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In Sametoglu et al. 2021, as a result of a production error there is a mistake in table 1, column 1, row 12. The text should read “Order/Clean/Perfect Domain.” The correct table 1 follows: (Table Presented).

Although there is increasing attention for the interrelationship between obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), their shared characteristics in terms of childhood trait antecedents remain understudied. Perfectionism may be a viable candidate trait antecedent, given its role in the clinical manifestation of both OCPD and OCD in adulthood, and the evidence that perfectionism reflects a dispositional tendency observable from childhood onwards. However, little is known about childhood trajectories of perfectionism with prospective links to later OCPD versus OCD. Using latent growth curve modeling, this study explored the baseline and growth of childhood perfectionism in 485 community and referred children (55.5% girls, 7.17–14.78 years old, Mage = 10.74, SD = 1.50) across three waves. Adolescent OCPD traits and OCD symptoms were measured in Wave 4. An overall decreasing trend of perfectionism from childhood through adolescence appeared, without inter-individual differences in growth. Individual differences in baseline levels of childhood perfectionism were significant, and equally predicting adolescent OCPD and OCD outcomes. At a more specific level, childhood perfectionism predicted most strongly the rigid perfectionism component of OCPD, and the orderliness/cleanliness/perfectionism and obsession domain of OCD. This demonstrates the value of childhood perfectionism for understanding differential outcomes of adolescent OCPD traits and OCD symptoms.

Personality disorders have a deleterious impact on individual quality of life, and are associated with a significant social burden. Despite a broad range of presentations across the various personality disorders, clinical research has shown a strong bias toward borderline personality disorder. In contrast to the emotional dysregulation of borderline personality disorder, a number of personality disorders are characterised by emotional inhibition and alexithymia. Research increasingly suggests that these deficits in emotional regulation may be symptomatic of problems with metacognition—the ability to identify, understand, and influence mental states. Research and specific treatment approaches are needed which target personality dysfunction characterised by emotional inhibition, rather than dysregulation. Emerging evidence suggests that metacognitive interpersonal therapy may be an effective treatment approach for personality disorders characterised by emotional inhibition. The current case study provides an in-depth examination of the application of metacognitive interpersonal therapy for a man diagnosed with comorbid avoidant personality disorder, and obsessive compulsive personality disorder. The patient described a history of bullying and unmet needs throughout his childhood, resulting in maladaptive interpersonal schemas and metacognitive deficits. Treatment focused on building the patient’s ability to identify and understand his mental states, and targeted schema-driven behaviour. The patient reported experiencing the therapy as helpful, and stated that it contributed to a marked improvement in his quality of life. Results indicate that a 1 year intervention was successful in achieving diagnostic recovery and symptom reduction, supporting metacognitive interpersonal therapy as an effective intervention.

