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1. On the role of numerical diffusivity in MHD simulations of global accretion disc dynamos

Author

Nixon, C. J., Pringle, C. C. T., Pringle, J. E., Nixon, C. J., Pringle, C. C. T., and Pringle, J. E.

Abstract

Observations, mainly of outbursts in dwarf novae, imply that the anomalous viscosity in highly ionized accretion discs is magnetic in origin, and requires that the plasma $\beta \sim 1$. Until now most simulations of the magnetic dynamo in accretion discs have used a local approximation (known as the shearing box). While these simulations demonstrate the possibility of a self-sustaining dynamo, the magnetic activity generated in these models saturates at $\beta \gg 1$. This long-standing discrepancy has previously been attributed to the local approximation itself. There have been recent attempts at simulating magnetic activity in global accretion discs with parameters relevant to the dwarf novae. These too find values of $\beta \gg 1$. We speculate that the tension between these models and the observations may be caused by numerical magnetic diffusivity. As a pedagogical example, we present exact time-dependent solutions for the evolution of weak magnetic fields in an incompressible fluid subject to linear shear and magnetic diffusivity. We find that the maximum factor by which the initial magnetic energy can be increased depends on the magnetic Reynolds number as ${\mathcal R}_{\rm m}^{2/3}$. We estimate that current global numerical simulations of dwarf nova discs have numerical magnetic Reynolds numbers around 6 orders of magnitude less than the physical value found in dwarf nova discs of ${\mathcal R}_{\rm m} \sim 10^{10}$. We suggest that, given the current limitations on computing power, expecting to be able to compute realistic dynamo action in observable accretion discs using numerical MHD is, for the time being, a step too far., Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in the Journal of Plasma Physics

Published
2023

2. A guideline to frame stressor effects in freshwater ecosystems

Author

Perujo, N., van den Brink, P.J., Segner, H., Mantyka-Pringle, C., Sabater, S., Birk, S., Bruder, A., Romero, F., Acuña, V., Perujo, N., van den Brink, P.J., Segner, H., Mantyka-Pringle, C., Sabater, S., Birk, S., Bruder, A., Romero, F., and Acuña, V.

Abstract

Environmental policies fall short in protecting freshwater ecosystems, which are heavily threatened by human pressures and their associated stressors. One reason is that stressor effects depend on the context in which they occur and it is difficult to extrapolate patterns to predict the effect of stressors without these being contextualized in a general frame. This study aims at improving existing decision-making frameworks such as the DPSIR approach (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) or ERA (Environmental Risk Assessment) in the context of stressors. Here, we delve into stressor-impact relationships in freshwater ecosystems and develop a guideline which includes key characteristics such as stressor type, stressor duration, location, the natural levels of environmental variables to which each ecosystem is used to, among others. This guideline is intended to be useful in a wide range of ecosystem conditions and stressors. Incorporating these guidelines may favor the comparability of scientific results and may lead to a substantial advancement in the efficacy of diagnosis and predictive approaches of impacts.

