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Se pretende transmitir a los estudiantes que la ciencia resuelve necesidades sociales. El punto de partida será plantear diferentes retos y situaciones que, mediante un aprendizaje activo, se pueden resolver utilizando recursos científicos.

Funding Nuestra investigación contó con el apoyo de las siguientes subvenciones: Ministerio de Educación de España (referencia CGL2011-23443), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (referencia BES-2012-055220), Agencia Autónoma de Parques Nacionales (referencia MARM 428/211), Ministerio de Educación de Estonia e Investigación (proyecto de financiación de investigación institucional IUT8-2) y la Academia de Finlandia (subvención n.º 266321)., By combining 7077 SNPs and 61 microsatellites, we present the first linkage map for some of the early diverged lineages of the common frog, Rana temporaria, and the densest linkage map to date for this species. We found high homology with the published linkage maps of the Eastern and Western lineages but with differences in the order of some markers. Homology was also strong with the genome of the Tibetan frog Nanorana parkeri and we found high synteny with the clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis. We confirmed marked heterochiasmy between sexes and detected nonrecombining regions in several groups of the male linkage map. Contrary to the expectations set by the male heterogamety of the common frog, we did not find male heterozygosity excess in the chromosome previously shown to be linked to sex determination. Finally, we found blocks of loci showing strong transmission ratio distortion. These distorted genomic regions might be related to genetic incompatibilities between the parental populations, and are promising candidates for further investigation into the genetic basis of speciation and adaptation in the common frog., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC), Agencia Autónoma de Parques Nacionales, Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, Academy of Finland, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Este proyecto forma parte del Trabajo de Fin de Estudios de Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales. Se trata de un proyecto realizado en la empresa Festina Lotus y en otras empresas/edificios del Grupo Festina. Nace de la necesidad de cambiar la gestión de pedidos online del Grupo Festina, mediante la instalación de automatizaciones y la adecuación total de una antigua nave, ubicada en Sant Just Desvern, justo enfrente del centro logístico ya existente del Grupo, TIME LOGISTIC. Inicialmente, se hizo una presentación de las debilidades del sistema de gestión previo a miembros de la dirección de la empresa, definiendo también los principales objetivos de este proyecto, para subsanar satisfactoriamente las debilidades expuestas. Se instalarán cuatro carruseles horizontales para la gestión de hasta 6.000 referencias, junto con una mesa multipedidos y cintas transportadoras. Una gran parte del proyecto consistió en la adecuación de la nave, llevando a cabo un proyecto de obras en el que, aparte de arreglar los problemas/desperfectos encontrados a la hora de adquirir la nave, surgieron nuevos problemas, como la necesidad de impermeabilizar de nuevo la cubierta de la nave y de realizar un estudio de solidez del forjado de la primera planta, entre otros. Otro punto destacable es que se llevó a cabo la instalación de energías renovables. En este caso, energía solar. Además, se llevó a cabo otro proyecto de instalaciones en referencia a clima, seguridad, montacargas y prevención contra incendios. Tal y como se presentará a lo largo de este documento, se ha concluido el proyecto consiguiendo los objetivos definidos e incluso incorporando nuevas medidas para aumentar la calidad del servicio de venta online del Grupo Festina, Aquest projecte forma part del Treball de Fi d'Estudis d'Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials. Es tracta d'un projecte realitzat en l'empresa Festina Lotus i en altres empreses/edificis del Grupo Festina. Neix de la necessitat de canviar la gestió de comandes en línia del Grup Festina, mitjançant la instal·lació d'automatitzacions i l'adequació total d'una antiga nau, situada a Sant Just Desvern, just enfront del centre logístic ja existent del Grup, TIME LOGISTIC. Inicialment, es va fer una presentació de les debilitats del sistema de gestió previ a membres de la direcció de l'empresa, definint també els principals objectius d'aquest projecte, per a esmenar satisfactòriament les febleses exposades. S'instal·laran quatre carrusels horitzontals per a la gestió de fins a 6.000 referències, juntament amb una taula multicomandes i cintes transportadores. Una gran part del projecte va consistir en l'adequació de la nau, duent a terme un projecte d'obres en el qual, a part d'arreglar els problemes/desperfectes trobats a l'hora d'adquirir la nau, van sorgir nous problemes, com la necessitat d'impermeabilitzar de nou la coberta de la nau i de realitzar un estudi de solidesa del forjat de la primera planta, entre altres. Un altre punt destacable és que es va dur a terme la instal·lació d'energies renovables. En aquest cas, energia solar. A més, es va dur a terme un altre projecte d'instal·lacions en referència a clima, seguretat, muntacàrregues i prevenció contra incendis. Tal com es presentarà al llarg d'aquest document, s'ha conclòs el projecte aconseguint els objectius definits i fins i tot incorporant noves mesures per a augmentar la qualitat del servei de venda en línia del Grupo Festina, This project is part of the Final Project of the Industrial Technologies Engineering Degree. It is a project carried out in the company Festina Lotus and in other companies/buildings of the Festina Group. It arises from the need to change the online order management of the Festina Group, through the installation of automation and the total adaptation of an old warehouse, located in Sant Just Desvern, just opposite the Group's existing logistics centre, TIME LOGISTIC. Initially, a presentation of the weaknesses of the previous management system was given to members of the company's management, defining also the main objectives of this project, in order to satisfactorily overcome the exposed weaknesses. Four horizontal carousels will be installed for the management of up to 6,000 references, together with a multi-column table and conveyor belts. A large part of the project consisted of the adaptation of the building, carrying out a project of works in which, apart from fixing the problems/defects found when the building was acquired, new problems arose, such as the need to re-waterproof the roof of the building and to carry out a study of the solidity of the first floor slab, among others. Another noteworthy point is that the installation of renewable energies was carried out. In this case, solar energy. In addition, another installation project was carried out in relation to climate, security, fire prevention and fire safety. As will be presented throughout this document, the project has been completed, achieving the defined objectives and even incorporating new measures to increase the quality of the online sales service of the Festina Group