This prospective study examined associations between cognitive functions, selfawareness, neuroimaging data, and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptomatology in a sample of 31 patients with moderate-severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Methods. Participants completed neuropsychological tests examining specific aspects of executive functioning, as well as new learning and retention. Questionnaires assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) traits were completed. Patients and their treating clinicians independently completed the same questionnaire to determine level of self-awareness (SA). Discrepancy scores were used as a measure of SA. Results. Standard frequentist statistics were calculated, supplemented with Bayesian analysis. Bayes factors showed strong support for the presence of a correlation between Rey Complex Figure (RCFT) strategy and the Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) symptom scores, and moderate support for the presence of a correlation between RCFT strategy and FOCI severity scores. Conclusion. Overall, results indicate selfreport of new onset obsessions and compulsions after TBI were associated with specific executive functions rather than memory and retention. This study suggests that OCD phenomena after TBI may in part be explained by the presence of specific cognitive deficits. Accurate differential diagnosis of OCD, versus cognitive impairment masquerading as OCD after TBI, has implications for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients., Este estudo prospectivo examinou a associação entre funções cognitivas, autoconsciência, dados de neuroimagem e sintomatologia obsessiva compulsiva em uma amostra de 31 pacientes com lesão cerebral traumática (TCE) moderada a grave. Método: Testes neuropsicológicos foram aplicados para examinar aspectos específicos do funcionamento executivo e medir novas aprendizagens e retenções. Questionários que avaliam os sintomas do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC), bem como os traços do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo da personalidade (TOCD), foram concluídos. Os pacientes, bem como os médicos em acompanhamento, preencheram independentemente o mesmo questionário para determinar o nível de autoconsciência (SA). Resultados: As estatísticas de frequência padrão foram calculadas, complementadas pela análise bayesiana. Os fatores bayesianos mostraram forte apoio à presença de uma correlação entre a estratégia Rey Complex Figure (RCFT) e os escores de sintomas do Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI), e apoio moderado à presença de uma correlação entre a estratégia RCFT e os escores de gravidade do FOCI. Conclusão Em geral, os resultados indicam que o autorrelato de novas obsessões e compulsões após TCEs foi associado a funções executivas específicas, em vez de memória e retenção. Este estudo sugere que os fenômenos do TOC após o TCE podem ser parcialmente explicados pela presença de déficits cognitivos específicos. O diagnóstico diferencial preciso de TOC versus comprometimento cognitivo disfarçado de TOC após o TCE tem implicações no tratamento e reabilitação dos pacientes"., Este estudio prospectivo examinó la asociación entre funciones cognitivas, autoconciencia, datos de neuroimagen y la sintomatología obsesivo-compulsiva en una muestra de 31 pacientes con lesión cerebral traumática (LCT) moderada a grave. Método: Se aplicaron tanto pruebas neuropsicológicas para examinar aspectos específicos del funcionamiento ejecutivo como para medir nuevo aprendizaje y retención. Se completaron cuestionarios que evalúan los síntomas del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC) así como los rasgos del trastorno obsesivo compulsivo de la personalidad (OCPD). Los pacientes como sus médicos tratantes completaron de forma independiente el mismo cuestionario para determinar nivel de autoconciencia (SA). Resultados: Se calcularon estadísticas frecuentistas estándar, complementadas con análisis bayesiano. Los factores de Bayesianos mostraron un fuerte apoyo a la presencia de una correlación entre la estrategia de Rey Complex Figure (RCFT) y los puntajes de síntomas del Inventario Obsesivo-Compulsivo de Florida (FOCI), y un apoyo moderado a la presencia de una correlación entre la estrategia RCFT y los puntajes de severidad de FOCI. Conclusión. En general, los resultados indican que el autoinforme de nuevas obsesiones y compulsiones después de que las LCT se asociaron con funciones ejecutivas específicas en lugar de memoria y retención. Este estudio sugiere que los fenómenos de TOC después de una LCT en parte pueden explicarse por la presencia de déficits cognitivos específicos. El diagnóstico diferencial preciso del TOC frente al deterioro cognitivo disfrazado de TOC después de una LCT tiene implicaciones para el tratamiento y la rehabilitación de los pacientes.

Trade credit plays a main role in the commercial activities of every company and trade credit in the company shows the amount of trust of suppliers and creditors to the company. Companies with the good trade credit receive their required goods and service from suppliers without payment of cash and banks and other creditors proceed to confer the facilities by consideration of trade credit of the company. Therefore, one can consider the trade credit as a short-term investment instrument. This research intends to examine the relationship between short-term finance and trade credits in the companies agreed in stock exchange of Tehran during 2012-2016. Hence, one has been selected a sample of 90 companies by the method of systematic elimination. Result of this research implies significant and reverse relationship between short-term finance and trade credit. This result shows that well-off companies with a high credit can carry their purchases as credit and have lesser requirement to the finance out of company.

Trade credit plays a main role in the commercial activities of every company and trade credit in the company shows the amount of trust of suppliers and creditors to the company. Companies with the good trade credit receive their required goods and service from suppliers without payment of cash and banks and other creditors proceed to confer the facilities by consideration of trade credit of the company. Therefore, one can consider the trade credit as a short-term investment instrument. This research intends to examine the relationship between short-term finance and trade credits in the companies agreed in stock exchange of Tehran during 2012-2016. Hence, one has been selected a sample of 90 companies by the method of systematic elimination. Result of this research implies significant and reverse relationship between short-term finance and trade credit. This result shows that well-off companies with a high credit can carry their purchases as credit and have lesser requirement to the finance out of company.

Trade credit plays a main role in the commercial activities of every company and trade credit in the company shows the amount of trust of suppliers and creditors to the company. Companies with the good trade credit receive their required goods and service from suppliers without payment of cash and banks and other creditors proceed to confer the facilities by consideration of trade credit of the company. Therefore, one can consider the trade credit as a short-term investment instrument. This research intends to examine the relationship between short-term finance and trade credits in the companies agreed in stock exchange of Tehran during 2012-2016. Hence, one has been selected a sample of 90 companies by the method of systematic elimination. Result of this research implies significant and reverse relationship between short-term finance and trade credit. This result shows that well-off companies with a high credit can carry their purchases as credit and have lesser requirement to the finance out of company.

Trade credit plays a main role in the commercial activities of every company and trade credit in the company shows the amount of trust of suppliers and creditors to the company. Companies with the good trade credit receive their required goods and service from suppliers without payment of cash and banks and other creditors proceed to confer the facilities by consideration of trade credit of the company. Therefore, one can consider the trade credit as a short-term investment instrument. This research intends to examine the relationship between short-term finance and trade credits in the companies agreed in stock exchange of Tehran during 2012-2016. Hence, one has been selected a sample of 90 companies by the method of systematic elimination. Result of this research implies significant and reverse relationship between short-term finance and trade credit. This result shows that well-off companies with a high credit can carry their purchases as credit and have lesser requirement to the finance out of company.

Trade credit plays a main role in the commercial activities of every company and trade credit in the company shows the amount of trust of suppliers and creditors to the company. Companies with the good trade credit receive their required goods and service from suppliers without payment of cash and banks and other creditors proceed to confer the facilities by consideration of trade credit of the company. Therefore, one can consider the trade credit as a short-term investment instrument. This research intends to examine the relationship between short-term finance and trade credits in the companies agreed in stock exchange of Tehran during 2012-2016. Hence, one has been selected a sample of 90 companies by the method of systematic elimination. Result of this research implies significant and reverse relationship between short-term finance and trade credit. This result shows that well-off companies with a high credit can carry their purchases as credit and have lesser requirement to the finance out of company.

Trade credit plays a main role in the commercial activities of every company and trade credit in the company shows the amount of trust of suppliers and creditors to the company. Companies with the good trade credit receive their required goods and service from suppliers without payment of cash and banks and other creditors proceed to confer the facilities by consideration of trade credit of the company. Therefore, one can consider the trade credit as a short-term investment instrument. This research intends to examine the relationship between short-term finance and trade credits in the companies agreed in stock exchange of Tehran during 2012-2016. Hence, one has been selected a sample of 90 companies by the method of systematic elimination. Result of this research implies significant and reverse relationship between short-term finance and trade credit. This result shows that well-off companies with a high credit can carry their purchases as credit and have lesser requirement to the finance out of company.

Objective: Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is formally operationalized in Section II of the DSM‐5 by a heterogeneous collection of 8 categorical criteria. Section III con- tains an alternative model operationalizing personality disorders via dimensional personality traits and associated impairment. The extent to which the personality traits used to define OCPD in Section III correspond with the Section II operationalization of the disorder is contested. The cur- rent study aims to contribute to the evidence base necessary to solidify the optimal trait profile for this disorder via a more fine‐tuned examination of OCPD. Method: The research questions were examined using a clinical sample of 142 Danish adults who completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Disorders and the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 to index both the Sections II and III (personality traits) operationalizations of OCPD, respectively. Results: Bivariate correlations supported Rigid Perfectionism and Perseveration as traits rele- vant to OCPD; however, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that of the 4 traits used in the Section III operationalization of OCPD, only Rigid Perfectionism uniquely predicted OCPD (p < .05). In addition to Rigid Perfectionism, the conceptually relevant traits of Submissiveness, Suspiciousness, and (low) Impulsivity were also found to uniquely predict OCPD and its specific symptoms in a regression model. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the traits proposed in Section III are only partially aligned with the traditional, Section II conceptualization of OCPD, and may be augmented by incorporating Submissiveness, Suspiciousness, and (low) Impulsivity. In light of the current findings and existing literature, a modified constellation of traits to operationalize OCPD is likely justified. KEYWORDS

The current study provides convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity data for the Five-Factor Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI), a newly-developed measure of traits relevant to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) from the perspective of the five-factor model (FFM). Twelve scales were constructed as maladaptive variants of specific FFM facets (e.g., Perfectionism as a maladaptive variant of FFM competence). On the basis of data from 407 undergraduates (oversampled for OCPD symptoms) these 12 scales demonstrated convergent correlations with established measures of OCPD and the FFM. Further, they obtained strong discriminant validity with respect to facets from other FFM domains. Most importantly, the individual scales and total score of the FFOCI obtained incremental validity beyond existing measures of the FFM and OCPD for predicting a composite measure of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. The findings support the validity of the FFOCI as a measure of obsessive-compulsive personality traits, as well as of maladaptive variants of the FFM.

A dimensional perspective on personality disorder hypothesizes that the current diagnostic categories represent maladaptive variants of general personality traits. However, a fundamental foundation of this viewpoint is that dimensional models can adequately account for the pathology currently described by these categories. While most of the personality disorders have well established links to dimensional models that buttress this hypothesis, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) has obtained only inconsistent support. The current study administered multiple measures of 1) conscientiousness-related personality traits, 2) DSM-IV OCPD, and 3) specific components of OCPD (e.g., compulsivity and perfectionism) to a sample of 536 undergraduates who were oversampled for elevated OCPD scores. Six existing measures of conscientiousness-related personality traits converged strongly with each other supporting their assessment of a common trait. These measures of conscientiousness correlated highly with scales assessing specific components of OCPD, but obtained variable relationships with measures of DSM-IV OCPD. More specifically, there were differences within the conscientiousness instruments such that those designed to assess general personality functioning had small to medium relationships with OCPD, but those assessing more maladaptive variants obtained large effect sizes. These findings support the view that OCPD does represent a maladaptive variant of normal-range conscientiousness.

Psychiatric patients are significantly more often smokers than the general population, the only known exception being obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and catatonic schizophrenia. We have investigated nicotine use in subjects with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Ninety-five subjects (25 females and 70 males) consecutively diagnosed with any ASD and of normal intelligence were included in the study. Only 12.6% were smokers, compared with 19% in the general population and 47% in a control group of 161 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or a schizophreniform disorder. The results suggest that smoking is rare among subjects with ASD, while the opposite was shown for schizophrenia. If replicated, this finding could suggest biological differences between non-catatonic schizophrenia and ASD, and support the theory of a biological link between ASD and a subtype of OCD, and between ASD and catatonic schizophrenia.

As opposed to other psychiatric populations, subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) smoke less than the general population. The present study aims at further investigating the relationship between smoking in OCD subjects and personality traits. Sixty-four subjects with OCD were interviewed concerning their smoking habits. Personality traits were evaluated using the Karolinska Scales of Personality, and specific obsessive-compulsive personality traits were elicited through self-report questionnaires. Non-smokers were more easily fatigued, more inclined to worry, more remorseful, less self-confident, less impulsive and became uneasy more frequently when urged to speed up, than smokers with OCD. Additionally, non-smokers fulfilled significantly more obsessive-compulsive personality disorder criteria as compared to the smokers (P < 0.001). We propose a clinical subtype of OCD related to non-smoking, psychasthenia, anxiety, and pronounced obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits.