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Background: Individual differences in the rate of aging and susceptibility to disease are not accounted for by chronological age alone. These individual differences are better explained by biological age, which may be estimated by biomarker prediction models. In the light of the aging demographics of the global population and the increase in lifestyle-related morbidities, it is interesting to invent a new biological age model to be used for health promotion.Objective: This study aims to develop a model that estimates biological age based on physiological biomarkers of healthy aging.Methods: Carefully selected physiological variables from a healthy study population of 100 women and men were used as biomarkers to establish an estimate of biological age. Principal component analysis was applied to the biomarkers and the first principal component was used to define the algorithm estimating biological age.Results: The first principal component accounted for 31% in women and 25% in men of the total variance in the biological age model combining mean arterial pressure, glycated hemoglobin, waist circumference, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, maximal oxygen consumption, adiponectin, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. The correlation between the corrected biological age and chronological age was r=0.86 (PConclusions: Estimating biological age from these 9 biomarkers of aging can be used to assess general health compared with the healthy aging trajectory. This may be useful to evaluate health interventions and as an aid to enhance awareness of individual health risks and behavior when deviating from this trajectory.

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%–75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%–75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%–75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%–75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%–75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests

Background. People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) seem to have a lower physical fitness (PF) than their peers without disabilities, which coincides with reduced autonomy, life expectancy and quality of life. To assess PF in these individuals, it is necessary to use appropriate tools that permit the assessment of their physical capacities taking into account their specific characteristics. The aim of this work is to study the feasibility and reliability of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA)‐Fit test battery for adults in a group of men and women with mild to moderate ID. Methods. Forty‐one adults with ID of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. To identify the feasibility and reliability of the ALPHA‐Fit test battery for adults, two complete assessments were done for each one of the tests included in the battery. The assessments were performed for a period of no more than 2 weeks (test–retest). An intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determinate test–retest reliability, and a mixed analysis of variance factorial was used for each of the dependent variables. Bland–Altman plots were also used to assess consistency between the two measurements. Feasibility was calculated as the percentage of people who were able to perform the tests correctly (not feasible <50%, fairly feasible 50%–75% and feasible >75%). In order to determine other psychometric properties, minimal detectable change and standard error of measurement (SEM) were also calculated. Results. Of the 10 tests in the ALPHA‐Fit test battery, eight were shown to be feasible. High reliability was obtained (>0.90) for the variables related to body composition. In the hand‐grip test, reliability was high in the men's group but low in the women's group. Good reliability results were also found (0.80–0.89) in the dynamic sit‐up test for women, but not for men. Fair reliability (0.70–0.79) was found in jump‐and‐reach and neck‐shoulder mobility tests

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de un periodo competitivo de 10 semanas sobre las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipode árbitros de fútbol.14árbitros de fútbol(28,8 ± 5,1 años) de distintas categorías nacionales de fútbol de España participaron en este estudio. Se observó un descensosignificativotras este periodocompetitivo en el sumatorio deocho pliegues (∆=-6,07%, p < 0,05, d = 0,38, bajo). Además, se observó un descenso significativo en el porcentaje de masa adiposa(∆= -2,29%, p < 0,05, d = 0,19, trivial)y enel componente endomorfo (∆= -6,82%, p < 0,05, d = 0,32, bajo) en el postest.Un periodo competitivo de 10 semanas parece ser suficiente como para provocar modificaciones en el somatotipo y un descenso del sumatorio de pliegues y de la masa adiposaen árbitros., The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a 10-week competitive period on body composition, anthropometric characteristics and somatotype in soccer referees. Fourteen officials (28.8 ± 5.1 yr) from different national soccer categories of Spain took part in the study. A decrease in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (∆ = -6.07%, p < 0.05, d = 0.38, low) was observed after the competitive period. Moreover, decreases in adipose mass (∆= -2.29%, p < 0.05, d = 0.19, trivial) and endomorphic component were also observed. A 10-week competitive period has demonstrated to decrease both skinfold thicknesses and adipose mass, changing the somatotype of the referees

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de un periodo competitivo de 10 semanas sobre las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipode árbitros de fútbol.14árbitros de fútbol(28,8 ± 5,1 años) de distintas categorías nacionales de fútbol de España participaron en este estudio. Se observó un descensosignificativotras este periodocompetitivo en el sumatorio deocho pliegues (∆=-6,07%, p < 0,05, d = 0,38, bajo). Además, se observó un descenso significativo en el porcentaje de masa adiposa(∆= -2,29%, p < 0,05, d = 0,19, trivial)y enel componente endomorfo (∆= -6,82%, p < 0,05, d = 0,32, bajo) en el postest.Un periodo competitivo de 10 semanas parece ser suficiente como para provocar modificaciones en el somatotipo y un descenso del sumatorio de pliegues y de la masa adiposaen árbitros., The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a 10-week competitive period on body composition, anthropometric characteristics and somatotype in soccer referees. Fourteen officials (28.8 ± 5.1 yr) from different national soccer categories of Spain took part in the study. A decrease in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (∆ = -6.07%, p < 0.05, d = 0.38, low) was observed after the competitive period. Moreover, decreases in adipose mass (∆= -2.29%, p < 0.05, d = 0.19, trivial) and endomorphic component were also observed. A 10-week competitive period has demonstrated to decrease both skinfold thicknesses and adipose mass, changing the somatotype of the referees

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de un periodo competitivo de 10 semanas sobre las características antropométricas, la composición corporal y el somatotipode árbitros de fútbol.14árbitros de fútbol(28,8 ± 5,1 años) de distintas categorías nacionales de fútbol de España participaron en este estudio. Se observó un descensosignificativotras este periodocompetitivo en el sumatorio deocho pliegues (∆=-6,07%, p < 0,05, d = 0,38, bajo). Además, se observó un descenso significativo en el porcentaje de masa adiposa(∆= -2,29%, p < 0,05, d = 0,19, trivial)y enel componente endomorfo (∆= -6,82%, p < 0,05, d = 0,32, bajo) en el postest.Un periodo competitivo de 10 semanas parece ser suficiente como para provocar modificaciones en el somatotipo y un descenso del sumatorio de pliegues y de la masa adiposaen árbitros., The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a 10-week competitive period on body composition, anthropometric characteristics and somatotype in soccer referees. Fourteen officials (28.8 ± 5.1 yr) from different national soccer categories of Spain took part in the study. A decrease in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (∆ = -6.07%, p < 0.05, d = 0.38, low) was observed after the competitive period. Moreover, decreases in adipose mass (∆= -2.29%, p < 0.05, d = 0.19, trivial) and endomorphic component were also observed. A 10-week competitive period has demonstrated to decrease both skinfold thicknesses and adipose mass, changing the somatotype of the referees

The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal perceived respiratory and muscular training loads (i.e., sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL) completed by elite-oriented young professional soccer players. Twenty four players (20.3 +/- 2.0 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Only the players that were available to train for a whole week with the team and also to play the weekly game were considered: Starters, players that participated in the match for at least 45 min and NonStarters, players that did not participate or played less than 45 minutes in the match. The competitive period was analysed after the division into 5x6-8 week blocks and 35x1 week microcycles. Data were also analysed with respect to number of days before the immediate match. Weekly TL variation across the in-season blocks was trivial-small for both groups except between Block 2 and Block 3 (ES= moderate). Substantial TL differences (ES= small-very likely) were found between training days, the TL pattern being a progressive increase up to MD-3 followed by a decrease until MD-1. Except for the match, sRPEres-/sRPEmus-TL was very similar between Starters and Non-Starters. In summary, perceived TL across the season displayed limited variation. Coaches periodized training contents to attain the highest weekly TL 72 hours before the match to progressively unload the players between MD-3 and the match day. The data revealed that the TL arising from the weekly game was solely responsible for the observed higher weekly TL of Starters in comparison with Non-Starters.

The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal perceived respiratory and muscular training loads (i.e., sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL) completed by elite-oriented young professional soccer players. Twenty four players (20.3 +/- 2.0 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Only the players that were available to train for a whole week with the team and also to play the weekly game were considered: Starters, players that participated in the match for at least 45 min and NonStarters, players that did not participate or played less than 45 minutes in the match. The competitive period was analysed after the division into 5x6-8 week blocks and 35x1 week microcycles. Data were also analysed with respect to number of days before the immediate match. Weekly TL variation across the in-season blocks was trivial-small for both groups except between Block 2 and Block 3 (ES= moderate). Substantial TL differences (ES= small-very likely) were found between training days, the TL pattern being a progressive increase up to MD-3 followed by a decrease until MD-1. Except for the match, sRPEres-/sRPEmus-TL was very similar between Starters and Non-Starters. In summary, perceived TL across the season displayed limited variation. Coaches periodized training contents to attain the highest weekly TL 72 hours before the match to progressively unload the players between MD-3 and the match day. The data revealed that the TL arising from the weekly game was solely responsible for the observed higher weekly TL of Starters in comparison with Non-Starters.

The aim of this study was to quantify the seasonal perceived respiratory and muscular training loads (i.e., sRPEres-TL and sRPEmus-TL) completed by elite-oriented young professional soccer players. Twenty four players (20.3 +/- 2.0 years) belonging to the same reserve team of a Spanish La Liga club participated in this study. Only the players that were available to train for a whole week with the team and also to play the weekly game were considered: Starters, players that participated in the match for at least 45 min and NonStarters, players that did not participate or played less than 45 minutes in the match. The competitive period was analysed after the division into 5x6-8 week blocks and 35x1 week microcycles. Data were also analysed with respect to number of days before the immediate match. Weekly TL variation across the in-season blocks was trivial-small for both groups except between Block 2 and Block 3 (ES= moderate). Substantial TL differences (ES= small-very likely) were found between training days, the TL pattern being a progressive increase up to MD-3 followed by a decrease until MD-1. Except for the match, sRPEres-/sRPEmus-TL was very similar between Starters and Non-Starters. In summary, perceived TL across the season displayed limited variation. Coaches periodized training contents to attain the highest weekly TL 72 hours before the match to progressively unload the players between MD-3 and the match day. The data revealed that the TL arising from the weekly game was solely responsible for the observed higher weekly TL of Starters in comparison with Non-Starters.