Search

Proceeding of 5th Annual Research Conference "System dynamics modeling framework for the financial system", December 16, 2022, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Proceeding of 5th Annual Research Conference "System dynamics modeling framework for the financial system", December 16, 2022, Kyiv, Ukraine.

We feel blissful to make available our book ‘Laboratory Manual in Microbiology’ to the students, teachers and all other readers. This book is a sweet fruit to the honest and hard efforts for five years. Keeping in view the requirements of students and teachers, it is our humble attempt to present the contents in a lucid and appealing manner. The book constitutes ‘14’ Sections including experiments conducted in the Microbiology laboratories with particular reference to the approach, requirements, procedure and interpretation of results and conclusion. The book constitutes ‘160’ figures, Index in detail, Separate Appendices and List of References for further reading. We have tried to cover maximum areas in Practical Microbiology along with the experiments in Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Environmental Science, Dairy Science and other courses related to these subjects. This book is very useful to conduct the experiments related to Agricultural Microbiology, Microbiology of Drinking Water and Sewage, Microbiology of Food and Milk, Air Microbiology, Microbial Metabolism (Enzymology), Genetics, Molecular Biology, Medical Microbiology, Pathology, Industrial Microbiology, etc. We hope that, this book would help to understand the basic concepts in Microbiology and make easy for the students and teachers to conduct experiments in microbiology and other subjects of life sciences. We heartily welcome the comments and suggestions from students and teachers which will be helpful for necessary improvements in subsequent edition. On this occasion, it is our great pleasure and prime duty to express gratefulness to our family members, teachers, Honorable President and all other members of Maharashtra Education Society, Principal, Librarian and Other staff members of our college. We also express my sincere thanks to the Librarians of different Universities and Colleges where we visited for reference work regarding this book and Authors of many books those we referred. We are thankful t

We feel blissful to make available our book ‘Laboratory Manual in Microbiology’ to the students, teachers and all other readers. This book is a sweet fruit to the honest and hard efforts for five years. Keeping in view the requirements of students and teachers, it is our humble attempt to present the contents in a lucid and appealing manner. The book constitutes ‘14’ Sections including experiments conducted in the Microbiology laboratories with particular reference to the approach, requirements, procedure and interpretation of results and conclusion. The book constitutes ‘160’ figures, Index in detail, Separate Appendices and List of References for further reading. We have tried to cover maximum areas in Practical Microbiology along with the experiments in Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Environmental Science, Dairy Science and other courses related to these subjects. This book is very useful to conduct the experiments related to Agricultural Microbiology, Microbiology of Drinking Water and Sewage, Microbiology of Food and Milk, Air Microbiology, Microbial Metabolism (Enzymology), Genetics, Molecular Biology, Medical Microbiology, Pathology, Industrial Microbiology, etc. We hope that, this book would help to understand the basic concepts in Microbiology and make easy for the students and teachers to conduct experiments in microbiology and other subjects of life sciences. We heartily welcome the comments and suggestions from students and teachers which will be helpful for necessary improvements in subsequent edition. On this occasion, it is our great pleasure and prime duty to express gratefulness to our family members, teachers, Honorable President and all other members of Maharashtra Education Society, Principal, Librarian and Other staff members of our college. We also express my sincere thanks to the Librarians of different Universities and Colleges where we visited for reference work regarding this book and Authors of many books those we referred. We are thankful t

This research investigates the linkage between government expenditure, domestic investment, national income, human development index, and economic growth in Indonesia during the period 2015-2020. This study applied the quantitative method with Common Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model, and Random effect Model to estimate the empirical model. The data in this research were gathered from these main sources, including Statistics Indonesia and the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board. The classical assumption is also provided to meet the analysis criteria. The findings of the study indicate that government spending positively impacts Indonesian economic growth. Indeed, national income has a robust effect on economic growth. This study also confirms the crucial role in determining economic growth in Indonesia. Surprisingly, the human development index failed to support a robust spur to economic growth in Indonesia. These results contribute to the literature on economic growth and have tremendous implications for Indonesian policymakers to consider these findings.

This research investigates the linkage between government expenditure, domestic investment, national income, human development index, and economic growth in Indonesia during the period 2015-2020. This study applied the quantitative method with Common Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model, and Random effect Model to estimate the empirical model. The data in this research were gathered from these main sources, including Statistics Indonesia and the Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board. The classical assumption is also provided to meet the analysis criteria. The findings of the study indicate that government spending positively impacts Indonesian economic growth. Indeed, national income has a robust effect on economic growth. This study also confirms the crucial role in determining economic growth in Indonesia. Surprisingly, the human development index failed to support a robust spur to economic growth in Indonesia. These results contribute to the literature on economic growth and have tremendous implications for Indonesian policymakers to consider these findings.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

A proposal for an economic growth model is developed which allows for an economic analysis with conditions of imperfect competition in the markets of productive factors. With the proposal, the Colombian economy is reviewed, concluding that wage changes have negative effects on economic growth. In addition, for the effects to be positive, the capital growth rates are affected at 100% and annual increases in investment, public spending and exports represent about 40% of the GDP., En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de modelo de crecimiento económico que permite analizar economías con condiciones de competencia imperfecta en los mercados de factores productivos. Con la propuesta, se revisa la economía colombiana, para concluir que los cambios salariales generan efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento económico. Se concluye también que, para que los efectos sean positivos, se requieren tasas de crecimiento del capital cercanas al 100 % e incrementos anuales en inversión, gasto público y exportaciones que representen cerca del 40 % del PIB., Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de modelo de crescimento econômico que permite analisar economias com condições imperfeitas de competição nos mercados de fatores produtivos. Com a proposta, revisa-se a economia colombiana, para concluir que as mudanças salariais geram efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento econômico. Conclui-se, também, que, para que os efeitos sejam positivos, são necessárias taxas de crescimento do capital próximas a 100% e aumentos anuais de investimentos, gastos públicos e exportações que representam cerca de 40% do PIB.

A proposal for an economic growth model is developed which allows for an economic analysis with conditions of imperfect competition in the markets of productive factors. With the proposal, the Colombian economy is reviewed, concluding that wage changes have negative effects on economic growth. In addition, for the effects to be positive, the capital growth rates are affected at 100% and annual increases in investment, public spending and exports represent about 40% of the GDP., Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de modelo de crescimento econômico que permite analisar economias com condições imperfeitas de competição nos mercados de fatores produtivos. Com a proposta, revisa-se a economia colombiana, para concluir que as mudanças salariais geram efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento econômico. Conclui-se, também, que, para que os efeitos sejam positivos, são necessárias taxas de crescimento do capital próximas a 100% e aumentos anuais de investimentos, gastos públicos e exportações que representam cerca de 40% do PIB., En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de modelo de crecimiento económico que permite analizar economías con condiciones de competencia imperfecta en los mercados de factores productivos. Con la propuesta, se revisa la economía colombiana, para concluir que los cambios salariales generan efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento económico. Se concluye también que, para que los efectos sean positivos, se requieren tasas de crecimiento del capital cercanas al 100 % e incrementos anuales en inversión, gasto público y exportaciones que representen cerca del 40 % del PIB.

Industries are very important in the modern economic activities of man. The economic development of any country is decided mainly by the industrial development of that country. Industries are the main features of modern civilization and they provide us the necessary materials and employment opportunities. The forests are considered as one of the natural resources which support the primary sector including agriculture and service sector. Even some industries which depend on agriculture for their raw materials are considered as agro-based industries. The industries comes under secondary manufacturing sector are the main feeder of employment opportunities to the large number of people. In the modernization period, the role of industries is an integral part of our life. We can say that without the industries we cannot assume our life. So much the industries are the inevitable part of our life.

A proposal for an economic growth model is developed which allows for an economic analysis with conditions of imperfect competition in the markets of productive factors. With the proposal, the Colombian economy is reviewed, concluding that wage changes have negative effects on economic growth. In addition, for the effects to be positive, the capital growth rates are affected at 100% and annual increases in investment, public spending and exports represent about 40% of the GDP., Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de modelo de crescimento econômico que permite analisar economias com condições imperfeitas de competição nos mercados de fatores produtivos. Com a proposta, revisa-se a economia colombiana, para concluir que as mudanças salariais geram efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento econômico. Conclui-se, também, que, para que os efeitos sejam positivos, são necessárias taxas de crescimento do capital próximas a 100% e aumentos anuais de investimentos, gastos públicos e exportações que representam cerca de 40% do PIB., En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de modelo de crecimiento económico que permite analizar economías con condiciones de competencia imperfecta en los mercados de factores productivos. Con la propuesta, se revisa la economía colombiana, para concluir que los cambios salariales generan efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento económico. Se concluye también que, para que los efectos sean positivos, se requieren tasas de crecimiento del capital cercanas al 100 % e incrementos anuales en inversión, gasto público y exportaciones que representen cerca del 40 % del PIB.

To provide valid academic researches or implement proper policy, it is crucial to understand the behavior of the economy as a complex model. In our work we discover the impact of expenditure shock on open economy Simple Keynesian Model.

To provide valid academic researches or implement proper policy, it is crucial to understand the behavior of the economy as a complex model. In our work we discover the impact of expenditure shock on open economy Simple Keynesian Model.

Although it is widely accepted that innovation plays an important role in economicgrowth and development, which factors influence innovation remains an importantquestion of debate in the economic literature. This article focuses on the influenceexerted by social capital (SC) and personal values (PVs), given the lack of studiesthat jointly incorporate these two variables. This paper attempts tofill this gap byusing a methodology that additionally includes the national income of the country asa moderating factor on innovation. Using data from the World Value Survey, ourstudyfinds that the influence of SC on innovation is not as relevant as expected, andthat the effect of personal values is moderated by the level of economicdevelopment. Thisfinding contributes to a better understanding of the role played bySC and PVs in the economic development process via their effects on innovation.

Although it is widely accepted that innovation plays an important role in economicgrowth and development, which factors influence innovation remains an importantquestion of debate in the economic literature. This article focuses on the influenceexerted by social capital (SC) and personal values (PVs), given the lack of studiesthat jointly incorporate these two variables. This paper attempts tofill this gap byusing a methodology that additionally includes the national income of the country asa moderating factor on innovation. Using data from the World Value Survey, ourstudyfinds that the influence of SC on innovation is not as relevant as expected, andthat the effect of personal values is moderated by the level of economicdevelopment. Thisfinding contributes to a better understanding of the role played bySC and PVs in the economic development process via their effects on innovation.

Although it is widely accepted that innovation plays an important role in economicgrowth and development, which factors influence innovation remains an importantquestion of debate in the economic literature. This article focuses on the influenceexerted by social capital (SC) and personal values (PVs), given the lack of studiesthat jointly incorporate these two variables. This paper attempts tofill this gap byusing a methodology that additionally includes the national income of the country asa moderating factor on innovation. Using data from the World Value Survey, ourstudyfinds that the influence of SC on innovation is not as relevant as expected, andthat the effect of personal values is moderated by the level of economicdevelopment. Thisfinding contributes to a better understanding of the role played bySC and PVs in the economic development process via their effects on innovation.

s of European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy 2019 Online Proceedings.

s of European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy 2019 Online Proceedings.

The validity of "augmented" Wagner's Law is evaluated using a sample of twelve OECD countries over the period of 1995-2015. The bootstrap panel Granger causality approach is utilized to detect the direction of causality between government spending and GDP, focusing on cross-sectional dependence, slope heterogeneity, and structural breaks. The results show a causal relationship in favor of Wagner's Law in seven countries, thus GDP is long-run forcing to government expenditures and that the causality runs from the former to the latter variable. The policy implication of the findings is that the upholding of Wagner's Law in the presence of aging population growth and increasing demand for welfare services may force policy makers to raise taxes or it leads to excessive borrowing which might affect sustainability of public finances. (C) 2019 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Стаття демонструє виробничий підхід до аналізу функціонування національної економіки The article demonstrates a production approach to the analysis of the functioning of the national economy

This paper identifies the challenges that the Colombian State and society must assume if real use of coal as a non-renewable natural resource is desired. This work is based on a review of figures and data on coal production in Colombia., A partir de una revisión de cifras y datos sobre la producción de carbón en Colombia se identifican los retos que el Estado y la sociedad deben asumir si se espera un real aprovechamiento de este recurso natural no renovable.

Proceedings of the 1st Research Conference "Conference System Dynamics Modeling for Public and Corporate Finance: Background and Opportunities" (December 10, 2018 Kyiv, Ukraine).

Proceedings of the 1st Research Conference "Conference System Dynamics Modeling for Public and Corporate Finance: Background and Opportunities" (December 10, 2018 Kyiv, Ukraine).

Proceedings of the 1st Research Conference "Conference System Dynamics Modeling for Public and Corporate Finance: Background and Opportunities" (December 10, 2018 Kyiv, Ukraine).

This paper identifies the challenges that the Colombian State and society must assume if real use of coal as a non-renewable natural resource is desired. This work is based on a review of figures and data on coal production in Colombia., A partir de una revisión de cifras y datos sobre la producción de carbón en Colombia se identifican los retos que el Estado y la sociedad deben asumir si se espera un real aprovechamiento de este recurso natural no renovable.

Исследованы распределительные и перераспределительные отношения в связи с развитием финансового рынка и обоснована необходимость выделения функции наращивания общественного богатства в качестве одной из основных функций финансов. Рассмотрено содержание финансовой системы государства, обоснованы взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости её сфер и звеньев. Предложено включать финансовый рынок в структуру финансовой системы государства в связи с тем, что он трансформирует денежные перераспределительные отношения и способствует приумножению общественного богатства. Система распределительных и перераспределительных отношений в обществе рассмотрена в контексте белорусского финансового законодательства. Досліджено розподільчі і перерозподільчі відносини в зв'язку з розвитком фінансового ринку та обґрунтовано необхідність виділення функції нарощування суспільного багатства в якості однієї з основних функцій фінансів. Розглянуто зміст фінансової системи держави, обгрунтовані взаємозв'язки і взаємозалежності її сфер і ланок. Запропоновано включати фінансовий ринок в структуру фінансової системи держави в зв'язку з тим, що він трансформує грошові перерозподільчі відносини і сприяє примноженню суспільного багатства. Система розподільчих і перерозподільчих відносин в суспільстві розглянута в контексті білоруського фінансового законодавства. The distributive and redistributive relations in connection with development of the financial market are investigated and need of allocation of function of accumulation of public wealth as one of the main functions of finance is proved. The maintenance of a financial system of the state is considered, interrelations and interdependence of her spheres and links are proved. It is offered to include the financial market in structure of a financial system of the state because it transforms the monetary redistributive relations and promotes enhancement of public wealth. The system of the distributive and redistributive relations in society is considered in

Исследованы распределительные и перераспределительные отношения в связи с развитием финансового рынка и обоснована необходимость выделения функции наращивания общественного богатства в качестве одной из основных функций финансов. Рассмотрено содержание финансовой системы государства, обоснованы взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости её сфер и звеньев. Предложено включать финансовый рынок в структуру финансовой системы государства в связи с тем, что он трансформирует денежные перераспределительные отношения и способствует приумножению общественного богатства. Система распределительных и перераспределительных отношений в обществе рассмотрена в контексте белорусского финансового законодательства. Досліджено розподільчі і перерозподільчі відносини в зв'язку з розвитком фінансового ринку та обґрунтовано необхідність виділення функції нарощування суспільного багатства в якості однієї з основних функцій фінансів. Розглянуто зміст фінансової системи держави, обгрунтовані взаємозв'язки і взаємозалежності її сфер і ланок. Запропоновано включати фінансовий ринок в структуру фінансової системи держави в зв'язку з тим, що він трансформує грошові перерозподільчі відносини і сприяє примноженню суспільного багатства. Система розподільчих і перерозподільчих відносин в суспільстві розглянута в контексті білоруського фінансового законодавства. The distributive and redistributive relations in connection with development of the financial market are investigated and need of allocation of function of accumulation of public wealth as one of the main functions of finance is proved. The maintenance of a financial system of the state is considered, interrelations and interdependence of her spheres and links are proved. It is offered to include the financial market in structure of a financial system of the state because it transforms the monetary redistributive relations and promotes enhancement of public wealth. The system of the distributive and redistributive relations in society is considered in

The national accounts, and specifically GDP, are often taken as a measure of welfare and increased wellbeing in society. However, in reality these measures are not created for measuring welfare, and even in measuring productions there are often significant problems. Furthermore, problems arise when we try to compare national accounts between countries, or between different periods. During the decade I looked at, labour force participation increased with close to 6 points in total for Germany, while the corresponding number for Sweden was 1 point. This thesis aims to look at exclusion of household production from the national accounts. My purpose was to look at how large household production is in relation to GDP and NNI, and how growth during 2000-2010 in Sweden, and 2002-2012 in Germany, change when we add imputed numbers for household production. The results I find are, that for my most conservative estimate household production made up around 20 % of GDP for Germany, while for my largest estimates it made up around 49-60 % of German GDP, and around 40 % of Swedish GDP with NNI numbers on average being 10 % higher. In my conclusions, I state that it is possible, given the data present, that part of Germany’s increase in GDP and NNI can be explained by an increase in participation rate of the labour force, and constitutes a partial transfer of production from the household into the market, rather than being an increase in production. While at the same time, there are far fewer indications this is the case for Sweden. This due to that labour participation has remained largely unchanged, and while time spent on household production has decreased, it has done so far less than in Germany. However, any results must be interpreted with care, as estimates differ largely based on imputation method chosen., Nationalräkenskaperna, och särskilt BNP, används idag ofta som ett mått på välfärd och välmående i samhället. Dock, i verkligheten är dessa mått inte ämnade att mäta välfärd och även när det gäller att mäta produktion finns det oftast stora problem. Utöver detta uppträder det ofta problem när man ska jämföra nationalräkenskaperna mellan länder eller olika tidsperioder. Under den tidsperiod jag använde mig av, ökade deltagandet i arbetsmarknaden med nästan 6 procentenheter för Tyskland, medan motsvarande siffra för Sverige var kring 1 procentenhet. Detta arbete syftar att undersöka hushållsproduktionen från nationalräkenskaperna. Mitt syfte var att undersöka hur stor hushållsproduktionen är i relation till BNP och NI, och hur tillväxten mellan 2000-2010 för Sverige och 2002-2012 för Tyskland påverkas när vi lägger till dessa värden. Resultaten jag fann var att för min mest konservativa uppskattning motsvarade hushållsproduktion ungefär 20 % av Tysklands BNP, medan mina största uppskattningar landade kring 49-60 % av Tysklands BNP och kring 40 % för Sveriges BNP, medan NI i snitt var cirka 10 % högre. I min slutsats nämner jag, att givet datan jag har använt mig av, att en del av Tysklands tillväxt i BNP och NI möjligtvis kan förklaras genom det ökade arbetsmarknadsdeltagandet och att det åtminstone kan röra sig om en partiell transferirng från hushållsproduktion, snarare än en ren ökning av produktionen. Samtidigt fanns det färre indikationer att så var fallet för Sverige. Detta eftersom arbetsmarknadsdeltagandet var relativt konstant, trots att det ökade marginellt, och även om arbetstiden i hushållen minskade, så var det en mycket mindre minskning än den motsvarande minskning i Tyskland under samma period. Trots detta, måste all tolkning av resultaten göras försiktigt, eftersom uppskattningar starkt varierar beroende på vilken metod man använder sig av för att värdera hushållens produktion

The national accounts, and specifically GDP, are often taken as a measure of welfare and increased wellbeing in society. However, in reality these measures are not created for measuring welfare, and even in measuring productions there are often significant problems. Furthermore, problems arise when we try to compare national accounts between countries, or between different periods. During the decade I looked at, labour force participation increased with close to 6 points in total for Germany, while the corresponding number for Sweden was 1 point. This thesis aims to look at exclusion of household production from the national accounts. My purpose was to look at how large household production is in relation to GDP and NNI, and how growth during 2000-2010 in Sweden, and 2002-2012 in Germany, change when we add imputed numbers for household production. The results I find are, that for my most conservative estimate household production made up around 20 % of GDP for Germany, while for my largest estimates it made up around 49-60 % of German GDP, and around 40 % of Swedish GDP with NNI numbers on average being 10 % higher. In my conclusions, I state that it is possible, given the data present, that part of Germany’s increase in GDP and NNI can be explained by an increase in participation rate of the labour force, and constitutes a partial transfer of production from the household into the market, rather than being an increase in production. While at the same time, there are far fewer indications this is the case for Sweden. This due to that labour participation has remained largely unchanged, and while time spent on household production has decreased, it has done so far less than in Germany. However, any results must be interpreted with care, as estimates differ largely based on imputation method chosen., Nationalräkenskaperna, och särskilt BNP, används idag ofta som ett mått på välfärd och välmående i samhället. Dock, i verkligheten är dessa mått inte ämnade att mäta välfärd och även när det gäller att mäta produktion finns det oftast stora problem. Utöver detta uppträder det ofta problem när man ska jämföra nationalräkenskaperna mellan länder eller olika tidsperioder. Under den tidsperiod jag använde mig av, ökade deltagandet i arbetsmarknaden med nästan 6 procentenheter för Tyskland, medan motsvarande siffra för Sverige var kring 1 procentenhet. Detta arbete syftar att undersöka hushållsproduktionen från nationalräkenskaperna. Mitt syfte var att undersöka hur stor hushållsproduktionen är i relation till BNP och NI, och hur tillväxten mellan 2000-2010 för Sverige och 2002-2012 för Tyskland påverkas när vi lägger till dessa värden. Resultaten jag fann var att för min mest konservativa uppskattning motsvarade hushållsproduktion ungefär 20 % av Tysklands BNP, medan mina största uppskattningar landade kring 49-60 % av Tysklands BNP och kring 40 % för Sveriges BNP, medan NI i snitt var cirka 10 % högre. I min slutsats nämner jag, att givet datan jag har använt mig av, att en del av Tysklands tillväxt i BNP och NI möjligtvis kan förklaras genom det ökade arbetsmarknadsdeltagandet och att det åtminstone kan röra sig om en partiell transferirng från hushållsproduktion, snarare än en ren ökning av produktionen. Samtidigt fanns det färre indikationer att så var fallet för Sverige. Detta eftersom arbetsmarknadsdeltagandet var relativt konstant, trots att det ökade marginellt, och även om arbetstiden i hushållen minskade, så var det en mycket mindre minskning än den motsvarande minskning i Tyskland under samma period. Trots detta, måste all tolkning av resultaten göras försiktigt, eftersom uppskattningar starkt varierar beroende på vilken metod man använder sig av för att värdera hushållens produktion