Published
2021

3. Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones

Author

Tiegs, SD, Costello, DM, Isken, MW, Woodward, G, McIntyre, PB, Gessner, MO, Chauvet, E, Griffiths, NA, Flecker, AS, Acuna, V, Albarino, R, Allen, DC, Alonso, C, Andino, P, Arango, C, Aroviita, J, Barbosa, MVM, Barmuta, LA, Baxter, CV, Bell, TDC, Bellinger, B, Boyero, L, Brown, LE, Bruder, A, Bruesewitz, DA, Burdon, FJ, Callisto, M, Canhoto, C, Capps, KA, Castillo, MM, Clapcott, J, Colas, F, Colon-Gaud, C, Cornut, J, Crespo-Perez, V, Cross, WF, Culp, JM, Danger, M, Dangles, O, de Eyto, E, Derry, AM, Diaz Villanueva, V, Douglas, MM, Elosegi, A, Encalada, AC, Entrekin, S, Espinosa, R, Ethaiya, D, Ferreira, V, Ferriol, C, Flanagan, KM, Fleituch, T, Shah, JJF, Frainer, A, Friberg, N, Frost, PC, Garcia, EA, Lago, LG, Garcia Soto, PE, Ghate, S, Giling, DP, Gilmer, A, Goncalves, JF, Gonzales, RK, Graca, MAS, Grace, M, Grossart, H-P, Guerold, F, Gulis, V, Hepp, LU, Higgins, S, Hishi, T, Huddart, J, Hudson, J, Imberger, S, Iniguez-Armijos, C, Iwata, T, Janetski, DJ, Jennings, E, Kirkwood, AE, Koning, AA, Kosten, S, Kuehn, KA, Laudon, H, Leavitt, PR, Lemes da Silva, AL, Leroux, SJ, Leroy, CJ, Lisi, PJ, MacKenzie, R, Marcarelli, AM, Masese, FO, Mckie, BG, Oliveira Medeiros, A, Meissner, K, Milisa, M, Mishra, S, Miyake, Y, Moerke, A, Mombrikotb, S, Mooney, R, Moulton, T, Muotka, T, Negishi, JN, Neres-Lima, V, Nieminen, ML, Nimptsch, J, Ondruch, J, Paavola, R, Pardo, I, Patrick, CJ, Peeters, ETHM, Pozo, J, Pringle, C, Prussian, A, Quenta, E, Quesada, A, Reid, B, Richardson, JS, Rigosi, A, Rincon, J, Risnoveanu, G, Robinson, CT, Rodriguez-Gallego, L, Royer, TV, Rusak, JA, Santamans, AC, Selmeczy, GB, Simiyu, G, Skuja, A, Smykla, J, Sridhar, KR, Sponseller, R, Stoler, A, Swan, CM, Szlag, D, Teixeira-de Mello, F, Tonkin, JD, Uusheimo, S, Veach, AM, Vilbaste, S, Vought, LBM, Wang, C-P, Webster, JR, Wilson, PB, Woelfl, S, Xenopoulos, MA, Yates, AG, Yoshimura, C, Yule, CM, Zhang, YX, Zwart, JA, Tiegs, SD, Costello, DM, Isken, MW, Woodward, G, McIntyre, PB, Gessner, MO, Chauvet, E, Griffiths, NA, Flecker, AS, Acuna, V, Albarino, R, Allen, DC, Alonso, C, Andino, P, Arango, C, Aroviita, J, Barbosa, MVM, Barmuta, LA, Baxter, CV, Bell, TDC, Bellinger, B, Boyero, L, Brown, LE, Bruder, A, Bruesewitz, DA, Burdon, FJ, Callisto, M, Canhoto, C, Capps, KA, Castillo, MM, Clapcott, J, Colas, F, Colon-Gaud, C, Cornut, J, Crespo-Perez, V, Cross, WF, Culp, JM, Danger, M, Dangles, O, de Eyto, E, Derry, AM, Diaz Villanueva, V, Douglas, MM, Elosegi, A, Encalada, AC, Entrekin, S, Espinosa, R, Ethaiya, D, Ferreira, V, Ferriol, C, Flanagan, KM, Fleituch, T, Shah, JJF, Frainer, A, Friberg, N, Frost, PC, Garcia, EA, Lago, LG, Garcia Soto, PE, Ghate, S, Giling, DP, Gilmer, A, Goncalves, JF, Gonzales, RK, Graca, MAS, Grace, M, Grossart, H-P, Guerold, F, Gulis, V, Hepp, LU, Higgins, S, Hishi, T, Huddart, J, Hudson, J, Imberger, S, Iniguez-Armijos, C, Iwata, T, Janetski, DJ, Jennings, E, Kirkwood, AE, Koning, AA, Kosten, S, Kuehn, KA, Laudon, H, Leavitt, PR, Lemes da Silva, AL, Leroux, SJ, Leroy, CJ, Lisi, PJ, MacKenzie, R, Marcarelli, AM, Masese, FO, Mckie, BG, Oliveira Medeiros, A, Meissner, K, Milisa, M, Mishra, S, Miyake, Y, Moerke, A, Mombrikotb, S, Mooney, R, Moulton, T, Muotka, T, Negishi, JN, Neres-Lima, V, Nieminen, ML, Nimptsch, J, Ondruch, J, Paavola, R, Pardo, I, Patrick, CJ, Peeters, ETHM, Pozo, J, Pringle, C, Prussian, A, Quenta, E, Quesada, A, Reid, B, Richardson, JS, Rigosi, A, Rincon, J, Risnoveanu, G, Robinson, CT, Rodriguez-Gallego, L, Royer, TV, Rusak, JA, Santamans, AC, Selmeczy, GB, Simiyu, G, Skuja, A, Smykla, J, Sridhar, KR, Sponseller, R, Stoler, A, Swan, CM, Szlag, D, Teixeira-de Mello, F, Tonkin, JD, Uusheimo, S, Veach, AM, Vilbaste, S, Vought, LBM, Wang, C-P, Webster, JR, Wilson, PB, Woelfl, S, Xenopoulos, MA, Yates, AG, Yoshimura, C, Yule, CM, Zhang, YX, and Zwart, JA

Abstract

River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth’s biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented “next-generation biomonitoring” by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.

