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[ES] El proyecto consiste en el diseño y ejecución de un prototipo de pulverizador airless controlado a través de un autómata programable que sea funcional, robusto y con un precio de mercado competitivo. Los objetivos principales de este proyecto son: estudiar las diferentes maneras de convertir un movimiento circular en lineal, desarrollar la mecánica, seleccionar el motor y reductora con el par necesario para realizar el trabajo, seleccionar un sensor de presión con una capacidad mínima de 240 bares y, finalmente, controlar el funcionamiento del motor y del sensor mediante un autómata programable. Para ello se han estudiado los diferentes productos existentes en el mercado, tomando datos y estudiando su funcionamiento para establecer en qué segmento del mercado se va a situar el producto final y qué características debe cumplir., [EN] The project consists of the design and execution of a prototype airless sprayer controlled by a programmable automaton that is functional, robust and with a competitive market price. The main objectives of this project are: to study the different ways of converting a circular movement into a linear movement, to develop the mechanics, to select the motor and gearbox with the necessary torque to carry out the work, to select a pressure sensor with a minimum capacity of 240 bar and, finally, to control the operation of the motor and the sensor by means of a programmable automaton. To do this, the different products on the market have been studied, taking data and studying their operation to establish in which market segment the final product is going to be placed and what characteristics it must fulfil.

[ES] El proyecto consiste en el diseño y ejecución de un prototipo de pulverizador airless controlado a través de un autómata programable que sea funcional, robusto y con un precio de mercado competitivo. Los objetivos principales de este proyecto son: estudiar las diferentes maneras de convertir un movimiento circular en lineal, desarrollar la mecánica, seleccionar el motor y reductora con el par necesario para realizar el trabajo, seleccionar un sensor de presión con una capacidad mínima de 240 bares y, finalmente, controlar el funcionamiento del motor y del sensor mediante un autómata programable. Para ello se han estudiado los diferentes productos existentes en el mercado, tomando datos y estudiando su funcionamiento para establecer en qué segmento del mercado se va a situar el producto final y qué características debe cumplir., [EN] The project consists of the design and execution of a prototype airless sprayer controlled by a programmable automaton that is functional, robust and with a competitive market price. The main objectives of this project are: to study the different ways of converting a circular movement into a linear movement, to develop the mechanics, to select the motor and gearbox with the necessary torque to carry out the work, to select a pressure sensor with a minimum capacity of 240 bar and, finally, to control the operation of the motor and the sensor by means of a programmable automaton. To do this, the different products on the market have been studied, taking data and studying their operation to establish in which market segment the final product is going to be placed and what characteristics it must fulfil.

[EN] Last year, the SARS COV-2 pandemic has revealed deficiencies in the hospital care due to limitations in the availability of mechanical ventilation equipment in intensive care. The impossibility of acquisition, by hospitals, of life support devices, lies in a deficit of funds available due to the price they support. This project arises with the objective of eradicating this shortage, designing a respirator of affordable cost and high performance, thus increasing the availability of this equipment. The respirator developed in this project is a medical device whose function is the complete replacement of respiratory function in intubated adult patients for the treatment of respiratory failure or dyspnoea. This device has a reduced size and weight in order to be a friendly use device and with the possibility to be transported in ambulances and emergency services. Its use is indicated for invasive mechanical ventilation and its performance is based on an adjustable pressure turbine that injects air into the lungs via several modes of ventilation (pressurecontrolled ventilation or volume-controlled ventilation). The interface between the user and the ventilator is a touch screen, where the different parameters monitored during ventilation are displayed, as well as the pressure, volume and flow graphs. Finally, the user can modify different parameters through the touch screen to provide personalized ventilation to each patient. The final goal achieved in this project has been the design, development and evaluation of the operation of a new portable, high-performance, low-cost, turbine-based mechanical fan, [CA] En aquest últim any, la pandèmia per SARS COV-2 ha revelat manques en el món hospitalari a causa de limitacions en la disponibilitat d'equips de ventilació mecànica en vigilància intensiva. La impossibilitat d'adquisició, per part dels hospitals, d'aquests aparells per al suport vital, radica en dèficit de fons disponibles a causa del preu que sustenten. Aquest projecte sorgeix amb l'objectiu d'erradicar aquesta escassetat, dissenyant un respirador de cost assequible i altes prestacions, augmentant així la disponibilitat d'aquest equip. El respirador desenvolupat és un dispositiu mèdic la funció del qual és la completa substitució de la funció respiratòria en pacients adults intubats per al tractament de la dispnea o insuficiència respiratòria. Aquest dispositiu és reduïda grandària i pes amb l'objectiu que siga un dispositiu fàcilment manipulable i amb la possibilitat que puga ser transportat en ambulàncies i serveis d'urgència. El seu ús està indicat per a la ventilació mecànica invasiva i, el seu funcionament, està basat en una turbina de pressió regulable que injecta l'aire als pulmons a través de diverses maneres de ventilació (ventilació controlada per pressió o ventilació controlada per volum). La interfície entre l'usuari i el ventilador és una pantalla tàctil, on es mostren els diferents paràmetres monitorats durant la ventilació, així com les gràfiques de pressió, volum i flux. Finalment, l'usuari pot modificar diferents paràmetres a través de la pantalla tàctil per a proporcionar una ventilació personalitzada a cada pacient. La meta final aconseguida en aquest projecte ha sigut el disseny, desenvolupament i avaluació el funcionament d'un nou ventilador mecànic basat en turbina, portàtil, amb altes prestacions i de baix cost., [ES] En este último año, la pandemia por SARS COV-2 ha revelado carencias en el mundo hospitalario debido a limitaciones en la disponibilidad de equipos de ventilación mecánica en cuidados intensivos. La imposibilidad de adquisición, por parte de los hospitales, de estos aparatos para el soporte vital, radica en déficit de fondos disponibles debido al precio que sustentan. Este proyecto surge con el objetivo de erradicar esta escasez, diseñando un respirador de coste asequible y altas prestaciones, aumentando así la disponibilidad de este equipo. El respirador desarrollado es un dispositivo médico cuya función es la completa sustitución de la función respiratoria en pacientes adultos intubados para el tratamiento de la disnea o insuficiencia respiratoria. Dicho dispositivo es reducido tamaño y peso con el objetivo de que sea un dispositivo fácilmente manipulable y con la posibilidad de que pueda ser transportado en ambulancias y servicios de urgencia. Su uso está indicado para la ventilación mecánica invasiva y, su funcionamiento, está basado en una turbina de presión regulable que inyecta el aire a los pulmones a través de varios modos de ventilación (ventilación controlada por presión o ventilación controlada por volumen). La interfaz entre el usuario y el ventilador es una pantalla táctil, donde se muestran los diferentes parámetros monitorizados durante la ventilación, así como las gráficas de presión, volumen y flujo. Finalmente, el usuario puede modificar diferentes parámetros a través de la pantalla táctil para proporcionar una ventilación personalizada a cada paciente. La meta final alcanzada en este proyecto ha sido el diseño, desarrollo y evaluación el funcionamiento de un nuevo ventilador mecánico basado en turbina, portátil, con altas prestaciones y de bajo coste.

[EN] Last year, the SARS COV-2 pandemic has revealed deficiencies in the hospital care due to limitations in the availability of mechanical ventilation equipment in intensive care. The impossibility of acquisition, by hospitals, of life support devices, lies in a deficit of funds available due to the price they support. This project arises with the objective of eradicating this shortage, designing a respirator of affordable cost and high performance, thus increasing the availability of this equipment. The respirator developed in this project is a medical device whose function is the complete replacement of respiratory function in intubated adult patients for the treatment of respiratory failure or dyspnoea. This device has a reduced size and weight in order to be a friendly use device and with the possibility to be transported in ambulances and emergency services. Its use is indicated for invasive mechanical ventilation and its performance is based on an adjustable pressure turbine that injects air into the lungs via several modes of ventilation (pressurecontrolled ventilation or volume-controlled ventilation). The interface between the user and the ventilator is a touch screen, where the different parameters monitored during ventilation are displayed, as well as the pressure, volume and flow graphs. Finally, the user can modify different parameters through the touch screen to provide personalized ventilation to each patient. The final goal achieved in this project has been the design, development and evaluation of the operation of a new portable, high-performance, low-cost, turbine-based mechanical fan, [CA] En aquest últim any, la pandèmia per SARS COV-2 ha revelat manques en el món hospitalari a causa de limitacions en la disponibilitat d'equips de ventilació mecànica en vigilància intensiva. La impossibilitat d'adquisició, per part dels hospitals, d'aquests aparells per al suport vital, radica en dèficit de fons disponibles a causa del preu que sustenten. Aquest projecte sorgeix amb l'objectiu d'erradicar aquesta escassetat, dissenyant un respirador de cost assequible i altes prestacions, augmentant així la disponibilitat d'aquest equip. El respirador desenvolupat és un dispositiu mèdic la funció del qual és la completa substitució de la funció respiratòria en pacients adults intubats per al tractament de la dispnea o insuficiència respiratòria. Aquest dispositiu és reduïda grandària i pes amb l'objectiu que siga un dispositiu fàcilment manipulable i amb la possibilitat que puga ser transportat en ambulàncies i serveis d'urgència. El seu ús està indicat per a la ventilació mecànica invasiva i, el seu funcionament, està basat en una turbina de pressió regulable que injecta l'aire als pulmons a través de diverses maneres de ventilació (ventilació controlada per pressió o ventilació controlada per volum). La interfície entre l'usuari i el ventilador és una pantalla tàctil, on es mostren els diferents paràmetres monitorats durant la ventilació, així com les gràfiques de pressió, volum i flux. Finalment, l'usuari pot modificar diferents paràmetres a través de la pantalla tàctil per a proporcionar una ventilació personalitzada a cada pacient. La meta final aconseguida en aquest projecte ha sigut el disseny, desenvolupament i avaluació el funcionament d'un nou ventilador mecànic basat en turbina, portàtil, amb altes prestacions i de baix cost., [ES] En este último año, la pandemia por SARS COV-2 ha revelado carencias en el mundo hospitalario debido a limitaciones en la disponibilidad de equipos de ventilación mecánica en cuidados intensivos. La imposibilidad de adquisición, por parte de los hospitales, de estos aparatos para el soporte vital, radica en déficit de fondos disponibles debido al precio que sustentan. Este proyecto surge con el objetivo de erradicar esta escasez, diseñando un respirador de coste asequible y altas prestaciones, aumentando así la disponibilidad de este equipo. El respirador desarrollado es un dispositivo médico cuya función es la completa sustitución de la función respiratoria en pacientes adultos intubados para el tratamiento de la disnea o insuficiencia respiratoria. Dicho dispositivo es reducido tamaño y peso con el objetivo de que sea un dispositivo fácilmente manipulable y con la posibilidad de que pueda ser transportado en ambulancias y servicios de urgencia. Su uso está indicado para la ventilación mecánica invasiva y, su funcionamiento, está basado en una turbina de presión regulable que inyecta el aire a los pulmones a través de varios modos de ventilación (ventilación controlada por presión o ventilación controlada por volumen). La interfaz entre el usuario y el ventilador es una pantalla táctil, donde se muestran los diferentes parámetros monitorizados durante la ventilación, así como las gráficas de presión, volumen y flujo. Finalmente, el usuario puede modificar diferentes parámetros a través de la pantalla táctil para proporcionar una ventilación personalizada a cada paciente. La meta final alcanzada en este proyecto ha sido el diseño, desarrollo y evaluación el funcionamiento de un nuevo ventilador mecánico basado en turbina, portátil, con altas prestaciones y de bajo coste.

[EN] Last year, the SARS COV-2 pandemic has revealed deficiencies in the hospital care due to limitations in the availability of mechanical ventilation equipment in intensive care. The impossibility of acquisition, by hospitals, of life support devices, lies in a deficit of funds available due to the price they support. This project arises with the objective of eradicating this shortage, designing a respirator of affordable cost and high performance, thus increasing the availability of this equipment. The respirator developed in this project is a medical device whose function is the complete replacement of respiratory function in intubated adult patients for the treatment of respiratory failure or dyspnoea. This device has a reduced size and weight in order to be a friendly use device and with the possibility to be transported in ambulances and emergency services. Its use is indicated for invasive mechanical ventilation and its performance is based on an adjustable pressure turbine that injects air into the lungs via several modes of ventilation (pressurecontrolled ventilation or volume-controlled ventilation). The interface between the user and the ventilator is a touch screen, where the different parameters monitored during ventilation are displayed, as well as the pressure, volume and flow graphs. Finally, the user can modify different parameters through the touch screen to provide personalized ventilation to each patient. The final goal achieved in this project has been the design, development and evaluation of the operation of a new portable, high-performance, low-cost, turbine-based mechanical fan, [CA] En aquest últim any, la pandèmia per SARS COV-2 ha revelat manques en el món hospitalari a causa de limitacions en la disponibilitat d'equips de ventilació mecànica en vigilància intensiva. La impossibilitat d'adquisició, per part dels hospitals, d'aquests aparells per al suport vital, radica en dèficit de fons disponibles a causa del preu que sustenten. Aquest projecte sorgeix amb l'objectiu d'erradicar aquesta escassetat, dissenyant un respirador de cost assequible i altes prestacions, augmentant així la disponibilitat d'aquest equip. El respirador desenvolupat és un dispositiu mèdic la funció del qual és la completa substitució de la funció respiratòria en pacients adults intubats per al tractament de la dispnea o insuficiència respiratòria. Aquest dispositiu és reduïda grandària i pes amb l'objectiu que siga un dispositiu fàcilment manipulable i amb la possibilitat que puga ser transportat en ambulàncies i serveis d'urgència. El seu ús està indicat per a la ventilació mecànica invasiva i, el seu funcionament, està basat en una turbina de pressió regulable que injecta l'aire als pulmons a través de diverses maneres de ventilació (ventilació controlada per pressió o ventilació controlada per volum). La interfície entre l'usuari i el ventilador és una pantalla tàctil, on es mostren els diferents paràmetres monitorats durant la ventilació, així com les gràfiques de pressió, volum i flux. Finalment, l'usuari pot modificar diferents paràmetres a través de la pantalla tàctil per a proporcionar una ventilació personalitzada a cada pacient. La meta final aconseguida en aquest projecte ha sigut el disseny, desenvolupament i avaluació el funcionament d'un nou ventilador mecànic basat en turbina, portàtil, amb altes prestacions i de baix cost., [ES] En este último año, la pandemia por SARS COV-2 ha revelado carencias en el mundo hospitalario debido a limitaciones en la disponibilidad de equipos de ventilación mecánica en cuidados intensivos. La imposibilidad de adquisición, por parte de los hospitales, de estos aparatos para el soporte vital, radica en déficit de fondos disponibles debido al precio que sustentan. Este proyecto surge con el objetivo de erradicar esta escasez, diseñando un respirador de coste asequible y altas prestaciones, aumentando así la disponibilidad de este equipo. El respirador desarrollado es un dispositivo médico cuya función es la completa sustitución de la función respiratoria en pacientes adultos intubados para el tratamiento de la disnea o insuficiencia respiratoria. Dicho dispositivo es reducido tamaño y peso con el objetivo de que sea un dispositivo fácilmente manipulable y con la posibilidad de que pueda ser transportado en ambulancias y servicios de urgencia. Su uso está indicado para la ventilación mecánica invasiva y, su funcionamiento, está basado en una turbina de presión regulable que inyecta el aire a los pulmones a través de varios modos de ventilación (ventilación controlada por presión o ventilación controlada por volumen). La interfaz entre el usuario y el ventilador es una pantalla táctil, donde se muestran los diferentes parámetros monitorizados durante la ventilación, así como las gráficas de presión, volumen y flujo. Finalmente, el usuario puede modificar diferentes parámetros a través de la pantalla táctil para proporcionar una ventilación personalizada a cada paciente. La meta final alcanzada en este proyecto ha sido el diseño, desarrollo y evaluación el funcionamiento de un nuevo ventilador mecánico basado en turbina, portátil, con altas prestaciones y de bajo coste.

We present a new method to maintain constant gas pressure over a sample during in situ measurements. The example shown here is a differentially pumped high-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy system, but this technique could be applied to many in situ instruments. By using the pressure of the differential stage as a feedback source to change the sample position, a new level of consistency has been achieved. Depending on the absolute value of the sample-to-aperture distance, this technique allows one to maintain the distance within several hundred nanometers, which is below the limit of typical optical microscopy systems. We show that this method is well suited to compensate for thermal drift. Thus, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data can be acquired continuously while the sample is heated and maintaining constant pressure over the sample. By implementing a precise manipulator feedback system, pressure variations of less than 5% were reached while the temperature was varied by 400 ℃. The system is also shown to be highly stable under significant changes in gas flow. After changing the flow by a factor of two, the pressure returned to the set value within 60 s.

[ES] El Cantón Guano se localiza en el centro del Altiplano Andino del Ecuador, al norte de la provincia de Chimborazo. La cabecera cantonal se asienta sobre los 2720 m.s.n.m., posee un clima templado con una media de 18°C. Para el año 2018 se determina una población aproximada de 11.500 habitantes en base a los datos obtenidos del catastro urbano del municipio de la localidad. El sistema actual de agua potable fue construido hace más de 50 años, el mismo que ha sido ampliado y mejorado en varias ocasiones por parte de la jefatura de agua potable de la municipalidad. El agua de suministro proviene de los glaciares del nevado Chimborazo, es captada desde 3 distintas vertientes superficiales ubicadas a una altura promedio de los 3000 msnm. Debido a la topografía montañosa del sector, la conducción hacia los tanques reservorios y la de distribución del sistema se realiza por gravedad. Existen dos conducciones, la conducción principal tiene una longitud de 7.84 km y llega hasta el tanque reservorio desde el que se realiza la distribución principal a la ciudad y la conducción secundaria de 6.57 km que abastece a los barrios altos de la ciudad. La conducción del sistema está construida con tubería de PVC entre una gama de diámetros de 110 mm, 160mm, 200 mm y 250mm. El sistema se compone por 3 tanques reservorios, cada uno de ellos distribuye el agua hacia las partes alta, media y baja de la población, respectivamente. La red de distribución de agua potable está conformada por 30 km de tubería, con diámetros desde 63 mm, 90mm, 110mm, 160mm y 200mm, el material de la tubería de la red de distribución es de PVC. El servicio de agua potable en la zona de estudio es continuo, es decir los habitantes tienen disponible las 24 horas del día. La normativa vigente en el país establece que la presión mínima debe ser mayor a los 10 mca y la presión máxima dinámica no debe ser superior a los 50 mca. Se evidencia en el modelo matemático que un 21% de presiones se encuentran bajo el lím, [EN] Canton Guano is located in the center of the Andean Altiplano of Ecuador, north of the province of Chimborazo. The cantonal head sits on 2720 m.s., has a temperate climate with an average of 18 ° C. For the year 2018, an approximate population of 11,500 inhabitants is determined based on the data obtained from the urban cadastre of the municipality of the town. The current drinking water system was built more than 50 years ago, the same one that has been extended and improved several times by the municipality's drinking water headquarters. The supply water comes from the glaciers of the Chimborazo mountain, it is captured from 3 different surface slopes located at an average altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Due to the mountainous topography of the sector, the conduction towards the reservoir tanks and the distribution of the system is done by gravity. There are two pipelines, the main conduit has a length of 7.84 km and reaches the reservoir tank from which the main distribution is made to the city and the secondary conduit of 6.57 km that supplies the upper districts of the city. The conduction of the system is constructed with PVC pipe between a range of diameters of 110 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The system consists of 3 reservoir tanks, each of which distributes the water to the upper, middle and lower parts of the population, respectively. The potable water distribution network is made up of 30 km of pipe, with diameters from 63 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm, the material of the distribution network pipe is made of PVC. The drinking water service in the study area is continuous, that is, the inhabitants are available 24 hours a day. The regulations in force in the country establish that the minimum pressure must be greater than 10 mca and the maximum dynamic pressure must not exceed 50 mca. It is evident in the mathematical model that 21% of pressures are below the allowed limit and 38% exceed the maximum limit. Data that have been corro

[ES] El Cantón Guano se localiza en el centro del Altiplano Andino del Ecuador, al norte de la provincia de Chimborazo. La cabecera cantonal se asienta sobre los 2720 m.s.n.m., posee un clima templado con una media de 18°C. Para el año 2018 se determina una población aproximada de 11.500 habitantes en base a los datos obtenidos del catastro urbano del municipio de la localidad. El sistema actual de agua potable fue construido hace más de 50 años, el mismo que ha sido ampliado y mejorado en varias ocasiones por parte de la jefatura de agua potable de la municipalidad. El agua de suministro proviene de los glaciares del nevado Chimborazo, es captada desde 3 distintas vertientes superficiales ubicadas a una altura promedio de los 3000 msnm. Debido a la topografía montañosa del sector, la conducción hacia los tanques reservorios y la de distribución del sistema se realiza por gravedad. Existen dos conducciones, la conducción principal tiene una longitud de 7.84 km y llega hasta el tanque reservorio desde el que se realiza la distribución principal a la ciudad y la conducción secundaria de 6.57 km que abastece a los barrios altos de la ciudad. La conducción del sistema está construida con tubería de PVC entre una gama de diámetros de 110 mm, 160mm, 200 mm y 250mm. El sistema se compone por 3 tanques reservorios, cada uno de ellos distribuye el agua hacia las partes alta, media y baja de la población, respectivamente. La red de distribución de agua potable está conformada por 30 km de tubería, con diámetros desde 63 mm, 90mm, 110mm, 160mm y 200mm, el material de la tubería de la red de distribución es de PVC. El servicio de agua potable en la zona de estudio es continuo, es decir los habitantes tienen disponible las 24 horas del día. La normativa vigente en el país establece que la presión mínima debe ser mayor a los 10 mca y la presión máxima dinámica no debe ser superior a los 50 mca. Se evidencia en el modelo matemático que un 21% de presiones se encuentran bajo el lím, [EN] Canton Guano is located in the center of the Andean Altiplano of Ecuador, north of the province of Chimborazo. The cantonal head sits on 2720 m.s., has a temperate climate with an average of 18 ° C. For the year 2018, an approximate population of 11,500 inhabitants is determined based on the data obtained from the urban cadastre of the municipality of the town. The current drinking water system was built more than 50 years ago, the same one that has been extended and improved several times by the municipality's drinking water headquarters. The supply water comes from the glaciers of the Chimborazo mountain, it is captured from 3 different surface slopes located at an average altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Due to the mountainous topography of the sector, the conduction towards the reservoir tanks and the distribution of the system is done by gravity. There are two pipelines, the main conduit has a length of 7.84 km and reaches the reservoir tank from which the main distribution is made to the city and the secondary conduit of 6.57 km that supplies the upper districts of the city. The conduction of the system is constructed with PVC pipe between a range of diameters of 110 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The system consists of 3 reservoir tanks, each of which distributes the water to the upper, middle and lower parts of the population, respectively. The potable water distribution network is made up of 30 km of pipe, with diameters from 63 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm, the material of the distribution network pipe is made of PVC. The drinking water service in the study area is continuous, that is, the inhabitants are available 24 hours a day. The regulations in force in the country establish that the minimum pressure must be greater than 10 mca and the maximum dynamic pressure must not exceed 50 mca. It is evident in the mathematical model that 21% of pressures are below the allowed limit and 38% exceed the maximum limit. Data that have been corro

[ES] El Cantón Guano se localiza en el centro del Altiplano Andino del Ecuador, al norte de la provincia de Chimborazo. La cabecera cantonal se asienta sobre los 2720 m.s.n.m., posee un clima templado con una media de 18°C. Para el año 2018 se determina una población aproximada de 11.500 habitantes en base a los datos obtenidos del catastro urbano del municipio de la localidad. El sistema actual de agua potable fue construido hace más de 50 años, el mismo que ha sido ampliado y mejorado en varias ocasiones por parte de la jefatura de agua potable de la municipalidad. El agua de suministro proviene de los glaciares del nevado Chimborazo, es captada desde 3 distintas vertientes superficiales ubicadas a una altura promedio de los 3000 msnm. Debido a la topografía montañosa del sector, la conducción hacia los tanques reservorios y la de distribución del sistema se realiza por gravedad. Existen dos conducciones, la conducción principal tiene una longitud de 7.84 km y llega hasta el tanque reservorio desde el que se realiza la distribución principal a la ciudad y la conducción secundaria de 6.57 km que abastece a los barrios altos de la ciudad. La conducción del sistema está construida con tubería de PVC entre una gama de diámetros de 110 mm, 160mm, 200 mm y 250mm. El sistema se compone por 3 tanques reservorios, cada uno de ellos distribuye el agua hacia las partes alta, media y baja de la población, respectivamente. La red de distribución de agua potable está conformada por 30 km de tubería, con diámetros desde 63 mm, 90mm, 110mm, 160mm y 200mm, el material de la tubería de la red de distribución es de PVC. El servicio de agua potable en la zona de estudio es continuo, es decir los habitantes tienen disponible las 24 horas del día. La normativa vigente en el país establece que la presión mínima debe ser mayor a los 10 mca y la presión máxima dinámica no debe ser superior a los 50 mca. Se evidencia en el modelo matemático que un 21% de presiones se encuentran bajo el lím, [EN] Canton Guano is located in the center of the Andean Altiplano of Ecuador, north of the province of Chimborazo. The cantonal head sits on 2720 m.s., has a temperate climate with an average of 18 ° C. For the year 2018, an approximate population of 11,500 inhabitants is determined based on the data obtained from the urban cadastre of the municipality of the town. The current drinking water system was built more than 50 years ago, the same one that has been extended and improved several times by the municipality's drinking water headquarters. The supply water comes from the glaciers of the Chimborazo mountain, it is captured from 3 different surface slopes located at an average altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Due to the mountainous topography of the sector, the conduction towards the reservoir tanks and the distribution of the system is done by gravity. There are two pipelines, the main conduit has a length of 7.84 km and reaches the reservoir tank from which the main distribution is made to the city and the secondary conduit of 6.57 km that supplies the upper districts of the city. The conduction of the system is constructed with PVC pipe between a range of diameters of 110 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The system consists of 3 reservoir tanks, each of which distributes the water to the upper, middle and lower parts of the population, respectively. The potable water distribution network is made up of 30 km of pipe, with diameters from 63 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm, the material of the distribution network pipe is made of PVC. The drinking water service in the study area is continuous, that is, the inhabitants are available 24 hours a day. The regulations in force in the country establish that the minimum pressure must be greater than 10 mca and the maximum dynamic pressure must not exceed 50 mca. It is evident in the mathematical model that 21% of pressures are below the allowed limit and 38% exceed the maximum limit. Data that have been corro

