaných analogových obvodů s bipolárními a unipolárními tranzistory až po koncepční řešení základních typů operačních zesilovačů. Podstatná část publikace je pak zaměřena na využití operačních zesilovačů v lineárních a nelineárních či parametrických aplikacích. V publikaci je prezentována celá řada původních zapojení z oblasti elektronicky přepínatelných zesilovačů, elektronických střídačů a operačních usměrňovačů, která autoři mají patentována. Patentovaná zapojení byla již uvolněna k bezplatnému použití., The electronic publication represents an open access to scientific knowledge in the field of analog circuits technology. The design procedures of the basic blocks of integrated analog circuits with bipolar and unipolar transistors up to the conceptual solution of the basic types of operational amplifiers are explained. A substantial part of the publication is then focused on the use of operational amplifiers in linear and nonlinear or parametric applications. The publication presents a number of original connections from the field of electronically switchable amplifiers, electronic inverters and operational rectifiers, which the authors have patented. The patented connections have already been released for free use.

Elektronická publikace představuje otevřený přístup k vědeckým poznatkům z oblasti analogové obvodové techniky. Jsou vysvětleny návrhové postupy základních bloků integrovaných analogových obvodů s bipolárními a unipolárními tranzistory až po koncepční řešení základních typů operačních zesilovačů. Podstatná část publikace je pak zaměřena na využití operačních zesilovačů v lineárních a nelineárních či parametrických aplikacích. V publikaci je prezentována celá řada původních zapojení z oblasti elektronicky přepínatelných zesilovačů, elektronických střídačů a operačních usměrňovačů, která autoři mají patentována. Patentovaná zapojení byla již uvolněna k bezplatnému použití., The electronic publication represents an open access to scientific knowledge in the field of analog circuits technology. The design procedures of the basic blocks of integrated analog circuits with bipolar and unipolar transistors up to the conceptual solution of the basic types of operational amplifiers are explained. A substantial part of the publication is then focused on the use of operational amplifiers in linear and nonlinear or parametric applications. The publication presents a number of original connections from the field of electronically switchable amplifiers, electronic inverters and operational rectifiers, which the authors have patented. The patented connections have already been released for free use.

This paper presents results of such a simulation study. It is based on realistic PLC channel model implementation in Network Simulator 3, our modification and extension of this implementation for our use case scenario. It uses Shannon’s formula to calculate theoretical maximum channel capacity. In particular, it provides channel capacity and achievable distances of broadband PLC (BB-PLC). In this article we also exploit our novel idea of simple performance assessment of broadband PLC communication via simulation. It is supposed to be used to understand, evaluate, and test the grid configuration before deployment.

The past years brought many changes, which accelerated the development of different communication approaches and technologies. Nowadays, wireless technologies become the accelerators for a wide range of new applications. This paper focuses on the latest evolution of the promising wireless communication technology IQRF (Intelligent Radio Frequency). Focusing on this goal, an in-depth analysis along with experimental measurements and simulations is provided. We provide original results from selected indoor and outdoor scenarios, in which important communication parameters and technological limitations are highlighted. Additionally, the application field of IQRF is established along with a comparison with other relevant technologies.

The paper focuses on security in industrial control systems. Numerous protocols and their incompatibility are undermining the security design. Also, the IEC 61850 standard focuses on these issues; in detail, it deals with the compatibility between protocols and, partly security. In the context of this work, a testbed together with traffic generator was designed for IEC 61850 standard and its three main parts – MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification), GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) and Sampled Values. Additionally, the used generator was compared with an example of an RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) unit used in standard ICS (Industrial control systems) networks. The last part of this work consisted of performance testing of the implemented protocols (MMS, GOOSE, Sampled Values).

This paper presents results of such a simulation study. It is based on realistic PLC channel model implementation in Network Simulator 3, our modification and extension of this implementation for our use case scenario. It uses Shannon’s formula to calculate theoretical maximum channel capacity. In particular, it provides channel capacity and achievable distances of broadband PLC (BB-PLC). In this article we also exploit our novel idea of simple performance assessment of broadband PLC communication via simulation. It is supposed to be used to understand, evaluate, and test the grid configuration before deployment.

The past years brought many changes, which accelerated the development of different communication approaches and technologies. Nowadays, wireless technologies become the accelerators for a wide range of new applications. This paper focuses on the latest evolution of the promising wireless communication technology IQRF (Intelligent Radio Frequency). Focusing on this goal, an in-depth analysis along with experimental measurements and simulations is provided. We provide original results from selected indoor and outdoor scenarios, in which important communication parameters and technological limitations are highlighted. Additionally, the application field of IQRF is established along with a comparison with other relevant technologies.