Published
2019

4. Global patterns and drivers of ecosystem functioning in rivers and riparian zones

Author

Tiegs, S. D. (Scott D.), Costello, D. M. (David M.), Isken, M. W. (Mark W.), Woodward, G. (Guy), McIntyre, P. B. (Peter B.), Gessner, M. O. (Mark O.), Chauvet, E. (Eric), Griffiths, N. A. (Natalie A.), Flecker, A. S. (Alex S.), Acuna, V. (Vicenc), Albarino, R. (Ricardo), Allen, D. C. (Daniel C.), Alonso, C. (Cecilia), Andino, P. (Patricio), Arango, C. (Clay), Aroviita, J. (Jukka), Barbosa, M. V. (Marcus V. M.), Barmuta, L. A. (Leon A.), Baxter, C. V. (Colden V.), Bell, T. D. (Thomas D. C.), Bellinger, B. (Brent), Boyero, L. (Luz), Brown, L. E. (Lee E.), Bruder, A. (Andreas), Bruesewitz, D. A. (Denise A.), Burdon, F. J. (Francis J.), Callisto, M. (Marcos), Canhoto, C. (Cristina), Capps, K. A. (Krista A.), Castillo, M. M. (Maria M.), Clapcott, J. (Joanne), Colas, F. (Fanny), Colon-Gaud, C. (Checo), Cornut, J. (Julien), Crespo-Perez, V. (Veronica), Cross, W. F. (Wyatt F.), Culp, J. M. (Joseph M.), Danger, M. (Michael), Dangles, O. (Olivier), de Eyto, E. (Elvira), Derry, A. M. (Alison M.), Diaz Villanueva, V. (Veronica), Douglas, M. M. (Michael M.), Elosegi, A. (Arturo), Encalada, A. C. (Andrea C.), Entrekin, S. (Sally), Espinosa, R. (Rodrigo), Ethaiya, D. (Diana), Ferreira, V. (Veronica), Ferriol, C. (Carmen), Flanagan, K. M. (Kyla M.), Fleituch, T. (Tadeusz), Shah, J. J. (Jennifer J. Follstad), Frainer, A. (Andre), Friberg, N. (Nikolai), Frost, P. C. (Paul C.), Garcia, E. A. (Erica A.), Lago, L. G. (Liliana Garcia), Garcia Soto, P. E. (Pavel Ernesto), Ghate, S. (Sudeep), Giling, D. P. (Darren P.), Gilmer, A. (Alan), Goncalves, J. F. (Jose Francisco, Jr.), Gonzales, R. K. (Rosario Karina), Graca, M. A. (Manuel A. S.), Grace, M. (Mike), Grossart, H.-P. (Hans-Peter), Guerold, F. (Francois), Gulis, V. (Vlad), Hepp, L. U. (Luiz U.), Higgins, S. (Scott), Hishi, T. (Takuo), Huddart, J. (Joseph), Hudson, J. (John), Imberger, S. (Samantha), Iniguez-Armijos, C. (Carlos), Iwata, T. (Tomoya), Janetski, D. J. (David J.), Jennings, E. (Eleanor), Kirkwood, A. E. (Andrea E.), Koning, A. A. (Aaron A.), Kosten, S. (Sarian), Kuehn, K. A. (Kevin A.), Laudon, H. (Hjalmar), Leavitt, P. R. (Peter R.), Lemes da Silva, A. L. (Aurea L.), Leroux, S. J. (Shawn J.), Leroy, C. J. (Carri J.), Lisi, P. J. (Peter J.), MacKenzie, R. (Richard), Marcarelli, A. M. (Amy M.), Masese, F. O. (Frank O.), Mckie, B. G. (Brendan G.), Oliveira Medeiros, A. (Adriana), Meissner, K. (Kristian), Milisa, M. (Marko), Mishra, S. (Shailendra), Miyake, Y. (Yo), Moerke, A. (Ashley), Mombrikotb, S. (Shorok), Mooney, R. (Rob), Moulton, T. (Tim), Muotka, T. (Timo), Negishi, J. N. (Junjiro N.), Neres-Lima, V. (Vinicius), Nieminen, M. L. (Mika L.), Nimptsch, J. (Jorge), Ondruch, J. (Jakub), Paavola, R. (Riku), Pardo, I. (Isabel), Patrick, C. J. (Christopher J.), Peeters, E. T. (Edwin T. H. M.), Pozo, J. (Jesus), Pringle, C. (Catherine), Prussian, A. (Aaron), Quenta, E. (Estefania), Quesada, A. (Antonio), Reid, B. (Brian), Richardson, J. S. (John S.), Rigosi, A. (Anna), Rincon, J. (Jose), Risnoveanu, G. (Geta), Robinson, C. T. (Christopher T.), Rodriguez-Gallego, L. (Lorena), Royer, T. V. (Todd V.), Rusak, J. A. (James A.), Santamans, A. C. (Anna C.), Selmeczy, G. B. (Geza B.), Simiyu, G. (Gelas), Skuja, A. (Agnija), Smykla, J. (Jerzy), Sridhar, K. R. (Kandikere R.), Sponseller, R. (Ryan), Stoler, A. (Aaron), Swan, C. M. (Christopher M.), Szlag, D. (David), Teixeira-de Mello, F. (Franco), Tonkin, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Uusheimo, S. (Sari), Veach, A. M. (Allison M.), Vilbaste, S. (Sirje), Vought, L. B. (Lena B. M.), Wang, C.