[ES] El Cantón Guano se localiza en el centro del Altiplano Andino del Ecuador, al norte de la provincia de Chimborazo. La cabecera cantonal se asienta sobre los 2720 m.s.n.m., posee un clima templado con una media de 18°C. Para el año 2018 se determina una población aproximada de 11.500 habitantes en base a los datos obtenidos del catastro urbano del municipio de la localidad. El sistema actual de agua potable fue construido hace más de 50 años, el mismo que ha sido ampliado y mejorado en varias ocasiones por parte de la jefatura de agua potable de la municipalidad. El agua de suministro proviene de los glaciares del nevado Chimborazo, es captada desde 3 distintas vertientes superficiales ubicadas a una altura promedio de los 3000 msnm. Debido a la topografía montañosa del sector, la conducción hacia los tanques reservorios y la de distribución del sistema se realiza por gravedad. Existen dos conducciones, la conducción principal tiene una longitud de 7.84 km y llega hasta el tanque reservorio desde el que se realiza la distribución principal a la ciudad y la conducción secundaria de 6.57 km que abastece a los barrios altos de la ciudad. La conducción del sistema está construida con tubería de PVC entre una gama de diámetros de 110 mm, 160mm, 200 mm y 250mm. El sistema se compone por 3 tanques reservorios, cada uno de ellos distribuye el agua hacia las partes alta, media y baja de la población, respectivamente. La red de distribución de agua potable está conformada por 30 km de tubería, con diámetros desde 63 mm, 90mm, 110mm, 160mm y 200mm, el material de la tubería de la red de distribución es de PVC. El servicio de agua potable en la zona de estudio es continuo, es decir los habitantes tienen disponible las 24 horas del día. La normativa vigente en el país establece que la presión mínima debe ser mayor a los 10 mca y la presión máxima dinámica no debe ser superior a los 50 mca. Se evidencia en el modelo matemático que un 21% de presiones se encuentran bajo el lím, [EN] Canton Guano is located in the center of the Andean Altiplano of Ecuador, north of the province of Chimborazo. The cantonal head sits on 2720 m.s., has a temperate climate with an average of 18 ° C. For the year 2018, an approximate population of 11,500 inhabitants is determined based on the data obtained from the urban cadastre of the municipality of the town. The current drinking water system was built more than 50 years ago, the same one that has been extended and improved several times by the municipality's drinking water headquarters. The supply water comes from the glaciers of the Chimborazo mountain, it is captured from 3 different surface slopes located at an average altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Due to the mountainous topography of the sector, the conduction towards the reservoir tanks and the distribution of the system is done by gravity. There are two pipelines, the main conduit has a length of 7.84 km and reaches the reservoir tank from which the main distribution is made to the city and the secondary conduit of 6.57 km that supplies the upper districts of the city. The conduction of the system is constructed with PVC pipe between a range of diameters of 110 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The system consists of 3 reservoir tanks, each of which distributes the water to the upper, middle and lower parts of the population, respectively. The potable water distribution network is made up of 30 km of pipe, with diameters from 63 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm, the material of the distribution network pipe is made of PVC. The drinking water service in the study area is continuous, that is, the inhabitants are available 24 hours a day. The regulations in force in the country establish that the minimum pressure must be greater than 10 mca and the maximum dynamic pressure must not exceed 50 mca. It is evident in the mathematical model that 21% of pressures are below the allowed limit and 38% exceed the maximum limit. Data that have been corro

[ES] El Cantón Guano se localiza en el centro del Altiplano Andino del Ecuador, al norte de la provincia de Chimborazo. La cabecera cantonal se asienta sobre los 2720 m.s.n.m., posee un clima templado con una media de 18°C. Para el año 2018 se determina una población aproximada de 11.500 habitantes en base a los datos obtenidos del catastro urbano del municipio de la localidad. El sistema actual de agua potable fue construido hace más de 50 años, el mismo que ha sido ampliado y mejorado en varias ocasiones por parte de la jefatura de agua potable de la municipalidad. El agua de suministro proviene de los glaciares del nevado Chimborazo, es captada desde 3 distintas vertientes superficiales ubicadas a una altura promedio de los 3000 msnm. Debido a la topografía montañosa del sector, la conducción hacia los tanques reservorios y la de distribución del sistema se realiza por gravedad. Existen dos conducciones, la conducción principal tiene una longitud de 7.84 km y llega hasta el tanque reservorio desde el que se realiza la distribución principal a la ciudad y la conducción secundaria de 6.57 km que abastece a los barrios altos de la ciudad. La conducción del sistema está construida con tubería de PVC entre una gama de diámetros de 110 mm, 160mm, 200 mm y 250mm. El sistema se compone por 3 tanques reservorios, cada uno de ellos distribuye el agua hacia las partes alta, media y baja de la población, respectivamente. La red de distribución de agua potable está conformada por 30 km de tubería, con diámetros desde 63 mm, 90mm, 110mm, 160mm y 200mm, el material de la tubería de la red de distribución es de PVC. El servicio de agua potable en la zona de estudio es continuo, es decir los habitantes tienen disponible las 24 horas del día. La normativa vigente en el país establece que la presión mínima debe ser mayor a los 10 mca y la presión máxima dinámica no debe ser superior a los 50 mca. Se evidencia en el modelo matemático que un 21% de presiones se encuentran bajo el lím, [EN] Canton Guano is located in the center of the Andean Altiplano of Ecuador, north of the province of Chimborazo. The cantonal head sits on 2720 m.s., has a temperate climate with an average of 18 ° C. For the year 2018, an approximate population of 11,500 inhabitants is determined based on the data obtained from the urban cadastre of the municipality of the town. The current drinking water system was built more than 50 years ago, the same one that has been extended and improved several times by the municipality's drinking water headquarters. The supply water comes from the glaciers of the Chimborazo mountain, it is captured from 3 different surface slopes located at an average altitude of 3000 meters above sea level. Due to the mountainous topography of the sector, the conduction towards the reservoir tanks and the distribution of the system is done by gravity. There are two pipelines, the main conduit has a length of 7.84 km and reaches the reservoir tank from which the main distribution is made to the city and the secondary conduit of 6.57 km that supplies the upper districts of the city. The conduction of the system is constructed with PVC pipe between a range of diameters of 110 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm. The system consists of 3 reservoir tanks, each of which distributes the water to the upper, middle and lower parts of the population, respectively. The potable water distribution network is made up of 30 km of pipe, with diameters from 63 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm, 160 mm and 200 mm, the material of the distribution network pipe is made of PVC. The drinking water service in the study area is continuous, that is, the inhabitants are available 24 hours a day. The regulations in force in the country establish that the minimum pressure must be greater than 10 mca and the maximum dynamic pressure must not exceed 50 mca. It is evident in the mathematical model that 21% of pressures are below the allowed limit and 38% exceed the maximum limit. Data that have been corro

In this paper, a new artificial skin tissue device which can emulate the stiffness of several organs of human is proposed and analyzed utilizing magneto-rheological (MR) fluid (MR skin). The proposed skin could be applied for the robot-assisted surgery manipulated by haptic devices as a controllable tactile sensor. The method in this paper is design of multi- embedded valve networks inside the structure of the master actuator. These valves use the flow mode and shear mode of MR for pressure control. Deformation equation of the MR skin is derived and the external force contacting the MR skin is also analyzed. After formulation, the proposed tactile display is optimized by using the finite element method software (ANSYS ADPL). It is shown via the optimization that the results can satisfy the initial requirements of the design. From the simulation results, the adjacent coils with similar setup show outstanding results compared with adjacent coils with discordant setup. This directly indicates that the proposed MR skin structure is feasible in the manufacturing and is applicable to haptic devices, especially those used for robotic surgery pp 264-274

In this paper, a new artificial skin tissue device which can emulate the stiffness of several organs of human is proposed and analyzed utilizing magneto-rheological (MR) fluid (MR skin). The proposed skin could be applied for the robot-assisted surgery manipulated by haptic devices as a controllable tactile sensor. The method in this paper is design of multi- embedded valve networks inside the structure of the master actuator. These valves use the flow mode and shear mode of MR for pressure control. Deformation equation of the MR skin is derived and the external force contacting the MR skin is also analyzed. After formulation, the proposed tactile display is optimized by using the finite element method software (ANSYS ADPL). It is shown via the optimization that the results can satisfy the initial requirements of the design. From the simulation results, the adjacent coils with similar setup show outstanding results compared with adjacent coils with discordant setup. This directly indicates that the proposed MR skin structure is feasible in the manufacturing and is applicable to haptic devices, especially those used for robotic surgery pp 264-274

This paper analyzes how to determine the virial coefficients B and C of real gases by using a theoretical device whose pressures and densities oscillate in chaotic regime. The device is formed by a valve, a pressure controller, a pressure probe and a gas accumulator, for which the thermodynamic model has been derived from the force-mass-energy balances. This model allows keeping the gas temperature almost constant with chaotic oscillations in the inlet to the accumulator. The chaotic data are used to obtain variability in the pressures and densities, so that they can be used as experimental values from which the virial coefficients are estimated. For this purpose, several cubic and high precision equations of state for polar and non-polar gases and mixtures are used. In particular, the virial coefficient B for dry air is estimated by using high precision state equations, whereas, the virial coefficients B and C are also estimated for quantum gases (He4, He3 H2, D2, Ne) by using several modified cubic equations of state at moderate and high pressures. Furthermore, the values for the virial coefficient B obtained from numerical simulations are used to estimate the intermolecular potential and the radial distribution function. The results are in good agreement with the currently known experimental data for virial coefficients published in the literature.

In this study a presentation is made of the Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (PCH) located in Usaquén (Bogota), the work is based on an engineering project carried out by the Aqueduct and Sewer Company of Bogotá (EAAB). It is addressed first of all the environmental problems considered in this project and the business context that propitiates it, taking into account the technical background of the operation of the aqueduct system of the city. In second instance, the technical generalities and the scopes that were estimated in the formulation of the project are exposed to finally contrast them with the results obtained after five years of operation of the project., En este estudio se hace una presentación de la Pequeña Central Hidroeléctrica (PCH) situada en Usaquén (Bogotá), el trabajo se basa en un proyecto de ingeniería realizado por la Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá (EAAB). Se aborda primero que todo la problemática ambiental considerada en este proyecto y el contexto empresarial que lo propicia, teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes técnicos de la operación del sistema de acueducto de la ciudad. En segunda instancia, se exponen las generalidades técnicas y los alcances que se estimaron en la formulación del proyecto para finalmente contrastarlos con los resultados obtenidos luego de cinco años de operación del proyecto.

In this study a presentation is made of the Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (PCH) located in Usaquén (Bogota), the work is based on an engineering project carried out by the Aqueduct and Sewer Company of Bogotá (EAAB). It is addressed first of all the environmental problems considered in this project and the business context that propitiates it, taking into account the technical background of the operation of the aqueduct system of the city. In second instance, the technical generalities and the scopes that were estimated in the formulation of the project are exposed to finally contrast them with the results obtained after five years of operation of the project., En este estudio se hace una presentación de la Pequeña Central Hidroeléctrica (PCH) situada en Usaquén (Bogotá), el trabajo se basa en un proyecto de ingeniería realizado por la Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá (EAAB). Se aborda primero que todo la problemática ambiental considerada en este proyecto y el contexto empresarial que lo propicia, teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes técnicos de la operación del sistema de acueducto de la ciudad. En segunda instancia, se exponen las generalidades técnicas y los alcances que se estimaron en la formulación del proyecto para finalmente contrastarlos con los resultados obtenidos luego de cinco años de operación del proyecto.

This paper analyzes how to determine the virial coefficients B and C of real gases by using a theoretical device whose pressures and densities oscillate in chaotic regime. The device is formed by a valve, a pressure controller, a pressure probe and a gas accumulator, for which the thermodynamic model has been derived from the force-mass-energy balances. This model allows keeping the gas temperature almost constant with chaotic oscillations in the inlet to the accumulator. The chaotic data are used to obtain variability in the pressures and densities, so that they can be used as experimental values from which the virial coefficients are estimated. For this purpose, several cubic and high precision equations of state for polar and non-polar gases and mixtures are used. In particular, the virial coefficient B for dry air is estimated by using high precision state equations, whereas, the virial coefficients B and C are also estimated for quantum gases (He4, He3 H2, D2, Ne) by using several modified cubic equations of state at moderate and high pressures. Furthermore, the values for the virial coefficient B obtained from numerical simulations are used to estimate the intermolecular potential and the radial distribution function. The results are in good agreement with the currently known experimental data for virial coefficients published in the literature.

Injection Molding Machine (IMM) is one of the most important equipment in plastic industry. As a cyclic process, injection molding can be divided into three steps includes filling process, packing-holding process and cooling process, among which filling process and packing process are both most important phases for the quality of part, and the corresponding crucial process variables are injection velocity and packing pressure in filling and packing phases. Moreover the determining a suitable injection time, screw position and cavity pressure for transfer from injection velocity control to packing pressure control which is commonly called filling to packing switchover point is also critical for high quality part. This study is concerned with two research aspects: double servomotors synchronization control for injection unit, and filling to packing switchover methods. The simulation result of switching method based on injection time and ball screw position those are similar, and the result of switching method based on the cavity pressure that is better.

The controllable self-assembly of nanosized building blocks into larger specific structures can provide an efficient method of synthesizing novel materials with excellent properties. The self-assembly of nanocrystals by assisted means is becoming an extremely active area of research, because it provides a method of producing large-scale advanced functional materials with potential applications in the areas of energy, electronics, optics, and biologics. In this study, we applied an efficient strategy, namely, the use of 'pressure control' to the assembly of silver sulfide (Ag2S) nanospheres with a diameter of approximately 33 nm into large-scale, uniform Ag2S sub-microspheres with a size of about 0.33 μm. More importantly, this strategy realizes the online control of the overall reaction system, including the pressure, reaction time, and temperature, and could also be used to easily fabricate other functional materials on an industrial scale. Moreover, the thermodynamics and kinetics parameters for the thermal decomposition of silver diethyldithiocarbamate (Ag(DDTC)) are also investigated to explore the formation mechanism of the Ag2S nanosized building blocks which can be assembled into uniform sub-micron scale architecture. As a method of producing sub-micron Ag2S particles by means of the pressure-controlled self-assembly of nanoparticles, we foresee this strategy being an efficient and universally applicable option for constructing other new building blocks and assembling novel and large functional micromaterials on an industrial scale. � 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Injection Molding Machine (IMM) is one of the most important equipment in plastic industry. As a cyclic process, injection molding can be divided into three steps includes filling process, packing-holding process and cooling process, among which filling process and packing process are both most important phases for the quality of part, and the corresponding crucial process variables are injection velocity and packing pressure in filling and packing phases. Moreover the determining a suitable injection time, screw position and cavity pressure for transfer from injection velocity control to packing pressure control which is commonly called filling to packing switchover point is also critical for high quality part. This study is concerned with two research aspects: double servomotors synchronization control for injection unit, and filling to packing switchover methods. The simulation result of switching method based on injection time and ball screw position those are similar, and the result of switching method based on the cavity pressure that is better.

A systematic control structure design method is applied on the concentric heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC) separating benzene and toluene. A degrees of freedom analysis is provided for identifying potential manipulated and controlled variables. Optimal operation is mapped and active constraints are identified for constructing the supervisory control layer. The fundamental problem of obtaining a stabilising control structure is addressed resulting in the regulatory control layer design. A supervisory control layer is devised and combined with the regulatory control layer. The control structure is finally evaluated by dynamic simulation for proving an acceptable performance. (C) 2016, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights

We present a facile microfluidic droplet-on-demand (DOD) system in which a pulsed pressure generated by a high-speed solenoid valve is used to control the formation and movement of water-in-oil emulsion droplets in a T-junction microchannel. We investigated the working principle of the DOD system and established a scaling model for the droplet volume in terms of the amplitude and duration of the pulse and the hydraulic resistance of the injection channel. The droplet formation was characterized in three designs at various pressure pulses. The experimental results support our scaling model very well. In the DOD system we developed, nanoliter-volume droplets with a throughput of a few droplets per second were on-demand generated. Moreover, we examined the applicable scope of the DOD system. As examples of practical applications of the DOD system, we demonstrated a digital display module to show droplets formed at a prescribed time and a droplet array with a concentration gradient to show droplets formed with a precise volume. We expect our work can provide design guidelines for a robust DOD system and improve the capabilities of droplet-based microfluidics in 'lab-on-a-chip' systems.

The modeling of physiological control systems via mathematical equations reflects the calculation procedure more than the structure of the real system modeled, and several simulation environment have been used so far for this task. Nevertheless, object-oriented modeling is spreading in current simulation environments through the use of the individual components of the model and its interconnections to define the underlying dynamic equations. In this paper we describe the use of the MODELICATM simulation environment in the object-oriented modeling of the cardiovascular control system. The performance of the controlled system has been analyzed by object-oriented simulation in the light of existing hypothesis and physiological data used here for validation purposes.

We present a facile microfluidic droplet-on-demand (DOD) system in which a pulsed pressure generated by a high-speed solenoid valve is used to control the formation and movement of water-in-oil emulsion droplets in a T-junction microchannel. We investigated the working principle of the DOD system and established a scaling model for the droplet volume in terms of the amplitude and duration of the pulse and the hydraulic resistance of the injection channel. The droplet formation was characterized in three designs at various pressure pulses. The experimental results support our scaling model very well. In the DOD system we developed, nanoliter-volume droplets with a throughput of a few droplets per second were on-demand generated. Moreover, we examined the applicable scope of the DOD system. As examples of practical applications of the DOD system, we demonstrated a digital display module to show droplets formed at a prescribed time and a droplet array with a concentration gradient to show droplets formed with a precise volume. We expect our work can provide design guidelines for a robust DOD system and improve the capabilities of droplet-based microfluidics in 'lab-on-a-chip' systems.

The modeling of physiological control systems via mathematical equations reflects the calculation procedure more than the structure of the real system modeled, and several simulation environment have been used so far for this task. Nevertheless, object-oriented modeling is spreading in current simulation environments through the use of the individual components of the model and its interconnections to define the underlying dynamic equations. In this paper we describe the use of the MODELICATM simulation environment in the object-oriented modeling of the cardiovascular control system. The performance of the controlled system has been analyzed by object-oriented simulation in the light of existing hypothesis and physiological data used here for validation purposes.

The modeling of physiological control systems via mathematical equations reflects the calculation procedure more than the structure of the real system modeled, and several simulation environment have been used so far for this task. Nevertheless, object-oriented modeling is spreading in current simulation environments through the use of the individual components of the model and its interconnections to define the underlying dynamic equations. In this paper we describe the use of the MODELICATM simulation environment in the object-oriented modeling of the cardiovascular control system. The performance of the controlled system has been analyzed by object-oriented simulation in the light of existing hypothesis and physiological data used here for validation purposes.

A mathematical model that provides an overall description of both the short- and long-term mechanisms of arterial pressure regulation is presented. Short-term control is exerted through the baroreceptor reflex while renal elimination plays a role in long-term control. Both mechanisms operate in an integrated way over the compartmental model of the cardiovascular system. The whole system was modelled in MODELICA, which uses a hierarchical object-oriented modelling strategy, under the DYMOLA simulation environment. The performance of the controlled system was analysed by simulation in light of the existing hypothesis and validation tests previously performed with physiological data, demonstrating the effectiveness of both regulation mechanisms under physiological and pathological conditions.

The modeling of physiological control systems via mathematical equations reflects the calculation procedure more than the structure of the real system modeled, and several simulation environment have been used so far for this task. Nevertheless, object-oriented modeling is spreading in current simulation environments through the use of the individual components of the model and its interconnections to define the underlying dynamic equations. In this paper we describe the use of the MODELICATM simulation environment in the object-oriented modeling of the cardiovascular control system. The performance of the controlled system has been analyzed by object-oriented simulation in the light of existing hypothesis and physiological data used here for validation purposes.

We present a facile microfluidic droplet-on-demand (DOD) system in which a pulsed pressure generated by a high-speed solenoid valve is used to control the formation and movement of water-in-oil emulsion droplets in a T-junction microchannel. We investigated the working principle of the DOD system and established a scaling model for the droplet volume in terms of the amplitude and duration of the pulse and the hydraulic resistance of the injection channel. The droplet formation was characterized in three designs at various pressure pulses. The experimental results support our scaling model very well. In the DOD system we developed, nanoliter-volume droplets with a throughput of a few droplets per second were on-demand generated. Moreover, we examined the applicable scope of the DOD system. As examples of practical applications of the DOD system, we demonstrated a digital display module to show droplets formed at a prescribed time and a droplet array with a concentration gradient to show droplets formed with a precise volume. We expect our work can provide design guidelines for a robust DOD system and improve the capabilities of droplet-based microfluidics in 'lab-on-a-chip' systems.

This paper presents a hybrid pump controller approach for mobile hydraulic systems, influenced by both pressure and flow. The controller is tuneable to be able to set the order of importance of the pressure and flow controller, respectively. It is thus possible to realize a load sensing system, a flow control system or a mix of the two. Using a low load pressure feedback gain and a high flow control gain, a system emerges with high energy efficiency, fast system response, high stability margins and no flow matching issues. In this paper, both theoretical studies and practical implementations demonstrate the capability of a hybrid pump control approach.

An ongoing trend in the vehicle industry is the development of steering related active safety functions for increased road safety. For this to be a reality there must exist a steering system that allows to either change the road wheel angle or torque by means of an external signal, called active steering. Due to heavy vehicles’ high axle load, hydraulic power is needed to assist the driver in turning the wheels. This paper looks into a solution where self-regulated pressure control valves are used for electronic control of the assistance pressure in order to realise active steering. The valve has closed-centre for a high potential to reduce the energy consumption. A model based approach is used to analyse the system. A non-linear simulation environment is developed to compare the closed-centre system with the original system. A linear analysis is also performed to discover the influence of valve properties on steering system performance. Results have shown that a feasible solution exists and that there exists a relation between valve dynamics, boost gain and steering system loop stability.

The modeling of physiological control systems via mathematical equations reflects the calculation procedure more than the structure of the real system modeled, and several simulation environment have been used so far for this task. Nevertheless, object-oriented modeling is spreading in current simulation environments through the use of the individual components of the model and its interconnections to define the underlying dynamic equations. In this paper we describe the use of the MODELICATM simulation environment in the object-oriented modeling of the cardiovascular control system. The performance of the controlled system has been analyzed by object-oriented simulation in the light of existing hypothesis and physiological data used here for validation purposes.

In this master thesis, a new method for estimating the position of the moving parts of avoice coil is presented. Instead of using a position sensor the method exploits the connectionbetween the position and the inductance of the voice coil. This is done by superpositioning a small sine voltage signal and the voice coil voltage control signal. By measuring thevoltage and current and using the fourier transform, the impedance and phase difference iscalculated which are used to compute the inductance. A medical ventilator (also known as a respirator) concept is developed with a control systemwhich takes the expiratory pressure from a higher to a lower level. The position estimationalgorithm is then used in an attempt to improve the pressure control. The result is a slightlymore stable control system. The master thesis is conducted at Maquet Critical Care (MCC) in Solna, Sweden. MCC is amedical technology company working with high performance medical ventilators. The longterm goal of this work is to develop a ventilator which is more comfortable for the patient.

In this master thesis, a new method for estimating the position of the moving parts of avoice coil is presented. Instead of using a position sensor the method exploits the connectionbetween the position and the inductance of the voice coil. This is done by superpositioning a small sine voltage signal and the voice coil voltage control signal. By measuring thevoltage and current and using the fourier transform, the impedance and phase difference iscalculated which are used to compute the inductance. A medical ventilator (also known as a respirator) concept is developed with a control systemwhich takes the expiratory pressure from a higher to a lower level. The position estimationalgorithm is then used in an attempt to improve the pressure control. The result is a slightlymore stable control system. The master thesis is conducted at Maquet Critical Care (MCC) in Solna, Sweden. MCC is amedical technology company working with high performance medical ventilators. The longterm goal of this work is to develop a ventilator which is more comfortable for the patient.

This paper derives a test rig of a power steering system with purpose to investigate the performance of closed-centre valves as actuators in the steering system loop using hardware-in-the-loop simulation. Servo valves are used for independent control of each chamber pressure. The approach is to use a static model of the reference actuator and control the pressures with the servo valves accordingly. A simulation model of the system is used to verify the approach. Results from the test rig are presented from on-centre driving which show how the pressure is controlled satisfyingly.

p. 2019-2030, The possibility of movement is a fundamental property in nature. Movement means adaptability and flexibility which protects creatures better from their own ruin and destruction, but also ensures preeminence over other species. Adaptability and flexibility allow responding to different requirement in an equal way. This should be desirable for artificial structures, but still only few existing buildings are able to react to changing environmental influences, like the few stadiums with a flexible roof or the few movable bridges. Usually our buildings and structures are passive. They are built to satisfy more or less only one function. But due to massive chances in society, this does not meet today's multifunctional requirements and it is not economical any more. Resulting out of this, new tasks for engineering evoke. But it makes only sense, if the structures are light, not only concerning appearance but also in weight. Heavy structures do not only need more energy to be put into motion, but also the possible movement will be justified less accurate. Vice versa the use of high-capacity materials leads to new possibilities in design, construction and movement. Pneumatic constructions fulfill this claim of light weight and if ETFEFilms are used they allow transparency as well as ultraviolet rays passes them. This makes them quite desirable for indoor swimming pools - the marketing likes to advertise that guest get a tan even in winter. But certainly in summer, outdoor swimming has to be available; therefore a multifunctional roof is needed

p. 2019-2030, The possibility of movement is a fundamental property in nature. Movement means adaptability and flexibility which protects creatures better from their own ruin and destruction, but also ensures preeminence over other species. Adaptability and flexibility allow responding to different requirement in an equal way. This should be desirable for artificial structures, but still only few existing buildings are able to react to changing environmental influences, like the few stadiums with a flexible roof or the few movable bridges. Usually our buildings and structures are passive. They are built to satisfy more or less only one function. But due to massive chances in society, this does not meet today's multifunctional requirements and it is not economical any more. Resulting out of this, new tasks for engineering evoke. But it makes only sense, if the structures are light, not only concerning appearance but also in weight. Heavy structures do not only need more energy to be put into motion, but also the possible movement will be justified less accurate. Vice versa the use of high-capacity materials leads to new possibilities in design, construction and movement. Pneumatic constructions fulfill this claim of light weight and if ETFEFilms are used they allow transparency as well as ultraviolet rays passes them. This makes them quite desirable for indoor swimming pools - the marketing likes to advertise that guest get a tan even in winter. But certainly in summer, outdoor swimming has to be available; therefore a multifunctional roof is needed

p. 2019-2030, The possibility of movement is a fundamental property in nature. Movement means adaptability and flexibility which protects creatures better from their own ruin and destruction, but also ensures preeminence over other species. Adaptability and flexibility allow responding to different requirement in an equal way. This should be desirable for artificial structures, but still only few existing buildings are able to react to changing environmental influences, like the few stadiums with a flexible roof or the few movable bridges. Usually our buildings and structures are passive. They are built to satisfy more or less only one function. But due to massive chances in society, this does not meet today's multifunctional requirements and it is not economical any more. Resulting out of this, new tasks for engineering evoke. But it makes only sense, if the structures are light, not only concerning appearance but also in weight. Heavy structures do not only need more energy to be put into motion, but also the possible movement will be justified less accurate. Vice versa the use of high-capacity materials leads to new possibilities in design, construction and movement. Pneumatic constructions fulfill this claim of light weight and if ETFEFilms are used they allow transparency as well as ultraviolet rays passes them. This makes them quite desirable for indoor swimming pools - the marketing likes to advertise that guest get a tan even in winter. But certainly in summer, outdoor swimming has to be available; therefore a multifunctional roof is needed

A methodology to obtain the directional pressure loss coefficients in a porous media model of an electromagnetically compatible screen of a radio base station model is presented. The directional loss coefficients of this compact model are validated against a detailed computational fluid dynamics model not only by comparing the total pressure drop, but also by evaluating the flow pattern after the screen. The detailed model was validated in an earlier article by the authors. A parametric study is conducted for 174 cases. Seven parameters were investigated: velocity, inlet height, screen porosity, printed circuit board (PCB) thickness, inlet-screen gap, distance between two PCBs and screen thickness. Based on the compact model parametric study, two correlations for the directional loss coefficients are developed as a function of the Reynolds number and the above geometrical parameters. The average disagreement between the compact model that uses the directional loss coefficients from the correlations and the detailed model was of 3% for the prediction of the total pressure drop and less than 6.5% and 9.5% for two coefficients that accurately characterize the flow pattern. © 2007 IEEE.

The topic of this thesis is modeling and control of the last part of the paper machine - the drying section. Paper is dried by letting it pass through a series of steam heated cylinders and the evaporation is thus powered by the latent heat of vaporization of the steam. The moisture in the paper is controlled by adjusting the set point of the steam pressure controllers. There exist several commercial incentives to focus on the performance of the moisture control. The time to perform a grade change is often limited by the moisture and shorter grade change time is directly correlated to economic profit. Studies have shown that the drying section uses 2/3 of the total energy requirement in paper making. Reduced variations in moisture gives opportunity for target shifts (changed set point) which reduces the amount of raw material and steam requirement. It also creates opportunity for increased production rate. The thesis is divided in two parts. The first part deals with the control of the steam pressure inside the cylinders. Both a black-box model and a physical model are given for the steam pressure process. A tuning rule for both PI and PID control is derived and various other controller structures are investigated. Many of the results are verified by experiments on paper machines at different paper mills. The second part of the thesis treats the moisture controller. The physical model from the first part is expanded with a model for the paper. This gives a complete simulation model for the drying section that is implemented in the object-oriented modeling language Modelica. Two new approaches to control the moisture by feedback are evaluated. The first utilizes the air around the paper in combination with the drying cylinders to improve the controller performance. The second uses only the last part of the drying section to control the moisture, while the first part is put at an appropriate level. Finally, feedforward of a surface temperature signal is examined.

Purpose: to contribute to the study of the intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), the authors aim to verify whether electromyostimulation (EMS) or ICP coupled with EMS favours the resorption of injected labelled proteins. Method: an injection of 2ml H.S.A.-Tc 99m 0.5m Curie on the anterior side of the two forearms into the subcutaneous or in the intradermal space is realised on 12 young healthy men. After injection the axillary lymphnodes activity is counted each 20'. The protocol includes alternately periods of 20 min each: rest, EMS, rest, EMS + IPC, rest. Results: No statistical significance has been revealed in the comparison of the different phases of the protocol Conclusion: ICP, even combined with EMS, does not help the resorption of proteins concentrated in the subcutaneous tissue. In lymphoscintigraphic studies aiming at the evaluation of the IPC it seems highly important to control the modalities of the injected solution and the physical parameters of the IPC., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Purpose: to contribute to the study of the intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), the authors aim to verify whether electromyostimulation (EMS) or ICP coupled with EMS favours the resorption of injected labelled proteins. Method: an injection of 2ml H.S.A.-Tc 99m 0.5m Curie on the anterior side of the two forearms into the subcutaneous or in the intradermal space is realised on 12 young healthy men. After injection the axillary lymphnodes activity is counted each 20'. The protocol includes alternately periods of 20 min each: rest, EMS, rest, EMS + IPC, rest. Results: No statistical significance has been revealed in the comparison of the different phases of the protocol Conclusion: ICP, even combined with EMS, does not help the resorption of proteins concentrated in the subcutaneous tissue. In lymphoscintigraphic studies aiming at the evaluation of the IPC it seems highly important to control the modalities of the injected solution and the physical parameters of the IPC., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The problems of optimization of Al alloy mold pouring upon vacuum sucking casting (VSC) are considered. A discrete changing in the gas-dynamic coefficient β of the instant the flow passing through areas with sharp variations of sections of mold cavity is envisaged upon realization of optimum controlling. Variation of β values is being provided by consequent engagement of diaphragms with different passing sections in the vacuum line. The equations are deduced to determine the values of β for different areas of mold cavity.

Cílem bakalářské práce je pro dostupné vakuové komponenty a aparaturu vytvořit systém pro měření a řízení tlaku plynu v této aparatuře. Po rešerších v úvodních částech práce, které byly zpracovány pro lepší pochopení problematiky a stanovení vhodných řešení problému, byl na základě teoretického návrhu řešení cíl práce realizován. V kapitolách práce je rozebírána volba vhodných komponent a jejich následné začlenění do funkčního celku. Jsou popisovány hardwarová i softwarová řešení, která byla v práci realizována. Automatizované řízení tlaku v aparatuře je vystavěno na mnohých podpůrných zdrojích hardwarového i softwarového charakteru jako zařízením automaticky vytvořený regulátor, který obsluze umožňuje snadné dosažení požadovaného pracovního bodu pro realizaci dalšího výzkumu ve vakuové aparatuře., The aim of the bachelor's thesis is to create a system for measurement and control of gas pressure with available vacuum components in vacuum apparatus. After conducting research in the introductory sections of the thesis to better understand the issue and determine suitable problem-solving approaches, the goal of the thesis was implemented based on the theoretical design. The chapters of the thesis discuss the selection of appropriate components and their integration into the functional unit. Both hardware and software solutions implemented in the thesis are described. The automated pressure control in the apparatus is built upon multiple supporting resources of hardware and software nature, which combined create an automatically designed controller that enables easy achievement of the desired operating point for further research in the vacuum apparatus.

Cílem bakalářské práce je pro dostupné vakuové komponenty a aparaturu vytvořit systém pro měření a řízení tlaku plynu v této aparatuře. Po rešerších v úvodních částech práce, které byly zpracovány pro lepší pochopení problematiky a stanovení vhodných řešení problému, byl na základě teoretického návrhu řešení cíl práce realizován. V kapitolách práce je rozebírána volba vhodných komponent a jejich následné začlenění do funkčního celku. Jsou popisovány hardwarová i softwarová řešení, která byla v práci realizována. Automatizované řízení tlaku v aparatuře je vystavěno na mnohých podpůrných zdrojích hardwarového i softwarového charakteru jako zařízením automaticky vytvořený regulátor, který obsluze umožňuje snadné dosažení požadovaného pracovního bodu pro realizaci dalšího výzkumu ve vakuové aparatuře., The aim of the bachelor's thesis is to create a system for measurement and control of gas pressure with available vacuum components in vacuum apparatus. After conducting research in the introductory sections of the thesis to better understand the issue and determine suitable problem-solving approaches, the goal of the thesis was implemented based on the theoretical design. The chapters of the thesis discuss the selection of appropriate components and their integration into the functional unit. Both hardware and software solutions implemented in the thesis are described. The automated pressure control in the apparatus is built upon multiple supporting resources of hardware and software nature, which combined create an automatically designed controller that enables easy achievement of the desired operating point for further research in the vacuum apparatus.

Dizertační práce je zaměřena na návrh regulace soustavy čerpadlo-nádrž jako součást širší tlakové potrubní sítě pomocí mechatronického přístupu. Hlavním cílem je návrh regulace tlaku, průtoku a výšky hladiny v tlakové potrubní síti pro dodávku pitné vody pro město Vsetín. Tato tlaková potrubní síť sestává z různých prvků, jako je čerpadlo, potrubí, ventily, nádrže apod. Pro účely návrhu regulace je nutné vytvořit model soustavy, jehož řešení je založeno na gradientní metodě hydraulické analýzy. Gradientní metoda hydraulické analýzy, včetně modelů prvků soustavy, byla implementována do souhrnného softwarového řešení ADAM. Výsledky hydraulické analýzy musí odpovídat měřeným hodnotám na reálné soustavě. Z tohoto důvodu byla vytvořena metodika pro kalibraci a verifikaci potrubních sítí pro dodávku pitné vody. Daná metodika byla také implementována do aplikace ADAM. Na základě ověřeného modelu je možné navrhnout procesní pravidla pro pospanou soustavu. Tyto procesní pravidla představují výstup z vyšší vrstvy řízení regulační soustavy (určují dobu běhu čerpadla, jeho otáčky apod.) Proces výběru pravidel byl definován jako optimalizační problém, k jehož řešení byl použit genetický algoritmus. Výsledky byly ověřeny pomocí pro tento účel vytvořeného výpočetního serveru (ADAM Server)., The proposed work is dealing with control design of pump-tank system as part of broader water-supply network with using of mechatronic approach. The main goal of this work is design of control for regulation of flow, pressure and water level in tank in water-supply network of Vsetin city. This water-supply network consists of various components, such as pumps, pipes, valves, tanks etc. For the purpose of the control design is necessary to create a model of pipe network. The solution of hydraulic analysis is obtained by using the gradient method, which was implemented into the software solution named ADAM. The results of hydraulic analysis are compared with measured values of flow and pressure and difference of these values has to be minimalized by proposed calibration and verification process. The calibration and verification process was implemented in software ADAM. The essence of design control is formulating control problem as optimization problem. Therefore the output of higher control layer is set of procedural rules, which determines for example speed of pumps in time etc. Results were verified by using for this purpose developed computational server (ADAM Server).

Táto diplomová práca je zameraná na problematiku testovania pneumatických komponentov a merania úniku vzduchu. Na základe analýzy metód testovania tesnosti podľa platnej legislatívy je zhrnutý súčasný stav danej problematiky. Cieľom práce je návrh postupov na testovanie pneumatických komponentov podľa špecifikácie. V rámci overenia postupu je zostavený pneumatický obvod s regulačným systémom tlaku, na ktorom sú realizované testy funkčnosti poskytnutých komponentov a overenie ich tesnosti metódou poklesu tlaku. Výsledky testov sú následne vyhodnotené v súlade so špecifikáciou., This diploma thesis is focused on the issue of pneumatic components testing and air leakage measurement. The current state of the given issue is summarized based on the analysis of leak testing methods in accordance with valid legislation. The aim of this thesis is to design methods for pneumatic components testing according to specification. As part of method verification, a pneumatic circuit with a pressure control system has been assembled, on which functionality tests of provided components and leak tests by the pressure-drop method have been performed. The results of these tests have been subsequently evaluated as consistent with the specification.

Dizertační práce je zaměřena na návrh regulace soustavy čerpadlo-nádrž jako součást širší tlakové potrubní sítě pomocí mechatronického přístupu. Hlavním cílem je návrh regulace tlaku, průtoku a výšky hladiny v tlakové potrubní síti pro dodávku pitné vody pro město Vsetín. Tato tlaková potrubní síť sestává z různých prvků, jako je čerpadlo, potrubí, ventily, nádrže apod. Pro účely návrhu regulace je nutné vytvořit model soustavy, jehož řešení je založeno na gradientní metodě hydraulické analýzy. Gradientní metoda hydraulické analýzy, včetně modelů prvků soustavy, byla implementována do souhrnného softwarového řešení ADAM. Výsledky hydraulické analýzy musí odpovídat měřeným hodnotám na reálné soustavě. Z tohoto důvodu byla vytvořena metodika pro kalibraci a verifikaci potrubních sítí pro dodávku pitné vody. Daná metodika byla také implementována do aplikace ADAM. Na základě ověřeného modelu je možné navrhnout procesní pravidla pro pospanou soustavu. Tyto procesní pravidla představují výstup z vyšší vrstvy řízení regulační soustavy (určují dobu běhu čerpadla, jeho otáčky apod.) Proces výběru pravidel byl definován jako optimalizační problém, k jehož řešení byl použit genetický algoritmus. Výsledky byly ověřeny pomocí pro tento účel vytvořeného výpočetního serveru (ADAM Server)., The proposed work is dealing with control design of pump-tank system as part of broader water-supply network with using of mechatronic approach. The main goal of this work is design of control for regulation of flow, pressure and water level in tank in water-supply network of Vsetin city. This water-supply network consists of various components, such as pumps, pipes, valves, tanks etc. For the purpose of the control design is necessary to create a model of pipe network. The solution of hydraulic analysis is obtained by using the gradient method, which was implemented into the software solution named ADAM. The results of hydraulic analysis are compared with measured values of flow and pressure and difference of these values has to be minimalized by proposed calibration and verification process. The calibration and verification process was implemented in software ADAM. The essence of design control is formulating control problem as optimization problem. Therefore the output of higher control layer is set of procedural rules, which determines for example speed of pumps in time etc. Results were verified by using for this purpose developed computational server (ADAM Server).

Cílem bakalářské práce je pro dostupné vakuové komponenty a aparaturu vytvořit systém pro měření a řízení tlaku plynu v této aparatuře. Po rešerších v úvodních částech práce, které byly zpracovány pro lepší pochopení problematiky a stanovení vhodných řešení problému, byl na základě teoretického návrhu řešení cíl práce realizován. V kapitolách práce je rozebírána volba vhodných komponent a jejich následné začlenění do funkčního celku. Jsou popisovány hardwarová i softwarová řešení, která byla v práci realizována. Automatizované řízení tlaku v aparatuře je vystavěno na mnohých podpůrných zdrojích hardwarového i softwarového charakteru jako zařízením automaticky vytvořený regulátor, který obsluze umožňuje snadné dosažení požadovaného pracovního bodu pro realizaci dalšího výzkumu ve vakuové aparatuře., The aim of the bachelor's thesis is to create a system for measurement and control of gas pressure with available vacuum components in vacuum apparatus. After conducting research in the introductory sections of the thesis to better understand the issue and determine suitable problem-solving approaches, the goal of the thesis was implemented based on the theoretical design. The chapters of the thesis discuss the selection of appropriate components and their integration into the functional unit. Both hardware and software solutions implemented in the thesis are described. The automated pressure control in the apparatus is built upon multiple supporting resources of hardware and software nature, which combined create an automatically designed controller that enables easy achievement of the desired operating point for further research in the vacuum apparatus.