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The generation of solid waste, more specifically municipal solid waste (MSW), has been considered one of the major global environmental problems since urbanization started. Among Scandinavian states, Denmark and Norway have placed in the top positions (1 and 2 respectively) for high MSW production. Sweden has a steady plan for MSW management/treatments by practising material recycle, biological treatment and energy recovery. The aim of this review is to compare municipal waste generation between Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. A systematic literature review was performed by screening academic and public articles to assess factors for better MSW management based on technological solutions. Key results include the importance of new tariffs and legislations, producer responsibilities for electronic products, municipality involvement, distribution of responsibilities, and infrastructure developments for better MSW management in Sweden. The application of modern technologies have also been considered for MSW management in Sweden. Societal participation (willingness, awareness and concern) in Sweden also plays a significant role in MSW management. A better packaging system, application of interactive visualization (gamification) in waste sorting, public awareness, and infrastructure development could significantly improve the waste sorting process and conversion of waste management from a linear economy towards a circular economy.

L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és desenvolupar protectors de cantoneres per al trasllat dels mobles, utilitzant una pasta reciclada composta per fibres de roba post consum i additius naturals. Abordant el problema del consum excessiu de productes d’un sol ús i la producció massiva de roba, es proposa una solució innovadora per reutilitzar aquestes fibres i reduir la quantitat de deixalles tèxtils. El projecte cerca fomentar la producció sostenible i l'economia circular, i promoure la consciència ambiental a la indústria del packaging i del tèxtil., El objetivo de este proyecto es desarrollar protectores de esquinas para el traslado de muebles, utilizando una pasta reciclada compuesta por fibras de ropa post consumo y aditivos naturales. Abordando el problema del consumo excesivo de productos desechables y la producción masiva de ropa, se propone una solución innovadora para reutilizar estas fibras y reducir la cantidad de desechos textiles. El proyecto busca fomentar la producción sostenible y la economía circular, y promover la conciencia ambiental en la industria del packaging y del textil., The aim of this project is to develop corner protectors for furniture transportation, utilizing a recycled paste composed of post-consumer clothing fibers and natural additives. Addressing the issue of excessive disposable product consumption and mass production of clothing, the project proposes an innovative solution to repurpose these fibers and reduce textile waste. The project seeks to promote sustainable production and circular economy practices, fostering environmental awareness in both the packaging and textile industries.

The Atasim Foundation located in Macas, Morona Santiago, has expressed its interest in supporting design areas for artisan products for its Atasim Artisan project. CIDAP together with the University of Cuenca have seen it pertinent to generate a training proposal according to the needs and interests of the foundation. For this reason, through a social engagement project, the construction of a brand and the design of sustainable packaging made with materials from the area have been proposed, so that they can be applied to artisan ceramic products such as masks, pots and jeweler's. In addition, workshops were developed so that the artisans could make the packaging on their own and adapt it to their designed ceramic products. This project was developed with the participation of eight students from the University of Cuenca, the collaboration of the CIDAP technical team and the participation of the artisans of the Shuar people who are part of the foundation., La Fundación Atasim ubicada en Macas, Morona Santiago, ha manifestado su interés en el apoyo en áreas de diseño para los productos artesanales para su proyecto Atasim Artisan. El CIDAP en conjunto con la Universidad de Cuenca han visto pertinente generar una propuesta de formación acorde a las necesidades e intereses de la fundación. Por lo que a través de un proyecto de vinculación con la sociedad se ha propuesto la construcción de una marca y el diseño de packaging sostenible elaborado con materiales propios de la zona, para que sean aplicados a los productos artesanales de cerámica como máscaras, macetas y joyería. Al final, se desarrollaron talleres de capacitación para que las artesanas puedan elaborar por su cuenta los packagings y adaptar a sus productos cerámicos diseñados. Este proyecto fue elaborado con la participación de ocho estudiantes de la Universidad de Cuenca, la colaboración del equipo técnico del CIDAP y la participación de las artesanas del Pueblo Shuar que forman parte de la Fundación Atasim.

A postharvest experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, AAU, Jorhat, to study the effect of different packaging technique(s) for the distant marketing of Foxtail orchid spikes. The seven treatments were as follows: T1: CFB box (control); T2: wrapping with 200 gauge polyethylene sheet + KMnO₄ sachet + CFB box; T3: wrapping with butter paper + KMnO₄ sachet + CFB box; T4: wrapping with Brown Paper + KMnO₄ sachet + CFB box; T₅: plastic vial containing 8-HQS (25 ppm) + wrapping with 200 gauge polyethylene sheet + CFB box; T6: plastic vial containing 8-HQS (25 ppm) + wrapping with butter paper + CFB box; and T7: plastic vial containing 8-HQS (25 ppm) + wrapping with Brown Paper + CFB box. Among these packaging treatments, T5 resulted in a significantly longer vase life (7.33 days after 3 days of storage under ambient conditions). Postharvest parameters such as the PLW (6.58%), TSS (10.08%), MSI (78.28%), and wilting of the first floret (3.41 days) were found to be greatest in T5. However, in terms of biochemical parameters, T5 was similar to T6 in terms of carbohydrate content (63.49 and 62.08 mg/100 ml, respectively), protein content (15.23 and 15.18%, respectively) and anthocyanin content (6.37 and 6.30 mg/L, respectively).

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the impact of packaging, logistics, and ethical sources on consumer purchase behavior through Trust in the e-commerce industry of Pakistan. It Design/Methodology/Approach: It is a quantitative, deductive, and cross-sectional study. The convenience sampling technique used to collect the data through a self-administrated questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling through Smart PLS-4.0 with a sample of 214 participants. Findings: The results revealed that packaging, logistics, and ethical sourcing have an impact on consumer buying behaviors. The results also supported the mediation role of Trust in the model. Implications/Originality/Value: The results provide insight for the e-business owners and potential businesspersons to focus on these things to improve their respective sales and maintain the Trust of the customers. The study contributed to the existing body of literature and discussed the limitations and future direction for the researchers.

Purpose: The study aims to investigate the impact of packaging, logistics, and ethical sources on consumer purchase behavior through Trust in the e-commerce industry of Pakistan. It Design/Methodology/Approach: It is a quantitative, deductive, and cross-sectional study. The convenience sampling technique used to collect the data through a self-administrated questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling through Smart PLS-4.0 with a sample of 214 participants. Findings: The results revealed that packaging, logistics, and ethical sourcing have an impact on consumer buying behaviors. The results also supported the mediation role of Trust in the model. Implications/Originality/Value: The results provide insight for the e-business owners and potential businesspersons to focus on these things to improve their respective sales and maintain the Trust of the customers. The study contributed to the existing body of literature and discussed the limitations and future direction for the researchers.

This work uses supervised learning to optimize the package design with validated experimental results for piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) to increase and alter the sound pressure level (SPL). Advancements as compared to the state-of-art include: (1) a neural network model to achieve a mean squared error of less than 0.65 dB2 post 100 epochs; (2) increased vibration amplitude by 17.9 dBV at the first-mode resonance frequency of 33.5 kHz; and (3) SPL enhancements below the 20 kHz frequency range such as the magnitude increases of more than 60 dBV at 5 kHz. As such, the package design shifts the emitting acoustic energy from the ultrasound to audio range in favor of various applications, including audio speakers.

El projecte se centra en el desenvolupament d'un joc de construcció infantil que incorpora el packaging com a part activa i integral en l’experiència de joc. En un context actual on la consciència mediambiental pren un paper crucial, apostar per un joc que minimitza els residus i prioritza la sostenibilitat, alhora que fomenta la lliure creativitat, emergeix com una iniciativa innovadora i necessària. A través d'aquest projecte, s'aborda una necessitat creixent de la societat moderna: la urgència de repensar els productes lúdics des d'una perspectiva sostenible i educativa. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, s'ha dut a terme una anàlisi del mercat i dels usuaris per tal de conèixer la demanda del consumidor, identificar les tendències emergents de la indústria dels jocs i avaluar el paisatge competitiu actual. Mitjançant una fase d'ideació, s'han explorat diverses opcions creatives amb la finalitat de trobar la proposta que millor s’ajusta als objectius predefinits del projecte. Després d'una anàlisi detallada de les diferents possibilitats i consideracions, s'ha seleccionat aquella idea que destaca per la seva capacitat per satisfer les necessitats de l’usuari, adaptar-se al context del mercat i promoure un joc lúdic, educatiu i sostenible. El producte final no només representa un joc de construcció que compleix amb aquests objectius, sinó que també ha forjat una identitat pròpia i uns valors que transcendeixen la seva funció bàsica. Aquesta fusió d'innovació, compromís amb la sostenibilitat i la creació d'una experiència entorn del joc i la marca contribueix a definir la singularitat i l'atractiu d'aquest projecte, consolidant-lo com una proposta única i distintiva tant en el mercat dels jocs de construcció com en la indústria en general., El proyecto se centra en el desarrollo de un juego de construcción infantil que incorpora el packaging como parte activa e integral en la experiencia de juego. En un contexto actual donde la conciencia medioambiental juega un papel crucial, apostar por un juego que minimiza los residuos y prioriza la sostenibilidad, al mismo tiempo que fomenta la libre creatividad, emerge como una iniciativa innovadora y necesaria. A través de este proyecto, se aborda una necesidad creciente de la sociedad moderna: la urgencia de repensar los productos lúdicos desde una perspectiva sostenible y educativa. Para lograr este objetivo, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis del mercado y de los usuarios para conocer la demanda del consumidor, identificar las tendencias emergentes de la industria de los juegos y evaluar el paisaje competitivo actual. Mediante una fase de ideación, se han explorado diversas opciones creativas con el fin de encontrar la propuesta que mejor se ajusta a los objetivos predefinidos del proyecto. Después de un análisis detallado de las diferentes posibilidades y consideraciones, se ha seleccionado aquella idea que destaca por su capacidad para satisfacer las necesidades del usuario, adaptarse al contexto del mercado y promover un juego lúdico, educativo y sostenible. El producto final no solo representa un juego de construcción que cumple con estos objetivos, sino que también ha forjado una identidad propia y unos valores que trascienden su función básica. Esta fusión de innovación, compromiso con la sostenibilidad y la creación de una experiencia en torno al juego y la marca contribuye a definir la singularidad y el atractivo de este proyecto, consolidándolo como una propuesta única y distintiva tanto en el mercado de los juegos de construcción como en la industria en general., The project focuses on the development of a children's construction game that incorporates packaging as an active and integral part of the gaming experience. In today's context, where environmental consciousness plays an emergent role, investing in a game that minimizes waste and prioritizes sustainability while enhancing free creativity emerges as an innovative and necessary initiative. Through this project, it addresses a growing need in modern society: the urgency to rethink recreational products from a sustainable and educational perspective. To achieve this goal, a market and user analysis has been conducted to understand consumer demand, identify emerging trends in the gaming industry, and assess the current competitive landscape. Through an ideation phase, various creative options were explored to find the proposal that best fits the project's predefined objectives. After a detailed analysis of the different possibilities and considerations, the idea was selected based on its ability to meet user needs, adapt to the market context, and promote a playful, educational, and sustainable game. The final product not only represents a construction game that meets these objectives but also has forged its own identity and values that go beyond its basic function. This fusion of innovation, commitment to sustainability, and the creation of an experience around the game and the brand contributes to defining the uniqueness and appeal of this project, consolidating it as an original and distinctive proposition both in the construction game market and in the industry as a whole.

El proyecto se centra en la creación de un envase que facilite la autonomía y la inclusión de individuos con discapacidades visuales, tanto ceguera total como parcial. Este trabajo aborda la problemática de la falta de accesibilidad en los embalajes de productos de consumo, identificando las dificultades que enfrentan las personas con discapacidad visual, como la identificación de productos y la apertura de envases de manera independiente. El proyecto comienza con una investigación sobre las necesidades y dificultades de las personas con discapacidad visual en la vida cotidiana y relacionada con el packaging. Se realiza un estudio del estado del arte en el sector del packaging y un análisis de mercado. Se analizan diversas soluciones tecnológicas como el Braille, códigos QR, código Navilens, etiquetas NFC, el contraste de colores, el relieve táctil o barniz selectivo, evaluando sus ventajas y desventajas. El proyecto incluye un análisis detallado de la legislación y normativas vigentes relacionadas con la accesibilidad en el packaging y el posterior cumplimiento de estas normas en el desarrollo del diseño. La resolución de problemas se aborda mediante la selección de implementaciones en el producto. Se lleva a cabo un proceso de diseño, iniciado con la elaboración de esbozos iniciales y la selección de la propuesta final. Se define el dimensionado óptimo para el packaging, seguido de la selección del material para su fabricación, se desarrolla la parte gráfica e informativa presente en el producto con el fin de realizar una propuesta realista. El proceso de diseño finaliza con el prototipado en 3D permitiendo evaluar la efectividad de las soluciones propuestas. Finalmente, se realiza un análisis de costes y un estudio de viabilidad económica para la fabricación del packaging accesible. Se propone un presupuesto detallado y se evalúa la posibilidad de colaboración con empresas especializadas en la producción de envases accesibles. El proyecto concluye con la fabricac, El projecte se centra en la creació d'un envàs que faciliti l'autonomia i la inclusió d'individus amb discapacitats visuals, tant ceguesa total com parcial. Aquest treball aborda la problemàtica de la falta d'accessibilitat en els embalatges de productes de consum, identificant les dificultats que enfronten les persones amb discapacitat visual, com la identificació de productes i l'obertura d'envasos de manera independent. El projecte comença amb una investigació sobre les necessitats i dificultats de les persones amb discapacitat visual en la vida quotidiana i relacionada amb el packaging. Es realitza un estudi de l'estat de l'art en el sector del packaging i una anàlisi de mercat. S'analitzen diverses solucions tecnològiques com el Braille, codis QR, codi Navilens, etiquetes NFC, el contrast de colors, el relleu tàctil o vernís selectiu, avaluant els seus avantatges i desavantatges. El projecte inclou una anàlisi detallada de la legislació i normatives vigents relacionades amb l'accessibilitat en el packaging i el posterior compliment d'aquestes normes en el desenvolupament del disseny. La resolució de problemes s'aborda mitjançant la selecció d'implementacions en el producte. Es duu a terme un procés de disseny, iniciat amb l'elaboració d'esbossos inicials i la selecció de la proposta final. Es defineix el dimensionament òptim per al packaging, seguit de la selecció del material per a la seva fabricació, es desenvolupa la part gràfica i informativa present en el producte amb la finalitat de realitzar una proposta realista. El procés de disseny finalitza amb el prototipat en 3D permetent avaluar l'efectivitat de les solucions proposades. Finalment, es realitza una anàlisi de costos i un estudi de viabilitat econòmica per a la fabricació del packaging accessible. Es proposa un pressupost detallat i s'avalua la possibilitat de col·laboració amb empreses especialitzades en la producció d'envasos accessibles. El projecte conclou amb la fabricació d'un prototip funcion, The project focuses on the creation of a packaging that facilitates the autonomy and inclusion of individuals with visual disabilities, both total and partial blindness. This work addresses the issue of the lack of accessibility in consumer product packaging, identifying the difficulties faced by visually impaired people, such as identifying products and opening packages independently. The project begins with research on the needs and difficulties of visually impaired individuals in daily life and related to packaging. A study of the state of the art in the packaging sector and a market analysis are conducted. Various technological solutions are analyzed, such as Braille, QR codes, Navilens code, NFC tags, color contrast, tactile relief, or selective varnish, evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. The project includes a detailed analysis of the current legislation and regulations related to accessibility in packaging and subsequent compliance with these standards in the design development. Problem-solving is addressed by selecting implementations for the product. A design process is carried out, starting with the preparation of initial sketches and the selection of the final proposal. The optimal sizing for the packaging is defined, followed by the selection of the material for its manufacture. The graphic and informative part present in the product is developed to make a realistic proposal. The design process ends with 3D prototyping, allowing the evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed solutions. Finally, a cost analysis and an economic feasibility study for the production of accessible packaging are conducted. A detailed budget is proposed, and the possibility of collaboration with companies specializing in the production of accessible packaging is evaluated. The project concludes with the manufacture of a functional prototype that meets all established objectives.

El projecte se centra en el disseny estructural i gràfic d'un envàs reutilitzable per a aliments preparats, especialment orientat a la restauració col·lectiva en empreses. La motivació principal és la necessitat de solucions sostenibles que redueixin l'ús d'envasos d'un sol ús. L'objectiu principal és proporcionar una alternativa pràctica, econòmica i sostenible, basada en una anàlisi exhaustiva del context actual i dels hàbits de consum dels usuaris. Es fa èmfasi en la importància de factors com la qualitat i sabor dels aliments, els requisits nutricionals, la sostenibilitat i el preu, buscant un equilibri que satisfaci les necessitats dels usuaris. El projecte es desenvolupa en diverses fases, implementant la metodologia "Design Thinking" per assegurar un enfocament centrat en l'usuari. La primera fase se centra en l'anàlisi de la problemàtica actual, amb una investigació de les necessitats dels usuaris i precedents. Posteriorment, es desenvolupen un conjunt de propostes estructurals per a l'envàs, definint detalladament el disseny final i desenvolupant l'estudi de la marca, obtenint el producte final que incorpora el símbol d'aquesta. La tercera fase consisteix en l'anàlisi de materials i processos de fabricació per al desenvolupament de l'envàs, conjuntament amb l'anàlisi de costos i de l'impacte ambiental del producte. En l'anàlisi de sostenibilitat, es conclou que, tot i que els envasos reutilitzables tenen un impacte inicial més elevat, la seva capacitat per ser reutilitzats redueix significativament l'impacte global en comparació amb els envasos d'un sol ús. En la proposta final del producte, s'inclou la creació d'un ecosistema que permet als usuaris gestionar les comandes des del telèfon, desenvolupant una aplicació mòbil per facilitar la gestió de comandes i millorar l'experiència de l'usuari., El proyecto se centra en el diseño estructural y gráfico de un envase reutilizable para alimentos preparados, especialmente orientado a la restauración colectiva en empresas. La motivación principal es la necesidad de soluciones sostenibles que reduzcan el uso de envases desechables. El objetivo principal es proporcionar una alternativa práctica, económica y sostenible, basada en un análisis exhaustivo del contexto actual y de los hábitos de consumo de los usuarios. Se hace énfasis en la importancia de factores como la calidad y sabor de los alimentos, los requisitos nutricionales, la sostenibilidad y el precio, buscando un equilibrio que satisfaga las necesidades de los usuarios. El proyecto se desarrolla en varias fases, implementando la metodología "Design Thinking" para asegurar un enfoque centrado en el usuario. La primera fase se centra en el análisis de la problemática actual, con una investigación de las necesidades de los usuarios y precedentes. Posteriormente, se desarrollan un conjunto de propuestas estructurales para el envase, definiendo en detalle el diseño final y desarrollando el estudio de la marca, obteniendo el producto final que incorpora el símbolo de esta. La tercera fase consiste en el análisis de materiales y procesos de fabricación para el desarrollo del envase, conjuntamente con el análisis de costes y del impacto ambiental del producto. En el análisis de sostenibilidad, se concluye que, a pesar de que los envases reutilizables tienen un impacto inicial más elevado, su capacidad para ser reutilizados reduce significativamente el impacto global en comparación con los envases desechables. En la propuesta final del producto, se incluye la creación de un ecosistema que permite a los usuarios gestionar los pedidos desde el teléfono, desarrollando una aplicación móvil para facilitar la gestión de pedidos y mejorar la experiencia del usuario., The project focuses on the structural and graphic design of a reusable container for prepared foods, specifically aimed at collective catering in companies. The main motivation is the need for sustainable solutions that reduce the use of single-use packaging. The primary objective is to provide a practical, economical, and sustainable alternative, based on an exhaustive analysis of the current context and user consumption habits. Emphasis is placed on the importance of factors such as the quality and taste of food, nutritional requirements, sustainability, and price, seeking a balance that meets users' needs. The project is developed in several phases, implementing the "Design Thinking" methodology to ensure a user-centered approach. The first phase focuses on analyzing the current issues, with an investigation of users' needs and precedents. Subsequently, a set of structural proposals for the container is developed, defining the final design in detail and developing the brand study, resulting in the final product that incorporates the brand symbol. The third phase consists of analyzing materials and manufacturing processes for the development of the container, along with cost analysis and the product's environmental impact. In the sustainability analysis, it is concluded that although reusable containers have a higher initial impact, their capacity to be reused significantly reduces the overall impact compared to single-use containers. In the final product proposal, the creation of an ecosystem that allows users to manage orders from their phones is included, developing a mobile application to facilitate order management and improve the user experience.

Recent research has shown that (1) what consumers value and find important in brands might be more than just its product attributes and that (2) brand attitudes may not be specific enough for managing a brand’s identity in a more demanding market. Trying to provide brand managers with more comprehensive insights into how their brand can strengthen its identity and better connect with its target audience, the purpose of this study is to further expand our knowledge on the impact of different package design elements (materials used, informational cue, packaging color, and supporting image) on the brand values sustainability and quality. A rating-based conjoint analyses among 165 Dutch consumers shows that brand quality assessments are dominated by packaging material used, with a strong preference for Cardboard & Plastics. When assessing the brand value sustainability, the most important packaging element for respondents is the presence of an eco-label, closely followed by the packaging material attribute. We found that consumer sustainability beliefs are lower for ‘Plastics’ than for ‘Cardboard’, but appear significantly higher for ‘Cardboard & Plastics’ than for ‘Cardboard’ or ‘Plastics’ alone. Shockingly, the material combination of both cardboard with plastics’ is perceived as the most pro-environmental choice by consumers which urges for “wake-up calls and campaigns.”

Dependence of the food industry on conventional plastic and the generation of enormous amounts of food waste caused by microbiological spoilage have been imposed as inspiration for this work, to develop active sustainable packaging for sliced cheese using the bi-layer design. Pullulan was modified using a green approach to obtain a polyanionic character in the coating formulation. Chitosan, which has a cationic character in an acidic environment, has been modified using a butyric acid to obtain an amphiphilic character. The formed active bi-layer has demonstrated an improved barrier (decreased permeability for moisture vapor 72.2 and 77.7 times) and mechanical properties (increased tensile strength value up to 3.9 and 9.4 times) compared to the monolayer films. A novel approach to microbiological control of sliced cheese has been established, which implies a synergistic effect of Helichrysum italicum essential oil (EO) and corresponding hydrolate (HY) incorporated in separated layers. This design has ensured avoiding surfactants and preserving cheese's sensory properties, prolonging its shelf-life by 50 % at least. Improvements in cheese storage conditions using this packaging lie in the improved barrier, mechanical and antimicrobial properties, the order of lamination, and a good covering of the cheese surface by spraying.

Savremena ambalaža za hranu nema više samo pasivnu ulogu u zaštiti i prodaji hrane, nego aktivno menja stanje upakovane hrane da bi se produžio njen rok održivosti. Sa tog aspekta, ambalaža na bazi celuloze, TEMPO oksidisanih celuloznih nanofibrila (TOCN) i hitozana ima veliki potencijal primene. U ovom radu napravljeni su ultra tanki filmovi (debljine ispod 100 nm) na bazi celuloze, TOCN i hitozana kako bi poslužili kao generalni model ambalaže na bazi celuloze, TOCN i hitozana. Na njima je primenom kvarc-kristal mikrovage sa praćenjem disipacije (QCM-D) ispitano na koji način naslojavanje sa TOCN utiče na sorpciona svojstava ambalaže na bazi celuloze, kao i na kojim pH vrednostima dolazi do veće adsorpcije hitozana na ambalažu na bazi celuloze i TOCN. Bioaktivnost višeslojnih tankih filmova ispita je in vitro u odnosu na Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Multifunkcionalna svojstva (visok kapacitet sorpcije vode i antibakterijska svojstava) čine ove filmove na bazi polisaharida pogodnim za izradu ambalaže za hranu., Modern food packaging no longer only plays a passive role in protecting and selling food, but actively changes the state of the packaged food in order to extend its shelf life. From that aspect, packaging based on cellulose, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN), and chitosan, has great application potential. In this work, ultra-thin films (thickness below 100 nm) based on cellulose, TOCN, and chitosan were made to serve as a general model for packaging based on cellulose, TOCN, and chitosan. Using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), it was investigated how TOCN coating affects the water absorbance capacity of cellulose-based ultra-thin films, as well as at which pH values greater chitosan adsorption occurs on ultra-thin films based on cellulose and TOCN. The bio-activity of the multilayered thin films was evaluated in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The multifunctionality comprising high water absorbance capacity and antimicrobial activity, recommend such polysaccharide-based thin films for food packaging applications.

The generation of solid waste, more specifically municipal solid waste (MSW), has been considered one of the major global environmental problems since urbanization started. Among Scandinavian states, Denmark and Norway have placed in the top positions (1 and 2 respectively) for high MSW production. Sweden has a steady plan for MSW management/treatments by practising material recycle, biological treatment and energy recovery. The aim of this review is to compare municipal waste generation between Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. A systematic literature review was performed by screening academic and public articles to assess factors for better MSW management based on technological solutions. Key results include the importance of new tariffs and legislations, producer responsibilities for electronic products, municipality involvement, distribution of responsibilities, and infrastructure developments for better MSW management in Sweden. The application of modern technologies have also been considered for MSW management in Sweden. Societal participation (willingness, awareness and concern) in Sweden also plays a significant role in MSW management. A better packaging system, application of interactive visualization (gamification) in waste sorting, public awareness, and infrastructure development could significantly improve the waste sorting process and conversion of waste management from a linear economy towards a circular economy.

The escalating demand for packaging materials, driven by the changes in consumptions patterns and e-commerce, has placed immense pressure on the environment. Traditionally dominated by plastic materials, the packaging industry is struggling with the material's detrimental environmental impacts, including resource depletion and persistent waste. This research explores the potential of mycelium-based bio-foam (MBF) as a promising eco-friendly substitute of foam packaging such as expanded polystyrene (EPS). A comprehensive market analysis revealed a growing public consciousness regarding plastic pollution and a corresponding desire for sustainable packaging solutions. While the potential of MBF was recognized, concerns about weight, cost, and environmental performance emerged as key barriers to widespread adoption. To address these challenges, this study focused on optimizing MBF design and assessing its overall environmental profile. Through finite element analysis (FEA) simulations of drop tests on a 32-inch flat-screen TV and a porcelain vase, the study evaluated the impact of MBF properties and design configurations on shock absorption performance. Results demonstrated MBF's ability to protect both products from damage under various impact scenarios. Optimization of MBF design parameters, such as thickness and configuration, proved crucial in achieving optimal protection while minimizing material usage. To comprehensively assess the environmental implications, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted comparing MBF to EPS foam packaging. While MBF exhibited higher transportation emissions due to its greater weight, the overall environmental impact was notably lower across the product lifecycle compared EPS. Factors such as biodegradability and reduced energy consumption during production contributed to MBF's superior environmental performance. This research highlights the potential of MBF as an alternative to traditional polystyrene packaging. However, to fully r

The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry significantly contributes to plastic pollution, creating severe environmental challenges that require urgent action. This thesis aims to identify all relevant circular economy strategies for plastics reduction within the FMCG industry and evaluate these strategies based on feasibility and social impact perspectives. This study identifies ten key strategies, including Design for Recyclability, Smart Packaging, and Consumer Engagement and Education. These strategies address various aspects of plastic waste management, from production to end-of-life processing. The research findings highlight the need to balance short-term implementation costs with long-term sustainability benefits and emphasize the critical role of consumer behavior and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, the findings highlight crucial factors for successfully integrating circular economy strategies into FMCG operations, including the importance of technological innovation, stakeholder collaboration, and strategic communication in driving sustainable practices. Empirical data from interviews also reveal challenges such as design complexity, transparency issues, and logistical disruptions. This thesis bridges theoretical concepts with practical applications in the FMCG industry. It serves as a valuable tool for FMCG companies, policymakers, researchers, and other industry stakeholders, aiming to support informed decision-making and promote a transition towards a circular economy., Den snabbrörliga konsumentvaruindustrin bidrar avsevärt till plastföroreningar och skapar allvarliga miljöutmaningar som kräver omedelbara åtgärder. Denna avhandling syftar till att identifiera alla relevanta cirkulära ekonomistrategier för att minska plast inom FMCG-industrin och utvärdera dessa strategier utifrån genomförbarhet och sociala påverkningsperspektiv. Denna studie identifierar tio nyckelstrategier, inklusive design för återvinning, smart förpackning och konsumentengagemang och utbildning. Dessa strategier tar upp olika aspekter av hantering av plastavfall, från produktion till slutlig hantering. Forskningsresultaten betonar behovet av att balansera kortsiktiga implementeringskostnader med långsiktiga hållbarhetsfördelar och framhäver den viktiga rollen av konsumentbeteende och regelefterlevnad. Vidare belyser resultaten avgörande faktorer för att framgångsrikt integrera cirkulära ekonomistrategier i FMCG-verksamheter, inklusive betydelsen av teknisk innovation, samarbete mellan intressenter och strategisk kommunikation för att driva hållbara metoder. Empiriska data från intervjuer avslöjar också utmaningar som designkomplexitet, transparensproblem och logistiska störningar. Denna avhandling överbryggar teoretiska koncept med praktiska tillämpningar i FMCG-industrin. Den fungerar som ett värdefullt verktyg för FMCG-företag, beslutsfattare, forskare och andra intressenter i industrin, och syftar till att stödja välgrundade beslut och främja en övergång till en cirkulär ekonomi.

Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP) are packaging which are reused repeatedly in a closed- loop supply chain. In the context studied, the RTP are shipped between two plants, in one direction filled with parts and empty in the other direction. This implies that the RTP are filled at one plant and emptied at another. Between the plants, the RTP are shipped on trains or trucks. The challenge studied in this master’s thesis is the temporarily stockouts of RTP leading to unplanned downtime at the production units. The studied company was Volvo Cars, with the branch Volvo Cars Body Components in particular. They produce steel components for several of Volvo Cars’s final assembly plants. In this study, the final assembly plants in Gothenburg and Ghent were included. However, the focus was on the operations at Volvo Cars Body Components in Olofström which is the plant responsible for the supply of RTP. Three research questions were used to fulfil the purpose of the master’s thesis which was to study the possibilities on how to mitigate the risk of unplanned downtime at the production units due to stockouts of returnable transport packaging (RTP). A simulation model was used to understand the closed-loop supply chain of RTP. In this simulation model, the flow of RTP can be seen as well as queues, inventory levels, loop times and service levels of RTP. The simulation model also enabled the possibility to experiment and create certain scenarios. For example, to see how a system with more available RTP would behave or to see how the system behaves with a higher demand of parts and RTP at the final assembly plants. The results of the simulation model together with the current state at Volvo Cars and a literature review showed that there is need for better management of the RTP. Both in how many RTP that are circulating in the system as well as how they are tracked and controlled. The number of RTP is affecting the service level of available RTP at Volvo Cars Body Components. I, Återanvändbara emballage är emballage som återanvänds upprepade gånger i en sluten cirkulär försörjningskedja. I den här kontexten skickas de återanvändbara emballagen mellan två fabriker, i ena riktningen med artiklar och tomma i den andra riktningen. Det innebär att de återanvändbara emballagen fylls i en fabrik och töms i en annan. Mellan fabrikerna skickas de återanvändbara emballagen med tåg eller lastbil. Utmaningen som studeras i detta examensarbete är de temporära bristerna av återanvändbara emballage som leder till oplanerade stopp i produktionen. Det studerade företaget var Volvo Cars, med fokus på Volvo Cars Body Components. De tillverkar karosskomponenter till flera av Volvo Cars slutmonteringsfabriker. I denna studie inkluderades slutmonteringsfabrikerna i Göteborg och Gent. Fokuset var på verksamheten hos Volvo Cars Body Components i Olofström som är ansvariga för leveranser av återanvändbara emballage. Tre forskningsfrågor användes för att uppfylla syftet, som var att studera möjligheterna att minska risken för oplanerade stopp i produktionen på grund av brist på återanvändbara emballage. En simuleringsmodell användes för att förstå den slutna cirkulära försörjningskedjan. I denna simuleringsmodell ses flödet av de återanvändbara emballagen, liksom köer, lagernivåer, omloppstider och servicenivåer för återanvändbara emballage. Simuleringsmodellen möjliggjorde också experimentering och jämförelser av särskilda scenarier. Till exempel för att se hur ett system med fler tillgängliga återanvändbara emballage skulle bete sig eller hur systemet beter sig med en högre efterfrågan på artiklar och återanvändbara emballage vid slutmonteringsfabrikerna. Resultaten från simuleringsmodellen med nuläget på Volvo Cars och en litteraturstudie visade att det finns ett behov för bättre hantering av de återanvändbara emballagen. Både när det gäller hur många återanvändbara emballage som

Dagens chipsförpackningar brister idag med förslutbarhet och användarvänlighet. Projektets syfte bygger på att utveckla en ny design för en chipsförpackning som löser problemen. Projektet kommer att också att inrikta sig på en multifunktionell användning, med möjligheten till att chipsförpackningen fungerar som en skål. Genom att använda metoder som Marknadsstudie, Litteraturstudie samt enkäter för att kunna avgöra konsumentbehov och krav. Insamling av data har varit en central faktor för att styra riktningen av projektet. Användningen av Skisser har varit ett enormt hjälpmedel, i samband med ett grundligt materialval har projektarbetet koncentrerat sig på att ta fram en innovativt, miljövänlig samt en användbarförpackning. Arbetet har resulterat en vinnande fungerande prototyp av en chipförpackning som följer de målen som har varit uppställd tidigare i projektet. Förpackningen presenterar en mer förbättrad förslutbarhet samt en multifunktionell användning för konsumenterna och ett steg framåt mot en ny innovativ utveckling inom chipsbranschen., Today's chip packaging lacks resealability and ease of use. The purpose of the project is based on developing a new design for a chip package that solves the problems. The project will also focus on a multi-functional use, with the possibility of the chip pack acting as a bowl. By using methods such as Market Study, Literature Study, and surveys to be able to determine consumer needs and requirements. Collection of data has been a central factor in guiding the direction of the project. The use of Sketches has been a huge aid, in connection with a thorough choice of materials, the project work has concentrated on producing an innovative, environmentally friendly and a useful packaging. The work has resulted in a winning working prototype of a chip package that follows the goals that have been set earlier in the project. The packaging presents a more improved resealability as well as a multi-functional use for consumers and a step forward towards a new innovative development in the chip industry.

This study focuses on addressing inefficiencies in packaging processes at Spaljisten AB caused by extensive filler usage, aiming to enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact. After a thorough review of existing literature and packaging techniques, four alternative packaging models were evaluated through SWOT analyses. Model 3, utilizing tabs to fold cardboard edges for product protection, emerged as the most promising solution, balancing efficiency, sustainability, and technical feasibility by significantly reducing fillers dependency and waste. Further research is suggested to explore scalability and long-term sustainability, ensuring Spaljisten AB meets evolving market demands and consumer expectations for sustainability.

[ES] El objetivo del proyecto es llevar a cabo una investigación sobre la creación de materiales 100% orgánicos o reciclados, como bioplásticos, biomateriales, papel reciclado y a su vez experimentar y observar cómo se comportan, se probará a estampar y teñir las muestras además de investigar sobre diferentes tipos de tintas orgánicas. Una vez hecho el estudio, se aplicarán los resultados para idear una línea de envases atractiva y sostenible que pretenda visibilizar el uso de nuevos materiales sostenibles en el mercado., [EN] The objective of the project is to conduct research on the creation of 100% organic or recycled materials, such as bioplastics, biomaterials, and recycled paper. Additionally, we will experiment and observe how they behave, test stamping and dyeing the samples, and investigate different types of organic inks. Once the study is completed, the results will be applied to design an attractive and sustainable line of packaging aimed at promoting the use of new sustainable materials in the market.

[ES] Este trabajo plantea el desarrollo de una marca para productos de confitería, enfocada en la elaboración y distribución de bombones. Se centra en la creación de la marca y una serie de elementos de packaging para los bombones. El grafismo del packaging se desarrolla en base a una serie de ilustraciones que se aplican a los formatos, utilizando como elementos significativos el uso de pop-up y la relación con la estampa japonesa en el desarrollo de packaging., [EN] This work proposes the development of a brand for confectionery products, focused on the production and distribution of chocolates. It focuses on the creation of the brand and a series of packaging elements for the chocolates. The packaging graphics are developed based on a series of illustrations that are applied to the formats, using as significant elements the use of pop-ups and the relationship with Japanese prints in the development of packaging.

[ES] El objetivo del proyecto es llevar a cabo una investigación sobre la creación de materiales 100% orgánicos o reciclados, como bioplásticos, biomateriales, papel reciclado y a su vez experimentar y observar cómo se comportan, se probará a estampar y teñir las muestras además de investigar sobre diferentes tipos de tintas orgánicas. Una vez hecho el estudio, se aplicarán los resultados para idear una línea de envases atractiva y sostenible que pretenda visibilizar el uso de nuevos materiales sostenibles en el mercado., [EN] The objective of the project is to conduct research on the creation of 100% organic or recycled materials, such as bioplastics, biomaterials, and recycled paper. Additionally, we will experiment and observe how they behave, test stamping and dyeing the samples, and investigate different types of organic inks. Once the study is completed, the results will be applied to design an attractive and sustainable line of packaging aimed at promoting the use of new sustainable materials in the market.

The generation of solid waste, more specifically municipal solid waste (MSW), has been considered one of the major global environmental problems since urbanization started. Among Scandinavian states, Denmark and Norway have placed in the top positions (1 and 2 respectively) for high MSW production. Sweden has a steady plan for MSW management/treatments by practising material recycle, biological treatment and energy recovery. The aim of this review is to compare municipal waste generation between Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. A systematic literature review was performed by screening academic and public articles to assess factors for better MSW management based on technological solutions. Key results include the importance of new tariffs and legislations, producer responsibilities for electronic products, municipality involvement, distribution of responsibilities, and infrastructure developments for better MSW management in Sweden. The application of modern technologies have also been considered for MSW management in Sweden. Societal participation (willingness, awareness and concern) in Sweden also plays a significant role in MSW management. A better packaging system, application of interactive visualization (gamification) in waste sorting, public awareness, and infrastructure development could significantly improve the waste sorting process and conversion of waste management from a linear economy towards a circular economy.

The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry significantly contributes to plastic pollution, creating severe environmental challenges that require urgent action. This thesis aims to identify all relevant circular economy strategies for plastics reduction within the FMCG industry and evaluate these strategies based on feasibility and social impact perspectives. This study identifies ten key strategies, including Design for Recyclability, Smart Packaging, and Consumer Engagement and Education. These strategies address various aspects of plastic waste management, from production to end-of-life processing. The research findings highlight the need to balance short-term implementation costs with long-term sustainability benefits and emphasize the critical role of consumer behavior and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, the findings highlight crucial factors for successfully integrating circular economy strategies into FMCG operations, including the importance of technological innovation, stakeholder collaboration, and strategic communication in driving sustainable practices. Empirical data from interviews also reveal challenges such as design complexity, transparency issues, and logistical disruptions. This thesis bridges theoretical concepts with practical applications in the FMCG industry. It serves as a valuable tool for FMCG companies, policymakers, researchers, and other industry stakeholders, aiming to support informed decision-making and promote a transition towards a circular economy., Den snabbrörliga konsumentvaruindustrin bidrar avsevärt till plastföroreningar och skapar allvarliga miljöutmaningar som kräver omedelbara åtgärder. Denna avhandling syftar till att identifiera alla relevanta cirkulära ekonomistrategier för att minska plast inom FMCG-industrin och utvärdera dessa strategier utifrån genomförbarhet och sociala påverkningsperspektiv. Denna studie identifierar tio nyckelstrategier, inklusive design för återvinning, smart förpackning och konsumentengagemang och utbildning. Dessa strategier tar upp olika aspekter av hantering av plastavfall, från produktion till slutlig hantering. Forskningsresultaten betonar behovet av att balansera kortsiktiga implementeringskostnader med långsiktiga hållbarhetsfördelar och framhäver den viktiga rollen av konsumentbeteende och regelefterlevnad. Vidare belyser resultaten avgörande faktorer för att framgångsrikt integrera cirkulära ekonomistrategier i FMCG-verksamheter, inklusive betydelsen av teknisk innovation, samarbete mellan intressenter och strategisk kommunikation för att driva hållbara metoder. Empiriska data från intervjuer avslöjar också utmaningar som designkomplexitet, transparensproblem och logistiska störningar. Denna avhandling överbryggar teoretiska koncept med praktiska tillämpningar i FMCG-industrin. Den fungerar som ett värdefullt verktyg för FMCG-företag, beslutsfattare, forskare och andra intressenter i industrin, och syftar till att stödja välgrundade beslut och främja en övergång till en cirkulär ekonomi.

Dagens chipsförpackningar brister idag med förslutbarhet och användarvänlighet. Projektets syfte bygger på att utveckla en ny design för en chipsförpackning som löser problemen. Projektet kommer att också att inrikta sig på en multifunktionell användning, med möjligheten till att chipsförpackningen fungerar som en skål. Genom att använda metoder som Marknadsstudie, Litteraturstudie samt enkäter för att kunna avgöra konsumentbehov och krav. Insamling av data har varit en central faktor för att styra riktningen av projektet. Användningen av Skisser har varit ett enormt hjälpmedel, i samband med ett grundligt materialval har projektarbetet koncentrerat sig på att ta fram en innovativt, miljövänlig samt en användbarförpackning. Arbetet har resulterat en vinnande fungerande prototyp av en chipförpackning som följer de målen som har varit uppställd tidigare i projektet. Förpackningen presenterar en mer förbättrad förslutbarhet samt en multifunktionell användning för konsumenterna och ett steg framåt mot en ny innovativ utveckling inom chipsbranschen., Today's chip packaging lacks resealability and ease of use. The purpose of the project is based on developing a new design for a chip package that solves the problems. The project will also focus on a multi-functional use, with the possibility of the chip pack acting as a bowl. By using methods such as Market Study, Literature Study, and surveys to be able to determine consumer needs and requirements. Collection of data has been a central factor in guiding the direction of the project. The use of Sketches has been a huge aid, in connection with a thorough choice of materials, the project work has concentrated on producing an innovative, environmentally friendly and a useful packaging. The work has resulted in a winning working prototype of a chip package that follows the goals that have been set earlier in the project. The packaging presents a more improved resealability as well as a multi-functional use for consumers and a step forward towards a new innovative development in the chip industry.

Returnable Transport Packaging (RTP) are packaging which are reused repeatedly in a closed- loop supply chain. In the context studied, the RTP are shipped between two plants, in one direction filled with parts and empty in the other direction. This implies that the RTP are filled at one plant and emptied at another. Between the plants, the RTP are shipped on trains or trucks. The challenge studied in this master’s thesis is the temporarily stockouts of RTP leading to unplanned downtime at the production units. The studied company was Volvo Cars, with the branch Volvo Cars Body Components in particular. They produce steel components for several of Volvo Cars’s final assembly plants. In this study, the final assembly plants in Gothenburg and Ghent were included. However, the focus was on the operations at Volvo Cars Body Components in Olofström which is the plant responsible for the supply of RTP. Three research questions were used to fulfil the purpose of the master’s thesis which was to study the possibilities on how to mitigate the risk of unplanned downtime at the production units due to stockouts of returnable transport packaging (RTP). A simulation model was used to understand the closed-loop supply chain of RTP. In this simulation model, the flow of RTP can be seen as well as queues, inventory levels, loop times and service levels of RTP. The simulation model also enabled the possibility to experiment and create certain scenarios. For example, to see how a system with more available RTP would behave or to see how the system behaves with a higher demand of parts and RTP at the final assembly plants. The results of the simulation model together with the current state at Volvo Cars and a literature review showed that there is need for better management of the RTP. Both in how many RTP that are circulating in the system as well as how they are tracked and controlled. The number of RTP is affecting the service level of available RTP at Volvo Cars Body Components. I, Återanvändbara emballage är emballage som återanvänds upprepade gånger i en sluten cirkulär försörjningskedja. I den här kontexten skickas de återanvändbara emballagen mellan två fabriker, i ena riktningen med artiklar och tomma i den andra riktningen. Det innebär att de återanvändbara emballagen fylls i en fabrik och töms i en annan. Mellan fabrikerna skickas de återanvändbara emballagen med tåg eller lastbil. Utmaningen som studeras i detta examensarbete är de temporära bristerna av återanvändbara emballage som leder till oplanerade stopp i produktionen. Det studerade företaget var Volvo Cars, med fokus på Volvo Cars Body Components. De tillverkar karosskomponenter till flera av Volvo Cars slutmonteringsfabriker. I denna studie inkluderades slutmonteringsfabrikerna i Göteborg och Gent. Fokuset var på verksamheten hos Volvo Cars Body Components i Olofström som är ansvariga för leveranser av återanvändbara emballage. Tre forskningsfrågor användes för att uppfylla syftet, som var att studera möjligheterna att minska risken för oplanerade stopp i produktionen på grund av brist på återanvändbara emballage. En simuleringsmodell användes för att förstå den slutna cirkulära försörjningskedjan. I denna simuleringsmodell ses flödet av de återanvändbara emballagen, liksom köer, lagernivåer, omloppstider och servicenivåer för återanvändbara emballage. Simuleringsmodellen möjliggjorde också experimentering och jämförelser av särskilda scenarier. Till exempel för att se hur ett system med fler tillgängliga återanvändbara emballage skulle bete sig eller hur systemet beter sig med en högre efterfrågan på artiklar och återanvändbara emballage vid slutmonteringsfabrikerna. Resultaten från simuleringsmodellen med nuläget på Volvo Cars och en litteraturstudie visade att det finns ett behov för bättre hantering av de återanvändbara emballagen. Både när det gäller hur många återanvändbara emballage som

This study focuses on addressing inefficiencies in packaging processes at Spaljisten AB caused by extensive filler usage, aiming to enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact. After a thorough review of existing literature and packaging techniques, four alternative packaging models were evaluated through SWOT analyses. Model 3, utilizing tabs to fold cardboard edges for product protection, emerged as the most promising solution, balancing efficiency, sustainability, and technical feasibility by significantly reducing fillers dependency and waste. Further research is suggested to explore scalability and long-term sustainability, ensuring Spaljisten AB meets evolving market demands and consumer expectations for sustainability.

Savremena ambalaža za hranu nema više samo pasivnu ulogu u zaštiti i prodaji hrane, nego aktivno menja stanje upakovane hrane da bi se produžio njen rok održivosti. Sa tog aspekta, ambalaža na bazi celuloze, TEMPO oksidisanih celuloznih nanofibrila (TOCN) i hitozana ima veliki potencijal primene. U ovom radu napravljeni su ultra tanki filmovi (debljine ispod 100 nm) na bazi celuloze, TOCN i hitozana kako bi poslužili kao generalni model ambalaže na bazi celuloze, TOCN i hitozana. Na njima je primenom kvarc-kristal mikrovage sa praćenjem disipacije (QCM-D) ispitano na koji način naslojavanje sa TOCN utiče na sorpciona svojstava ambalaže na bazi celuloze, kao i na kojim pH vrednostima dolazi do veće adsorpcije hitozana na ambalažu na bazi celuloze i TOCN. Bioaktivnost višeslojnih tankih filmova ispita je in vitro u odnosu na Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Multifunkcionalna svojstva (visok kapacitet sorpcije vode i antibakterijska svojstava) čine ove filmove na bazi polisaharida pogodnim za izradu ambalaže za hranu., Modern food packaging no longer only plays a passive role in protecting and selling food, but actively changes the state of the packaged food in order to extend its shelf life. From that aspect, packaging based on cellulose, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN), and chitosan, has great application potential. In this work, ultra-thin films (thickness below 100 nm) based on cellulose, TOCN, and chitosan were made to serve as a general model for packaging based on cellulose, TOCN, and chitosan. Using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), it was investigated how TOCN coating affects the water absorbance capacity of cellulose-based ultra-thin films, as well as at which pH values greater chitosan adsorption occurs on ultra-thin films based on cellulose and TOCN. The bio-activity of the multilayered thin films was evaluated in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The multifunctionality comprising high water absorbance capacity and antimicrobial activity, recommend such polysaccharide-based thin films for food packaging applications.

The generation of solid waste, more specifically municipal solid waste (MSW), has been considered one of the major global environmental problems since urbanization started. Among Scandinavian states, Denmark and Norway have placed in the top positions (1 and 2 respectively) for high MSW production. Sweden has a steady plan for MSW management/treatments by practising material recycle, biological treatment and energy recovery. The aim of this review is to compare municipal waste generation between Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. A systematic literature review was performed by screening academic and public articles to assess factors for better MSW management based on technological solutions. Key results include the importance of new tariffs and legislations, producer responsibilities for electronic products, municipality involvement, distribution of responsibilities, and infrastructure developments for better MSW management in Sweden. The application of modern technologies have also been considered for MSW management in Sweden. Societal participation (willingness, awareness and concern) in Sweden also plays a significant role in MSW management. A better packaging system, application of interactive visualization (gamification) in waste sorting, public awareness, and infrastructure development could significantly improve the waste sorting process and conversion of waste management from a linear economy towards a circular economy.

The generation of solid waste, more specifically municipal solid waste (MSW), has been considered one of the major global environmental problems since urbanization started. Among Scandinavian states, Denmark and Norway have placed in the top positions (1 and 2 respectively) for high MSW production. Sweden has a steady plan for MSW management/treatments by practising material recycle, biological treatment and energy recovery. The aim of this review is to compare municipal waste generation between Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. A systematic literature review was performed by screening academic and public articles to assess factors for better MSW management based on technological solutions. Key results include the importance of new tariffs and legislations, producer responsibilities for electronic products, municipality involvement, distribution of responsibilities, and infrastructure developments for better MSW management in Sweden. The application of modern technologies have also been considered for MSW management in Sweden. Societal participation (willingness, awareness and concern) in Sweden also plays a significant role in MSW management. A better packaging system, application of interactive visualization (gamification) in waste sorting, public awareness, and infrastructure development could significantly improve the waste sorting process and conversion of waste management from a linear economy towards a circular economy.

Packaging is lately identified as one of the biggest environmental problems and is at a focus of the scientific community and the industry aiming at minimizing environmental impacts. One of the most applied eco-design measures is to substitute traditional packaging materials with bio-based materials. One of the driving incentives for the packaging industry is the calculation of biogenic carbon (BC), even though there is no unified method for the calculation of credits from carbon sequestration. We developed a case study of paper-based packaging and tested the two variables important in the circular economy: (i) material, by modeling three different end-of-life scenarios; (ii) and time, by assessing the importance of this variable using bottom-up and top-down calculations. The results of the case study showed that credits from carbon sequestration could lead to undesirable linear pathways of the EoL, by giving the biggest credits for landfilling and, thus, contradicting the circularity principles. Moreover, the time variable is critical for the calculation of biogenic carbon. Credits for carbon sequestration for short-lived products can lead to an overestimation of the storing impact because the top-down calculus of national inventories, developed based on the UNFCCC method, cannot register carbon savings. This short communication indicates that we need to invest in additional research to identify the correct way to calculate the carbon credits when using bio-based materials and to improve the practice for calculations of the overall carbon footprint of the short-lived materials in the technosphere.

This study focused on the influence of packaging attributes on consumer buying behaviour, a case study of milk packages. The study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia and was guided by the following objectives; to establish the existing packaging attributes of milk products on the market, to examine the effect of each packaging attribute of milk on consumer buying behaviour and to identify which packaging attributes of milk packages are more influential on consumer buying behaviour. The study revealed that packaging attributes; packaging colour, background image, packaging material, font style, design wrapper and printed information positively influence consumer buying decision. The study recommends that packaging companies use three-layer film composite for packaging and should also ensure that packaging attributes are taken into consideration during product development phrases since they influence customers buying behaviour.

This study focused on the influence of packaging attributes on consumer buying behaviour, a case study of milk packages. The study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia and was guided by the following objectives; to establish the existing packaging attributes of milk products on the market, to examine the effect of each packaging attribute of milk on consumer buying behaviour and to identify which packaging attributes of milk packages are more influential on consumer buying behaviour. The study revealed that packaging attributes; packaging colour, background image, packaging material, font style, design wrapper and printed information positively influence consumer buying decision. The study recommends that packaging companies use three-layer film composite for packaging and should also ensure that packaging attributes are taken into consideration during product development phrases since they influence customers buying behaviour.

This study focused on the influence of packaging attributes on consumer buying behaviour, a case study of milk packages. The study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia and was guided by the following objectives; to establish the existing packaging attributes of milk products on the market, to examine the effect of each packaging attribute of milk on consumer buying behaviour and to identify which packaging attributes of milk packages are more influential on consumer buying behaviour. The study revealed that packaging attributes; packaging colour, background image, packaging material, font style, design wrapper and printed information positively influence consumer buying decision. The study recommends that packaging companies use three-layer film composite for packaging and should also ensure that packaging attributes are taken into consideration during product development phrases since they influence customers buying behaviour.

Polystichum species, native to warm-temperate and montane-tropical environments (including some alpine regions), are terrestrial or rock-dwelling ferns. These plants exhibit dark green, leather-like, and lustrous fronds, which are highly valued in floral arrangements due to their aesthetic elegance and longevity. Polystichum squarrosum is not being cultivated commercially but collected from forests for its use as cut green in the florist industry. Hence the collected material should be handled carefully to utilize every frond. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop suitable post-harvest handling procedures for this valued cut green. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) Factorial layout with 19 treatment modules (M0 to M18) was employed. Treatment modules included packaging material as poly mesh net bags and packing materials as corrugated fiberboard boxes , two storage durations (3 and 6 days) and chemical treatments [glycerol (4%) and Benzyl adenine (25mg L-1)]. Results revealed that spraying cut fronds with 4% glycerol, wrapping them in cellophane sheets and storing them for three days (M9) resulted in significant improvements in appearance, weight change, vase life and water uptake. Fronds from Season-II (March-April 2020) exhibited excellent performance over Season-I (August-September 2019). The interaction between M9 and Season-II further enhanced the postharvest parameters. The combination of glycerol treatment and cellophane wrapping for three-day storage proved most effective in preserving the quality of cut fronds.

The product refers to any good, service or idea that a company offers and makes available to the market with the aim of satisfying the needs and desires of consumers. Specifically, the product is part of the variables of what is called the marketing mix. The objective established in this research is to explain the various attributes that the product has as fundamental factors of marketing. The focus of this research is qualitative and descriptive in nature. The findings highlighted in the research highlight that the brand is a strategic asset that goes beyond the physical identification of a product. It is a key tool for building relationships with consumers, generating trust and establishing a distinctive position in the market. On the other hand, the label is a fundamental part of the product, because it serves to identify it, describe it, differentiate it, provide customer service and of course, also to comply with the laws, regulations or regulations established for each industry or sector., El producto se refiere a cualquier bien, servicio o idea que una empresa ofrece y pone a disposición del mercado con el objetivo de satisfacer las necesidades y deseos de los consumidores. Especificamente el producto forma parte de las variables de lo que se denomina mezcla de marketing o marketing mix. El objetivo que se establece en esta investigación consiste en explicar los diversos atributos que posee el producto como factores fundamentales del marketing. El enfoque de la presente investigación es de carácter cualitativo de tipo descriptivo. Los hallazgos destacados en la investigación resaltan que la marca es un activo estratégico que va más allá de la identificación física de un producto. Es una herramienta clave para construir relaciones con los consumidores, generar confianza y establecer una posición distintiva en el mercado. Por otra parte la etiqueta es una parte fundamental del producto, porque sirve para identificarlo, describirlo, diferenciarlo, dar un servicio al cliente y por supuesto, también para cumplir con las leyes, normativas o regulaciones establecidas para cada industria o sector.

Een circulaire verkooplijn ontwikkelen waar geen plastic in is verwerkt, dat had Elstgeest Potplanten al enige jaren voor ogen. Met de introductie van de Natural Gift Dieffenbachia’s is dat gelukt. Het leverde een nominatie op voor de themaprijs Circulair Ondernemen van de Tuinbouw Ondernemersprijs.

Research on consumer responses to sustainable food packaging often only compares materials or evaluates one sustainable aspect within a material category at a time. However, sustainability improvements are proliferating and can co-appear in the packaging design. This study builds upon existing research by identifying and describing the heterogeneity of consumer responses when three sustainable aspects (combinations) of plastic are simultaneously assessed. Bio-based, active technology, and compostable aspects were considered because they improve sustainability at different lifecycle stages of packaged foods. Using conjoint analysis, model guided segmentation and profiling, we found that consumer preferences for sustainable aspects vary, and that considering this heterogeneity matters to best understand consumer responses. Consequently, differences between the five identified consumer mindsets suggest that ecologically conscious consumers were more likely to prefer sustainable over conventional options and vice versa. Our findings underscore the importance of taking consumer diversity into account when introducing sustainable packaging innovations to the market.

This research explored how variations in green information influence consumer responses to green food packaging. Study 1 (N = 355) addressed how consumers evaluate packaging sustainability given the interplay between source cues, claim cues and the order of cue presentation. Study 2 (N = 546) additionally investigated the role of product cues (namely, naturalness) in sustainability evaluations of green packaging. Both studies examined perceived credibility of green information as the underlining mechanism explaining packaging cues’ effects on perceived sustainability. Overall, consumers valued green communication using credible cues on packaged foods but they also: (1) appreciated higher cue quantity, (2) did not penalize communications using low credibility cues, and (3) evaluated green packaging information swayed by product cues.

This dataset contains the data that is discussed in a paper that is published in the Journal Cleaner Production, 2024, no. 142571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142571. This datasets consists of four databases with GC-MS analysis results measured on Dutch HDPE milk bottles. DB1: database 1 contains the approximated concentration of extracted volatiles from HDPE milk bottle bodies. DB2: database 2 contains the approximated concentration of extracted volatiles from the other milk bottle components (caps, labels and inlays). DB3: database 3 contains the approximated concentration of headspace volatiles from HDPE milk bottle bodies. DB4: database 4 contains the approximated concentration of headspace volatiles from the other milk bottle components (caps, labels and inlays).

The product refers to any good, service or idea that a company offers and makes available to the market with the aim of satisfying the needs and desires of consumers. Specifically, the product is part of the variables of what is called the marketing mix. The objective established in this research is to explain the various attributes that the product has as fundamental factors of marketing. The focus of this research is qualitative and descriptive in nature. The findings highlighted in the research highlight that the brand is a strategic asset that goes beyond the physical identification of a product. It is a key tool for building relationships with consumers, generating trust and establishing a distinctive position in the market. On the other hand, the label is a fundamental part of the product, because it serves to identify it, describe it, differentiate it, provide customer service and of course, also to comply with the laws, regulations or regulations established for each industry or sector., El producto se refiere a cualquier bien, servicio o idea que una empresa ofrece y pone a disposición del mercado con el objetivo de satisfacer las necesidades y deseos de los consumidores. Especificamente el producto forma parte de las variables de lo que se denomina mezcla de marketing o marketing mix. El objetivo que se establece en esta investigación consiste en explicar los diversos atributos que posee el producto como factores fundamentales del marketing. El enfoque de la presente investigación es de carácter cualitativo de tipo descriptivo. Los hallazgos destacados en la investigación resaltan que la marca es un activo estratégico que va más allá de la identificación física de un producto. Es una herramienta clave para construir relaciones con los consumidores, generar confianza y establecer una posición distintiva en el mercado. Por otra parte la etiqueta es una parte fundamental del producto, porque sirve para identificarlo, describirlo, diferenciarlo, dar un servicio al cliente y por supuesto, también para cumplir con las leyes, normativas o regulaciones establecidas para cada industria o sector.

The objectives to be achieved are the diversification of animal products originating from ducks into egg Abon products and the development of small industries in women's groups to produce processed egg Abon products that can meet local and regional demand to increase family or group income. Processing food products can increase sales value and profit by up to one hundred percent. The problem with the partner group is that they still need to learn how to process egg floss products and the touch of food product packaging technology and marketing strategies in partner areas. Several methods for solving problems include counseling and training regarding diversification of food products in the form of egg floss, packaging techniques using good packaging tools, marketing strategies for the products produced, as well as approaches through monitoring and evaluating activities with partner groups. The results that have been achieved are the implementation of counseling and training on making egg floss, good packaging techniques and marketing strategies have been implemented and the partners are very enthusiastic and intend to make egg floss one of their small businesses. Partner continues to strive and innovate in marketing, adding to the taste of the egg floss it produces.

The objectives to be achieved are the diversification of animal products originating from ducks into egg Abon products and the development of small industries in women's groups to produce processed egg Abon products that can meet local and regional demand to increase family or group income. Processing food products can increase sales value and profit by up to one hundred percent. The problem with the partner group is that they still need to learn how to process egg floss products and the touch of food product packaging technology and marketing strategies in partner areas. Several methods for solving problems include counseling and training regarding diversification of food products in the form of egg floss, packaging techniques using good packaging tools, marketing strategies for the products produced, as well as approaches through monitoring and evaluating activities with partner groups. The results that have been achieved are the implementation of counseling and training on making egg floss, good packaging techniques and marketing strategies have been implemented and the partners are very enthusiastic and intend to make egg floss one of their small businesses. Partner continues to strive and innovate in marketing, adding to the taste of the egg floss it produces.

Denna studie avser att undersöka vilka visuella element som påverkar hur produkter kategoriseras av konsumenter som antingen ett tvättmedel eller ett livsmedel. Genom att undersöka visuella element och vilka konnotationer de skapar kan dessa undersökningar ge insikter om hur människor tolkar och kategoriserar objekt. Detta undersöktes med enkät, observation och generative research som metod. Den insamlade empirin visar att visuella element skapar konnotationer och styr kategorisering av produkter. Empirin visade att mättade färger, vassa former, en viss avsaknad av visuella element, realistiska bilder och färgen grön konnoteras till tvättmedel. Det visade även att omättade färger konnoteras till yoghurtförpackningar. Fynden sammanställdes i en guide för illustratörer för att underlätta förmedlandet av avsett bruksändamål och även i ett nytt designförslag på ett tvättmedel som nyligen misstagits för att vara ett livsmedel. Eftersom denna typ av misstag inte är ovanliga, där även oavsiktlig förtäring har förekommit, kan denna studie vara värdefull för att minska att detta ska ske i framtiden., This study investigates the visual elements that influence how consumers categorize products as either a detergent or a food item. By examining the visual elements and the connotations they create, these investigations provide insights into how people interpret and categorize objects. This was explored through a survey, observation and a focus group as part of a Generative Research approach. The collected empirical data demonstrates that visual elements create connotations and guide the categorization of products. The empirical findings revealed that saturated colors, sharp shapes, a certain absence of visual elements, realistic images, and the color green are associated with detergents. The findings were compiled into a handbook for illustrators to facilitate the communication of intended use and also into a new design proposal for a detergent that was recently mistaken for a food item. Since these types of mistakes, including unintentional consumption, are not uncommon, this study could be valuable in reducing such occurrences in the future.

Denna studie avser att undersöka vilka visuella element som påverkar hur produkter kategoriseras av konsumenter som antingen ett tvättmedel eller ett livsmedel. Genom att undersöka visuella element och vilka konnotationer de skapar kan dessa undersökningar ge insikter om hur människor tolkar och kategoriserar objekt. Detta undersöktes med enkät, observation och generative research som metod. Den insamlade empirin visar att visuella element skapar konnotationer och styr kategorisering av produkter. Empirin visade att mättade färger, vassa former, en viss avsaknad av visuella element, realistiska bilder och färgen grön konnoteras till tvättmedel. Det visade även att omättade färger konnoteras till yoghurtförpackningar. Fynden sammanställdes i en guide för illustratörer för att underlätta förmedlandet av avsett bruksändamål och även i ett nytt designförslag på ett tvättmedel som nyligen misstagits för att vara ett livsmedel. Eftersom denna typ av misstag inte är ovanliga, där även oavsiktlig förtäring har förekommit, kan denna studie vara värdefull för att minska att detta ska ske i framtiden., This study investigates the visual elements that influence how consumers categorize products as either a detergent or a food item. By examining the visual elements and the connotations they create, these investigations provide insights into how people interpret and categorize objects. This was explored through a survey, observation and a focus group as part of a Generative Research approach. The collected empirical data demonstrates that visual elements create connotations and guide the categorization of products. The empirical findings revealed that saturated colors, sharp shapes, a certain absence of visual elements, realistic images, and the color green are associated with detergents. The findings were compiled into a handbook for illustrators to facilitate the communication of intended use and also into a new design proposal for a detergent that was recently mistaken for a food item. Since these types of mistakes, including unintentional consumption, are not uncommon, this study could be valuable in reducing such occurrences in the future.

Waste is common in Swedish urban environments, most of this waste consists of cigarette butts and snus but some of it is packaging waste. The degradation of packaging waste leads to the spread of microplastics, chemicals, sharp metals, and glass. It also contributes to disorder which can lead to increased crime. Swedish municipalities pay billions (SEK) annually to clean up and the environmental and social effects has an unknown cost on society. This report’s purpose was to investigate how the amount of packaging waste in three different socioeconomic areas and the people living there would be affected by a deposit on all packaging. To achieve this, a field study in Örebro was performed where packaging waste was counted. The results showed that the area with the largest socioeconomic challenges had the most packaging and that plastic and paper packaging were the most common in all areas. The report concludes that less populated areas with socioeconomically beneficial conditions generate more packaging waste than areas with larger populations and less beneficial conditions. As a measure against packaging waste this report proposes introducing a deposit on all packaging. The recycling statistics for packaging with a deposit on indicate that it would be anefficient measure. It might cause a change in behavior which would reduce the presence of packaging waste. This would lead to a reduced spread of microplastics, chemicals, sharp metals and glass, a reduction in disorderand crime while also reducing the costs these problems bring., Skräp förekommer i svenska urbana miljöer, främst cigarettfimpar och portionssnus men även förpackningar. Förekomsten av skräp som förpackningar orsakar en spridning av mikroplaster, kemikalier, vassa metaller och glas vid nedbrytning. Det leder dessutom till oro och ökad brottsförekomst. Sverige betalar årligen miljarder för uppstädning och ytterligare kostnader tillkommer i och med dess påverkan på samhället och miljön. Bland detta skräp finns förpackningsskräp och rapportens syfte var att undersöka förekomsten av förpackningsskräp i tre socioekonomisktskilda områden för att se hur mängden förpackningsskräp och lokalbefolkningen påverkas om pant på alla förpackningar införs. För att uppnå detta syfte genomfördes en fältundersökning i tre olika socioekonomiska områden i Örebro där mängden förpackningsskräp räknades längs en specifik sträcka. Resultaten visade att förpackningar av plast och cellulosabaserade material var vanligast i alla områden, att majoriteten av förpackningsskräp var från livsmedel och att fler förpackningar med pant förekom i området med mycket goda socioekonomiska förutsättningar. Rapportens slutsatser visar att oavsett områdestyp är förpackningsskräp gjort av plast och cellulosabaserad ematerial vanligast. Dessutom verkar de ekonomiska förutsättningarna i ett område ha en större påverkan på förekomsten av förpackningsskräp än antalet människor som finns i området. Som åtgärd mot förekomsten av förpackningsskräp föreslås pant. Återvinningsstatistiken för förpackningar med pant visar att det skulle vara en effektiv åtgärd som kan leda till en beteendeförändring som minskar förekomsten av förpackningsskräp.Detta leder till en minskad spridning av mikroplaster, kemikalier, vassa metaller och glas. Samtidigt som oron, brottsförekomsten och kostnaderna för landet minskar som en följd av minskad nedskräpning, 2023-06-02

The concept of sustainability is currently a prominent topic of discussion within the field of packaging. In the context of numerous product manufacturing enterprises, the integration of sustainability principles into their operational framework is often perceptible to external observers solely through the packaging of the final product. In addition to the established criteria, fundamental concepts and principles, the predominant discourse surrounding the pursuit of sustainable packaging goals primarily revolves around the specific models and practices implemented by the industry. Growing environmental concerns from industry and consumers have driven the development of innovative bio-based materials as alternatives to fossil-derived plastic polymers for packaging applications. This thesis project is in collaboration with the Swedish-Finnish company, Stora Enso Oyj; a paper mill company specialized in packaging, biomaterials, wooden construction and paper solutions, made by renewable materials, such as wood and biomass. The study involves the execution of a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate two distinct packaging solutions. The EcoFlowerBox (EFLB), a packaging solution developed by Stora Enso, is specifically designed to cater to the needs of the floral industry. It serves as an alternative to the conventional flower bucket, fulfilling the essential functions of flower storage and transportation. The materials that were compared in the study are corrugated board and plastic, respectively. The main objective of the study was to determine the most environmentally sustainable option based on the greenhouse gas emissions generated throughout their entire life cycle. In addition to the criterion related to material composition, the ecological durability of the products was assessed by considering their end-of-life treatment and potential. The assessment methodology discussed in this study covers the complete life cycle of the products being examined. Th