-P. (Chiao-Ping), Webster, J. R. (Jackson R.), Wilson, P. B. (Paul B.), Woelfl, S. (Stefan), Xenopoulos, M. A. (Marguerite A.), Yates, A. G. (Adam G.), Yoshimura, C. (Chihiro), Yule, C. M. (Catherine M.), Zhang, Y. X. (Yixin X.), Zwart, J. A. (Jacob A.), Tiegs, S. D. (Scott D.), Costello, D. M. (David M.), Isken, M. W. (Mark W.), Woodward, G. (Guy), McIntyre, P. B. (Peter B.), Gessner, M. O. (Mark O.), Chauvet, E. (Eric), Griffiths, N. A. (Natalie A.), Flecker, A. S. (Alex S.), Acuna, V. (Vicenc), Albarino, R. (Ricardo), Allen, D. C. (Daniel C.), Alonso, C. (Cecilia), Andino, P. (Patricio), Arango, C. (Clay), Aroviita, J. (Jukka), Barbosa, M. V. (Marcus V. M.), Barmuta, L. A. (Leon A.), Baxter, C. V. (Colden V.), Bell, T. D. (Thomas D. C.), Bellinger, B. (Brent), Boyero, L. (Luz), Brown, L. E. (Lee E.), Bruder, A. (Andreas), Bruesewitz, D. A. (Denise A.), Burdon, F. J. (Francis J.), Callisto, M. (Marcos), Canhoto, C. (Cristina), Capps, K. A. (Krista A.), Castillo, M. M. (Maria M.), Clapcott, J. (Joanne), Colas, F. (Fanny), Colon-Gaud, C. (Checo), Cornut, J. (Julien), Crespo-Perez, V. (Veronica), Cross, W. F. (Wyatt F.), Culp, J. M. (Joseph M.), Danger, M. (Michael), Dangles, O. (Olivier), de Eyto, E. (Elvira), Derry, A. M. (Alison M.), Diaz Villanueva, V. (Veronica), Douglas, M. M. (Michael M.), Elosegi, A. (Arturo), Encalada, A. C. (Andrea C.), Entrekin, S. (Sally), Espinosa, R. (Rodrigo), Ethaiya, D. (Diana), Ferreira, V. (Veronica), Ferriol, C. (Carmen), Flanagan, K. M. (Kyla M.), Fleituch, T. (Tadeusz), Shah, J. J. (Jennifer J. Follstad), Frainer, A. (Andre), Friberg, N. (Nikolai), Frost, P. C. (Paul C.), Garcia, E. A. (Erica A.), Lago, L. G. (Liliana Garcia), Garcia Soto, P. E. (Pavel Ernesto), Ghate, S. (Sudeep), Giling, D. P. (Darren P.), Gilmer, A. (Alan), Goncalves, J. F. (Jose Francisco, Jr.), Gonzales, R. K. (Rosario Karina), Graca, M. A. (Manuel A. S.), Grace, M. (Mike), Grossart, H.-P. (Hans-Peter), Guerold, F. (Francois), Gulis, V. (Vlad), Hepp, L. U. (Luiz U.), Higgins, S. (Scott), Hishi, T. (Takuo), Huddart, J. (Joseph), Hudson, J. (John), Imberger, S. (Samantha), Iniguez-Armijos, C. (Carlos), Iwata, T. (Tomoya), Janetski, D. J. (David J.), Jennings, E. (Eleanor), Kirkwood, A. E. (Andrea E.), Koning, A. A. (Aaron A.), Kosten, S. (Sarian), Kuehn, K. A. (Kevin A.), Laudon, H. (Hjalmar), Leavitt, P. R. (Peter R.), Lemes da Silva, A. L. (Aurea L.), Leroux, S. J. (Shawn J.), Leroy, C. J. (Carri J.), Lisi, P. J. (Peter J.), MacKenzie, R. (Richard), Marcarelli, A. M. (Amy M.), Masese, F. O. (Frank O.), Mckie, B. G. (Brendan G.), Oliveira Medeiros, A. (Adriana), Meissner, K. (Kristian), Milisa, M. (Marko), Mishra, S. (Shailendra), Miyake, Y. (Yo), Moerke, A. (Ashley), Mombrikotb, S. (Shorok), Mooney, R. (Rob), Moulton, T. (Tim), Muotka, T. (Timo), Negishi, J. N. (Junjiro N.), Neres-Lima, V. (Vinicius), Nieminen, M. L. (Mika L.), Nimptsch, J. (Jorge), Ondruch, J. (Jakub), Paavola, R. (Riku), Pardo, I. (Isabel), Patrick, C. J. (Christopher J.), Peeters, E. T. (Edwin T. H. M.), Pozo, J. (Jesus), Pringle, C. (Catherine), Prussian, A. (Aaron), Quenta, E. (Estefania), Quesada, A. (Antonio), Reid, B. (Brian), Richardson, J. S. (John S.), Rigosi, A. (Anna), Rincon, J. (Jose), Risnoveanu, G. (Geta), Robinson, C. T. (Christopher T.), Rodriguez-Gallego, L. (Lorena), Royer, T. V. (Todd V.), Rusak, J. A. (James A.), Santamans, A. C. (Anna C.), Selmeczy, G. B. (Geza B.), Simiyu, G. (Gelas), Skuja, A. (Agnija), Smykla, J. (Jerzy), Sridhar, K. R. (Kandikere R.), Sponseller, R. (Ryan), Stoler, A. (Aaron), Swan, C. M. (Christopher M.), Szlag, D. (David), Teixeira-de Mello, F. (Franco), Tonkin, J. D. (Jonathan D.), Uusheimo, S. (Sari), Veach, A. M. (Allison M.), Vilbaste, S. (Sirje), Vought, L. B. (Lena B. M.), Wang, C.-P. (Chiao-Ping), Webster, J. R. (Jackson R.), Wilson, P. B. (Paul B.), Woelfl, S. (Stefan), Xenopoulos, M. A. (Marguerite A.), Yates, A. G. (Adam G.), Yoshimura, C. (Chihiro), Yule, C. M. (Catherine M.), Zhang, Y. X. (Yixin X.), and Zwart, J. A. (Jacob A.)