In this article is considered that social changes require an State initiative, able to break stereotypes, with the structures and power relations adopted by previous governments; to argue this an exploratory-descriptive research was performed, in which the trade balance was determined from 2011 to 2014 and the influence of exports and imports of goods and services, industrial designing; A literature review is performed and the state of the art made about Good Living, highlighting approaches to the four key areas, consisting in closing equity gaps, strengthen technology, innovation and knowledge, preserving sustainability environmental and changing the productive matrix and strategic sectors. An overview of the National Plan for Good Living is proposed and the impact of the Plan 2013-2017 is investigated., En el presente artí­culo se considera que los cambios sociales requieren un Estado con iniciativas, capaces de romper con los estereotipos, con las estructuras y con las relaciones de poder adoptadas de gobiernos anteriores; para fundamentar estas ideas se diseña una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva mediante la cual se determinó la balanza comercial desde el año 2011 hasta el 2014 y la influencia de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios, industriales; se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y se consultan los estados del arte realizados acerca de Buen Vivir, destacando los enfoques a los cuatro ejes fundamentales, consistentes en el cierre de las brechas de inequidad, potenciar las tecnologí­as, la innovación y el conocimiento, preservar la sustentabilidad ambiental y cambiar la matriz productiva y los sectores estratégicos. Se propone una visión general del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir y se investiga el Impacto de su Plan para el perí­odo 2013-2017.

In this article is considered that social changes require an State initiative, able to break stereotypes, with the structures and power relations adopted by previous governments; to argue this an exploratory-descriptive research was performed, in which the trade balance was determined from 2011 to 2014 and the influence of exports and imports of goods and services, industrial designing; A literature review is performed and the state of the art made about Good Living, highlighting approaches to the four key areas, consisting in closing equity gaps, strengthen technology, innovation and knowledge, preserving sustainability environmental and changing the productive matrix and strategic sectors. An overview of the National Plan for Good Living is proposed and the impact of the Plan 2013-2017 is investigated., En el presente artí­culo se considera que los cambios sociales requieren un Estado con iniciativas, capaces de romper con los estereotipos, con las estructuras y con las relaciones de poder adoptadas de gobiernos anteriores; para fundamentar estas ideas se diseña una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva mediante la cual se determinó la balanza comercial desde el año 2011 hasta el 2014 y la influencia de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios, industriales; se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y se consultan los estados del arte realizados acerca de Buen Vivir, destacando los enfoques a los cuatro ejes fundamentales, consistentes en el cierre de las brechas de inequidad, potenciar las tecnologí­as, la innovación y el conocimiento, preservar la sustentabilidad ambiental y cambiar la matriz productiva y los sectores estratégicos. Se propone una visión general del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir y se investiga el Impacto de su Plan para el perí­odo 2013-2017.

In this article is considered that social changes require an State initiative, able to break stereotypes, with the structures and power relations adopted by previous governments; to argue this an exploratory-descriptive research was performed, in which the trade balance was determined from 2011 to 2014 and the influence of exports and imports of goods and services, industrial designing; A literature review is performed and the state of the art made about Good Living, highlighting approaches to the four key areas, consisting in closing equity gaps, strengthen technology, innovation and knowledge, preserving sustainability environmental and changing the productive matrix and strategic sectors. An overview of the National Plan for Good Living is proposed and the impact of the Plan 2013-2017 is investigated., En el presente artí­culo se considera que los cambios sociales requieren un Estado con iniciativas, capaces de romper con los estereotipos, con las estructuras y con las relaciones de poder adoptadas de gobiernos anteriores; para fundamentar estas ideas se diseña una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva mediante la cual se determinó la balanza comercial desde el año 2011 hasta el 2014 y la influencia de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios, industriales; se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y se consultan los estados del arte realizados acerca de Buen Vivir, destacando los enfoques a los cuatro ejes fundamentales, consistentes en el cierre de las brechas de inequidad, potenciar las tecnologí­as, la innovación y el conocimiento, preservar la sustentabilidad ambiental y cambiar la matriz productiva y los sectores estratégicos. Se propone una visión general del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir y se investiga el Impacto de su Plan para el perí­odo 2013-2017.

Ordenanzas de la Lejislatura Provincial de Bogotá espedidas en sus sesiones de enero, febrero i marzo de 1855

In this article is considered that social changes require an State initiative, able to break stereotypes, with the structures and power relations adopted by previous governments; to argue this an exploratory-descriptive research was performed, in which the trade balance was determined from 2011 to 2014 and the influence of exports and imports of goods and services, industrial designing; A literature review is performed and the state of the art made about Good Living, highlighting approaches to the four key areas, consisting in closing equity gaps, strengthen technology, innovation and knowledge, preserving sustainability environmental and changing the productive matrix and strategic sectors. An overview of the National Plan for Good Living is proposed and the impact of the Plan 2013-2017 is investigated., En el presente artí­culo se considera que los cambios sociales requieren un Estado con iniciativas, capaces de romper con los estereotipos, con las estructuras y con las relaciones de poder adoptadas de gobiernos anteriores; para fundamentar estas ideas se diseña una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva mediante la cual se determinó la balanza comercial desde el año 2011 hasta el 2014 y la influencia de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios, industriales; se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y se consultan los estados del arte realizados acerca de Buen Vivir, destacando los enfoques a los cuatro ejes fundamentales, consistentes en el cierre de las brechas de inequidad, potenciar las tecnologí­as, la innovación y el conocimiento, preservar la sustentabilidad ambiental y cambiar la matriz productiva y los sectores estratégicos. Se propone una visión general del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir y se investiga el Impacto de su Plan para el perí­odo 2013-2017.

In this article is considered that social changes require an State initiative, able to break stereotypes, with the structures and power relations adopted by previous governments; to argue this an exploratory-descriptive research was performed, in which the trade balance was determined from 2011 to 2014 and the influence of exports and imports of goods and services, industrial designing; A literature review is performed and the state of the art made about Good Living, highlighting approaches to the four key areas, consisting in closing equity gaps, strengthen technology, innovation and knowledge, preserving sustainability environmental and changing the productive matrix and strategic sectors. An overview of the National Plan for Good Living is proposed and the impact of the Plan 2013-2017 is investigated., En el presente artí­culo se considera que los cambios sociales requieren un Estado con iniciativas, capaces de romper con los estereotipos, con las estructuras y con las relaciones de poder adoptadas de gobiernos anteriores; para fundamentar estas ideas se diseña una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva mediante la cual se determinó la balanza comercial desde el año 2011 hasta el 2014 y la influencia de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios, industriales; se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y se consultan los estados del arte realizados acerca de Buen Vivir, destacando los enfoques a los cuatro ejes fundamentales, consistentes en el cierre de las brechas de inequidad, potenciar las tecnologí­as, la innovación y el conocimiento, preservar la sustentabilidad ambiental y cambiar la matriz productiva y los sectores estratégicos. Se propone una visión general del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir y se investiga el Impacto de su Plan para el perí­odo 2013-2017.

In this article is considered that social changes require an State initiative, able to break stereotypes, with the structures and power relations adopted by previous governments; to argue this an exploratory-descriptive research was performed, in which the trade balance was determined from 2011 to 2014 and the influence of exports and imports of goods and services, industrial designing; A literature review is performed and the state of the art made about Good Living, highlighting approaches to the four key areas, consisting in closing equity gaps, strengthen technology, innovation and knowledge, preserving sustainability environmental and changing the productive matrix and strategic sectors. An overview of the National Plan for Good Living is proposed and the impact of the Plan 2013-2017 is investigated., En el presente artí­culo se considera que los cambios sociales requieren un Estado con iniciativas, capaces de romper con los estereotipos, con las estructuras y con las relaciones de poder adoptadas de gobiernos anteriores; para fundamentar estas ideas se diseña una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva mediante la cual se determinó la balanza comercial desde el año 2011 hasta el 2014 y la influencia de las exportaciones e importaciones de bienes y servicios, industriales; se realiza una revisión bibliográfica y se consultan los estados del arte realizados acerca de Buen Vivir, destacando los enfoques a los cuatro ejes fundamentales, consistentes en el cierre de las brechas de inequidad, potenciar las tecnologí­as, la innovación y el conocimiento, preservar la sustentabilidad ambiental y cambiar la matriz productiva y los sectores estratégicos. Se propone una visión general del Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir y se investiga el Impacto de su Plan para el perí­odo 2013-2017.

Ghana gilt in politischer Hinsicht schon seit Längerem als „Musterstaat“. Nun macht das Land auch dank anhaltend hoher Wirtschaftswachstumsraten positive Schlagzeilen. Welche sozialen und strukturellen Entwicklungen verbergen sich hinter diesen Meldungen? Ghana zählt seit dem Jahr 2010 zur Kategorie der Länder im Bereich der unteren Mitteleinkommen. Die jährlichen Wachstumsraten erreichen Weltspitzenniveau. Die internen und externen Erwartungen an das „Musterland“ sind hoch. Schon sieht sich die Regierung zielstrebig auf dem Weg zum oberen Mitteleinkommensland, während andere die Statistiken über die reale Entwicklung für wenig aussagekräftig halten. Binnen weniger Jahrzehnte hat sich Ghana von einem der Armenhäuser Afrikas zu einem Land mit hohen Wachstumsraten entwickelt – dank hoher Exporteinnahmen für Gold und Kakao sowie jüngeren Öl- und Gasfunden. In der Armutsbekämpfung hat das Land signifikante Fortschritte gemacht. - Die Ghanaer haben ihren Ruf als friedliche Nation mit einer nunmehr 20-jährigen Demokratie durch freie und faire Wahlen im Jahr 2012 erneut bestätigt. - Die Bedingungen für weitere Entwicklungsfortschritte scheinen gut. Doch die Wirtschafsstruktur bleibt ungleichgewichtig. Zugleich ist die Armut in einigen Regionen des Landes und Bevölkerungsschichten nach wie vor weit verbreitet. - Die ghanaische Regierung hat ambitiöse Pläne. Dazu knüpft sie neue internationale Beziehungen, unter anderem mit China und Indien, die neue Handels- und Finanzierungsoptionen eröffnen. - Angesichts der fortbestehenden strukturellen Herausforderungen ist der Weg zum höheren Mitteleinkommensland kein Selbstläufer. Differenzierte, armutsorientierte Strategien sind notwendig.

"Hiermit werden einige Aspekte des Forschungsprojektes über 'Einkommen, Output und Produktivität in Spanien vom achtzehnten Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart' vorgestellt. Eine Gruppe von Wirtschaftshistorikern arbeitet an diesem Projekt, das von der spanischen Zentralbank gefördert wird. In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, die möglichen wie auch die bereits erreichten Resultate darzulegen, die bei der Aufstellung einer Zeitreihe über das spanische Volkseinkommen auf der Grundlage von monetären Variablen zu erzielen sind. Monetäre Angaben sind recht leicht zusammenzustellen und liegen jährlich bereits seit 1874 vor. Milton Friedman hat dieses Schätzverfahren erstmals angewandt. Es geht von der grundlegenden Voraussetzung aus, daß die Geldumlaufgeschwindigkeit (der Koeffizient von Volkseinkommen zu Geldmenge) eine ziemlich stabile Größe ist. Und tatsächlich wird diese Annahme durch empirische Angaben aus einer Vielzahl von Ländern bestätigt: Bei nur geringen Abweichungen von Jahr zu Jahr weist die Umlaufgeschwindigkeit eine langfristige Tendenz zur Verlangsamung auf. In weit fortgeschrittenen Volkswirtschaften kehrt sich dieser Trend jedoch um, d. h., die Umlaufgeschwindigkeit hat die Tendenz, sich zu erhöhen, und auch dieses nur mit geringen Schwankungen. Die Umlaufgeschwindigkeit in Spanien scheint sich in dieses Muster einzufügen. Unsere Zahlen belegen, daß die Umlaufgeschwindigkeit hier einen Trend zur Verminderung aufweist. In den Zeitspannen von 1901 bis 1908, von 1914 bis 1917 und von 1946 bis 1951 jedoch kehrte sich als Folge von Kriegseinflüssen dieser allgemeine Trend um: Der kubanische Unabhängigkeitskrieg, der Erste Weltkrieg sowie der spanische Bürgerkrieg waren für diese Trendumschwünge verantwortlich. Doch sieht man von diesen Störungen einmal ab, so erweist die relative Stabilität der Umlaufgeschwindigkeit, daß die vorgesehene Schätzmethode durchaus anwendbar ist. Am Ende des Artikels werden einige Probleme umrissen, die dabei auftauchen, wenn man die Met

"Der Beitrag entwickelt folgende Argumente: 1. Historiker haben das Wachstum der Dienstleistungen nicht in konstanten Preisen gemessen, und es gibt keine gesicherte Korrelation zwischen dem Niveau des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens und dem Anteil der Dienstleistungen am Bruttoinlandprodukt. 2. Wenn Dienstleistungen als die Summe der Faktoreinkommen, die in diesem Sektor verdient wurden, gemessen werden und man mit diesen Daten Trendentwicklungen im Zeitverlauf oder das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen verschiedener Länder vergleichen will, so könnte das zu irreführenden Vorstellungen von den tatsächlichen Änderungen des Lebensstandards im Zeitverlauf und im Ländervergleich in Westeuropa führen. 3. Nach der üblichen Meßmethode erbrachten Dienstleistungen im 19. Jahrhundert einen großen und noch wachsenden Anteil am Volkseinkommen. Doch sind die bisher verwendeten Daten fehlerhaft, verzerrt und mehrdeutig. Was wir mit unseren Zahlen bis jetzt aufspüren, ist nur teilweise ein zusätzlicher Beitrag zur Warenproduktion für den Endverbraucher und für dessen Wohlfahrt. Hauptsächlich aber weisen die Zahlen lediglich die Verlagerung von bisher hauswirtschaftlich erzeugten Gütern auf den Markt nach." (Autorenreferat)