This paper presents results of such a simulation study. It is based on realistic PLC channel model implementation in Network Simulator 3, our modification and extension of this implementation for our use case scenario. It uses Shannon’s formula to calculate theoretical maximum channel capacity. In particular, it provides channel capacity and achievable distances of broadband PLC (BB-PLC). In this article we also exploit our novel idea of simple performance assessment of broadband PLC communication via simulation. It is supposed to be used to understand, evaluate, and test the grid configuration before deployment.

The paper focuses on security in industrial control systems. Numerous protocols and their incompatibility are undermining the security design. Also, the IEC 61850 standard focuses on these issues; in detail, it deals with the compatibility between protocols and, partly security. In the context of this work, a testbed together with traffic generator was designed for IEC 61850 standard and its three main parts – MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification), GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events) and Sampled Values. Additionally, the used generator was compared with an example of an RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) unit used in standard ICS (Industrial control systems) networks. The last part of this work consisted of performance testing of the implemented protocols (MMS, GOOSE, Sampled Values).

The past years brought many changes, which accelerated the development of different communication approaches and technologies. Nowadays, wireless technologies become the accelerators for a wide range of new applications. This paper focuses on the latest evolution of the promising wireless communication technology IQRF (Intelligent Radio Frequency). Focusing on this goal, an in-depth analysis along with experimental measurements and simulations is provided. We provide original results from selected indoor and outdoor scenarios, in which important communication parameters and technological limitations are highlighted. Additionally, the application field of IQRF is established along with a comparison with other relevant technologies.

The paper describes a unified methodology which takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of different Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies suitable for Smart Metering deployment. The methodology should provide a detailed evaluation of PLC technologies based on a clear definition of the different parameters and their measurement. Based on this methodology, we should be able to provide a comparison of the selected technologies and the methodology should also provide data for the design of a telecommunication infrastructure for Smart Metering/Smart Grids. In this paper and based on this methodology, we also present the performance tests carried out in laboratory environment on low voltage and in on-field conditions on medium voltage.

The paper describes a unified methodology which takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of different Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies suitable for Smart Metering deployment. The methodology should provide a detailed evaluation of PLC technologies based on a clear definition of the different parameters and their measurement. Based on this methodology, we should be able to provide a comparison of the selected technologies and the methodology should also provide data for the design of a telecommunication infrastructure for Smart Metering/Smart Grids. In this paper and based on this methodology, we also present the performance tests carried out in laboratory environment on low voltage and in on-field conditions on medium voltage.

The paper describes a unified methodology which takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of different Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies suitable for Smart Metering deployment. The methodology should provide a detailed evaluation of PLC technologies based on a clear definition of the different parameters and their measurement. Based on this methodology, we should be able to provide a comparison of the selected technologies and the methodology should also provide data for the design of a telecommunication infrastructure for Smart Metering/Smart Grids. In this paper and based on this methodology, we also present the performance tests carried out in laboratory environment on low voltage and in on-field conditions on medium voltage.

The paper describes a unified methodology which takes into account the advantages and disadvantages of different Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies suitable for Smart Metering deployment. The methodology should provide a detailed evaluation of PLC technologies based on a clear definition of the different parameters and their measurement. Based on this methodology, we should be able to provide a comparison of the selected technologies and the methodology should also provide data for the design of a telecommunication infrastructure for Smart Metering/Smart Grids. In this paper and based on this methodology, we also present the performance tests carried out in laboratory environment on low voltage and in on-field conditions on medium voltage.

New wireless technologies and approaches enable to connect even the simplest sensors with limited computational power to the global network. The need for efficient and secure solutions is growing with the wider use of these devices. This paper provides a new method for speed optimization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography operations which are frequently used in the light-weight secure communication algorithms. This method is based on the anomalous behaviour of specific elliptic curves. We analyse more than 60 curves of various international standards. Further, our method is less complex, easy to deploy and comparable effective as ordinary, more complex methods. Last but not least, we show the importance of future research in the area of elliptic curve parameterization.

New wireless technologies and approaches enable to connect even the simplest sensors with limited computational power to the global network. The need for efficient and secure solutions is growing with the wider use of these devices. This paper provides a new method for speed optimization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography operations which are frequently used in the light-weight secure communication algorithms. This method is based on the anomalous behaviour of specific elliptic curves. We analyse more than 60 curves of various international standards. Further, our method is less complex, easy to deploy and comparable effective as ordinary, more complex methods. Last but not least, we show the importance of future research in the area of elliptic curve parameterization.

New wireless technologies and approaches enable to connect even the simplest sensors with limited computational power to the global network. The need for efficient and secure solutions is growing with the wider use of these devices. This paper provides a new method for speed optimization of Elliptic Curve Cryptography operations which are frequently used in the light-weight secure communication algorithms. This method is based on the anomalous behaviour of specific elliptic curves. We analyse more than 60 curves of various international standards. Further, our method is less complex, easy to deploy and comparable effective as ordinary, more complex methods. Last but not least, we show the importance of future research in the area of elliptic curve parameterization.

The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city., The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city.

The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city., The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city.

This article focuses on simulation and comparison of line codes NRZ (Non Return to Zero), RZ (Return to Zero) and Miller’s code for NG-PON2 (Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2) using., Tento článek se zaměřuje na simulaci a porovnání linkových kódů: NRZ (bez návratu k nule), RZ (s návratem k nule) a Millerův kód pro použití v sítích NG-PON2 (generace pasivní optické sítě fázi 2). Článek poskytuje výsledky s Q-faktor, BER (přenos chybných bitů).

The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city., The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city.

This article focuses on simulation and comparison of line codes NRZ (Non Return to Zero), RZ (Return to Zero) and Miller’s code for NG-PON2 (Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2) using., Tento článek se zaměřuje na simulaci a porovnání linkových kódů: NRZ (bez návratu k nule), RZ (s návratem k nule) a Millerův kód pro použití v sítích NG-PON2 (generace pasivní optické sítě fázi 2). Článek poskytuje výsledky s Q-faktor, BER (přenos chybných bitů).

This article focuses on simulation and comparison of line codes NRZ (Non Return to Zero), RZ (Return to Zero) and Miller’s code for NG-PON2 (Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2) using., Tento článek se zaměřuje na simulaci a porovnání linkových kódů: NRZ (bez návratu k nule), RZ (s návratem k nule) a Millerův kód pro použití v sítích NG-PON2 (generace pasivní optické sítě fázi 2). Článek poskytuje výsledky s Q-faktor, BER (přenos chybných bitů).

The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city., The unprecedented growth of today’s cities together with increased population mobility are fueling the avalanche in the numbers of vehicles on the roads. This development led to the new challenges for the traffic management, including the mitigation of road congestion, accidents, and air pollution. Over the last decade, researchers have been focusing their efforts on leveraging the recent advances in sensing, communications, and dynamic adaptive technologies to prepare the deployed road traffic management systems (TMS) for resolving these important challenges in future smart cities. However, the existing solutions may still be insufficient to construct a reliable and secure TMS that is capable of handling the anticipated influx of the population and vehicles in urban areas. Along these lines, this work systematically outlines a perspective on a novel modular environment for traffic modeling, which allows to recreate the examined road networks in their full resemblance. Our developed solution is targeted to incorporate the progress in the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, where low-power, embedded devices integrate as part of a next-generation TMS. To mimic the real traffic conditions, we recreated and evaluated a practical traffic scenario built after a complex road intersection within a large European city.

In this paper, the radio wireless communication and the narrowband power line communication are analysed, simulated and experimentally verified for Smart Metering systems. This is followed by the proposal of a heterogeneous network, which consists of wireless radio transmission and narrowband power line communication (PLC). In rural and remote areas, due to the low population density and the poor familiarity with new technologies, the heterogeneous radio-PLC network offers a solution for smart grid and smart metering applications., V článku jsou analyzovány, simulovány a experimentálně ověřeny možnosti radiové komunikace a úzkopásmové PLC komunikace pro využití v systémech chytrého měření. V článku dále následuje návrh heterogenní sítě složené z PLC a radové komunikace.

The article describes a way of evaluating the power line channel frequency response and input impedance by means of the linear time-invariant (LTI) power line generator. Two possible methods are introduced for the calculation of primary parameters: the first method depends on the physical realization and physical dimension of the cable, and the second method is derived from the data provided by typical electrical cable manufacturers. Based on these methods, a comparison of transfer functions was made. This is followed by measurement evaluation and numerical verification on a simple topology., Článek se zabývá popisem simulace frekvenční odezvy PLC kanálu a vstupní impedance pomocí lineárního časově invariantního systému. Dále jsou představeny dva možné způsoby výpočtu primárních parametrů. A na závěr je provedeno porovnání přenosových funkcí a ověření výsledků měřením.