La combustión de biomasa agrícola y forestal constituye una fuente de energía en pleno crecimiento por ser un recurso más sostenible y económico frente a otros combustibles. Como resultado de esta combustión se obtienen cenizas que a día de hoy, son consideradas residuo cuyo ciclo de vida se cierra destinándose a vertedero. Para reducir su deposición final, se pretende revalorizar a subproducto, promoviendo la economía circular mediante su aplicación como fertilizante en el sector agrícola. Su aplicación en los suelos viene dada por ser consideradas residuo No peligroso, al no contener metales pesados por provenir de masas vegetales, por contener minerales que aportan nutrientes principalmente K, Ca, P y Mg y otros elementos como óxidos que al reaccionar con agua se transforman en hidróxidos de carácter alcalino, elevando el pH. La presente investigación se dirigió a gestionar este residuo mediante su aplicación como enmienda en 2 suelos ácidos con diferentes textura, franco-arcillosa y arenosa, observandose sus efectos en el pH y capacidad de retención de humedad y en la germinación y crecimiento de cultivos de Lactuca sativa (lechuga) y Tritucum aestivum (trigo). La experiencia se desarrolló en un invernadero de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia donde se realizaron cuatro tipos de tratamientos para ambos suelos, calculados para provocar un aumento moderado de pH, tres dosis de cenizas (1, 2 y 3% en el suelo franco-arcilloso y 0,1, 0,2 y 0,3% en el arenoso) comparándose con el efecto alcalino provocado por el hidróxido de calcio. Tras el ensayo, se obtuvo una respuesta proporcional del crecimiento de los cultivos frente al aumento de dosis de ceniza, provocado por el incremento del pH de los suelos y el aporte de nutrientes. Por ello, es de gran utilidad el uso de esta enmienda como abono ya que corrige las deficiencias del suelo ante la degradación y se evita la generación de residuos., The combustion of agricultural and forestry biomass constitutes a full source of energy as it is more sustainable and economical resource than other fuels. Ashes have been obtained as a result of this combustion; nowadays these ashes are considered a waste whose life cycle is closed and sent to landfill. To reduce its final deposition, it is intended to revalue a by-product, promoting the circular economy through its application as a fertilizer in the agricultural sector. Its application in soils is given by being considered non-hazardous waste, as it does not contain heavy metals for the reason that it comes from plant masses and because it contains minerals that provide nutrients as mainly K, Ca, P and Mg and other elements such as oxides that when they react with water, these oxides are transformed into alkaline hydroxides, raising, in this way, the pH. The present investigation is aimed at managing this residue through its application as an amendment in 2 acid soils with different textures, clay-loam and sandy soils, observing its effects on the pH and its moisture retention capacity and on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Tritucum aestivum (wheat). The experience was developed in a greenhouse of the Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia where four types of treatments were carried out for both soils, calculated to cause a moderate increase in pH, three doses of ashes (1, 2 and 3% in the clay-loam soil and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in the sandy soil) compared with the alkaline effect caused by calcium hydroxide. After the test, a proportional response was obtained in the growth of the crops against the increase in the dose of ash, caused by the increase in the pH of the soils and by the contribution of nutrients. For this reason, the use of this amendment as a fertilizer is very useful since it corrects the deficiencies of the soil in the face of degradation and it also avoids the creation of waste, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Máster en Ingeniería Ambiental

La combustión de biomasa agrícola y forestal constituye una fuente de energía en pleno crecimiento por ser un recurso más sostenible y económico frente a otros combustibles. Como resultado de esta combustión se obtienen cenizas que a día de hoy, son consideradas residuo cuyo ciclo de vida se cierra destinándose a vertedero. Para reducir su deposición final, se pretende revalorizar a subproducto, promoviendo la economía circular mediante su aplicación como fertilizante en el sector agrícola. Su aplicación en los suelos viene dada por ser consideradas residuo No peligroso, al no contener metales pesados por provenir de masas vegetales, por contener minerales que aportan nutrientes principalmente K, Ca, P y Mg y otros elementos como óxidos que al reaccionar con agua se transforman en hidróxidos de carácter alcalino, elevando el pH. La presente investigación se dirigió a gestionar este residuo mediante su aplicación como enmienda en 2 suelos ácidos con diferentes textura, franco-arcillosa y arenosa, observandose sus efectos en el pH y capacidad de retención de humedad y en la germinación y crecimiento de cultivos de Lactuca sativa (lechuga) y Tritucum aestivum (trigo). La experiencia se desarrolló en un invernadero de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia donde se realizaron cuatro tipos de tratamientos para ambos suelos, calculados para provocar un aumento moderado de pH, tres dosis de cenizas (1, 2 y 3% en el suelo franco-arcilloso y 0,1, 0,2 y 0,3% en el arenoso) comparándose con el efecto alcalino provocado por el hidróxido de calcio. Tras el ensayo, se obtuvo una respuesta proporcional del crecimiento de los cultivos frente al aumento de dosis de ceniza, provocado por el incremento del pH de los suelos y el aporte de nutrientes. Por ello, es de gran utilidad el uso de esta enmienda