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This article investigates how mail-based online panel recruitment can be facilitated through incentives. The analysis relies on two incentive experiments and their effects on panel recruitment, and the intermediate participation in the recruitment survey. The experiments were implemented in the context of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and encompass two samples of randomly sampled persons. Tested incentives include a conditional lottery, conditional monetary incentives, and the combination of unconditional money-in-hand with conditional monetary incentives. For an encompassing evaluation of the link between incentives and panel recruitment, the article further assesses the incentives’ implications for demographic composition and panel recruitment unit costs. Multivariate analysis indicates that low combined incentives (€5/€5) or, where unconditional disbursement is unfeasible, high conditional incentives (€20) are most effective in enhancing panel participation. In terms of demographic bias, low combined incentives (€5/€5) and €10 conditional incentives are the favored options. The budget options from the perspective of panel recruitment include the lottery and the €10 conditional incentive which break-even at net sample sizes of 1000.

In times of decreasing response rates and survey participation, many ‘best-practices’ have been developed for increasing survey recruitment. However, most of these have never been adequately and experimentally scrutinized for their efficacy. Therefore, in this research note, we draw on probability-based data of an online panel and experimentally examine whether it is possible to increase survey participation behavior by communicating a deadline extension. Overall, our results show that it is possible to influence participation behavior by deadline communication. While overall response speed was significantly faster when a deadline extension was communicated, the overall response rate was slightly lower, compared to scenarios in which no deadline extension was communicated. Thus, we refrain from recommending a deadline extension unless there are specific reasons to do so.

This article investigates how mail-based online panel recruitment can be facilitated through incentives. The analysis relies on two incentive experiments and their effects on panel recruitment, and the intermediate participation in the recruitment survey. The experiments were implemented in the context of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and encompass two samples of randomly sampled persons. Tested incentives include a conditional lottery, conditional monetary incentives, and the combination of unconditional money-in-hand with conditional monetary incentives. For an encompassing evaluation of the link between incentives and panel recruitment, the article further assesses the incentives’ implications for demographic composition and panel recruitment unit costs. Multivariate analysis indicates that low combined incentives (€5/€5) or, where unconditional disbursement is unfeasible, high conditional incentives (€20) are most effective in enhancing panel participation. In terms of demographic bias, low combined incentives (€5/€5) and €10 conditional incentives are the favored options. The budget options from the perspective of panel recruitment include the lottery and the €10 conditional incentive which break-even at net sample sizes of 1000.

The risk of multitasking is high in online surveys. However, knowledge on the effects of multitasking on answer quality is sparse and based on suboptimal approaches. Research reports inconclusive results concerning the consequences of multitasking on task performance. However, studies suggest that especially sequential-multitasking activities are expected to be critical. Therefore, this study focusses on sequential-on-device-multitasking activities (SODM) and its consequences for data quality. Based on probability-based data, this study aims to reveal the prevalence of SODM based on the javascript function OnBlur, to reflect its determinants and to examine the consequences for data quality. Results show that SODM was detected for 25% of all respondents and that respondent attributes and the device used to answer the survey are related to SODM. Moreover, it becomes apparent that SODM is significantly correlated to data quality measures. Therefore, I propose SODM behavior as a new instrument for researching suboptimal response behavior.

The risk of multitasking is high in online surveys. However, knowledge on the effects of multitasking on answer quality is sparse and based on suboptimal approaches. Research reports inconclusive results concerning the consequences of multitasking on task performance. However, studies suggest that especially sequential-multitasking activities are expected to be critical. Therefore, this study focusses on sequential-on-device-multitasking activities (SODM) and its consequences for data quality. Based on probability-based data, this study aims to reveal the prevalence of SODM based on the javascript function OnBlur, to reflect its determinants and to examine the consequences for data quality. Results show that SODM was detected for 25% of all respondents and that respondent attributes and the device used to answer the survey are related to SODM. Moreover, it becomes apparent that SODM is significantly correlated to data quality measures. Therefore, I propose SODM behavior as a new instrument for researching suboptimal response behavior.

In times of decreasing response rates and survey participation, many ‘best-practices’ have been developed for increasing survey recruitment. However, most of these have never been adequately and experimentally scrutinized for their efficacy. Therefore, in this research note, we draw on probability-based data of an online panel and experimentally examine whether it is possible to increase survey participation behavior by communicating a deadline extension. Overall, our results show that it is possible to influence participation behavior by deadline communication. While overall response speed was significantly faster when a deadline extension was communicated, the overall response rate was slightly lower, compared to scenarios in which no deadline extension was communicated. Thus, we refrain from recommending a deadline extension unless there are specific reasons to do so.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has triggered the largest movement of refugees in Europe since World War II. More than one million people have fled from Ukraine to Germany since the start of the war. The study “Ukrainian Refugees in Germany (IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Survey)” provides the first representative insights into the living situation of these refugees and their plans for the future. It is being conducted jointly by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), the Federal Institute for Population Research (BiB), the Research Centre of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ), and the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). To collect data for the study, 11,225 Ukrainian refugees were surveyed between August and October 2022.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has triggered the largest movement of refugees in Europe since World War II. More than one million people have fled from Ukraine to Germany since the start of the war. The study “Ukrainian Refugees in Germany (IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Survey)” provides the first representative insights into the living situation of these refugees and their plans for the future. It is being conducted jointly by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB), the Federal Institute for Population Research (BiB), the Research Centre of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ), and the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin). To collect data for the study, 11,225 Ukrainian refugees were surveyed between August and October 2022.

The FASKU is an economical instrument for recording individual competence expectations of dealing with difficulties and obstacles in daily life. It was originally developed and validated in German by Beierlein, Kemper, Kovaleva, and Rammstedt (2013). In 2019, the authors developed and tested a French version of this scale (FASKU) and tested it for reliability (internal consistency), validity, and measurement equivalence towards the original German Version (see Décieux et al., 2020a). The provided evidence on the quality of the German and the French Version of ASKU (FASKU) indicates that the scales allow a reliable, valid, and economical assessment of subjective competence expectations and that the two language versions can be used to assess and compare self-efficacy in German- and French-speaking populations.

Migrants face the complex task of establishing bonds with the receiving society. The development of a sense of belonging is linked to subjective wellbeing. The present panel investigates factors influencing the development of a sense of belonging. It brings together researchers from four different countries, applying different methodological approaches examining the development of belonging among different migrant groups. Jean Décieux explores the role of cultural distance in the host country adjustment process. Suggesting a multidimensional conceptualization of cultural distance, he presents findings based on recently migrated German nationals (N = 2856) drawn from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS). The role of cultural distance in negotiating belonging among young migrant women growing up in Germany is the subject of Elke Murdock’s qualitative study. Results point to the important role of parents in the process. How parents’ commitment or lack of commitment affects their children’s construction of their sense of belonging is the focus of Anna Gruszczynska’s qualitative study among immigrant youth in the UK. She shows the fluctuating nature of the pursuit of belonging in time and space. Gry Paulgaard focuses on immigrants arriving in the rural space of Northern Norway. The project explores everyday life practices of refugees taking the materiality of a place as a starting point, acknowledging the interdependency between the social and material contexts for practice. Finally, Isabelle Albert investigates practices by older migrants living in multicultural Luxembourg, their engagement or otherwise in social practices and how this impacts on their sense of belonging.

Social bonds are important for individuals as bonds can have manifold positive impacts, such as emotional or practical support, and may be beneficial for individuals’ well-being or opportunities within society. However, spatial mobility and especially international migration have the potential to diversify and destabilize people’s social bonds and may thus positively or negatively influence the impacts of social bonds. To date, there is a lot of research focussing on how migration affects partnership or family bonds, but there is a lack of research that places friendships at the core of the analysis. This is surprising, as friendships are a fundamental part of people’s system of social bonds. They can be seen as a key factor of social support in coping with stressful situations in everyday life, such as finding a place within the new host society, and are directly related to individual life satisfaction. Therefore, it is important to reflect on how situations in migrants’ circle of friends change in the course of migration. Using data from the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS), in this chapter, I address this issue by focussing on self-perceived changes in the circle of friends in the course of international migration. The specific focus here is on how individual personality characteristics such as risk attitude, locus of control, or emotional attachment to the host and the home country (in case of this article Germany) are related to a positive or negative perception of the developments of emigrants’ circles of friends shortly after migration. As research on friendships suggests that specific sociodemographic groups differ in how they manage their networks, this chapter also considers gender- and age-specific perspectives. Results show that individual perceptions of the developments within the circle of friends in course of migration differ. Concerning the factors related to a positive or a negative perception of the developmen

International migration originating from highly developed countries is a crucial component of global migration flows. There are, however, surprisingly little data about the international mobility of the populations of affluent countries. The German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) aims to provide a resource that enables the analysis of individual consequences of international migration as well as the socio-structural consequences for the country of origin. GERPS is based on an origin-based multistage probability sample using the German population registers as a sampling frame. The second wave yields a net sample of roughly 7,000 persons who recently moved abroad from Germany and persons who returned from Germany after having lived abroad. The study follows a multidestination- country-design and enables the comparative analysis of migrants and nonmigrants, who stayed in the country of origin. GERPS is a panel study with at least four waves during a period of at least 24 months. This documentation presents the methods and data of the second wave. It provides information for researchers and invites them to use the new data infrastructure for their own research.

This article investigates how mail based online panel recruitment can be facilitated through incentives. The analysis relies on two incentive experiments and their effects on panel recruitment and the intermediate participation in the recruitment survey. The experiments were implemented in the context of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and encompass two samples of randomly sampled persons. Tested incentives include a conditional lottery, conditional monetary incentives, and the combination of unconditional money-in-hand with conditional monetary incentives. For an encompassing evaluation of the link between incentives and panel recruitment, the article further assesses the incentives’ implications for demographic composition and panel recruitment unit costs. Multivariate analysis indicates that low combined incentives (€5/€5) or, where unconditional disbursement is unfeasible, high conditional incentives (€20) are most effective in enhancing panel participation. In terms of demographic bias, low combined incentives (€5/€5) and €10 conditional incentives are the favored options. The budget options from the perspective of panel recruitment include the lottery and the €10 conditional incentive which break even at net sample sizes of 1,000.

Moving–particularly to a new country–is fraught with risks as migrants leave familiar legal frameworks and cultural institutions behind them. To date, little is known about the psychological determinants of international migration. This chapter helps to fill this gap by analysing data from the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) in combination with data on non-mobile individuals from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). The analyses presented examine whether the risk attitudes of internationally mobile Germans (‘movers’) differ from those of their non-mobile counterparts (‘stayers’). The results show that–with control for key socio-demographic and socio-economic determinants of risk affinity–both emigrants and remigrants report a significantly higher willingness to take risks than stayers. Risk affinity differs within the group of internationally mobile individuals: Emigrants moving to geographically and culturally distant non-European countries report higher risk affinity than those moving to Germany’s neighbouring countries. Emigrants with multiple previous emigration periods are also more willing to take risks. These findings suggest that voluntary emigration from wealthy countries like Germany is only partly a matter of living conditions. Rather, (repeated) emigration seems to be a matter of personality and an expression of a more adventurous lifestyle.

The ASKU is an economic instrument for recording individual competence expectations to be able to deal with difficulties and obstacles in daily life. It was originally developed and validated in German by Beierlein, Kemper, Kovaleva, & Rammstedt (2013). In 2019 we developed and tested a French Version of this scale and tested it for reliability (internal consistency), validity and measurement equivalence towards the original German Version (see Décieux et al., 2020). The provided evidence on the quality of the German and the French Version of ASKU (FASKU) indicates that the scales allow a reliable, valid and economic assessment of subjective competence expectations and that the two language versions can be used to a

The main objective of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) is to establish a longitudinal data set that provides information on life trajectories of international migrants. However, a large amount of paradata were also collected in order to obtain meta-information on respondents’ survey participation. This auxiliary information can help to optimize data quality at all stages of the survey process. By continuing the existing discussion in the field of online surveys, this chapter pursues a twofold objective: it reflects device usage (mobile vs. computer) and elucidates determinants of device choice. In particular, it analyses whether selectivity effects due to respondent’s device choices bias the sample. Moreover, this chapter investigates differences in response time between devices to detect differences in response burden. The analysis of response burden differences by device is an important issue, since an increased device-specific response burden can be a predictor of actual and further panel dropouts. In both device-specific selectivity and survey burden, only slight differences were found between mobile and desktop devices. Using these data, the following paper addresses the need to analyse potential sources of survey error and provides evidence that GERPS data do not appear to contain noteworthy bias attributed to device usage.

International migration is often characterised as a process of immigration from economically less developed to highly developed countries. Whereas the factors driving those flows and the integration of the respective ethnic groups are widely analysed, the international mobility of the populations of precisely those affluent societies is regularly missed and less-frequently studied. The chapter describes the research design of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study as one of the first endeavours to study the internationally mobile populations from prosperous welfare states. Following an origin-based probability sampling of internationally migrating German citizens, it offers survey data to study the consequences of emigration and remigration along the life course. The chapter discusses the quality of this new data infrastructure along the survey lifecycle and compares the distribution of central demographic characteristics in the survey with official reference statistics. The aim is to establish this approach as a new avenue for studying the global lives of internationally mobile populations.

We address two major challenges in setting up probability-based online panels of migrants, using the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) as an example. The first challenge is potential spatial and social selectivity in unit response when using push-to-web recruitment. To address the first challenge, we draw on a split ballot experiment with return migrants in wave 1 of GERPS. The related analysis uses population register data and geo data. We use logistic regressions to compare unit nonresponse between a push-to-web-only control group ( n = 5999) and two sub-samples (each n = 1000) with optional paper and pencil interviews (PAPI). The second challenge is panel attrition. To address the second challenge, we investigate the role of individual-level and survey-related factors for panel consent. The regression analysis uses GERPS data of first-wave respondents, estimating panel consent rates for responding remigrants in general ( n = 6395) and in the experiment sample ( n = 2130). We find that the provision of an optional paper questionnaire marginally increases the likelihood of response. The positive correlation of PAPI and response rate, however, is counterbalanced by a negative correlation with the likelihood of panel consent. This suggests a trade-off scenario to the detriment of either response rates or panel participation rates.

Friendships can be interpreted as voluntary relationships between individuals and characterised as relatively amorphous bond. Since migration usually diversifies people’s social bonds, it can be suggested that in this context friendships have to be reconfigured. Even though friendships are important for societal integration and related to individual well-being, migration research has treated friendships as a side issue. This chapter aims to narrow this gap by answering three questions: Are there significant differences between emigrants and non-mobiles in their number of close friends? What are important factors influencing emigrants’ number of close friends abroad? How does this number develop during the first years after emigration? Based on data from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and the German Socio-Economic Panel, the results show that emigrants have more friends than non-mobiles. Additionally, we find that individual characteristics and cultural distance between emigrant and host society or the intension to stay in the emigration country are significantly related to emigrants’ friendship network size. Furthermore, we find that identification with the emigration country is the most influential factor on the size of the friendship networks during the first 2 years after arrival. Our results also provide some evidence that there is an optimal size of the close-friendship-network.

A large number of studies have detected that within the EU multilevel governance there is a transformation toward a hybrid knowledge co-production that overcomes traditional categories such as locality or embeddedness. There, a sort of sustainable decision-making knowledge is co-developed and theoretically supposed to be applied top-down on the national level of EU member states. However, in practice such processes of unification are always associated with a risk of limited compliance with specific national situations and with a specific national “world of relevancies”. Despite the rise in popularity of these top-down initiatives within international policy levels, there is a lack of studies that empirically analyze how national policy systems respond to these global standardization approaches. Therefore, the central aim of this study is twofold: Based on an exemplary case of an international information system co-produced by an expert group of the European Commission, it first reconstructs whether and how transnational information is integrated on the national policy level. Second, it elucidates factors limiting an application. The results show that this international knowledge system was used for basal purposes and was mainly challenged by non-compliance with national specificities and the existence of alternative knowledge sources.

Technological change has altered labor market demands within well-developed societies implying global competition for skilled labor and, as a consequence, new forms of labor migration. So far, patterns of this labor migration have been underexplored. Thus, the article analyzes characteristics, geographies and possible underlying drivers of workers migrating from Germany as an exemplary case for a well-developed country. Relying on probability-based and unique data, our findings reveal that, besides demand for people with higher levels of education, performing specific occupational tasks is also in demand in the global competition for talent. Hence, Germans in jobs with a high proportion of analytical non-routine tasks are more likely to emigrate than those with predominantly manual routine tasks. Moreover, the results show that global discrepancies concerning the technological development between the country of origin and the country to which they emigrate are a crucial contextual driver attracting this specifically demanded work force. Workers mainly performing analytical non-routine tasks within their job tend to move to countries which are technologically more developed than Germany while individuals performing jobs with a high share of non-routine manual or interactive tasks tend to emigrate to countries that are less technologically developed than Germany.

We address two major challenges in setting up probability-based online panels of migrants, using the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) as an example. The first challenge is potential spatial and social selectivity in unit response when using push-to-web recruitment. To address the first challenge, we draw on a split ballot experiment with return migrants in wave 1 of GERPS. The related analysis uses population register data and geo data. We use logistic regressions to compare unit nonresponse between a push-to-web-only control group ( n = 5999) and two sub-samples (each n = 1000) with optional paper and pencil interviews (PAPI). The second challenge is panel attrition. To address the second challenge, we investigate the role of individual-level and survey-related factors for panel consent. The regression analysis uses GERPS data of first-wave respondents, estimating panel consent rates for responding remigrants in general ( n = 6395) and in the experiment sample ( n = 2130). We find that the provision of an optional paper questionnaire marginally increases the likelihood of response. The positive correlation of PAPI and response rate, however, is counterbalanced by a negative correlation with the likelihood of panel consent. This suggests a trade-off scenario to the detriment of either response rates or panel participation rates.

Friendships can be interpreted as voluntary relationships between individuals and characterised as relatively amorphous bond. Since migration usually diversifies people’s social bonds, it can be suggested that in this context friendships have to be reconfigured. Even though friendships are important for societal integration and related to individual well-being, migration research has treated friendships as a side issue. This chapter aims to narrow this gap by answering three questions: Are there significant differences between emigrants and non-mobiles in their number of close friends? What are important factors influencing emigrants’ number of close friends abroad? How does this number develop during the first years after emigration? Based on data from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and the German Socio-Economic Panel, the results show that emigrants have more friends than non-mobiles. Additionally, we find that individual characteristics and cultural distance between emigrant and host society or the intension to stay in the emigration country are significantly related to emigrants’ friendship network size. Furthermore, we find that identification with the emigration country is the most influential factor on the size of the friendship networks during the first 2 years after arrival. Our results also provide some evidence that there is an optimal size of the close-friendship-network.

The main objective of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) is to establish a longitudinal data set that provides information on life trajectories of international migrants. However, a large amount of paradata were also collected in order to obtain meta-information on respondents’ survey participation. This auxiliary information can help to optimize data quality at all stages of the survey process. By continuing the existing discussion in the field of online surveys, this chapter pursues a twofold objective: it reflects device usage (mobile vs. computer) and elucidates determinants of device choice. In particular, it analyses whether selectivity effects due to respondent’s device choices bias the sample. Moreover, this chapter investigates differences in response time between devices to detect differences in response burden. The analysis of response burden differences by device is an important issue, since an increased device-specific response burden can be a predictor of actual and further panel dropouts. In both device-specific selectivity and survey burden, only slight differences were found between mobile and desktop devices. Using these data, the following paper addresses the need to analyse potential sources of survey error and provides evidence that GERPS data do not appear to contain noteworthy bias attributed to device usage.

This article investigates how mail based online panel recruitment can be facilitated through incentives. The analysis relies on two incentive experiments and their effects on panel recruitment and the intermediate participation in the recruitment survey. The experiments were implemented in the context of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study and encompass two samples of randomly sampled persons. Tested incentives include a conditional lottery, conditional monetary incentives, and the combination of unconditional money-in-hand with conditional monetary incentives. For an encompassing evaluation of the link between incentives and panel recruitment, the article further assesses the incentives’ implications for demographic composition and panel recruitment unit costs. Multivariate analysis indicates that low combined incentives (€5/€5) or, where unconditional disbursement is unfeasible, high conditional incentives (€20) are most effective in enhancing panel participation. In terms of demographic bias, low combined incentives (€5/€5) and €10 conditional incentives are the favored options. The budget options from the perspective of panel recruitment include the lottery and the €10 conditional incentive which break even at net sample sizes of 1,000.

International migration originating from highly developed countries is a crucial component of global migration flows. There are, however, surprisingly little data about the international mobility of the populations of affluent countries. The German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) aims to provide a resource that enables the analysis of individual consequences of international migration as well as the socio-structural consequences for the country of origin. GERPS is based on an origin-based multistage probability sample using the German population registers as a sampling frame. The second wave yields a net sample of roughly 7,000 persons who recently moved abroad from Germany and persons who returned from Germany after having lived abroad. The study follows a multidestination- country-design and enables the comparative analysis of migrants and nonmigrants, who stayed in the country of origin. GERPS is a panel study with at least four waves during a period of at least 24 months. This documentation presents the methods and data of the second wave. It provides information for researchers and invites them to use the new data infrastructure for their own research.

A large number of studies have detected that within the EU multilevel governance there is a transformation toward a hybrid knowledge co-production that overcomes traditional categories such as locality or embeddedness. There, a sort of sustainable decision-making knowledge is co-developed and theoretically supposed to be applied top-down on the national level of EU member states. However, in practice such processes of unification are always associated with a risk of limited compliance with specific national situations and with a specific national “world of relevancies”. Despite the rise in popularity of these top-down initiatives within international policy levels, there is a lack of studies that empirically analyze how national policy systems respond to these global standardization approaches. Therefore, the central aim of this study is twofold: Based on an exemplary case of an international information system co-produced by an expert group of the European Commission, it first reconstructs whether and how transnational information is integrated on the national policy level. Second, it elucidates factors limiting an application. The results show that this international knowledge system was used for basal purposes and was mainly challenged by non-compliance with national specificities and the existence of alternative knowledge sources.

The FASKU is an economical instrument for recording individual competence expectations of dealing with difficulties and obstacles in daily life. It was originally developed and validated in German by Beierlein, Kemper, Kovaleva, and Rammstedt (2013). In 2019, the authors developed and tested a French version of this scale (FASKU) and tested it for reliability (internal consistency), validity, and measurement equivalence towards the original German Version (see Décieux et al., 2020a). The provided evidence on the quality of the German and the French Version of ASKU (FASKU) indicates that the scales allow a reliable, valid, and economical assessment of subjective competence expectations and that the two language versions can be used to assess and compare self-efficacy in German- and French-speaking populations.

Migrants face the complex task of establishing bonds with the receiving society. The development of a sense of belonging is linked to subjective wellbeing. The present panel investigates factors influencing the development of a sense of belonging. It brings together researchers from four different countries, applying different methodological approaches examining the development of belonging among different migrant groups. Jean Décieux explores the role of cultural distance in the host country adjustment process. Suggesting a multidimensional conceptualization of cultural distance, he presents findings based on recently migrated German nationals (N = 2856) drawn from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS). The role of cultural distance in negotiating belonging among young migrant women growing up in Germany is the subject of Elke Murdock’s qualitative study. Results point to the important role of parents in the process. How parents’ commitment or lack of commitment affects their children’s construction of their sense of belonging is the focus of Anna Gruszczynska’s qualitative study among immigrant youth in the UK. She shows the fluctuating nature of the pursuit of belonging in time and space. Gry Paulgaard focuses on immigrants arriving in the rural space of Northern Norway. The project explores everyday life practices of refugees taking the materiality of a place as a starting point, acknowledging the interdependency between the social and material contexts for practice. Finally, Isabelle Albert investigates practices by older migrants living in multicultural Luxembourg, their engagement or otherwise in social practices and how this impacts on their sense of belonging.

The ASKU is an economic instrument for recording individual competence expectations to be able to deal with difficulties and obstacles in daily life. It was originally developed and validated in German by Beierlein, Kemper, Kovaleva, & Rammstedt (2013). In 2019 we developed and tested a French Version of this scale and tested it for reliability (internal consistency), validity and measurement equivalence towards the original German Version (see Décieux et al., 2020). The provided evidence on the quality of the German and the French Version of ASKU (FASKU) indicates that the scales allow a reliable, valid and economic assessment of subjective competence expectations and that the two language versions can be used to a

Social bonds are important for individuals as bonds can have manifold positive impacts, such as emotional or practical support, and may be beneficial for individuals’ well-being or opportunities within society. However, spatial mobility and especially international migration have the potential to diversify and destabilize people’s social bonds and may thus positively or negatively influence the impacts of social bonds. To date, there is a lot of research focussing on how migration affects partnership or family bonds, but there is a lack of research that places friendships at the core of the analysis. This is surprising, as friendships are a fundamental part of people’s system of social bonds. They can be seen as a key factor of social support in coping with stressful situations in everyday life, such as finding a place within the new host society, and are directly related to individual life satisfaction. Therefore, it is important to reflect on how situations in migrants’ circle of friends change in the course of migration. Using data from the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS), in this chapter, I address this issue by focussing on self-perceived changes in the circle of friends in the course of international migration. The specific focus here is on how individual personality characteristics such as risk attitude, locus of control, or emotional attachment to the host and the home country (in case of this article Germany) are related to a positive or negative perception of the developments of emigrants’ circles of friends shortly after migration. As research on friendships suggests that specific sociodemographic groups differ in how they manage their networks, this chapter also considers gender- and age-specific perspectives. Results show that individual perceptions of the developments within the circle of friends in course of migration differ. Concerning the factors related to a positive or a negative perception of the developmen

International migration is often characterised as a process of immigration from economically less developed to highly developed countries. Whereas the factors driving those flows and the integration of the respective ethnic groups are widely analysed, the international mobility of the populations of precisely those affluent societies is regularly missed and less-frequently studied. The chapter describes the research design of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study as one of the first endeavours to study the internationally mobile populations from prosperous welfare states. Following an origin-based probability sampling of internationally migrating German citizens, it offers survey data to study the consequences of emigration and remigration along the life course. The chapter discusses the quality of this new data infrastructure along the survey lifecycle and compares the distribution of central demographic characteristics in the survey with official reference statistics. The aim is to establish this approach as a new avenue for studying the global lives of internationally mobile populations.

International migration between economically highly developed countries is a central component of global migration flows. Still, surprisingly little is known about the international mobility of the populations of these affluent societies. The aim of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) is to collect data to analyse the individual consequences of international migration as well as the consequences for the country of origin. GERPS is based on an origin-based multistage probability sample using the German population registers as a sampling frame. The realised net sample includes more than 11,000 persons who recently moved abroad from Germany and persons returning to Germany after having lived abroad. The study follows a multi-destination country design and allows comparative analyses of migrants and non-migrants who stayed in the country of origin. GERPS is a panel study with at least four waves during a period of at least 24 months. This documentation, however, presents the methodology and the data for the first wave providing the baseline survey. Detailed information is provided to invite external researchers to apply the new data infrastructure to their own research and to disseminate the innovative research design to construct migrant samples.

International migration between economically highly developed countries is a central component of global migration flows. Still, surprisingly little is known about the international mobility of the populations of these affluent societies. The aim of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) is to collect data to analyse the individual consequences of international migration as well as the consequences for the country of origin. GERPS is based on an origin-based multistage probability sample using the German population registers as a sampling frame. The realised net sample includes more than 11,000 persons who recently moved abroad from Germany and persons returning to Germany after having lived abroad. The study follows a multi-destination country design and allows comparative analyses of migrants and non-migrants who stayed in the country of origin. GERPS is a panel study with at least four waves during a period of at least 24 months. This documentation, however, presents the methodology and the data for the first wave providing the baseline survey. Detailed information is provided to invite external researchers to apply the new data infrastructure to their own research and to disseminate the innovative research design to construct migrant samples.

International mobile persons usually live in multicultural contexts and have frequent opportunities for cultural contact. They live for example in mixed-national households or interact with different cultures in their everyday live. An interesting question is how they organize and experience their nationalities, identities and feelings of belongings and how these develop over time. Based on data from the first two waves of the new and unique German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) the paper tries to answer the following questions: How are the identities and belongings experienced? Do they self-identify in a mono- or bi or transcultural way, and what factors (sociodemographic, personality) contribute to either identification? GERPS will provide information on approximately 11.000 international mobile individuals which have recently emigrated from Germany to any other country in the world or recently re-migrated to Germany. As GERPS is a panel study, I will be able to present first results concerning developments and changes over time, which is important as modern theories reflect identity and cultural construction as dynamic negotiation processes.

Räumliche Mobilität ist ein konstitutives Merkmal ökonomisch hochentwickelter Gesellschaften. Hierzu zählen traditionell mobile Lebensformen innerhalb eines Nationalstaates, mit zunehmender Wichtigkeit aber auch grenzüberschreitende Mobilität (Schneider, Meil 2010; Viry, Kaufmann 2015). Während man im 20. Jahrhundert unter internationaler Migration fast ausschließlich die Zuwanderung in westliche Industriestaaten verstand, rückt zunehmend die Rolle dieser Staaten als Herkunftsländer in den Fokus (van Dalen, Henkens 2013). Die Migration zwischen den OECD-Staaten stellt heute einen zentralen Bestandteil des globalen Wanderungsgeschehens dar (OECD 2015). Auch wird internationale Mobilität und damit zusammenhängend der Aufbau von „transnationalem Humankapital“ (Gerhards, Hans 2013) bzw. „interkulturellem Kapital“ (Pöllmann 2013) oder „Mobilitätskapital“ (Kaufmann et al. 2004) als eine wichtige Ressource für eine erfolgreiche Partizipation in einer zusammenwachsenden Welt und ihren Systemen und Institutionen gesehen. Aus dieser Perspektive hat der „mobility turn“ (Grieco, Urry 2016) weitreichende Auswirkungen für die Verteilung gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheiten. Über grenzüberschreitende Kontakte und Beziehungen zu verfügen, gilt mittlerweile als ein wesentlicher Faktor zur Bestimmung sozialer Positionen (Beck 2008; Weiß 2005). Im europäischen Kontext bestehen bereits erste Hinweise, dass Mobilität einen Einfluss auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Teilhabechancen hat (Cresswell 2006; Ohnmacht et al. 2009), ohne dass dies jedoch bislang systematisch untersucht worden ist. Während Migrationsprozesse aus ärmeren Weltregionen in ökonomisch hochentwickelte Gesellschaften und politisch gefestigte, demokratische Wohlfahrtsstaaten theoretisch und empirisch intensiv erforscht worden sind (Castles et al. 2014; Massey et al. 1999), wissen wir bislang vergleichsweise wenig über die internationale Mobilität von Bürger*innen eben jener Wohlstandsgesellschaften selbst (Favell

With the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) we have recently started to establish a new and unique longitudinal data set to investigate consequences of international migration from a life course perspective. This task is challenging, as internationally mobile individuals are hard to survey for different reasons (e.g. sampling design and approach, contact strategy, panel maintenance). In our presentation, we would like to report experiences we have made and how we handled with methodical problems. GERPS is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and surveys international mobile German citizens (recently emigrated abroad or recently re-migrated to Germany) in four consecutive waves within a panel design. Based on a probability sample, GERPS elucidates the individual consequences of cross-border mobility and concentrates on representative longitudinal individual data. It bases mainly on online surveys and covers topics like changing living conditions or life events linked to the migration process. Our first wave was conducted in November 2018 and the second wave will be started in April 2019. This enables us to present first hand results and experiences of the first two waves of this new and unique longitudinal dataset, which focuses on international migrants. We will mainly reflect the effectiveness of our register-based sampling focusing on traditional indicators of data quality such as response rates or attrition rates. Additionally, we will present our results concerning the success of different incentive approaches (lottery, pre-paid and post-paid incentives) and contact strategies, the used devices to run our online responsive online panel and field experiences we made (e.g. field time and fieldwork during this waves). These results can be very helpful to international researchers in the context of surveying mobile populations.

Räumliche Mobilität ist ein konstitutives Merkmal ökonomisch hochentwickelter Gesellschaften. Hierzu zählen traditionell mobile Lebensformen innerhalb eines Nationalstaates, mit zunehmender Wichtigkeit aber auch grenzüberschreitende Mobilität (Schneider, Meil 2010; Viry, Kaufmann 2015). Während man im 20. Jahrhundert unter internationaler Migration fast ausschließlich die Zuwanderung in westliche Industriestaaten verstand, rückt zunehmend die Rolle dieser Staaten als Herkunftsländer in den Fokus (van Dalen, Henkens 2013). Die Migration zwischen den OECD-Staaten stellt heute einen zentralen Bestandteil des globalen Wanderungsgeschehens dar (OECD 2015). Auch wird internationale Mobilität und damit zusammenhängend der Aufbau von „transnationalem Humankapital“ (Gerhards, Hans 2013) bzw. „interkulturellem Kapital“ (Pöllmann 2013) oder „Mobilitätskapital“ (Kaufmann et al. 2004) als eine wichtige Ressource für eine erfolgreiche Partizipation in einer zusammenwachsenden Welt und ihren Systemen und Institutionen gesehen. Aus dieser Perspektive hat der „mobility turn“ (Grieco, Urry 2016) weitreichende Auswirkungen für die Verteilung gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheiten. Über grenzüberschreitende Kontakte und Beziehungen zu verfügen, gilt mittlerweile als ein wesentlicher Faktor zur Bestimmung sozialer Positionen (Beck 2008; Weiß 2005). Im europäischen Kontext bestehen bereits erste Hinweise, dass Mobilität einen Einfluss auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Teilhabechancen hat (Cresswell 2006; Ohnmacht et al. 2009), ohne dass dies jedoch bislang systematisch untersucht worden ist. Während Migrationsprozesse aus ärmeren Weltregionen in ökonomisch hochentwickelte Gesellschaften und politisch gefestigte, demokratische Wohlfahrtsstaaten theoretisch und empirisch intensiv erforscht worden sind (Castles et al. 2014; Massey et al. 1999), wissen wir bislang vergleichsweise wenig über die internationale Mobilität von Bürger*innen eben jener Wohlstandsgesellschaften selbst (Favell

Das Buch vermittelt theoretische Grundlagen und praxisnahe Kenntnisse zu wissenschaftlichen Umfragen. Mit Hilfe dieser Kenntnisse kann der Leser Umfragen sowohl kritisch beurteilen als auch Fragebögen selbst nach den gültigen wissenschaftlichen Standards erstellen. Damit wird dem in den letzten Jahren zunehmenden Problem mangelnder Gültigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit von Befragungsdaten entgegengewirkt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Hinweisen zur Formulierung von Fragen und zur Konstruktion von Fragebögen, daneben werden aber auch viele andere Probleme behandelt, wie z.B. Fragen des Forschungsdesigns oder der Planung und Durchführung der Feldarbeit. Neben postalischen, persönlichen und telefonischen Befragungen werden auch Online-, Mobile und Mixed-Mode-Befragungen erläutert. Das Buch schließt die Lücke zwischen allgemeinen Lehrbüchern zur empirischen Sozialforschung einerseits und speziellen Lehr- und Handbüchern zur Datenanalyse andererseits.

Migration zwischen hoch entwickelten Staaten stellt heute einen zentralen Bestandteil des globalen Wanderungsgeschehens dar (OECD 2015). Dennoch wissen wir über die internationale Migration der Bevölkerungen eben jener Wohlstandsgesellschaften vergleichsweise wenig, da bisher vor allem die Migration aus weniger in höher entwickelte Staaten untersucht wurde. Ziel der German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) ist es, dieses Thema am Beispiel Deutschlands zu untersuchen und neue Daten zu den individuellen Konsequenzen internationaler Mobilität zu erheben

Migration zwischen hoch entwickelten Staaten stellt heute einen zentralen Bestandteil des globalen Wanderungsgeschehens dar (OECD 2015). Dennoch wissen wir über die internationale Migration der Bevölkerungen eben jener Wohlstandsgesellschaften vergleichsweise wenig, da bisher vor allem die Migration aus weniger in höher entwickelte Staaten untersucht wurde. Ziel der German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) ist es, dieses Thema am Beispiel Deutschlands zu untersuchen und neue Daten zu den individuellen Konsequenzen internationaler Mobilität zu erheben

With the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) we have recently started to establish a new and unique longitudinal data set to investigate consequences of international migration from a life course perspective. This task is challenging, as internationally mobile individuals are hard to survey for different reasons (e.g. sampling design and approach, contact strategy, panel maintenance). In our presentation, we would like to report experiences we have made and how we handled with methodical problems. GERPS is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and surveys international mobile German citizens (recently emigrated abroad or recently re-migrated to Germany) in four consecutive waves within a panel design. Based on a probability sample, GERPS elucidates the individual consequences of cross-border mobility and concentrates on representative longitudinal individual data. It bases mainly on online surveys and covers topics like changing living conditions or life events linked to the migration process. Our first wave was conducted in November 2018 and the second wave will be started in April 2019. This enables us to present first hand results and experiences of the first two waves of this new and unique longitudinal dataset, which focuses on international migrants. We will mainly reflect the effectiveness of our register-based sampling focusing on traditional indicators of data quality such as response rates or attrition rates. Additionally, we will present our results concerning the success of different incentive approaches (lottery, pre-paid and post-paid incentives) and contact strategies, the used devices to run our online responsive online panel and field experiences we made (e.g. field time and fieldwork during this waves). These results can be very helpful to international researchers in the context of surveying mobile populations.

Das Buch vermittelt theoretische Grundlagen und praxisnahe Kenntnisse zu wissenschaftlichen Umfragen. Mit Hilfe dieser Kenntnisse kann der Leser Umfragen sowohl kritisch beurteilen als auch Fragebögen selbst nach den gültigen wissenschaftlichen Standards erstellen. Damit wird dem in den letzten Jahren zunehmenden Problem mangelnder Gültigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit von Befragungsdaten entgegengewirkt. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Hinweisen zur Formulierung von Fragen und zur Konstruktion von Fragebögen, daneben werden aber auch viele andere Probleme behandelt, wie z.B. Fragen des Forschungsdesigns oder der Planung und Durchführung der Feldarbeit. Neben postalischen, persönlichen und telefonischen Befragungen werden auch Online-, Mobile und Mixed-Mode-Befragungen erläutert. Das Buch schließt die Lücke zwischen allgemeinen Lehrbüchern zur empirischen Sozialforschung einerseits und speziellen Lehr- und Handbüchern zur Datenanalyse andererseits.

International mobile persons usually live in multicultural contexts and have frequent opportunities for cultural contact. They live for example in mixed-national households or interact with different cultures in their everyday live. An interesting question is how they organize and experience their nationalities, identities and feelings of belongings and how these develop over time. Based on data from the first two waves of the new and unique German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) the paper tries to answer the following questions: How are the identities and belongings experienced? Do they self-identify in a mono- or bi or transcultural way, and what factors (sociodemographic, personality) contribute to either identification? GERPS will provide information on approximately 11.000 international mobile individuals which have recently emigrated from Germany to any other country in the world or recently re-migrated to Germany. As GERPS is a panel study, I will be able to present first results concerning developments and changes over time, which is important as modern theories reflect identity and cultural construction as dynamic negotiation processes.

This article examines trends and developments in social interactions of young people and the role of social media in Luxembourg using a mixed method approach, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data. Our findings corroborate that social interactions via social media play a growing role in leisure time of young people and have changed the traditional patterns of friendship-driven social interactions among peers. We argue that although offline interactions remain very important for young people, they have been complemented and partially replaced by interactions via social media. Modes of young people’s social media interactions can be characterized as mixed modalities.

Knowledge co-production is a solution-oriented approach to analysing real-life problems such as making the right decision in a given scenario. The most popular examples come from evidence-based policymaking contexts. Political decisions made in this way rely on specialist expertise co-produced in organisations that can be characterised as Hybrid Fora. However, despite the rise in popularity of Hybrid Fora and evidence-based policymaking processes, there are only a few studies that analyse the influencing factors of knowledge co-production in these contexts. The case study presented here addresses this new area of research through a documentary analysis and 11 expert interviews, both analysed via qualitative content analysis. First, the study reconstructs how knowledge is produced within an Expert Group of the European Commission. Second, it reflects how the produced knowledge is de facto included as “evidence” into the decision-making processes of the relevant policy area. The results of this study show that in this expert group, pragmatic and extra-scientific criteria such as specific stakes and interests as well as the group hierarchy controlled the process of knowledge co-production. Moreover, it also seems that knowledge produced by the interaction of experts within the examined Expert Group has a more symbolic, policy-orientated function, rather than being specifically used as decision-making evidence.

enn du etwas wissen willst, frage! – Was im Alltag so einfach klingt, ist in der Methodenforschung ein aufwendiger Prozess. Sowohl das Formulieren von Fragen als auch die Gestaltung des Fragebogens bedarf der Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Regeln, ohne die durch Befragungen gewonnene Daten schnell unbrauchbar werden können. So spielen in einem systematischen Frage-Antwort-Vorgang zentrale Kommunikationsregeln und psychologische Abläufe eine Rolle, die es als Forscher dringend zu beachten gilt. Aufbauend auf diesen zentralen Erkenntnissen befasst sich der folgende Beitrag mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten, die die Qualität von Fragebögen beeinflussen. Anhand von praxisbezogenen Beispielen, die aus Erfahrungen mit diversen Befragungen sowie einer systematischen Methodenforschung resultieren, werden dabei dem Leser Leitlinien zur Optimierung von eigenen Fragebögen an die Hand gegeben. Gleichwohl gilt es dabei zu beachten, dass es allgemeingültige Regeln, die auf jede Forschungsfrage, Untersuchungspopulation oder auch Erhebungsart anwendbar sind, nicht geben kann. Die hier erarbeiteten Instruktionen dienen vielmehr der Vermittlung wesentlicher Kenntnisse, die zum Vermeiden grober Fehler führen sollen und es dem Forscher zugleich erlauben, bei Bedarf die Leitlinien nach kritischer Betrachtung eigenständig anzupassen.

This article examines trends and developments in social interactions of young people and the role of social media in Luxembourg using a mixed method approach, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data. Our findings corroborate that social interactions via social media play a growing role in leisure time of young people and have changed the traditional patterns of friendship-driven social interactions among peers. We argue that although offline interactions remain very important for young people, they have been complemented and partially replaced by interactions via social media. Modes of young people’s social media interactions can be characterized as mixed modalities.

enn du etwas wissen willst, frage! – Was im Alltag so einfach klingt, ist in der Methodenforschung ein aufwendiger Prozess. Sowohl das Formulieren von Fragen als auch die Gestaltung des Fragebogens bedarf der Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Regeln, ohne die durch Befragungen gewonnene Daten schnell unbrauchbar werden können. So spielen in einem systematischen Frage-Antwort-Vorgang zentrale Kommunikationsregeln und psychologische Abläufe eine Rolle, die es als Forscher dringend zu beachten gilt. Aufbauend auf diesen zentralen Erkenntnissen befasst sich der folgende Beitrag mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten, die die Qualität von Fragebögen beeinflussen. Anhand von praxisbezogenen Beispielen, die aus Erfahrungen mit diversen Befragungen sowie einer systematischen Methodenforschung resultieren, werden dabei dem Leser Leitlinien zur Optimierung von eigenen Fragebögen an die Hand gegeben. Gleichwohl gilt es dabei zu beachten, dass es allgemeingültige Regeln, die auf jede Forschungsfrage, Untersuchungspopulation oder auch Erhebungsart anwendbar sind, nicht geben kann. Die hier erarbeiteten Instruktionen dienen vielmehr der Vermittlung wesentlicher Kenntnisse, die zum Vermeiden grober Fehler führen sollen und es dem Forscher zugleich erlauben, bei Bedarf die Leitlinien nach kritischer Betrachtung eigenständig anzupassen.