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The R programming language is widely used in large-scale data analyses. It contains especially rich built-in support for dealing with vectors, arrays, and matrices. These operations feature prominently in the applications that form R's raison d'\^etre, making their behavior worth understanding. Furthermore, ostensibly for programmer convenience, their behavior in R is a notable extension over the corresponding operations in mathematics, thereby offering some challenges for specification and static verification. We report on progress towards statically typing this aspect of the R language. The interesting aspects of typing, in this case, warn programmers about violating bounds, so the types must necessarily be dependent. We explain the ways in which R extends standard mathematical behavior. We then show how R's behavior can be specified in LiquidHaskell, a dependently-typed extension to Haskell. In the general case, actually verifying library and client code is currently beyond LiquidHaskell's reach; therefore, this work provides challenges and opportunities both for typing R and for progress in dependently-typed programming languages., Comment: 10 pages

Migration is a process of social change during which a person moves from one cultural setting to another in order to settle for a longer period of time or permanently. If internal and international migrants are being taken in to account, it would be the third most populous country in the world, just after China and India. The collective health implications of this sizeable population are considerable and are not often in accordance with their need, thus raising concerns with regard to equity, social inclusion and cohesiveness. During different phases of migration, Linguistic, cultural and legal factors are amongst the major barriers in accessing basic health services for migrants. Hence a migrant sensitive inclusive health system equipped with trained work force should be formally established by inter country, inter regional and international framework to address this complex issue-Migration.

Migration is a process of social change during which a person moves from one cultural setting to another in order to settle for a longer period of time or permanently. If internal and international migrants are being taken in to account, it would be the third most populous country in the world, just after China and India. The collective health implications of this sizeable population are considerable and are not often in accordance with their need, thus raising concerns with regard to equity, social inclusion and cohesiveness. During different phases of migration, Linguistic, cultural and legal factors are amongst the major barriers in accessing basic health services for migrants. Hence a migrant sensitive inclusive health system equipped with trained work force should be formally established by inter country, inter regional and international framework to address this complex issue-Migration.

Migration is a process of social change during which a person moves from one cultural setting to another in order to settle for a longer period of time or permanently. If internal and international migrants are being taken in to account, it would be the third most populous country in the world, just after China and India. The collective health implications of this sizeable population are considerable and are not often in accordance with their need, thus raising concerns with regard to equity, social inclusion and cohesiveness. During different phases of migration, Linguistic, cultural and legal factors are amongst the major barriers in accessing basic health services for migrants. Hence a migrant sensitive inclusive health system equipped with trained work force should be formally established by inter country, inter regional and international framework to address this complex issue-Migration.

Adsorption equilibrium of arsenic (in both As(III) and As(V) states) onto laterite soil was studied at the temperatures of 298, 308 and 318 K. Batch experiments were conducted to find out the arsenic removal capacity. The effects of process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbent size, temperature and pH were investigated. Detailed studies on adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were conducted. By using the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm, the energy (E) related with adsorption was calculated and the results showed that the adsorption was mostly physisorption. It was observed by calculating the value of the dimensionless equilibrium parameter (RL) that the adsorption was favorable. The standard free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (ΔS0) were determined and the calculated values showed that the adsorption process for both As(III) and As(V) was exothermic and spontaneous. Regeneration of the adsorbent was possible using 1M NaOH solution and the regenerated adsorbent could further be used for arsenic removal.

Adsolubilization is the solubilization of organics into the three dimensional micelle like structures formed by the adsorption of ionic surfactants at high concentration on oppositely charged surfaces. Adsolubilization process could efficiently be used for the removal of different organic pollutants like dyes, phenolic compounds, etc. from water environment. In the present work, the adsorption characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant (AS) on neutral alumina were studied in detail. Alumina was found to be an efficient adsorbent for SDS and could be used for the removal of SDS from its highly concentrated (several thousand ppm) solution. The equilibrium time found was 2 h. Though the removal efficiency was low (∼ 65%) at neutral pH, but at slightly acidic condition and in the presence of NaCl, the efficiency could be increased drastically (>98%). The adsorption isotherm study showed four distinct regions. The effects of various other parameters such as adsorbent dose, the presence of different ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and Fe3+), and non-ionic surfactant on the SDS adsorption were also studied. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was increased due to the presence of these ions in general. After the adsorption of SDS on alumina, the alumina, which was then called the surfactant-modified alumina (SMA), was used for the removal of crystal violet (CV), a well-known cationic dye and phenol from aquatic environment. The kinetic studies showed that 1 h shaking time was sufficient to achieve the equilibrium for CV. The equilibrium time for phenol was 1.5 h. Studies were conducted to see the effects of adsorbent dose on the removal of CV and phenol separately using the SMA. The pH was maintained at 6.7±0.1. The SMA was found to be very efficient, and ∼ 99% and ∼ 90% efficiency could be achieved under optimised conditions for the removal of CV and phenol when present even at a high concentration (200 ppm for CV and 50 ppm for phenol

Adsorption equilibrium of arsenic (in both As(III) and As(V) states) onto laterite soil was studied at the temperatures of 298, 308 and 318 K. Batch experiments were conducted to find out the arsenic removal capacity. The effects of process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbent size, temperature and pH were investigated. Detailed studies on adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were conducted. By using the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm, the energy (E) related with adsorption was calculated and the results showed that the adsorption was mostly physisorption. It was observed by calculating the value of the dimensionless equilibrium parameter (RL) that the adsorption was favorable. The standard free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (ΔS0) were determined and the calculated values showed that the adsorption process for both As(III) and As(V) was exothermic and spontaneous. Regeneration of the adsorbent was possible using 1M NaOH solution and the regenerated adsorbent could further be used for arsenic removal.

Adsolubilization is the solubilization of organics into the three dimensional micelle like structures formed by the adsorption of ionic surfactants at high concentration on oppositely charged surfaces. Adsolubilization process could efficiently be used for the removal of different organic pollutants like dyes, phenolic compounds, etc. from water environment. In the present work, the adsorption characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant (AS) on neutral alumina were studied in detail. Alumina was found to be an efficient adsorbent for SDS and could be used for the removal of SDS from its highly concentrated (several thousand ppm) solution. The equilibrium time found was 2 h. Though the removal efficiency was low (∼ 65%) at neutral pH, but at slightly acidic condition and in the presence of NaCl, the efficiency could be increased drastically (>98%). The adsorption isotherm study showed four distinct regions. The effects of various other parameters such as adsorbent dose, the presence of different ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and Fe3+), and non-ionic surfactant on the SDS adsorption were also studied. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was increased due to the presence of these ions in general. After the adsorption of SDS on alumina, the alumina, which was then called the surfactant-modified alumina (SMA), was used for the removal of crystal violet (CV), a well-known cationic dye and phenol from aquatic environment. The kinetic studies showed that 1 h shaking time was sufficient to achieve the equilibrium for CV. The equilibrium time for phenol was 1.5 h. Studies were conducted to see the effects of adsorbent dose on the removal of CV and phenol separately using the SMA. The pH was maintained at 6.7±0.1. The SMA was found to be very efficient, and ∼ 99% and ∼ 90% efficiency could be achieved under optimised conditions for the removal of CV and phenol when present even at a high concentration (200 ppm for CV and 50 ppm for phenol

Adsorption equilibrium of arsenic (in both As(III) and As(V) states) onto laterite soil was studied at the temperatures of 298, 308 and 318 K. Batch experiments were conducted to find out the arsenic removal capacity. The effects of process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbent size, temperature and pH were investigated. Detailed studies on adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were conducted. By using the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm, the energy (E) related with adsorption was calculated and the results showed that the adsorption was mostly physisorption. It was observed by calculating the value of the dimensionless equilibrium parameter (RL) that the adsorption was favorable. The standard free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (ΔS0) were determined and the calculated values showed that the adsorption process for both As(III) and As(V) was exothermic and spontaneous. Regeneration of the adsorbent was possible using 1M NaOH solution and the regenerated adsorbent could further be used for arsenic removal.

Adsolubilization is the solubilization of organics into the three dimensional micelle like structures formed by the adsorption of ionic surfactants at high concentration on oppositely charged surfaces. Adsolubilization process could efficiently be used for the removal of different organic pollutants like dyes, phenolic compounds, etc. from water environment. In the present work, the adsorption characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant (AS) on neutral alumina were studied in detail. Alumina was found to be an efficient adsorbent for SDS and could be used for the removal of SDS from its highly concentrated (several thousand ppm) solution. The equilibrium time found was 2 h. Though the removal efficiency was low (∼ 65%) at neutral pH, but at slightly acidic condition and in the presence of NaCl, the efficiency could be increased drastically (>98%). The adsorption isotherm study showed four distinct regions. The effects of various other parameters such as adsorbent dose, the presence of different ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and Fe3+), and non-ionic surfactant on the SDS adsorption were also studied. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was increased due to the presence of these ions in general. After the adsorption of SDS on alumina, the alumina, which was then called the surfactant-modified alumina (SMA), was used for the removal of crystal violet (CV), a well-known cationic dye and phenol from aquatic environment. The kinetic studies showed that 1 h shaking time was sufficient to achieve the equilibrium for CV. The equilibrium time for phenol was 1.5 h. Studies were conducted to see the effects of adsorbent dose on the removal of CV and phenol separately using the SMA. The pH was maintained at 6.7±0.1. The SMA was found to be very efficient, and ∼ 99% and ∼ 90% efficiency could be achieved under optimised conditions for the removal of CV and phenol when present even at a high concentration (200 ppm for CV and 50 ppm for phenol)

Adsolubilization is the solubilization of organics into the three dimensional micelle like structures formed by the adsorption of ionic surfactants at high concentration on oppositely charged surfaces. Adsolubilization process could efficiently be used for the removal of different organic pollutants like dyes, phenolic compounds, etc. from water environment. In the present work, the adsorption characteristics of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant (AS) on neutral alumina were studied in detail. Alumina was found to be an efficient adsorbent for SDS and could be used for the removal of SDS from its highly concentrated (several thousand ppm) solution. The equilibrium time found was 2 h. Though the removal efficiency was low (∼ 65%) at neutral pH, but at slightly acidic condition and in the presence of NaCl, the efficiency could be increased drastically (>98%). The adsorption isotherm study showed four distinct regions. The effects of various other parameters such as adsorbent dose, the presence of different ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and Fe3+), and non-ionic surfactant on the SDS adsorption were also studied. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was increased due to the presence of these ions in general. After the adsorption of SDS on alumina, the alumina, which was then called the surfactant-modified alumina (SMA), was used for the removal of crystal violet (CV), a well-known cationic dye and phenol from aquatic environment. The kinetic studies showed that 1 h shaking time was sufficient to achieve the equilibrium for CV. The equilibrium time for phenol was 1.5 h. Studies were conducted to see the effects of adsorbent dose on the removal of CV and phenol separately using the SMA. The pH was maintained at 6.7±0.1. The SMA was found to be very efficient, and ∼ 99% and ∼ 90% efficiency could be achieved under optimised conditions for the removal of CV and phenol when present even at a high concentration (200 ppm for CV and 50 ppm for phenol)

Adsorption equilibrium of arsenic (in both As(III) and As(V) states) onto laterite soil was studied at the temperatures of 298, 308 and 318 K. Batch experiments were conducted to find out the arsenic removal capacity. The effects of process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbent size, temperature and pH were investigated. Detailed studies on adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) were conducted. By using the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm, the energy (E) related with adsorption was calculated and the results showed that the adsorption was mostly physisorption. It was observed by calculating the value of the dimensionless equilibrium parameter (RL) that the adsorption was favorable. The standard free energy change (ΔG0), enthalpy change (ΔH0) and entropy change (ΔS0) were determined and the calculated values showed that the adsorption process for both As(III) and As(V) was exothermic and spontaneous. Regeneration of the adsorbent was possible using 1M NaOH solution and the regenerated adsorbent could further be used for arsenic removal.