Abstract

River ecosystems receive and process vast quantities of terrestrial organic carbon, the fate of which depends strongly on microbial activity. Variation in and controls of processing rates, however, are poorly characterized at the global scale. In response, we used a peer-sourced research network and a highly standardized carbon processing assay to conduct a global-scale field experiment in greater than 1000 river and riparian sites. We found that Earth’s biomes have distinct carbon processing signatures. Slow processing is evident across latitudes, whereas rapid rates are restricted to lower latitudes. Both the mean rate and variability decline with latitude, suggesting temperature constraints toward the poles and greater roles for other environmental drivers (e.g., nutrient loading) toward the equator. These results and data set the stage for unprecedented “next-generation biomonitoring” by establishing baselines to help quantify environmental impacts to the functioning of ecosystems at a global scale.

Published
2019

5. Citizen social science for more integrative and effective climate action: A science-policy perspective

Author

Kythreotis, AP, Mantyka-Pringle, C, Mercer, TG, Whitmarsh, LE, Corner, A, Paavola, J, Chambers, C, Miller, BA, Castree, N, Kythreotis, AP, Mantyka-Pringle, C, Mercer, TG, Whitmarsh, LE, Corner, A, Paavola, J, Chambers, C, Miller, BA, and Castree, N

Abstract

Governments are struggling to limit global temperatures below the 2°C Paris target with existing climate change policy approaches. This is because conventional climate policies have been predominantly (inter)nationally top-down, which limits citizen agency in driving policy change and influencing citizen behavior. Here we propose elevating Citizen Social Science (CSS) to a new level across governments as an advanced collaborative approach of accelerating climate action and policies that moves beyond conventional citizen science and participatory approaches. Moving beyond the traditional science-policy model of the democratization of science in enabling more inclusive climate policy change, we present examples of how CSS can potentially transform citizen behavior and enable citizens to become key agents in driving climate policy change. We also discuss the barriers that could impede the implementation of CSS and offer solutions to these. In doing this, we articulate the implications of increased citizen action through CSS in moving forward the broader normative and political program of transdisciplinary and co-productive climate change research and policy.

Published
2019

6. Length of carotid stenosis predicts peri-procedural stroke or death and restenosis in patients randomized to endovascular treatment or endarterectomy

Author

Bonati, L., Ederle, J., Dobson, J., Engelter, S., Featherstone, R., Gaines, P., Beard, J., Venables, G., Markus, H., Clifton, A., Sandercock, P., Brown, M., Bland, J., Buckenham, T., Taylor, R., Tognoni, G., Warlow, C., Bleakley, T., Colquhoun, D., Coward, L., Crawley, F., Dobinson, P., Holder, S., McCabe, D., Pereira, A., Rogers, J., Silver, L., Burrett, J., Crowther, J., Dobson, M., Hafner, B., Heineman, J., Hope, C., Knight, S., Naughten, A., Radley, A., Richards, S., Smith, D., Wenzel, S., Harrison, M., Ferro, J., Bladin, C., Donnan, G., Fell, G., Fitt, G., Royle, J., Davis, S., Gerraty, R., Mitchell, P., Goodman, M., Hankey, G., Khangure, M., Lawrence-Brown, Michael, Linto, J., McAuliffe, W., Prendergast, F., Siennarine, K., Stewart-Wynne, E., Grahovac, S., Morrish, W., Pageau, N., E Pringle, C., Richard, D., Malms, J., Reiher, L., Siebler, M., Belloni, G., Porta, M., Chamorro, A., Vila, N., Riambau, V., Vazquez, F., Boza, F., Garcia Rodríguez, J., Gil Peralta, A., González, A., González Marcos, J., Mayol Deya, A., Rauno, J., Kirsch, E., Lyrer, P., Rem, J., Bogousslavsky, J., Uske, A., Cleveland, T., Doyle, C., Sivaguru, A., Leopold, P., Loosemore, T., Enevoldson, T., Gilling-Smith, G., Harris, P., Nixon, T., Baskerville, P., Cox, T., Fraser, S., Jeffrey, M., Molloy, J., Butler, P., Dick, J., Frankel, F., Bradbury, A., Collie, D., Murie, J., Ruckley, C., Schultz, D., Sellar, R., Wardlaw, J., Ashleigh, R., McCollum, C., O'Neill, P., Gholkar, A., Mendelow, A., Walls, T., Angus-Leppan, H., Halpin, S., Hughes, J., Lane, I., Wiles, M., Wood, A., Birch, P., Earnshaw, J., Fuller, G., Heather, B., Poskitt, K., Tottle, A., Hope, D., Jefferson, D., McConachie, N., Duddy, M., Heafield, M., Vohra, R., Bonati, L., Ederle, J., Dobson, J., Engelter, S., Featherstone, R., Gaines, P., Beard, J., Venables, G., Markus, H., Clifton, A., Sandercock, P., Brown, M., Bland, J., Buckenham, T., Taylor, R., Tognoni, G., Warlow, C., Bleakley, T., Colquhoun, D., Coward, L., Crawley, F., Dobinson, P., Holder, S., McCabe, D., Pereira, A., Rogers, J., Silver, L., Burrett, J., Crowther, J., Dobson, M., Hafner, B., Heineman, J., Hope, C., Knight, S., Naughten, A., Radley, A., Richards, S., Smith, D., Wenzel, S., Harrison, M., Ferro, J., Bladin, C., Donnan, G., Fell, G., Fitt, G., Royle, J., Davis, S., Gerraty, R., Mitchell, P., Goodman, M., Hankey, G., Khangure, M., Lawrence-Brown, Michael, Linto, J., McAuliffe, W., Prendergast, F., Siennarine, K., Stewart-Wynne, E., Grahovac, S., Morrish, W., Pageau, N., E Pringle, C., Richard, D., Malms, J., Reiher, L., Siebler, M., Belloni, G., Porta, M., Chamorro, A., Vila, N., Riambau, V., Vazquez, F., Boza, F., Garcia Rodríguez, J., Gil Peralta, A., González, A., González Marcos, J., Mayol Deya, A., Rauno, J., Kirsch, E., Lyrer, P., Rem, J., Bogousslavsky, J., Uske, A., Cleveland, T., Doyle, C., Sivaguru, A., Leopold, P., Loosemore, T., Enevoldson, T., Gilling-Smith, G., Harris, P., Nixon, T., Baskerville, P., Cox, T., Fraser, S., Jeffrey, M., Molloy, J., Butler, P., Dick, J., Frankel, F., Bradbury, A., Collie, D., Murie, J., Ruckley, C., Schultz, D., Sellar, R., Wardlaw, J., Ashleigh, R., McCollum, C., O'Neill, P., Gholkar, A., Mendelow, A., Walls, T., Angus-Leppan, H., Halpin, S., Hughes, J., Lane, I., Wiles, M., Wood, A., Birch, P., Earnshaw, J., Fuller, G., Heather, B., Poskitt, K., Tottle, A., Hope, D., Jefferson, D., McConachie, N., Duddy, M., Heafield, M., and Vohra, R.

Abstract

Background: The anatomy of carotid stenosis may influence the outcome of endovascular treatment or carotid endarterectomy. Whether anatomy favors one treatment over the other in terms of safety or efficacy has not been investigated in randomized trials. Methods: In 414 patients with mostly symptomatic carotid stenosis randomized to endovascular treatment (angioplasty or stenting; n=213) or carotid endarterectomy (n=211) in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS), the degree and length of stenosis and plaque surface irregularity were assessed on baseline intraarterial angiography. Outcome measures were stroke or death occurring between randomization and 30 days after treatment, and ipsilateral stroke and restenosis =50% during follow-up. Results: Carotid stenosis longer than 0·65 times the common carotid artery diameter was associated with increased risk of peri-procedural stroke or death after both endovascular treatment [odds ratio 2·79 (1·17-6·65), P=0·02] and carotid endarterectomy [2·43 (1·03-5·73), P=0·04], and with increased long-term risk of restenosis in endovascular treatment [hazard ratio 1·68 (1·12-2·53), P=0·01]. The excess in restenosis after endovascular treatment compared with carotid endarterectomy was significantly greater in patients with long stenosis than with short stenosis at baseline (interaction P=0·003). Results remained significant after multivariate adjustment. No associations were found for degree of stenosis and plaque surface. Conclusions: Increasing stenosis length is an independent risk factor for peri-procedural stroke or death in endovascular treatment and carotid endarterectomy, without favoring one treatment over the other. However, the excess restenosis rate after endovascular treatment compared with carotid endarterectomy increases with longer stenosis at baseline. Stenosis length merits further investigation in carotid revascularisation trials. © 2013 The Authors. International Journal of Strok

Published
2014

7. Predicting species distributions for conservation decisions

Author

Arita, H, Guisan, A, Tingley, R, Baumgartner, JB, Naujokaitis-Lewis, I, Sutcliffe, PR, Tulloch, AIT, Regan, TJ, Brotons, L, McDonald-Madden, E, Mantyka-Pringle, C, Martin, TG, Rhodes, JR, Maggini, R, Setterfield, SA, Elith, J, Schwartz, MW, Wintle, BA, Broennimann, O, Austin, M, Ferrier, S, Kearney, MR, Possingham, HP, Buckley, YM, Arita, H, Guisan, A, Tingley, R, Baumgartner, JB, Naujokaitis-Lewis, I, Sutcliffe, PR, Tulloch, AIT, Regan, TJ, Brotons, L, McDonald-Madden, E, Mantyka-Pringle, C, Martin, TG, Rhodes, JR, Maggini, R, Setterfield, SA, Elith, J, Schwartz, MW, Wintle, BA, Broennimann, O, Austin, M, Ferrier, S, Kearney, MR, Possingham, HP, and Buckley, YM

Abstract

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly proposed to support conservation decision making. However, evidence of SDMs supporting solutions for on-ground conservation problems is still scarce in the scientific literature. Here, we show that successful examples exist but are still largely hidden in the grey literature, and thus less accessible for analysis and learning. Furthermore, the decision framework within which SDMs are used is rarely made explicit. Using case studies from biological invasions, identification of critical habitats, reserve selection and translocation of endangered species, we propose that SDMs may be tailored to suit a range of decision-making contexts when used within a structured and transparent decision-making process. To construct appropriate SDMs to more effectively guide conservation actions, modellers need to better understand the decision process, and decision makers need to provide feedback to modellers regarding the actual use of SDMs to support conservation decisions. This could be facilitated by individuals or institutions playing the role of 'translators' between modellers and decision makers. We encourage species distribution modellers to get involved in real decision-making processes that will benefit from their technical input; this strategy has the potential to better bridge theory and practice, and contribute to improve both scientific knowledge and conservation outcomes.

Published
2013

8. A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials

Author

van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Burke, D. S., Calisher, C. H., Dietzgen, R. G., Fauquet, C. M., Ghabrial, S. A., Jahrling, P. B., Johnson, K. M., Holbrook, M. R., Horzinek, M. C., Keil, G. M., Kuhn, J. H., Mahy, B. W. J., Martelli, G. P., Pringle, C., Rybicki, E. P., Skern, T., Tesh, R. B., Wahl-Jensen, V., Walker, P. J., Weaver, S. C., van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Burke, D. S., Calisher, C. H., Dietzgen, R. G., Fauquet, C. M., Ghabrial, S. A., Jahrling, P. B., Johnson, K. M., Holbrook, M. R., Horzinek, M. C., Keil, G. M., Kuhn, J. H., Mahy, B. W. J., Martelli, G. P., Pringle, C., Rybicki, E. P., Skern, T., Tesh, R. B., Wahl-Jensen, V., Walker, P. J., and Weaver, S. C.

Abstract

A proposal has been posted on the ICTV website (2011. 001aG. N. v1. binomial_sp_names) to replace virus species names by non-Latinized binomial names consisting of the current italicized species name with the terminal word "virus" replaced by the italicized and non-capitalized genus name to which the species belongs. If implemented, the current italicized species name Measles virus, for instance, would become Measles morbillivirus while the current virus name measles virus and its abbreviation MeV would remain unchanged. The rationale for the proposed change is presented. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Published
2010

9. A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials

Author

van Regenmortel, MHV, Burke, DS, Calisher, CH, Dietzgen, RG, Fauquet, CM, Ghabrial, SA, Jahrling, PB, Johnson, KM, Holbrook, MR, Horzinek, MC, Keil, GM, Kuhn, JH, Mahy, BWJ, Martelli, GP, Pringle, C, Rybicki, EP, Skern, T, Tesh, RB, Wahl-Jensen, V, Walker, PJ, Weaver, SC, van Regenmortel, MHV, Burke, DS, Calisher, CH, Dietzgen, RG, Fauquet, CM, Ghabrial, SA, Jahrling, PB, Johnson, KM, Holbrook, MR, Horzinek, MC, Keil, GM, Kuhn, JH, Mahy, BWJ, Martelli, GP, Pringle, C, Rybicki, EP, Skern, T, Tesh, RB, Wahl-Jensen, V, Walker, PJ, and Weaver, SC

Abstract

A proposal has been posted on the ICTV website (2011. 001aG. N. v1. binomial_sp_names) to replace virus species names by non-Latinized binomial names consisting of the current italicized species name with the terminal word "virus" replaced by the italicized and non-capitalized genus name to which the species belongs. If implemented, the current italicized species name Measles virus, for instance, would become Measles morbillivirus while the current virus name measles virus and its abbreviation MeV would remain unchanged. The rationale for the proposed change is presented. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Published
2010

10. A proposal to change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials

Author

van Regenmortel, MHV, Burke, DS, Calisher, CH, Dietzgen, RG, Fauquet, CM, Ghabrial, SA, Jahrling, PB, Johnson, KM, Holbrook, MR, Horzinek, MC, Keil, GM, Kuhn, JH, Mahy, BWJ, Martelli, GP, Pringle, C, Rybicki, EP, Skern, T, Tesh, RB, Wahl-Jensen, V, Walker, PJ, Weaver, SC, van Regenmortel, MHV, Burke, DS, Calisher, CH, Dietzgen, RG, Fauquet, CM, Ghabrial, SA, Jahrling, PB, Johnson, KM, Holbrook, MR, Horzinek, MC, Keil, GM, Kuhn, JH, Mahy, BWJ, Martelli, GP, Pringle, C, Rybicki, EP, Skern, T, Tesh, RB, Wahl-Jensen, V, Walker, PJ, and Weaver, SC

Abstract

A proposal has been posted on the ICTV website (2011. 001aG. N. v1. binomial_sp_names) to replace virus species names by non-Latinized binomial names consisting of the current italicized species name with the terminal word "virus" replaced by the italicized and non-capitalized genus name to which the species belongs. If implemented, the current italicized species name Measles virus, for instance, would become Measles morbillivirus while the current virus name measles virus and its abbreviation MeV would remain unchanged. The rationale for the proposed change is presented. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

Published
2010

11. Relationships of stream algal community structure to catchment deforestation in eastern Madagascar

Author

Bixby, R., Benstead, J., Douglas, Michael M., Pringle, C., Bixby, R., Benstead, J., Douglas, Michael M., and Pringle, C.

Abstract

Approximately 0.5 million km of tropical stream channel are modified by catchment deforestation annually, but the consequences of this process for community structure are poorly understood because of a dearth of data from tropical regions. We compared the algal communities of epilithic biofilms from 3 tropical rainforest streams draining Ranomafana National Park (RNP) in eastern Madagascar and 3 open-canopy streams draining RNP's deforested peripheral zone. Forest and open-canopy streams differed in canopy cover and mean water temperature but did not differ in substrate composition or major nutrient chemistry. We recorded 137 algal taxa, of which 45% can be considered endemic or potentially endemic. Deforestation had significant effects on algal community structure. Complete separation between forest and open-canopy streams was observed in nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations based on species cell densities, species presence–absence, and cell densities of algal growth forms. Forest streams were characterized by higher species richness and cell densities of motile and solitary growth forms (e.g., Navicula spp.) than were open canopy streams. Open-canopy streams had more variable community structure than forest streams and were characterized by prostrate and solitary (e.g., Planothidium spp.) and chain-forming/stalked growth forms (e.g., Gomphonema spp.). Community shifts and reductions in species richness observed in open-canopy streams show that diatom biodiversity might be affected adversely by vegetation removal in the catchments we studied. Given that Madagascar has lost most of its rainforest in recent centuries, it is reasonable to assume that historical deforestation has led to shifts in algal assemblages at broader regional scales. Our results also suggest that global algal diversity could be affected by tropical deforestation if similar patterns of endemism and alteration of algal assemblages occur in the 0.5 million km of stream channel affe

Published
2009

12. Temporal and spatial patterns in stream physicochemistry and insect assemblages in tropical lowland streams

Author

Ramírez, A., Pringle, C., Douglas, Michael M., Ramírez, A., Pringle, C., and Douglas, Michael M.

Abstract

Stream physicochemistry and insect assemblages were studied in lowland tropical streams in Costa Rica to determine physicochemical variables explaining temporal and spatial variations in insect density and biomass. Streams drained a tropical wet forest landscape and had similar geomorphology, but differed in their water chemistry because of differential inputs of solute-rich (i.e., P, Cl–, and Mg) geothermally modified groundwater. We hypothesized that, within a stream, physical factors, such as discharge, would result in temporal variation in insect assemblages, whereas interstream differences in solute composition would result in differences in insect assemblages among streams. Insect density, biomass, richness, and stream physicochemistry were measured monthly for 1 y in 6 streams. Insect samples were collected with a core sampler in runs where leaf litter overlying fine sediments was the main substrate. Streams with high inputs of geothermally modified groundwater had high conductivity and high concentrations of soluble reactive P (SRP). Annual temporal patterns in stream physicochemistry were related either to rainfall, with subsequent changes in discharge, or to the % geothermally modified groundwater entering streams. Streamwater pH decreased throughout the year, and unbuffered, nongeothermally modified streams changed from near neutral (pH >6) to near acidic (pH <4.5). In all streams, insect density and biomass were highest during the dry season and lowest during the wet season. Insect density and biomass were related positively to pH and to the number of days since the last storm. Insect taxonomic composition was similar among streams. Moreover, interstream variation in insect assemblages was small, and insect density and biomass were not related to any of the measured physicochemical variables, including SRP, which ranged from <5 to 267 μg/L. Overall, the physicochemical characteristics of the study streams were related mainly to geotherm

Published
2006

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