como abono ya que corrige las deficiencias del suelo ante la degradación y se evita la generación de residuos., The combustion of agricultural and forestry biomass constitutes a full source of energy as it is more sustainable and economical resource than other fuels. Ashes have been obtained as a result of this combustion; nowadays these ashes are considered a waste whose life cycle is closed and sent to landfill. To reduce its final deposition, it is intended to revalue a by-product, promoting the circular economy through its application as a fertilizer in the agricultural sector. Its application in soils is given by being considered non-hazardous waste, as it does not contain heavy metals for the reason that it comes from plant masses and because it contains minerals that provide nutrients as mainly K, Ca, P and Mg and other elements such as oxides that when they react with water, these oxides are transformed into alkaline hydroxides, raising, in this way, the pH. The present investigation is aimed at managing this residue through its application as an amendment in 2 acid soils with different textures, clay-loam and sandy soils, observing its effects on the pH and its moisture retention capacity and on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Tritucum aestivum (wheat). The experience was developed in a greenhouse of the Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia where four types of treatments were carried out for both soils, calculated to cause a moderate increase in pH, three doses of ashes (1, 2 and 3% in the clay-loam soil and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in the sandy soil) compared with the alkaline effect caused by calcium hydroxide. After the test, a proportional response was obtained in the growth of the crops against the increase in the dose of ash, caused by the increase in the pH of the soils and by the contribution of nutrients. For this reason, the use of this amendment as a fertilizer is very useful since it corrects the deficiencies of the soil in the face of degradation and it also avoids the creation of waste, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Máster en Ingeniería Ambiental

La combustión de biomasa agrícola y forestal constituye una fuente de energía en pleno crecimiento por ser un recurso más sostenible y económico frente a otros combustibles. Como resultado de esta combustión se obtienen cenizas que a día de hoy, son consideradas residuo cuyo ciclo de vida se cierra destinándose a vertedero. Para reducir su deposición final, se pretende revalorizar a subproducto, promoviendo la economía circular mediante su aplicación como fertilizante en el sector agrícola. Su aplicación en los suelos viene dada por ser consideradas residuo No peligroso, al no contener metales pesados por provenir de masas vegetales, por contener minerales que aportan nutrientes principalmente K, Ca, P y Mg y otros elementos como óxidos que al reaccionar con agua se transforman en hidróxidos de carácter alcalino, elevando el pH. La presente investigación se dirigió a gestionar este residuo mediante su aplicación como enmienda en 2 suelos ácidos con diferentes textura, franco-arcillosa y arenosa, observandose sus efectos en el pH y capacidad de retención de humedad y en la germinación y crecimiento de cultivos de Lactuca sativa (lechuga) y Tritucum aestivum (trigo). La experiencia se desarrolló en un invernadero de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenierías Agrarias de Palencia donde se realizaron cuatro tipos de tratamientos para ambos suelos, calculados para provocar un aumento moderado de pH, tres dosis de cenizas (1, 2 y 3% en el suelo franco-arcilloso y 0,1, 0,2 y 0,3% en el arenoso) comparándose con el efecto alcalino provocado por el hidróxido de calcio. Tras el ensayo, se obtuvo una respuesta proporcional del crecimiento de los cultivos frente al aumento de dosis de ceniza, provocado por el incremento del pH de los suelos y el aporte de nutrientes. Por ello, es de gran utilidad el uso de esta enmienda como abono ya que corrige las deficiencias del suelo ante la degradación y se evita la generación de residuos., The combustion of agricultural and forestry biomass constitutes a full source of energy as it is more sustainable and economical resource than other fuels. Ashes have been obtained as a result of this combustion; nowadays these ashes are considered a waste whose life cycle is closed and sent to landfill. To reduce its final deposition, it is intended to revalue a by-product, promoting the circular economy through its application as a fertilizer in the agricultural sector. Its application in soils is given by being considered non-hazardous waste, as it does not contain heavy metals for the reason that it comes from plant masses and because it contains minerals that provide nutrients as mainly K, Ca, P and Mg and other elements such as oxides that when they react with water, these oxides are transformed into alkaline hydroxides, raising, in this way, the pH. The present investigation is aimed at managing this residue through its application as an amendment in 2 acid soils with different textures, clay-loam and sandy soils, observing its effects on the pH and its moisture retention capacity and on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Tritucum aestivum (wheat). The experience was developed in a greenhouse of the Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia where four types of treatments were carried out for both soils, calculated to cause a moderate increase in pH, three doses of ashes (1, 2 and 3% in the clay-loam soil and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in the sandy soil) compared with the alkaline effect caused by calcium hydroxide. After the test, a proportional response was obtained in the growth of the crops against the increase in the dose of ash, caused by the increase in the pH of the soils and by the contribution of nutrients. For this reason, the use of this amendment as a fertilizer is very useful since it corrects the deficiencies of the soil in the face of degradation and it also avoids the creation of waste, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Máster en Ingeniería Ambiental

The Jake Mandell Tone Deaf Test (JMT) is an online measure designed to evaluate pitch discrimination in the normal population. The test has been available online since 2006, but no psychometric data have been published. The present research was designed to provide validity and reliability data for this test. Study 1 was conducted in university students, and the performance on the JMT was compared to the AMUSIA online screening tests. Correlations were high with the subtests of the AMUSIA online screening tests, but especially with the Tone discrimination test. Study 2 was conducted in children, and the JMT was compared to different tests of musical abilities. The JMT showed a good relationship with the Tone Discrimination and Rhythm Imitation subtest, but especially with the global score of musical abilities. In addition, the test showed good one-year test-retest reliability. Finally, external validation of the JMT was obtained by noting that musicians obtained higher scores than non-musicians. Discussion is focused on the possibility of using the JMT as a rapid screening measure of individual differences in pitch discrimination in the normal population., El test de Jake Mandell (JMT) es un test online diseñado para evaluar la discriminación tonal en la población normal. El test está disponible online desde 2006, pero no se han publicado datos psicométricos. La presente investigación fue diseñada para proporcionar datos de validez y fiabilidad para este test. El estudio 1 se realizó en estudiantes universitarios, y el rendimiento en el JMT se comparó con las pruebas de detección online denominadas AMUSIA. Las correlaciones fueron altas con los subtests de AMUSIA, pero especialmente con el de discriminación de tonos. El estudio 2 se realizó en niños, y el JMT se comparó con diferentes pruebas de habilidades musicales. El JMT mostró una buena relación con el subtest de discriminación de tono e imitación de ritmo, pero especialmente con la puntuación global de las habilidades musicales. Además, el test mostró una buena fiabilidad test-retest al cabo de un año. Finalmente, la validación externa del JMT se obtuvo al señalar que los músicos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas que los no músicos. La discusión se centra en la posibilidad de utilizar el JMT como una medida de detección rápida de las diferencias individuales en la discriminación de tono en la población normal., O teste de surdez de tom de Jake Mandell (JMT) é uma medida on-line projetada para avaliar a discriminação de tom na população normal. O teste está disponível online desde 2006, mas nenhum dado psicométrico foi publicado. A presente pesquisa foi projetada para fornecer dados de validade e confiabilidade para este teste. O estudo 1 foi realizado em estudantes universitários, e o desempenho no JMT foi comparado aos testes de triagem on-line da AMUSIA. As correlações foram altas com os subtestes dos testes de triagem on-line da AMUSIA, mas principalmente com o teste de discriminação de tons. O estudo 2 foi realizado em crianças e o JMT foi comparado a diferentes testes de habilidades musicais. O JMT mostrou uma boa relação com o subteste Discriminação de Tom e Imitação de Ritmo, mas principalmente com o escore global de habilidades musicais. Além disso, o teste mostrou boa confiabilidade teste-reteste de um ano. Finalmente, a validação externa do JMT foi obtida observando que os músicos obtiveram pontuações mais altas que os não músicos. A discussão está focada na possibilidade de usar o JMT como uma medida de triagem rápida das diferenças individuais na discriminação de arremesso na população normal. &nbsp

The Jake Mandell Tone Deaf Test (JMT) is an online measure designed to evaluate pitch discrimination in the normal population. The test has been available online since 2006, but no psychometric data have been published. The present research was designed to provide validity and reliability data for this test. Study 1 was conducted in university students, and the performance on the JMT was compared to the AMUSIA online screening tests. Correlations were high with the subtests of the AMUSIA online screening tests, but especially with the Tone discrimination test. Study 2 was conducted in children, and the JMT was compared to different tests of musical abilities. The JMT showed a good relationship with the Tone Discrimination and Rhythm Imitation subtest, but especially with the global score of musical abilities. In addition, the test showed good one-year test-retest reliability. Finally, external validation of the JMT was obtained by noting that musicians obtained higher scores than non-musicians. Discussion is focused on the possibility of using the JMT as a rapid screening measure of individual differences in pitch discrimination in the normal population., El test de Jake Mandell (JMT) es un test online diseñado para evaluar la discriminación tonal en la población normal. El test está disponible online desde 2006, pero no se han publicado datos psicométricos. La presente investigación fue diseñada para proporcionar datos de validez y fiabilidad para este test. El estudio 1 se realizó en estudiantes universitarios, y el rendimiento en el JMT se comparó con las pruebas de detección online denominadas AMUSIA. Las correlaciones fueron altas con los subtests de AMUSIA, pero especialmente con el de discriminación de tonos. El estudio 2 se realizó en niños, y el JMT se comparó con diferentes pruebas de habilidades musicales. El JMT mostró una buena relación con el subtest de discriminación de tono e imitación de ritmo, pero especialmente con la puntuación global de las habilidades musicales. Además, el test mostró una buena fiabilidad test-retest al cabo de un año. Finalmente, la validación externa del JMT se obtuvo al señalar que los músicos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas que los no músicos. La discusión se centra en la posibilidad de utilizar el JMT como una medida de detección rápida de las diferencias individuales en la discriminación de tono en la población normal., O teste de surdez de tom de Jake Mandell (JMT) é uma medida on-line projetada para avaliar a discriminação de tom na população normal. O teste está disponível online desde 2006, mas nenhum dado psicométrico foi publicado. A presente pesquisa foi projetada para fornecer dados de validade e confiabilidade para este teste. O estudo 1 foi realizado em estudantes universitários, e o desempenho no JMT foi comparado aos testes de triagem on-line da AMUSIA. As correlações foram altas com os subtestes dos testes de triagem on-line da AMUSIA, mas principalmente com o teste de discriminação de tons. O estudo 2 foi realizado em crianças e o JMT foi comparado a diferentes testes de habilidades musicais. O JMT mostrou uma boa relação com o subteste Discriminação de Tom e Imitação de Ritmo, mas principalmente com o escore global de habilidades musicais. Além disso, o teste mostrou boa confiabilidade teste-reteste de um ano. Finalmente, a validação externa do JMT foi obtida observando que os músicos obtiveram pontuações mais altas que os não músicos. A discussão está focada na possibilidade de usar o JMT como uma medida de triagem rápida das diferenças individuais na discriminação de arremesso na população normal. &nbsp

Funding El trabajo fue apoyado por la subvención no. 2014/15/B/NZ8/00250 a PZ Polish National Science Centre, y por la subvención no. DS/WB/INoS/762/2018 Jagiellonian University, Genomic heterogeneity of divergence between hybridizing species may reflect heterogeneity of introgression, but also processes unrelated to hybridization. Heterogeneous introgression and its repeatability can be directly tested in natural hybrid zones by examining multiple transects. Here, we studied hybrid zones between the European newts Lissotriton montandoni and two lineages of Lissotriton vulgaris, with replicate transects within each zone. Over 1,000 nuclear genes located on a linkage map and mitochondrial DNA were investigated using geographical and genomic clines. Overall, the five transects were all similar, showing hallmarks of strong reproductive isolation: bimodal distribution of genotypes in central populations and narrow allele frequency clines. However, the extent of introgression differed between the zones, possibly as a consequence of their different ages, as suggested by the analysis of heterozygosity runs in diagnostic markers. In three transects genomic signatures of small-scale (~2 km) zone movements were detected. We found limited overlap of cline outliers between transects, and only weak evidence of stronger differentiation of introgression between zones than between transects within zones. Introgression was heterogeneous across linkage groups, with patterns of heterogeneity similar between transects and zones. Predefined candidates for increased or reduced introgression exhibited only a subtle tendency in the expected direction, suggesting that interspecific differentiation is not a reliable indicator for the strength of introgression. These hierarchically sampled hybrid zones of apparently different ages show how introgression unfolds with time and offer an excellent opportunity to dissect the dynamics of hybridization and architecture of reproductive isolation at advanced stages of speciation., Polish National Science Centre, Jagiellonian University, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding Esta investigación ha contado con el apoyo de las siguientes ayudas: Ministerio de Educación de España (referencias CGL2011-23443 y CGL2012-40246-C02-02), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (referencia BES-2012-055220), Agencia Autónoma de Parques Nacionales (OAPN) ( referencia MARM 428/211), el Ministerio de Educación e Investigación de Estonia (proyecto de financiación de investigación institucional IUT8-2) y la Academia de Finlandia (subvención n.º 266321)., The evolution of complex traits is often shaped by adaptive divergence. However, very little is known about the number, effect size, and location of the genomic regions influencing the variation of these traits in natural populations. Based on a dense linkage map of the common frog, Rana temporaria, we have localized, for the first time in amphibians, three significant and nine suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for metabolic rate, growth rate, development time, and weight at metamorphosis, explaining 5.6–18.9% of the overall phenotypic variation in each trait. We also found a potential pleiotropic QTL between development time and size at metamorphosis that, if confirmed, might underlie the previously reported genetic correlation between these traits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the genetic variation linked to fitness-related larval traits segregates within Rana temporaria populations. This study provides the first insight into the genomic regions that affect larval life history traits in anurans, providing a valuable resource to delve further into the genomic basis of evolutionary change in amphibians., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (ESpaña), Agencia Autónoma de Parques Nacionales, Ministry of Education and Research (Estonia), Academy of Finland, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding El trabajo fue apoyado por la subvención no. 2014/15/B/NZ8/00250 a PZ Polish National Science Centrey, y por la subvención no. DS/WB/INoS/762/2018 Jagiellonian University, Genomic heterogeneity of divergence between hybridizing species may reflect heterogeneity of introgression, but also processes unrelated to hybridization. Heterogeneous introgression and its repeatability can be directly tested in natural hybrid zones by examining multiple transects. Here, we studied hybrid zones between the European newts Lissotriton montandoni and two lineages of Lissotriton vulgaris, with replicate transects within each zone. Over 1,000 nuclear genes located on a linkage map and mitochondrial DNA were investigated using geographical and genomic clines. Overall, the five transects were all similar, showing hallmarks of strong reproductive isolation: bimodal distribution of genotypes in central populations and narrow allele frequency clines. However, the extent of introgression differed between the zones, possibly as a consequence of their different ages, as suggested by the analysis of heterozygosity runs in diagnostic markers. In three transects genomic signatures of small-scale (~2 km) zone movements were detected. We found limited overlap of cline outliers between transects, and only weak evidence of stronger differentiation of introgression between zones than between transects within zones. Introgression was heterogeneous across linkage groups, with patterns of heterogeneity similar between transects and zones. Predefined candidates for increased or reduced introgression exhibited only a subtle tendency in the expected direction, suggesting that interspecific differentiation is not a reliable indicator for the strength of introgression. These hierarchically sampled hybrid zones of apparently different ages show how introgression unfolds with time and offer an excellent opportunity to dissect the dynamics of hybridization and architecture of reproductive isolation at advanced stages of speciation., Polish National Science Centre, Jagiellonian University, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding Esta investigación ha contado con el apoyo de las siguientes ayudas: Ministerio de Educación de España (referencias CGL2011-23443 y CGL2012-40246-C02-02), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (referencia BES-2012-055220), Agencia Autónoma de Parques Nacionales (OAPN) ( referencia MARM 428/211), el Ministerio de Educación e Investigación de Estonia (proyecto de financiación de investigación institucional IUT8-2) y la Academia de Finlandia (subvención n.º 266321)., The evolution of complex traits is often shaped by adaptive divergence. However, very little is known about the number, effect size, and location of the genomic regions influencing the variation of these traits in natural populations. Based on a dense linkage map of the common frog, Rana temporaria, we have localized, for the first time in amphibians, three significant and nine suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for metabolic rate, growth rate, development time, and weight at metamorphosis, explaining 5.6–18.9% of the overall phenotypic variation in each trait. We also found a potential pleiotropic QTL between development time and size at metamorphosis that, if confirmed, might underlie the previously reported genetic correlation between these traits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the genetic variation linked to fitness-related larval traits segregates within Rana temporaria populations. This study provides the first insight into the genomic regions that affect larval life history traits in anurans, providing a valuable resource to delve further into the genomic basis of evolutionary change in amphibians., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC), Agencia Autónoma de Parques Nacionales (OAPN), Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, Academy of Finland, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

We thank the Polytechnic University of Valencia and Botanical Garden of the University of Valencia for institutional support., Questions Is rock climbing pressure, together with microtopographic conditions, disturbing cliff plant cover and composition? What are the climbing impacts on rock specialist and non-specialist species? Can a case-control approach, not previously implemented in cliff environments, offer additional value for actual and long-term ecological research? Methods. We surveyed in situ nine rock climbing routes in order to examine differences in plant species richness and vegetation cover between unclimbed and climbed transects. To evaluate the effect of rock climbing on vegetation, we implemented a case-control methodology using the two zones immediately adjacent to common climbing routes as control points (i.e. unclimbed transects). Three quadrats of 3 m × 3 m were established at different cliff heights. All identified species were categorized as either specialized rock species or non-specialized rock species based on their habitat preferences from literature. Non-specialized rock species were further differentiated as either moderately associated with rocky environments or strict generalists. The rock climbing impact on each group of species was analysed using LMM. Results. Our results provide evidence of the effects of rock climbing on a Mediterranean cliff, which has received little attention so far. Significantly fewer generalist species were present on climbed compared to unclimbed transects, while specialized and moderately specialized rock species were not significantly affected by rock climbing intensity. Furthermore, while rock-specific and moderately specialized species could cope with microsite heterogeneity, areas with fewer cracks had significantly negative effects on generalist species. Conclusions. Moderate rock climbing activity on cliff environments might not reduce the presence of specialized rock-dwelling species; however, this activity inherently impacts the biodiversity of cliff ecosystems due to its large effect on generalist species. We recommend tha, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Universidad de Valencia, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding El estudio fue apoyado por el Ministerio de Educación e Investigación de Estonia (proyecto financiado por objetivos nº SF1080022s07 y proyecto de financiación de investigación institucional IUT8-2), la Academia de Finlandia (266321) y la beca de investigación de la Fundación Alemana de Investigación para PVD (DE 2405/1- 1)., Even though parasitic infections are often costly or deadly for the host, we know very little which genes influence parasite susceptibility and disease severity. Proliferative kidney disease is an emerging and, at elevated water temperatures, potentially deadly disease of salmonid fishes that is caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. By screening >7.6 K SNPs in 255 wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) and combining association mapping and Random Forest approaches, we identified several candidate genes for both the parasite resistance (inverse of relative parasite load; RPL) and the severe anaemic response to the parasite. The strongest RPL-associated SNP mapped to a noncoding region of the congeneric Atlantic salmon (S. salar) chromosome 10, whereas the second strongest RPL-associated SNP mapped to an intronic region of PRICKLE2 gene, which is a part of the planar cell polarity signalling pathway involved in kidney development. The top SNP associated with anaemia mapped to the intron of the putative PRKAG2 gene. The human ortholog of this gene has been associated with haematocrit and other blood-related traits, making it a prime candidate influencing parasite-triggered anaemia in brown trout. Our findings demonstrate the power of association mapping to pinpoint genomic regions and potential causative genes underlying climate change-driven parasitic disease resistance and severity. Furthermore, this work illustrates the first steps towards dissecting genotype–phenotype links in a wild fish population using closely related genome information., IT Center for Science, Finland, Ministry of Education and Research (Estonia), Academy of Finland, German Research Foundation, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding El estudio fue apoyado por el Ministerio de Educación e Investigación de Estonia (proyecto financiado por objetivos nº SF1080022s07 y proyecto de financiación de investigación institucional IUT8-2), la Academia de Finlandia (266321) y la beca de investigación de la Fundación Alemana de Investigación para PVD (DE 2405/1- 1)., Even though parasitic infections are often costly or deadly for the host, we know very little which genes influence parasite susceptibility and disease severity. Proliferative kidney disease is an emerging and, at elevated water temperatures, potentially deadly disease of salmonid fishes that is caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. By screening >7.6 K SNPs in 255 wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) and combining association mapping and Random Forest approaches, we identified several candidate genes for both the parasite resistance (inverse of relative parasite load; RPL) and the severe anaemic response to the parasite. The strongest RPL-associated SNP mapped to a noncoding region of the congeneric Atlantic salmon (S. salar) chromosome 10, whereas the second strongest RPL-associated SNP mapped to an intronic region of PRICKLE2 gene, which is a part of the planar cell polarity signalling pathway involved in kidney development. The top SNP associated with anaemia mapped to the intron of the putative PRKAG2 gene. The human ortholog of this gene has been associated with haematocrit and other blood-related traits, making it a prime candidate influencing parasite-triggered anaemia in brown trout. Our findings demonstrate the power of association mapping to pinpoint genomic regions and potential causative genes underlying climate change-driven parasitic disease resistance and severity. Furthermore, this work illustrates the first steps towards dissecting genotype–phenotype links in a wild fish population using closely related genome information., CSC—IT Center for Science, Finland, Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, Academy of Finland, German Research Foundation, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

We thank the Polytechnic University of Valencia and Botanical Garden of the University of Valencia for institutional support. W, Questions Is rock climbing pressure, together with microtopographic conditions, disturbing cliff plant cover and composition? What are the climbing impacts on rock specialist and non-specialist species? Can a case-control approach, not previously implemented in cliff environments, offer additional value for actual and long-term ecological research? Methods. We surveyed in situ nine rock climbing routes in order to examine differences in plant species richness and vegetation cover between unclimbed and climbed transects. To evaluate the effect of rock climbing on vegetation, we implemented a case-control methodology using the two zones immediately adjacent to common climbing routes as control points (i.e. unclimbed transects). Three quadrats of 3 m × 3 m were established at different cliff heights. All identified species were categorized as either specialized rock species or non-specialized rock species based on their habitat preferences from literature. Non-specialized rock species were further differentiated as either moderately associated with rocky environments or strict generalists. The rock climbing impact on each group of species was analysed using LMM. Results. Our results provide evidence of the effects of rock climbing on a Mediterranean cliff, which has received little attention so far. Significantly fewer generalist species were present on climbed compared to unclimbed transects, while specialized and moderately specialized rock species were not significantly affected by rock climbing intensity. Furthermore, while rock-specific and moderately specialized species could cope with microsite heterogeneity, areas with fewer cracks had significantly negative effects on generalist species. Conclusions. Moderate rock climbing activity on cliff environments might not reduce the presence of specialized rock-dwelling species; however, this activity inherently impacts the biodiversity of cliff ecosystems due to its large effect on generalist species. We recommend tha, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding JV contó con el apoyo del Fondo Húngaro de Investigación Científica (OTKA K84071) y de la Beca de Investigación Bolyai János de la Academia de Ciencias de Hungría. GP contó con el apoyo del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España con referencia BES-2012-055220. También agradecemos al director y empleados del Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama y a las consejerías de Medio Ambiente de Madrid, Navarra, Asturias y Cantabria., One of the main goals of protected areas, especially National Parks, is biodiversity conservation. Taking into account the multiple negative impacts that allochthonous animals can cause in an ecosystem, it is important to know and track the introductions in order to take efficient management measures to enhance biodiversity conservation. We study the origin of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population in Peñalara Massif within the Guadarrama National Park, Central Spain. To accomplish this goal, we used nine microsatellite markers and sequences from 16S and ND4 genes. Both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses showed the close relationship between Peñalara and Asturian populations, despite their geographical distance, confirming the allochthonous origin of this population. Interestingly, more than one introduction event seems to have occurred with individuals from Lago Ercina and Pozos de Lloroza populations participating in the founding of the Peñalara population. Due to predation, competition and transmission of diseases enhanced by its ongoing expansion, I. alpestris population might be considered a threat to Peñalara biodiversity. We advise an efficient population control to conserve the biodiversity within the Guadarrama National Park and an update of the position of this population in the Spanish indexes and list of species., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding JV contó con el apoyo del Fondo Húngaro de Investigación Científica (OTKA K84071) y de la Beca de Investigación Bolyai János de la Academia de Ciencias de Hungría. GP contó con el apoyo del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España con referencia BES-2012-055220. También agradecemos al director y empleados del Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama y a las consejerías de Medio Ambiente de Madrid, Navarra, Asturias y Cantabria., One of the main goals of protected areas, especially National Parks, is biodiversity conservation. Taking into account the multiple negative impacts that allochthonous animals can cause in an ecosystem, it is important to know and track the introductions in order to take efficient management measures to enhance biodiversity conservation. We study the origin of an Ichthyosaura alpestris population in Peñalara Massif within the Guadarrama National Park, Central Spain. To accomplish this goal, we used nine microsatellite markers and sequences from 16S and ND4 genes. Both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses showed the close relationship between Peñalara and Asturian populations, despite their geographical distance, confirming the allochthonous origin of this population. Interestingly, more than one introduction event seems to have occurred with individuals from Lago Ercina and Pozos de Lloroza populations participating in the founding of the Peñalara population. Due to predation, competition and transmission of diseases enhanced by its ongoing expansion, I. alpestris population might be considered a threat to Peñalara biodiversity. We advise an efficient population control to conserve the biodiversity within the Guadarrama National Park and an update of the position of this population in the Spanish indexes and list of species., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, Bolyai János Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Despite the important threat that emerging pathogens pose for the conservation of biodiversity as well as human health, very little is known about the adaptive potential of host species to withstand infections. We studied the quantitative genetic architecture responsible for the burden of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a population of common toads in conjunction with other life-history traits (i.e., body size and development rate) that may be affected by common selective pressures. We found a significant heritable component that is associated with fungal burden, which may allow for local adaptation to this pathogen to proceed. In addition, the high genetic correlation found between fungal burden and development time suggests that both traits have to be taken into account in order to assess the adaptive response of host populations to this emerging pathogen., Ministerio de Educación (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Despite the important threat that emerging pathogens pose for the conservation of biodiversity as well as human health, very little is known about the adaptive potential of host species to withstand infections. We studied the quantitative genetic architecture responsible for the burden of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a population of common toads in conjunction with other life-history traits (i.e., body size and development rate) that may be affected by common selective pressures. We found a significant heritable component that is associated with fungal burden, which may allow for local adaptation to this pathogen to proceed. In addition, the high genetic correlation found between fungal burden and development time suggests that both traits have to be taken into account in order to assess the adaptive response of host populations to this emerging pathogen., Ministerio de Educación, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding Este estudio fue parcialmente financiado por el Máster Erasmus Mundus en Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina y la Consejería de Educación y Ciencia del Principado de Asturias y por la Beca SV-PA-13-ECOEMP-41 del Principado de Asturias., The subfamily Polycerinae includes four genera with around 46 species described to date. This subfamily is characterized by a limaciform body, which may have simple tentacular processes on the margin of the oral veil. Phylogenetic relationships between the genera of the subfamily Polycerinae (Polyceridae) have not yet been studied, and therefore, the only available information is based on morphological descriptions. The present study reports the first phylogenetic analysis of Polycerinae based on the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the large ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA) using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results showed that Polycerinae is monophyletic, but the relationships within the subfamily as well as within Polycera remain unresolved. A key finding of this study is that there are clearly two sympatric species of Polycera present in South Africa: Polycera capensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 also found in Australia and an undescribed Polycera sp. On the other hand, the studied specimens of the genus Gymnodoris were clustered within Polycerinae, reopening the problem of the systematic position of this genus. Additional genes and species of Polycerinae and Gymnodoris would provide more information and probably fully resolve this situation., Principado de Asturias, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Funding Este estudio fue parcialmente financiado por el Máster Erasmus Mundus en Conservación de la Biodiversidad Marina y la Consejería de Educación y Ciencia del Principado de Asturias y por la Beca SV-PA-13-ECOEMP-41 del Principado de Asturias., The subfamily Polycerinae includes four genera with around 46 species described to date. This subfamily is characterized by a limaciform body, which may have simple tentacular processes on the margin of the oral veil. Phylogenetic relationships between the genera of the subfamily Polycerinae (Polyceridae) have not yet been studied, and therefore, the only available information is based on morphological descriptions. The present study reports the first phylogenetic analysis of Polycerinae based on the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I and the large ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA) using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results showed that Polycerinae is monophyletic, but the relationships within the subfamily as well as within Polycera remain unresolved. A key finding of this study is that there are clearly two sympatric species of Polycera present in South Africa: Polycera capensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 also found in Australia and an undescribed Polycera sp. On the other hand, the studied specimens of the genus Gymnodoris were clustered within Polycerinae, reopening the problem of the systematic position of this genus. Additional genes and species of Polycerinae and Gymnodoris would provide more information and probably fully resolve this situation., Principado de Asturias, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub