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Recreational physical activity (PA) facilities have the potential to deliver health benefits for surrounding communities, however little is known about the impact of marketing strategies to encourage their use. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of two low intensity interventions aimed at promoting usage of a new multipurpose recreation facility. A community-based randomized controlled trial with a 24-month follow up period was conducted with 1320 inactive adult residents of the City of Frankston, Victoria, Australia. Participants were randomized to a control, intervention 1 (information and attendance incentive) or intervention 2 (information, attendance incentives, personalized support) group. Primary outcomes were recreation facility attendance, purchase of facility membership and PA participation. Eight hundred and fifty-four (65%) participants completed 24-months follow up. Provision of incentives with personalized support was associated with greater attendance at the facility, as well as higher rates of membership. Those receiving incentives without additional support reported increases in stage of readiness to attend the facility. The interventions did not contribute to higher levels of PA, however those who became regular users of the facility were more likely to improve PA and meet the target of ≥150 min per week. Increased frequency and duration of promotion led to more regular attendance at the recreation facility, while those who attended regularly showed significant increases in PA. Incorporating recreation facilities within broader PA strategies, by engaging community members in a way that promotes more regular use of recreation facilities, will contribute to improvements in PA at a population level.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between FMS™ score and non-contact injury while accounting for participant exposure and multiple injuries to the same player. Materials and methods: Sixty-four players were screened during the preseason period with non-contact injuries and exposure time recorded prospectively for the entirety of three consecutive seasons (2014/15, 2015/16 and 2016/17). One-hundred and eighteen player-season observations were included in the analysis. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were utilized to explore associations between FMS™ composite, individual sub-test scores, the number of sub-test asymmetries and non-contact injury. Results: The FMS™ composite score demonstrated a likely trivial (IRR: 1.05 95%CI: 0.94–1.17) association with non-contact injury. The number of individual sub-test asymmetries and all of the sub-test scores (with the exception of the hurdle step, IRR: 1.58 95%CI: 0.99–2.52) demonstrated unclear associations with non-contact injury. Conclusions: No associations with non-contact injury were observed for the FMS™ composite score, individual sub-test scores or the number of sub-test asymmetries, even when accounting for exposure and multiple injuries to the same player. Practical implications: The FMS™ composite score is likely not useful for injury risk stratification, nor are the individual sub-tests or the number of asymmetries.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between FMS™ score and non-contact injury while accounting for participant exposure and multiple injuries to the same player. Materials and methods: Sixty-four players were screened during the preseason period with non-contact injuries and exposure time recorded prospectively for the entirety of three consecutive seasons (2014/15, 2015/16 and 2016/17). One-hundred and eighteen player-season observations were included in the analysis. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were utilized to explore associations between FMS™ composite, individual sub-test scores, the number of sub-test asymmetries and non-contact injury. Results: The FMS™ composite score demonstrated a likely trivial (IRR: 1.05 95%CI: 0.94–1.17) association with non-contact injury. The number of individual sub-test asymmetries and all of the sub-test scores (with the exception of the hurdle step, IRR: 1.58 95%CI: 0.99–2.52) demonstrated unclear associations with non-contact injury. Conclusions: No associations with non-contact injury were observed for the FMS™ composite score, individual sub-test scores or the number of sub-test asymmetries, even when accounting for exposure and multiple injuries to the same player. Practical implications: The FMS™ composite score is likely not useful for injury risk stratification, nor are the individual sub-tests or the number of asymmetries.

Purpose: despite being commonly used, the interaction between Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) score and injury in any elite football population has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between FMS™ score and non-contact injury among elite youth players from a Premier League football academy. Materials and methods: eighty-four players were screened during the pre-season period and non-contact injuries recorded prospectively for the entirety of the 2013/14 football season. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to explore the relationships between the individual sub-tests of the FMS™ and injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive value of the FMS™ composite score. Results: logistic regression revealed no relationships between score achieved on the individual sub-tests and injury. ROC curves indicated poor predictive ability of the composite score. Players scoring below the identified cut-off values (≤14 or ≤15 depending on injury type considered) were 0.66 (95%CI: 0.40-1.10), 0.70 (95%CI: 0.32-1.57) and 1.52 (95%CI: 0.50-4.61) times as likely to suffer ‘any’, ‘overuse’ and ‘severe’ injuries respectively than those who scored above the identified cut-off values. Conclusions: there was no relationship between FMS™ score and injury. It was unable to predict any non-contact injury among English Premier League youth academy players. Practical implications: The present findings suggest that the FMS™ should not be used for risk stratification among young elite soccer players since the composite score was unrelated to injury likelihood. However, the FMS™ may be useful in other ways. For example, it may provide useful information to applied practitioners when designing strength-training programs for groups of players they are unfamiliar with, as is often the case at the start of a new season.

Purpose: despite being commonly used, the interaction between Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) score and injury in any elite football population has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between FMS™ score and non-contact injury among elite youth players from a Premier League football academy. Materials and methods: eighty-four players were screened during the pre-season period and non-contact injuries recorded prospectively for the entirety of the 2013/14 football season. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to explore the relationships between the individual sub-tests of the FMS™ and injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive value of the FMS™ composite score. Results: logistic regression revealed no relationships between score achieved on the individual sub-tests and injury. ROC curves indicated poor predictive ability of the composite score. Players scoring below the identified cut-off values (≤14 or ≤15 depending on injury type considered) were 0.66 (95%CI: 0.40-1.10), 0.70 (95%CI: 0.32-1.57) and 1.52 (95%CI: 0.50-4.61) times as likely to suffer ‘any’, ‘overuse’ and ‘severe’ injuries respectively than those who scored above the identified cut-off values. Conclusions: there was no relationship between FMS™ score and injury. It was unable to predict any non-contact injury among English Premier League youth academy players. Practical implications: The present findings suggest that the FMS™ should not be used for risk stratification among young elite soccer players since the composite score was unrelated to injury likelihood. However, the FMS™ may be useful in other ways. For example, it may provide useful information to applied practitioners when designing strength-training programs for groups of players they are unfamiliar with, as is often the case at the start of a new season.

© 2015 Newton et al.; licensee BioMed Central. Background: Physical activity is associated with a host of health benefits, yet many individuals do not perform sufficient physical activity to realise these benefits. One approach to rectifying this situation is through modifying the built environment to make it more conducive to physical activity, such as by building walking tracks or recreational physical activity facilities. Often, however, modifications to the built environment are not connected to efforts aimed at encouraging their use. The purpose of the Monitoring and Observing the Value of Exercise (MOVE) study is to evaluate the effectiveness of two interventions designed to encourage the ongoing use of a new, multi-purpose, community-based physical activity facility. Methods/design: A two-year, randomised controlled trial with yearly survey points (baseline, 12 months follow-up, 24 months follow-up) will be conducted among 1,300 physically inactive adult participants aged 18-70 years. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, intervention 1 (attendance incentives), or intervention 2 (attendance incentives and tailored support following a model based on customer relationship management). Primary outcome measures will include facility usage, physical activity participation, mental and physical wellbeing, community connectedness, social capital, friendship, and social support. Secondary outcome measures will include stages of change for facility usage and social cognitive decision-making variables. Discussion: This study will assess whether customer relationship management systems, a tool commonly used in commercial marketing settings, can encourage the ongoing use of a physical activity facility. Findings may also indicate the population segments among which the use of such systems are most effective, as well as their cost-effectiveness. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615000012572 (regis

Social marketers and governments have often targeted hard to reach or vulnerable groups (Gordon et al., 2006) such as young adults and low income earners. Past research has shown that low-income earners are often at risk of poor health outcomes and diminished lifestyle (Hampson et al., 2009; Scott et al., 2012). Young adults (aged 18 to 35) are in a transition phase of their life where lifestyle preferences are still being formed and are thus a useful target for long-term sustainable change. An area of focus for all levels of government is the use of energy with an aim to reduce consumption. There is little research to date that combines both of these groups and in particular in the context of household energy usage. Research into financially disadvantaged consumers is challenging the notion that that low income consumer purchasing and usage of products and services is based upon economic status (Sharma et al., 2012). Prior research shows higher income earners view items such as televisions and computers as necessities rather than non-essential (Karlsson et al., 2004). Consistent with this is growing evidence that low income earners purchase non-essential, energy intensive electronic appliances such as multiple big screen TV sets and additional refrigerators. With this in mind, there is a need for knowledge about how psychological and economic factors influence the energy consumption habits (e.g. appliances on standby power, leaving appliances turned on, running multiple devices at one time) of low income earners. Thus, our study sought to address the research question of: What are the factors that influence young adult low-income earners energy habits?

We present an interesting Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) detection in the first of the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) ‘blind’, degree-square fields to have been observed down to our target sensitivity of 100 µJy beam-1. In follow-up deep pointed observations the SZ effect is detected with a maximum peak decrement greater than eight times the thermal noise. No corresponding emission is visible in the ROSAT all-sky X-ray survey and no cluster is evident in the Palomar all-sky optical survey. Compared with existing SZ images of distant clusters, the extent is large (˜10 arcmin) and complex; our analysis favours a model containing two clusters rather than a single cluster. Our Bayesian analysis is currently limited to modelling each cluster with an ellipsoidal or spherical ß model, which does not do justice to this decrement. Fitting an ellipsoid to the deeper candidate we find the following. (a) Assuming that the Evrard et al. approximation to Press & Schechter correctly gives the number density of clusters as a function of mass and redshift, then, in the search area, the formal Bayesian probability ratio of the AMI detection of this cluster is 7.9 × 104:1; alternatively assuming Jenkins et al. as the true prior, the formal Bayesian probability ratio of detection is 2.1 × 105:1. (b) The cluster mass is MT,200 = 5.5+1.2 -1.3 × 1014h -1 70 M. (c) Abandoning a physical model with number density prior and instead simply modelling the SZ decrement using a phenomenological ß model of temperature decrement as a function of angular distance, we find a central SZ temperature decrement of -295+36 -15 µK – this allows for cosmic microwave background primary anisotropies, receiver noise and radio sources.We are unsure if the cluster system we observe is a merging system or two separate clusters.

We present an interesting Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) detection in the first of the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) 'blind', degree-square fields to have been observed down to our target sensitivity of 100{\mu}Jy/beam. In follow-up deep pointed observations the SZ effect is detected with a maximum peak decrement greater than 8 \times the thermal noise. No corresponding emission is visible in the ROSAT all-sky X-ray survey and no cluster is evident in the Palomar all-sky optical survey. Compared with existing SZ images of distant clusters, the extent is large (\approx 10') and complex; our analysis favours a model containing two clusters rather than a single cluster. Our Bayesian analysis is currently limited to modelling each cluster with an ellipsoidal or spherical beta-model, which do not do justice to this decrement. Fitting an ellipsoid to the deeper candidate we find the following. (a) Assuming that the Evrard et al. (2002) approximation to Press & Schechter (1974) correctly gives the number density of clusters as a function of mass and redshift, then, in the search area, the formal Bayesian probability ratio of the AMI detection of this cluster is 7.9 \times 10^4:1; alternatively assuming Jenkins et al. (2001) as the true prior, the formal Bayesian probability ratio of detection is 2.1 \times 10^5:1. (b) The cluster mass is MT,200 = 5.5+1.2\times 10^14h-1M\odot. (c) Abandoning a physical model with num- -1.3 70 ber density prior and instead simply modelling the SZ decrement using a phenomenological {\beta}-model of temperature decrement as a function of angular distance, we find a central SZ temperature decrement of -295+36 {\mu}K - this allows for CMB primary anisotropies, receiver -15 noise and radio sources. We are unsure if the cluster system we observe is a merging system or two separate clusters., Comment: accepted MNRAS. 12 pages, 9 figures

We present an interesting Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) detection in the first of the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) 'blind', degree-square fields to have been observed down to our target sensitivity of 100{\mu}Jy/beam. In follow-up deep pointed observations the SZ effect is detected with a maximum peak decrement greater than 8 \times the thermal noise. No corresponding emission is visible in the ROSAT all-sky X-ray survey and no cluster is evident in the Palomar all-sky optical survey. Compared with existing SZ images of distant clusters, the extent is large (\approx 10') and complex; our analysis favours a model containing two clusters rather than a single cluster. Our Bayesian analysis is currently limited to modelling each cluster with an ellipsoidal or spherical beta-model, which do not do justice to this decrement. Fitting an ellipsoid to the deeper candidate we find the following. (a) Assuming that the Evrard et al. (2002) approximation to Press & Schechter (1974) correctly gives the number density of clusters as a function of mass and redshift, then, in the search area, the formal Bayesian probability ratio of the AMI detection of this cluster is 7.9 \times 10^4:1; alternatively assuming Jenkins et al. (2001) as the true prior, the formal Bayesian probability ratio of detection is 2.1 \times 10^5:1. (b) The cluster mass is MT,200 = 5.5+1.2\times 10^14h-1M\odot. (c) Abandoning a physical model with num- -1.3 70 ber density prior and instead simply modelling the SZ decrement using a phenomenological {\beta}-model of temperature decrement as a function of angular distance, we find a central SZ temperature decrement of -295+36 {\mu}K - this allows for CMB primary anisotropies, receiver -15 noise and radio sources. We are unsure if the cluster system we observe is a merging system or two separate clusters., Comment: accepted MNRAS. 12 pages, 9 figures

The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager is a pair of interferometer arrays operating with six frequency channels spanning 13.9-18.2 GHz, with very high sensitivity to angular scales 30''-10'. The telescope is aimed principally at Sunyaev-Zel'dovich imaging of clusters of galaxies. We discuss the design of the telescope and describe and explain its electronic and mechanical systems., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager is a pair of interferometer arrays operating with six frequency channels spanning 13.9-18.2 GHz, with very high sensitivity to angular scales 30''-10'. The telescope is aimed principally at Sunyaev-Zel'dovich imaging of clusters of galaxies. We discuss the design of the telescope and describe and explain its electronic and mechanical systems., Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager is a pair of interferometer arrays operating with sixfrequency channels spanning 13.9–18.2 GHz, for observations on angular scales of 30 arcsec–10 arcmin and for declinations greater than -15?; the Small Array has a sensitivity of30 mJy s-1/2 and the Large Array has a sensitivity of 3mJy s-1/2. The telescope is aimedprincipally at Sunyaev–Zel’dovich imaging of clusters of galaxies. We discuss the design ofthe telescope and describe and explain its electronic and mechanical systems.

We report the first detection of a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (S-Z) decrement with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI). We have made commissioning observations towards the cluster A1914 and have measured an integrated flux density of -8.61 mJy in a uv-tapered map with noise level 0.19 mJy/beam. We find that the spectrum of the decrement, measured in the six channels between 13.5-18GHz, is consistent with that expected for a S-Z effect. The sensitivity of the telescope is consistent with the figures used in our simulations of cluster surveys with AMI., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, submitted to MNRAS Letters

We report the first detection of a Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (S-Z) decrement with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI). We have made commissioning observations towards the cluster A1914 and have measured an integrated flux density of -8.61 mJy in a uv-tapered map with noise level 0.19 mJy/beam. We find that the spectrum of the decrement, measured in the six channels between 13.5-18GHz, is consistent with that expected for a S-Z effect. The sensitivity of the telescope is consistent with the figures used in our simulations of cluster surveys with AMI., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, submitted to MNRAS Letters

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of various dose levels of tributyltin (TBT) on the eggs, embryos, and larvae of the California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis). Both pre- and postfertilization effects were examined. The study demonstrated that the presence, during embryonic development, of tributyltin cation derived from antifouling coating leachates at concentrations from 0.14 to 1.72 micrograms TBT/L had no adverse effects on either the hatch success or growth of embryonic fish. Continuous exposure to water concentrations of TBT at and below 1.72 micrograms/L) had no adverse effects on embryonic development and, in fact, significantly enhanced hatch success and stimulated growth suggesting a hormestic effect. Exposure of hatched larvae to similar concentrations of TBT for 7 days did not significantly affect survival. High dosing of TBT (74 micrograms/L) during fertilizing fertilization, representing possible chemically available interstitial concentrations, reduced hatching success by about 50 percent over controls. Similar dosing at 10 micrograms/L showed no significant reduction in hatching success.

Notes and Comments. pp. 271-279; The uses of contrast. pp. 280-282; Contributed. pp. 283-296; The College. pp. 296-298