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This study presents a fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to support the evaluation of green suppliers. The method utilizes linguistic terms represented by triangular fuzzy numbers to assess the ratings of different green suppliers based on various criteria, as well as to determine the weights assigned to each criterion. The arithmetic of fuzzy numbers is employed to derive a weighted fuzzy decision matrix. In order to simplify and enhance practicality, the weighted ratings are converted into crisp values using the widely-used centroid index ranking approach. The proposed fuzzy MCDM method is then applied to a green supplier assessment problem, showcasing its effectiveness and computational process. Keywords: Green Supplier Assessment, MCDM, Fuzzy Numbers, TOPSIS.

Rice production in Southeast Asia is significantly affected by root-parasitic nematodes (RPN). The Green Revolution has encouraged new agricultural practices (e.g. intensive monoculture, high yielding rice variety) to respond to the high rice demand; however, these methods have promoted the spread of these pests. The recent banning of chemical nematicides resulted in a need for alternative sustainable control strategies. In the present study, we assessed the effects of a direct-seeding mulch-based cropping system (DMC) vs conventional plough-based tillages (CT) on soil properties, rice yield and RPN communities during a two-year trial in Cambodia. Our results show that on average the population densities of RPN were significantly higher in DMC than in CT. Molecular identification revealed only two RPN species associated with roots: Meloidogyne graminicola, not previously reported from Cambodia, was predominant and was present throughout the plant's development, whereas Hirschmanniella mucronata was only found at the tillering and milky stages. We conclude that DMC had a significant positive impact on rice yield, despite higher RPN short-term pressure. In order to increase the efficiency of such cropping systems, further studies and an evaluation of the long-term relationships between DMC, the nature of cover crops used, the soil biota including RPN, and rice yield should be conducted.

Rice production in Southeast Asia is significantly affected by root-parasitic nematodes (RPN). The Green Revolution has encouraged new agricultural practices (e.g. intensive monoculture, high yielding rice variety) to respond to the high rice demand; however, these methods have promoted the spread of these pests. The recent banning of chemical nematicides resulted in a need for alternative sustainable control strategies. In the present study, we assessed the effects of a direct-seeding mulch-based cropping system (DMC) vs conventional plough-based tillages (CT) on soil properties, rice yield and RPN communities during a two-year trial in Cambodia. Our results show that on average the population densities of RPN were significantly higher in DMC than in CT. Molecular identification revealed only two RPN species associated with roots: Meloidogyne graminicola, not previously reported from Cambodia, was predominant and was present throughout the plant's development, whereas Hirschmanniella mucronata was only found at the tillering and milky stages. We conclude that DMC had a significant positive impact on rice yield, despite higher RPN short-term pressure. In order to increase the efficiency of such cropping systems, further studies and an evaluation of the long-term relationships between DMC, the nature of cover crops used, the soil biota including RPN, and rice yield should be conducted.

The newly planned lead recycling zone in Dong Mai village has been operating with primary treatment systems using lime to neutralize acid in wastewater is a good sign for the local environment, yet the real problem that needs further attention and proper solutions is the accumulation of heavy metals typically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural land near the old Pb recycling area. In this context, 27 soil samples were collected and analyzed by AAS method to assess the situation and the quality of the agricultural soil. The results showed that the levels of Cd in the soil were still in acceptable level according to National Regulation. However, the lead contents in all of the soil samples exceeded National Regulation. The level of Pb pollution in soil was inversely proportional to the distance with old lead melting zone. The lead content in the soil sample collected at the distance of 50 m radius to the old melting zone reached 7070 ppm, which was 100 times higher than the allowable value of National Regulation., Khu tái chế chì mới tại thôn Đông Mai đã được quy hoạch và đi vào hoạt động cùng hệ thống xử lý sơ bộ với vôi bột là một tín hiệu đáng mừng cho môi trường nơi đây, nhưng vấn đề cần quan tâm và giải quyết triệt để là sự tích lũy một lượng lớn kim loại nặng điển hình là chì (Pb) và cađimi (Cd) trong đất nông nghiệp gần những khu tái chế chì cũ. 27 mẫu đất đã được thu thập và phân tích bằng phương pháp AAS để đánh giá tình trạng, chất lượng đất nông nghiệp tại đây. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng Cd trong đất vẫn trong mức độ cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Tuy nhiên, 100% các mẫu đất đều có hàm lượng chì vượt quá mức cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Mức độ ô nhiễm Pb trong đất tỷ lệ nghịch với khoảng cách tới khu lò nấu chì cũ. Mẫu đất cách 50 m so với khu vực lò cũ có hàm lượng chì lên tới 7070 ppm, gấp hơn 100 lần so với Quy chuẩn quốc gia.

The newly planned lead recycling zone in Dong Mai village has been operating with primary treatment systems using lime to neutralize acid in wastewater is a good sign for the local environment, yet the real problem that needs further attention and proper solutions is the accumulation of heavy metals typically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural land near the old Pb recycling area. In this context, 27 soil samples were collected and analyzed by AAS method to assess the situation and the quality of the agricultural soil. The results showed that the levels of Cd in the soil were still in acceptable level according to National Regulation. However, the lead contents in all of the soil samples exceeded National Regulation. The level of Pb pollution in soil was inversely proportional to the distance with old lead melting zone. The lead content in the soil sample collected at the distance of 50 m radius to the old melting zone reached 7070 ppm, which was 100 times higher than the allowable value of National Regulation., Khu tái chế chì mới tại thôn Đông Mai đã được quy hoạch và đi vào hoạt động cùng hệ thống xử lý sơ bộ với vôi bột là một tín hiệu đáng mừng cho môi trường nơi đây, nhưng vấn đề cần quan tâm và giải quyết triệt để là sự tích lũy một lượng lớn kim loại nặng điển hình là chì (Pb) và cađimi (Cd) trong đất nông nghiệp gần những khu tái chế chì cũ. 27 mẫu đất đã được thu thập và phân tích bằng phương pháp AAS để đánh giá tình trạng, chất lượng đất nông nghiệp tại đây. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng Cd trong đất vẫn trong mức độ cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Tuy nhiên, 100% các mẫu đất đều có hàm lượng chì vượt quá mức cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Mức độ ô nhiễm Pb trong đất tỷ lệ nghịch với khoảng cách tới khu lò nấu chì cũ. Mẫu đất cách 50 m so với khu vực lò cũ có hàm lượng chì lên tới 7070 ppm, gấp hơn 100 lần so với Quy chuẩn quốc gia.

In line with the calls from United Nations for sustainable development, the regulations from governments, the development of global economic as well as to respond to growing demands from stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is getting more attention throughout the world. This term going along with the investment of multinational corporations (MNCs) was just newly introduced in Vietnam and it instantly attracted concern from enterprises, government and scholars. Due to the limited research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in State-owned enterprises (SOEs), this paper investigates and makes a comparative analysis of CSR practices of two large Vietnamese SOEs: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation (PVEP) and Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (or Vietnam Television Corporation – VTC). The input data is based on descriptive information collected from existing literature, corporations’ official websites, published reports, and primary data from interviews with managers of the two companies. The analysis indicates that PVEP and VTC share similar views on the concept of CSR and in line with the definition of standard ISO 26000. It identifies the focal points of these corporations on CSR themes which are Environment, Labor and Community Involvement for PVEP and Labor, Fair Operating Practices, Consumer Issues and Community Involvement for VTC. Institutional Theory has been adopted to examine the main drivers of CSR. This study has determined that the external and internal institutional drivers effect on responsible behaviors of the two corporations at different extent. This study contributes to CSR literature with a focus on State-owned Enterprises. It would be helpful when using to predict the trend as well as suggest recommendation to push CSR activities in SOEs in a better way in future research.

In line with the calls from United Nations for sustainable development, the regulations from governments, the development of global economic as well as to respond to growing demands from stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is getting more attention throughout the world. This term going along with the investment of multinational corporations (MNCs) was just newly introduced in Vietnam and it instantly attracted concern from enterprises, government and scholars. Due to the limited research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in State-owned enterprises (SOEs), this paper investigates and makes a comparative analysis of CSR practices of two large Vietnamese SOEs: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation (PVEP) and Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (or Vietnam Television Corporation – VTC). The input data is based on descriptive information collected from existing literature, corporations’ official websites, published reports, and primary data from interviews with managers of the two companies. The analysis indicates that PVEP and VTC share similar views on the concept of CSR and in line with the definition of standard ISO 26000. It identifies the focal points of these corporations on CSR themes which are Environment, Labor and Community Involvement for PVEP and Labor, Fair Operating Practices, Consumer Issues and Community Involvement for VTC. Institutional Theory has been adopted to examine the main drivers of CSR. This study has determined that the external and internal institutional drivers effect on responsible behaviors of the two corporations at different extent. This study contributes to CSR literature with a focus on State-owned Enterprises. It would be helpful when using to predict the trend as well as suggest recommendation to push CSR activities in SOEs in a better way in future research.

In line with the calls from United Nations for sustainable development, the regulations from governments, the development of global economic as well as to respond to growing demands from stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is getting more attention throughout the world. This term going along with the investment of multinational corporations (MNCs) was just newly introduced in Vietnam and it instantly attracted concern from enterprises, government and scholars. Due to the limited research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in State-owned enterprises (SOEs), this paper investigates and makes a comparative analysis of CSR practices of two large Vietnamese SOEs: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation (PVEP) and Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (or Vietnam Television Corporation – VTC). The input data is based on descriptive information collected from existing literature, corporations’ official websites, published reports, and primary data from interviews with managers of the two companies. The analysis indicates that PVEP and VTC share similar views on the concept of CSR and in line with the definition of standard ISO 26000. It identifies the focal points of these corporations on CSR themes which are Environment, Labor and Community Involvement for PVEP and Labor, Fair Operating Practices, Consumer Issues and Community Involvement for VTC. Institutional Theory has been adopted to examine the main drivers of CSR. This study has determined that the external and internal institutional drivers effect on responsible behaviors of the two corporations at different extent. This study contributes to CSR literature with a focus on State-owned Enterprises. It would be helpful when using to predict the trend as well as suggest recommendation to push CSR activities in SOEs in a better way in future research.

The newly planned lead recycling zone in Dong Mai village has been operating with primary treatment systems using lime to neutralize acid in wastewater is a good sign for the local environment, yet the real problem that needs further attention and proper solutions is the accumulation of heavy metals typically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural land near the old Pb recycling area. In this context, 27 soil samples were collected and analyzed by AAS method to assess the situation and the quality of the agricultural soil. The results showed that the levels of Cd in the soil were still in acceptable level according to National Regulation. However, the lead contents in all of the soil samples exceeded National Regulation. The level of Pb pollution in soil was inversely proportional to the distance with old lead melting zone. The lead content in the soil sample collected at the distance of 50 m radius to the old melting zone reached 7070 ppm, which was 100 times higher than the allowable value of National Regulation., Khu tái chế chì mới tại thôn Đông Mai đã được quy hoạch và đi vào hoạt động cùng hệ thống xử lý sơ bộ với vôi bột là một tín hiệu đáng mừng cho môi trường nơi đây, nhưng vấn đề cần quan tâm và giải quyết triệt để là sự tích lũy một lượng lớn kim loại nặng điển hình là chì (Pb) và cađimi (Cd) trong đất nông nghiệp gần những khu tái chế chì cũ. 27 mẫu đất đã được thu thập và phân tích bằng phương pháp AAS để đánh giá tình trạng, chất lượng đất nông nghiệp tại đây. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng Cd trong đất vẫn trong mức độ cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Tuy nhiên, 100% các mẫu đất đều có hàm lượng chì vượt quá mức cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Mức độ ô nhiễm Pb trong đất tỷ lệ nghịch với khoảng cách tới khu lò nấu chì cũ. Mẫu đất cách 50 m so với khu vực lò cũ có hàm lượng chì lên tới 7070 ppm, gấp hơn 100 lần so với Quy chuẩn quốc gia.

In line with the calls from United Nations for sustainable development, the regulations from governments, the development of global economic as well as to respond to growing demands from stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is getting more attention throughout the world. This term going along with the investment of multinational corporations (MNCs) was just newly introduced in Vietnam and it instantly attracted concern from enterprises, government and scholars. Due to the limited research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in State-owned enterprises (SOEs), this paper investigates and makes a comparative analysis of CSR practices of two large Vietnamese SOEs: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation (PVEP) and Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (or Vietnam Television Corporation – VTC). The input data is based on descriptive information collected from existing literature, corporations’ official websites, published reports, and primary data from interviews with managers of the two companies. The analysis indicates that PVEP and VTC share similar views on the concept of CSR and in line with the definition of standard ISO 26000. It identifies the focal points of these corporations on CSR themes which are Environment, Labor and Community Involvement for PVEP and Labor, Fair Operating Practices, Consumer Issues and Community Involvement for VTC. Institutional Theory has been adopted to examine the main drivers of CSR. This study has determined that the external and internal institutional drivers effect on responsible behaviors of the two corporations at different extent. This study contributes to CSR literature with a focus on State-owned Enterprises. It would be helpful when using to predict the trend as well as suggest recommendation to push CSR activities in SOEs in a better way in future research.

The newly planned lead recycling zone in Dong Mai village has been operating with primary treatment systems using lime to neutralize acid in wastewater is a good sign for the local environment, yet the real problem that needs further attention and proper solutions is the accumulation of heavy metals typically lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural land near the old Pb recycling area. In this context, 27 soil samples were collected and analyzed by AAS method to assess the situation and the quality of the agricultural soil. The results showed that the levels of Cd in the soil were still in acceptable level according to National Regulation. However, the lead contents in all of the soil samples exceeded National Regulation. The level of Pb pollution in soil was inversely proportional to the distance with old lead melting zone. The lead content in the soil sample collected at the distance of 50 m radius to the old melting zone reached 7070 ppm, which was 100 times higher than the allowable value of National Regulation., Khu tái chế chì mới tại thôn Đông Mai đã được quy hoạch và đi vào hoạt động cùng hệ thống xử lý sơ bộ với vôi bột là một tín hiệu đáng mừng cho môi trường nơi đây, nhưng vấn đề cần quan tâm và giải quyết triệt để là sự tích lũy một lượng lớn kim loại nặng điển hình là chì (Pb) và cađimi (Cd) trong đất nông nghiệp gần những khu tái chế chì cũ. 27 mẫu đất đã được thu thập và phân tích bằng phương pháp AAS để đánh giá tình trạng, chất lượng đất nông nghiệp tại đây. Kết quả cho thấy hàm lượng Cd trong đất vẫn trong mức độ cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Tuy nhiên, 100% các mẫu đất đều có hàm lượng chì vượt quá mức cho phép theo Quy chuẩn quốc gia. Mức độ ô nhiễm Pb trong đất tỷ lệ nghịch với khoảng cách tới khu lò nấu chì cũ. Mẫu đất cách 50 m so với khu vực lò cũ có hàm lượng chì lên tới 7070 ppm, gấp hơn 100 lần so với Quy chuẩn quốc gia.

In line with the calls from United Nations for sustainable development, the regulations from governments, the development of global economic as well as to respond to growing demands from stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is getting more attention throughout the world. This term going along with the investment of multinational corporations (MNCs) was just newly introduced in Vietnam and it instantly attracted concern from enterprises, government and scholars. Due to the limited research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in State-owned enterprises (SOEs), this paper investigates and makes a comparative analysis of CSR practices of two large Vietnamese SOEs: PetroVietnam Exploration Production Corporation (PVEP) and Vietnam Multimedia Corporation (or Vietnam Television Corporation – VTC). The input data is based on descriptive information collected from existing literature, corporations’ official websites, published reports, and primary data from interviews with managers of the two companies. The analysis indicates that PVEP and VTC share similar views on the concept of CSR and in line with the definition of standard ISO 26000. It identifies the focal points of these corporations on CSR themes which are Environment, Labor and Community Involvement for PVEP and Labor, Fair Operating Practices, Consumer Issues and Community Involvement for VTC. Institutional Theory has been adopted to examine the main drivers of CSR. This study has determined that the external and internal institutional drivers effect on responsible behaviors of the two corporations at different extent. This study contributes to CSR literature with a focus on State-owned Enterprises. It would be helpful when using to predict the trend as well as suggest recommendation to push CSR activities in SOEs in a better way in future research.

Phan Me is a midland-mountainous commune of Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam where the agricultural activities are predominant occupation. The investigation on the use of plant protection products in here showed that chemical pesticides have been commonly used in agricultural activities. Although some local people have a good attitude in using plant protection products, the status of using chemical pesticides that were not recommended (like Vofatox) has been quite popular due to the old cultivation customs. The local people have not applied any measures for wastewater treatment, or plant protection product package treatment. Besides, the use of plant protection products in higher concentration than recommendation for vegetables or crops caused the residues of toxics in agricultural products as well as in cultivation soil. The accumulation of toxic residues in the environment is a serious matter of concern because of their significant impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystem and human health., Phấn Mễ là một xã trung du miền núi của huyện Phú Lương, tỉnh Thái Nguyên, Việt Nam với hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp là chủ yếu. Qua thực tế điều tra tình hình sử dụng thuốc bảo vệ thực vật (BVTV) tại đây cho thấy hầu hết các loại hình sản xuất nông nghiệp đều sử dụng thuốc BVTV. Một số người dân đã có ý thức trong việc sử dụng thuốc BVTV tuy nhiên do tập quán canh tác từ lâu đời nên việc sử dụng các loại thuốc bị khuyến cáo, chẳng hạn như Vofatox, vẫn còn khá phổ biến. Người dân chưa tiến hành các biện pháp để xử lý nước thải, bao bì, vỏ chai thuốc BVTV sau khi sử dụng. Bên canh đó, họ còn sử dụng thuốc BVTV không đúng liều lượng cho một số loại cây rau để lại dư lượng thuốc trên nông sản cũng như đất canh tác. Sự tích lũy dư lượng của những chất độc hại này trong môi trường là vấn đề đáng lo ngại do sự ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của chúng đối với môi trường sống, hệ sinh thái nông nghiệp và sức khỏe con người.

Phan Me is a midland-mountainous commune of Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam where the agricultural activities are predominant occupation. The investigation on the use of plant protection products in here showed that chemical pesticides have been commonly used in agricultural activities. Although some local people have a good attitude in using plant protection products, the status of using chemical pesticides that were not recommended (like Vofatox) has been quite popular due to the old cultivation customs. The local people have not applied any measures for wastewater treatment, or plant protection product package treatment. Besides, the use of plant protection products in higher concentration than recommendation for vegetables or crops caused the residues of toxics in agricultural products as well as in cultivation soil. The accumulation of toxic residues in the environment is a serious matter of concern because of their significant impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystem and human health., Phấn Mễ là một xã trung du miền núi của huyện Phú Lương, tỉnh Thái Nguyên, Việt Nam với hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp là chủ yếu. Qua thực tế điều tra tình hình sử dụng thuốc bảo vệ thực vật (BVTV) tại đây cho thấy hầu hết các loại hình sản xuất nông nghiệp đều sử dụng thuốc BVTV. Một số người dân đã có ý thức trong việc sử dụng thuốc BVTV tuy nhiên do tập quán canh tác từ lâu đời nên việc sử dụng các loại thuốc bị khuyến cáo, chẳng hạn như Vofatox, vẫn còn khá phổ biến. Người dân chưa tiến hành các biện pháp để xử lý nước thải, bao bì, vỏ chai thuốc BVTV sau khi sử dụng. Bên canh đó, họ còn sử dụng thuốc BVTV không đúng liều lượng cho một số loại cây rau để lại dư lượng thuốc trên nông sản cũng như đất canh tác. Sự tích lũy dư lượng của những chất độc hại này trong môi trường là vấn đề đáng lo ngại do sự ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của chúng đối với môi trường sống, hệ sinh thái nông nghiệp và sức khỏe con người.

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It remains a major public health problem throughout the developing world with over 22 million people infected each year. The emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobials has been a major setback and we now face the very real prospect that untreatable typhoid fever will emerge. Understanding host genetics may yield answers that lead to the development of new therapeutics for infectious disease such as typhoid fever. Using a genetic approach we aim to investigate a number of immune response genes that may be important in the defense against typhoid fever. Here we describe studies investigating the genetic variation within some human innate immunity genes which may play an important role in susceptibility to typhoid fever. The TLR4 gene encoding the principal receptor for bacterial endotoxin recognition, an element of innate immunity that contributes to the first line of defense against infectious disease was investigated. We determined the extent of genetic variation within TLR4 in a Vietnamese kinh population and identified a number of novel missense mutations. It appears that this gene may be involved in defense against typhoid fever, as evidenced by weak associations with two SNPs and the presence of low frequency non-synonymous SNPs in only typhoid fever cases which may have the potential to alter protein function. The haplotypic structure of a 150Kb genomic region encompassing TNFA was determined in a Vietnamese population. This allowed the identification of 15 haplotype tagging SNPs which were genotyped in a case/control genetic association study. Seven polymorphisms across three key genes in the TNF region were associated with typhoid fever. A haplotype spanning this region (*12122*1111) was strongly associated with protection from typhoid fever. Polymorphisms in the chemokine and other immune response gene cluster

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It remains a major public health problem throughout the developing world with over 22 million people infected each year. The emergence of resistance to chloramphenicol and other antimicrobials has been a major setback and we now face the very real prospect that untreatable typhoid fever will emerge. Understanding host genetics may yield answers that lead to the development of new therapeutics for infectious disease such as typhoid fever. Using a genetic approach we aim to investigate a number of immune response genes that may be important in the defense against typhoid fever. Here we describe studies investigating the genetic variation within some human innate immunity genes which may play an important role in susceptibility to typhoid fever. The TLR4 gene encoding the principal receptor for bacterial endotoxin recognition, an element of innate immunity that contributes to the first line of defense against infectious disease was investigated. We determined the extent of genetic variation within TLR4 in a Vietnamese kinh population and identified a number of novel missense mutations. It appears that this gene may be involved in defense against typhoid fever, as evidenced by weak associations with two SNPs and the presence of low frequency non-synonymous SNPs in only typhoid fever cases which may have the potential to alter protein function. The haplotypic structure of a 150Kb genomic region encompassing TNFA was determined in a Vietnamese population. This allowed the identification of 15 haplotype tagging SNPs which were genotyped in a case/control genetic association study. Seven polymorphisms across three key genes in the TNF region were associated with typhoid fever. A haplotype spanning this region (*12122*1111) was strongly associated with protection from typhoid fever. Polymorphisms in the chemokine and other immune response gene cluster

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Earth

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Earth