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Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC) is a clinical syndrome following COVID-19 disease. PCC symptoms in adults entail significant productivity loss and reduced quality of life. This study aimed at estimating the epidemiological and economic burden of PCC among the working-age population of Italy and the US. This ecological analysis was conducted on data from January 2020 to April 2023, regarding population aged 18-64. PCC incidence for the US was retrieved from publicly reported estimates, while for Italy it was estimated from COVID-19 cases. Prevalence of factors associated with PCC and parameters to calculate temporary productivity losses (TPL) were retrieved. An estimated incidence rate ratio (eIRR) of PCC incidence in Italy and the US was calculated. TPL for reduced earnings and total quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost were also estimated. The ecological eIRR Italy/US was 0.842 [95%CI 0.672-1.015], suggesting that, holding COVID-19 cases constant, 15.8% fewer PCC cases have occurred in Italy compared to the US. Overall PCC cases were found to be 12.0 [95%CI 9.9-14.1] million in the US, with 1.9 [95%CI 1.6-2.3] million QALYs lost, and 2.4 [95%CI 1.8-3.0] million in Italy, with 0.4 [95%CI 0.3-0.5] million QALYs lost. Up to April 2023, the TPL was estimated to be Int$7.5 [95%CI 5.8-10.1] billion in Italy and $41.5 [95%CI 34.3-48.7] billion in the US. PCC has had a significant epidemiological and economic impact on the working-age population. The findings from this study may be of use for health planning and policy regarding PCC in working-age adults.

Background Unplanned critical care admissions following in-hospital deterioration in children are expected to impose a significant burden for carers across a number of dimensions. One dimension relates to the financial and economic impact associated with the admission, from both direct out-of-pocket expenditures, as well as indirect costs, reflecting productivity losses. A robust assessment of these costs is key to understand the wider impact of interventions aiming to reduce in-patient deterioration. This work aims to determine the economic burden imposed on carers caring for hospitalised children that experience critical deterioration events. Methods Descriptive study with quantitative approach. Carers responded to an online survey between July 2020 and April 2021. The survey was developed by the research team and piloted before use. The sample comprised 71 carers of children admitted to a critical care unit following in-patient deterioration, at a tertiary children’s hospital in the UK. The survey provides a characterisation of the carer’s household and estimates of direct non-medical costs grouped in five different expenditure categories. Productivity losses can also be estimated based on the reported information. Results Two-thirds of working carers had missed at least one workday in the week prior to the survey completion. Moreover, eight in ten carers reported having had to travel from home to the hospital at least once a week. Most carers reported expenditures associated to the child’s admission in the week preceding the survey completion. These expenditures, on average, amount to £166 per week, grouped in five categories (38% each to travelling costs and to food and drink costs, with accommodation, childcare, and parking representing 12%, 7% and 5%, respectively). Additionally, weekly productivity losses for working carers are estimated at £195. Conclusion Unplanned critical care admissions for children impose a substantial fina

Interdisciplinary treatment is a widely implemented strategy for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. A primary treatment objective is to decrease the load on the social insurance system; however, it is questionable whether interdisciplinary treatment reduces sickness absence and disability pension (SA/DP). This register-based observational study compared SA and DP between patients in interdisciplinary treatment and unspecified interventions. With data from 7,752 Swedish specialist health care patients in their prime working age, we analyzed total net SA/DP days over 3 years from the first visit to a pain rehabilitation center. A zero-one-inflated beta model, adjusted for theoretically substantiated confounders, was used to estimate the mean differences in total days and the proportions of patients with both zero and maximum days. Compared with unspecified interventions, interdisciplinary treatment resulted in a mean (95% confidence interval) absolute increase of 50 (37, 62) total days, a 13.0% (11.3%, 14.6%) decrease in patients with zero days, and a 1.5% (.2%, 2.8%) decrease in patients with the maximum days. These findings support that interdisciplinary treatment increases SA/DP compared to less intensive interventions but reduces the risk of maximum days, implying that it is advantageous for patients with the highest absence. This highlights the need for improved patient selection procedures and the adaptation of interdisciplinary treatment programs to more adequately target SA/DP reduction.

Interdisciplinary treatment is a widely implemented strategy for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. A primary treatment objective is to decrease the load on the social insurance system; however, it is questionable whether interdisciplinary treatment reduces sickness absence and disability pension (SA/DP). This register-based observational study compared SA and DP between patients in interdisciplinary treatment and unspecified interventions. With data from 7,752 Swedish specialist health care patients in their prime working age, we analyzed total net SA/DP days over 3 years from the first visit to a pain rehabilitation center. A zero-one-inflated beta model, adjusted for theoretically substantiated confounders, was used to estimate the mean differences in total days and the proportions of patients with both zero and maximum days. Compared with unspecified interventions, interdisciplinary treatment resulted in a mean (95% confidence interval) absolute increase of 50 (37, 62) total days, a 13.0% (11.3%, 14.6%) decrease in patients with zero days, and a 1.5% (.2%, 2.8%) decrease in patients with the maximum days. These findings support that interdisciplinary treatment increases SA/DP compared to less intensive interventions but reduces the risk of maximum days, implying that it is advantageous for patients with the highest absence. This highlights the need for improved patient selection procedures and the adaptation of interdisciplinary treatment programs to more adequately target SA/DP reduction.

Interdisciplinary treatment is a widely implemented strategy for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. A primary treatment objective is to decrease the load on the social insurance system; however, it is questionable whether interdisciplinary treatment reduces sickness absence and disability pension (SA/DP). This register-based observational study compared SA and DP between patients in interdisciplinary treatment and unspecified interventions. With data from 7,752 Swedish specialist health care patients in their prime working age, we analyzed total net SA/DP days over 3 years from the first visit to a pain rehabilitation center. A zero-one-inflated beta model, adjusted for theoretically substantiated confounders, was used to estimate the mean differences in total days and the proportions of patients with both zero and maximum days. Compared with unspecified interventions, interdisciplinary treatment resulted in a mean (95% confidence interval) absolute increase of 50 (37, 62) total days, a 13.0% (11.3%, 14.6%) decrease in patients with zero days, and a 1.5% (.2%, 2.8%) decrease in patients with the maximum days. These findings support that interdisciplinary treatment increases SA/DP compared to less intensive interventions but reduces the risk of maximum days, implying that it is advantageous for patients with the highest absence. This highlights the need for improved patient selection procedures and the adaptation of interdisciplinary treatment programs to more adequately target SA/DP reduction.

Current research indicates that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has a positive short-term impact on outcomes, such as quality of life, pain, and productivity in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. However, there is a need for studies on larger population samples. This study used data from Swedish national registers to analyze change and predictors of sick leave and disability pension 2 years before and after SCS treatment. Patients with SCS implanted between 2006 and 2017, and a reference group consisting of 5 individuals matched to each SCS patient without replacement with respect to age, sex, and region of residence, were included. A difference-in-difference approach was used to compare the average change (2 years after treatment vs 2 years before treatment) in net disability days and indirect cost related to disability days for the SCS group, compared with the average change for the reference group. The results showed that SCS treatment in Sweden is associated with a decrease of 21 disability days and consequent decrease in indirect cost of euro4127 in working age patients. Large work loss prior to index date was also demonstrated (average 214 days before 1 year), indicating a significant burden on the patient, employers, and the society at large. The number of disability days varied considerably depending on age, sex, socioeconomic variables, and comorbidities; however, the effect of SCS seemed to have little association with patient characteristics. This economic benefit needs to be considered, as well as the clinical outcome, when evaluating the full societal value of SCS.

Current research indicates that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has a positive short-term impact on outcomes, such as quality of life, pain, and productivity in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. However, there is a need for studies on larger population samples. This study used data from Swedish national registers to analyze change and predictors of sick leave and disability pension 2 years before and after SCS treatment. Patients with SCS implanted between 2006 and 2017, and a reference group consisting of 5 individuals matched to each SCS patient without replacement with respect to age, sex, and region of residence, were included. A difference-in-difference approach was used to compare the average change (2 years after treatment vs 2 years before treatment) in net disability days and indirect cost related to disability days for the SCS group, compared with the average change for the reference group. The results showed that SCS treatment in Sweden is associated with a decrease of 21 disability days and consequent decrease in indirect cost of euro4127 in working age patients. Large work loss prior to index date was also demonstrated (average 214 days before 1 year), indicating a significant burden on the patient, employers, and the society at large. The number of disability days varied considerably depending on age, sex, socioeconomic variables, and comorbidities; however, the effect of SCS seemed to have little association with patient characteristics. This economic benefit needs to be considered, as well as the clinical outcome, when evaluating the full societal value of SCS.

Current research indicates that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has a positive short-term impact on outcomes, such as quality of life, pain, and productivity in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. However, there is a need for studies on larger population samples. This study used data from Swedish national registers to analyze change and predictors of sick leave and disability pension 2 years before and after SCS treatment. Patients with SCS implanted between 2006 and 2017, and a reference group consisting of 5 individuals matched to each SCS patient without replacement with respect to age, sex, and region of residence, were included. A difference-in-difference approach was used to compare the average change (2 years after treatment vs 2 years before treatment) in net disability days and indirect cost related to disability days for the SCS group, compared with the average change for the reference group. The results showed that SCS treatment in Sweden is associated with a decrease of 21 disability days and consequent decrease in indirect cost of euro4127 in working age patients. Large work loss prior to index date was also demonstrated (average 214 days before 1 year), indicating a significant burden on the patient, employers, and the society at large. The number of disability days varied considerably depending on age, sex, socioeconomic variables, and comorbidities; however, the effect of SCS seemed to have little association with patient characteristics. This economic benefit needs to be considered, as well as the clinical outcome, when evaluating the full societal value of SCS.

Current research indicates that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has a positive short-term impact on outcomes, such as quality of life, pain, and productivity in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. However, there is a need for studies on larger population samples. This study used data from Swedish national registers to analyze change and predictors of sick leave and disability pension 2 years before and after SCS treatment. Patients with SCS implanted between 2006 and 2017, and a reference group consisting of 5 individuals matched to each SCS patient without replacement with respect to age, sex, and region of residence, were included. A difference-in-difference approach was used to compare the average change (2 years after treatment vs 2 years before treatment) in net disability days and indirect cost related to disability days for the SCS group, compared with the average change for the reference group. The results showed that SCS treatment in Sweden is associated with a decrease of 21 disability days and consequent decrease in indirect cost of euro4127 in working age patients. Large work loss prior to index date was also demonstrated (average 214 days before 1 year), indicating a significant burden on the patient, employers, and the society at large. The number of disability days varied considerably depending on age, sex, socioeconomic variables, and comorbidities; however, the effect of SCS seemed to have little association with patient characteristics. This economic benefit needs to be considered, as well as the clinical outcome, when evaluating the full societal value of SCS.

Objective The aim of this study is to scope the literature on what is currently known between physical activity and presenteeism. Data Source A search strategy was conducting in six scientific databases. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Studies written in English about the relation between physical activity and presenteeism were considered for inclusion. Data Extraction Data on definitions and measurement of presenteeism and physical activity were extracted. Data Synthesis The data is categorized according to the understanding of presenteeism of the studies to give a better idea of how this phenomenon is studied in relation to physical activity. Results After screening 9773 titles and abstracts and 269 full-text articles, 57 unique articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. The majority of the articles were published since 2010 and originated predominantly in the United States. Most studies (70%) define presenteeism as lost productivity due to health problems, according to the American line of research, whereas 19% of the studies define it as “working while ill” which refers to the European line of research. The studies that reflected the American school of thought tends to report more results that supported their hypothesis (i.e., that more physical activity is associated with less presenteeism). Conclusion This review has highlighted the homogeneity in how presenteeism is conceptualized and measured in studies included in our sample. Research on physical activity and presenteeism should be expanded across various disciplines in social sciences to respond to the needs that many researchers have expressed to promote healthier organizations.

Interdisciplinary treatment is a widely implemented strategy for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. A primary treatment objective is to decrease the load on the social insurance system; however, it is questionable whether interdisciplinary treatment reduces sickness absence and disability pension (SA/DP). This register-based observational study compared SA and DP between patients in interdisciplinary treatment and unspecified interventions. With data from 7,752 Swedish specialist health care patients in their prime working age, we analyzed total net SA/DP days over 3 years from the first visit to a pain rehabilitation center. A zero-one-inflated beta model, adjusted for theoretically substantiated confounders, was used to estimate the mean differences in total days and the proportions of patients with both zero and maximum days. Compared with unspecified interventions, interdisciplinary treatment resulted in a mean (95% confidence interval) absolute increase of 50 (37, 62) total days, a 13.0% (11.3%, 14.6%) decrease in patients with zero days, and a 1.5% (.2%, 2.8%) decrease in patients with the maximum days. These findings support that interdisciplinary treatment increases SA/DP compared to less intensive interventions but reduces the risk of maximum days, implying that it is advantageous for patients with the highest absence. This highlights the need for improved patient selection procedures and the adaptation of interdisciplinary treatment programs to more adequately target SA/DP reduction.

Interdisciplinary treatment is a widely implemented strategy for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. A primary treatment objective is to decrease the load on the social insurance system; however, it is questionable whether interdisciplinary treatment reduces sickness absence and disability pension (SA/DP). This register-based observational study compared SA and DP between patients in interdisciplinary treatment and unspecified interventions. With data from 7,752 Swedish specialist health care patients in their prime working age, we analyzed total net SA/DP days over 3 years from the first visit to a pain rehabilitation center. A zero-one-inflated beta model, adjusted for theoretically substantiated confounders, was used to estimate the mean differences in total days and the proportions of patients with both zero and maximum days. Compared with unspecified interventions, interdisciplinary treatment resulted in a mean (95% confidence interval) absolute increase of 50 (37, 62) total days, a 13.0% (11.3%, 14.6%) decrease in patients with zero days, and a 1.5% (.2%, 2.8%) decrease in patients with the maximum days. These findings support that interdisciplinary treatment increases SA/DP compared to less intensive interventions but reduces the risk of maximum days, implying that it is advantageous for patients with the highest absence. This highlights the need for improved patient selection procedures and the adaptation of interdisciplinary treatment programs to more adequately target SA/DP reduction.

Current research indicates that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has a positive short-term impact on outcomes, such as quality of life, pain, and productivity in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. However, there is a need for studies on larger population samples. This study used data from Swedish national registers to analyze change and predictors of sick leave and disability pension 2 years before and after SCS treatment. Patients with SCS implanted between 2006 and 2017, and a reference group consisting of 5 individuals matched to each SCS patient without replacement with respect to age, sex, and region of residence, were included. A difference-in-difference approach was used to compare the average change (2 years after treatment vs 2 years before treatment) in net disability days and indirect cost related to disability days for the SCS group, compared with the average change for the reference group. The results showed that SCS treatment in Sweden is associated with a decrease of 21 disability days and consequent decrease in indirect cost of euro4127 in working age patients. Large work loss prior to index date was also demonstrated (average 214 days before 1 year), indicating a significant burden on the patient, employers, and the society at large. The number of disability days varied considerably depending on age, sex, socioeconomic variables, and comorbidities; however, the effect of SCS seemed to have little association with patient characteristics. This economic benefit needs to be considered, as well as the clinical outcome, when evaluating the full societal value of SCS.

Work motivation and job attitudes are important for productivity levels among academic employees. In situations where employees perceive problems, for example, health-related and work environment-related problems, the ability to perform at work could be affected, which may result in fewer publications, reduced quality and less research funding. Few studies, however, have paid attention to productivity loss among academic employees in order to understand how, or if, the perceived loss is affected by the reported problems, either alone or in combination with work motivation and job attitudes. To evaluate whether attitudes towards work-measured as job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work motivation-are associated with productivity loss in the workplace, a cross-sectional study was conducted. This type of design is required as performance is highly variable and is affected by changes in health and work status. This study includes employees who reported either health-related problems, work environment problems or a combination of both (n = 1475). Linear regression analyses were used to answer the hypotheses. Higher levels of motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment were associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced either health-related or work environment problems. High work motivation and high commitment were significantly associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced a combination of problems. In summary, productivity loss among academic employees is not only affected by health-related problems or problems in the work environment but also by work motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment; i.e., these factors seem to buffer, or moderate, the reduction in performance levels for this group of employees.

Work motivation and job attitudes are important for productivity levels among academic employees. In situations where employees perceive problems, for example, health-related and work environment-related problems, the ability to perform at work could be affected, which may result in fewer publications, reduced quality and less research funding. Few studies, however, have paid attention to productivity loss among academic employees in order to understand how, or if, the perceived loss is affected by the reported problems, either alone or in combination with work motivation and job attitudes. To evaluate whether attitudes towards work-measured as job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work motivation-are associated with productivity loss in the workplace, a cross-sectional study was conducted. This type of design is required as performance is highly variable and is affected by changes in health and work status. This study includes employees who reported either health-related problems, work environment problems or a combination of both (n = 1475). Linear regression analyses were used to answer the hypotheses. Higher levels of motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment were associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced either health-related or work environment problems. High work motivation and high commitment were significantly associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced a combination of problems. In summary, productivity loss among academic employees is not only affected by health-related problems or problems in the work environment but also by work motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment; i.e., these factors seem to buffer, or moderate, the reduction in performance levels for this group of employees.

Work motivation and job attitudes are important for productivity levels among academic employees. In situations where employees perceive problems, for example, health-related and work environment-related problems, the ability to perform at work could be affected, which may result in fewer publications, reduced quality and less research funding. Few studies, however, have paid attention to productivity loss among academic employees in order to understand how, or if, the perceived loss is affected by the reported problems, either alone or in combination with work motivation and job attitudes. To evaluate whether attitudes towards work-measured as job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work motivation-are associated with productivity loss in the workplace, a cross-sectional study was conducted. This type of design is required as performance is highly variable and is affected by changes in health and work status. This study includes employees who reported either health-related problems, work environment problems or a combination of both (n = 1475). Linear regression analyses were used to answer the hypotheses. Higher levels of motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment were associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced either health-related or work environment problems. High work motivation and high commitment were significantly associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced a combination of problems. In summary, productivity loss among academic employees is not only affected by health-related problems or problems in the work environment but also by work motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment; i.e., these factors seem to buffer, or moderate, the reduction in performance levels for this group of employees.

Work motivation and job attitudes are important for productivity levels among academic employees. In situations where employees perceive problems, for example, health-related and work environment-related problems, the ability to perform at work could be affected, which may result in fewer publications, reduced quality and less research funding. Few studies, however, have paid attention to productivity loss among academic employees in order to understand how, or if, the perceived loss is affected by the reported problems, either alone or in combination with work motivation and job attitudes. To evaluate whether attitudes towards work-measured as job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work motivation-are associated with productivity loss in the workplace, a cross-sectional study was conducted. This type of design is required as performance is highly variable and is affected by changes in health and work status. This study includes employees who reported either health-related problems, work environment problems or a combination of both (n = 1475). Linear regression analyses were used to answer the hypotheses. Higher levels of motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment were associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced either health-related or work environment problems. High work motivation and high commitment were significantly associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced a combination of problems. In summary, productivity loss among academic employees is not only affected by health-related problems or problems in the work environment but also by work motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment; i.e., these factors seem to buffer, or moderate, the reduction in performance levels for this group of employees.

Influenza has a significant impact on the health care system and also on production and economic systems. Vaccinated health care workers (HCWs) are more likely to have improved productivity compared to unvaccinated workers. The study aim was to estimate the economic and fiscal impact of an influenza vaccination program for HCWs in Italy. We performed a cost analysis aimed to estimate the indirect costs (productivity losses due to working days lost) and the increase in tax revenues derived from the increase in vaccination coverage among HCWs. Assuming an incremental increase in vaccination coverage of 10% per year over a period of 5 years, total savings could be obtained in terms of a reduction in productivity losses equal to -(sic)4,475,497.16 and an increase in tax revenues of (sic)327,158.84. This revenue could be used to finance other health interventions. Our results are fundamental in view of the sustainability of health systems and of a value-based allocation of health resources. Therefore, a complete social perspective, including the fiscal impact of flu vaccination, should be adopted to assess the economic value of influenza vaccines. Currently, health policies based on the whole value of flu vaccination are needed.

Work motivation and job attitudes are important for productivity levels among academic employees. In situations where employees perceive problems, for example, health-related and work environment-related problems, the ability to perform at work could be affected, which may result in fewer publications, reduced quality and less research funding. Few studies, however, have paid attention to productivity loss among academic employees in order to understand how, or if, the perceived loss is affected by the reported problems, either alone or in combination with work motivation and job attitudes. To evaluate whether attitudes towards work-measured as job satisfaction, organisational commitment and work motivation-are associated with productivity loss in the workplace, a cross-sectional study was conducted. This type of design is required as performance is highly variable and is affected by changes in health and work status. This study includes employees who reported either health-related problems, work environment problems or a combination of both (n = 1475). Linear regression analyses were used to answer the hypotheses. Higher levels of motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment were associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced either health-related or work environment problems. High work motivation and high commitment were significantly associated with lower levels of productivity loss among employees who experienced a combination of problems. In summary, productivity loss among academic employees is not only affected by health-related problems or problems in the work environment but also by work motivation, job satisfaction and organisational commitment; i.e., these factors seem to buffer, or moderate, the reduction in performance levels for this group of employees.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a seven-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final two years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% five years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into three classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005-2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden glob-ally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-representative sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into sub-groups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class member-ship being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geo-graphical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. Perspective: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden glob-ally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-representative sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into sub-groups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class member-ship being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geo-graphical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. Perspective: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden glob-ally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-representative sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into sub-groups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class member-ship being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geo-graphical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. Perspective: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Background: Bouldering-Psychotherapy (BPT) has proven to effectively reduce depressive symptoms, but evidence on its cost-effectiveness is lacking. Corresponding information is paramount to support health policy decision making on a potential implementation of BPT in routine care. Methods: Using data from the German KuS trial BPT was compared with group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Severity of depression symptoms at end of the intervention was operationalized via Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Adopting a societal perspective, direct medical costs and productivity loss were calculated based on standardized unit costs. To determine incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) and cost-effectiveness-acceptance curves (CEAC), adjusted mean differences (AMD) in costs (gamma-distributed model) and both effect parameters (Gaussian-distributed model) were obtained from 1000 simultaneous bootstrap replications. Results: BPT was related to improved effects (AMDs: MADRS -2.58; PHQ-9: - 1.35) at higher costs (AMD: +euro 754). No AMD was significant. ICERs amounted to euro288 per MADRS-point and euro550 per PHQ-9-point. For both effect parameters about 20% of bootstrap replications indicated dominance of BPT, and about 75% larger effects at higher costs. At hypothetical willingness to pay (WTP) thresholds of euro241 (MADRS) and euro615 (PHQ-9) per unit of change BPT had a 50% probability of being cost-effective. Conclusion: BPT is a promising alternate treatment strategy which - in absence of established WTP thresholds for improving symptoms of depression - cannot unambiguously be claimed cost-effective. Further studies defining subgroups that particularly benefit from BPT appear paramount to delineate recommendations for an efficient prospective roll-out to routine care.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a seven-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final two years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% five years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into three classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005-2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs., Funding: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet)Swedish Research Council [2015-02512]; Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) [FORTE: 2016-07414, 2017-00177]

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs., Funding: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet)Swedish Research Council [2015-02512]; Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) [FORTE: 2016-07414, 2017-00177]

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a seven-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final two years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% five years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into three classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005-2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden glob-ally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-representative sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into sub-groups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class member-ship being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geo-graphical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. Perspective: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs., Funding: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet)Swedish Research Council [2015-02512]; Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) [FORTE: 2016-07414, 2017-00177]

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a seven-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final two years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% five years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into three classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005-2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs., Funding: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet)Swedish Research Council [2015-02512]; Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) [FORTE: 2016-07414, 2017-00177]

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden globally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-based sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into subgroups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class membership being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geographical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. PERSPECTIVE: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs., Funding: Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsradet)Swedish Research Council [2015-02512]; Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte) [FORTE: 2016-07414, 2017-00177]

Chronic pain-related sickness absence is an enormous socioeconomic burden glob-ally. Optimized interventions are reliant on a lucid understanding of the distribution of social insurance benefits and their predictors. This register-based observational study analyzed data for a 7-year period from a population-representative sample of 44,241 chronic pain patients eligible for interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) at specialist clinics. Sequence analysis was used to describe the sickness absence over the complete period and to separate the patients into sub-groups based on their social insurance benefits over the final 2 years. The predictive performance of features from various domains was then explored with machine learning-based modeling in a nested cross-validation procedure. Our results showed that patients on sickness absence increased from 17% 5 years before to 48% at the time of the IDT assessment, and then decreased to 38% at the end of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 classes characterized by low sickness absence, sick leave, and disability pension, with eight predictors of class member-ship being identified. Sickness absence history was the strongest predictor of future sickness absence, while other predictors included a 2008 policy, age, confidence in recovery, and geo-graphical location. Information on these features could guide personalized intervention in the specialized healthcare. Perspective: This study describes sickness absence in patients who visited a Swedish pain specialist interdisciplinary treatment clinic during the period 2005 to 2016. Predictors of future sickness absence are also identified that should be considered when adapting IDT programs to the patient's needs.

The aim of this study was to provide a detailed overview of age and gender specific health care costs and costs due to lost productivity for hospital admitted patients with an isolated tibia shaft fracture in The Netherlands between 2008 and 2012. Injury cases and length of hospital stay were extracted from the National Medical Registration. Information on extramural health care and work absence were retrieved from a patient follow-up survey on health care use. Medical costs included ambulance care, inhospital care, general practitioner care, home care, physical therapy, and rehabilitation/nursing care. An incidence-based cost model was applied to calculate direct health care costs and lost productivity in 2012. Total direct health care costs for all patients admitted with a tibia shaft fracture (n = 1,635) were €13.6 million. Costs for productivity loss were € 23.0 million. Total costs (direct health care and lost productivity) per patient were highest for men aged 40-49 years mainly due to lost productivity, and for women aged > 80 years, due to high direct medical costs.

This study aimed to provide a detailed overview of the health care and productivity costs of non-fatal road traffic injuries by road user type. In a cohort study in the Netherlands, adult injury patients admitted to a hospital as a result of a traffic accident completed questionnaires 1 week and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after injury, including the iMTA Medical Consumption and Productivity Cost Questionnaire. In-hospital, post-hospital medical costs and productivity costs were calculated up to two years after traffic injury. In total, 1024 patients were included in this study. The mean health care costs per patient were € 8200. The mean productivity costs were € 5900. Being female, older age, with higher injury severity and having multiple comorbidities were associated with higher health care costs. Higher injury severity and being male were associated with higher productivity costs. Pedestrians aged ≥ 65 years had the highest mean health care costs (€ 18,800) and motorcyclists the highest mean productivity costs (€ 9000). Bicycle injuries occurred most often in our sample (n = 554, 54.1%) and accounted for the highest total health care and productivity costs. Considering the high proportion of total costs incurred by bicycle injuries, this is an important area for the prevention of traffic injuries.

Aim: The dual aims of this descriptive cross-sectional study were: 1) to assess the prevalence of eye-and visual symptoms among a population of office workers and; 2) to analyse if these symptoms were associated with self-assessed productivity. Method: A questionnaire consisting of the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Scale and the Work Limitations Questionnaire was provided to each employee. Descriptive statistics on the number of individuals classified as eye-and visual symptom cases was computed. Multiple logistic regressions analyses were performed on the individual eye-and visual symptom scores as independent variables with the self-assessed productivity limitation scores as the dependent variable. Main result: Out of 127 office workers, 76 answered the questionnaire (60% response rate). The estimated prevalence’s of eye- and visual symptoms were 73% (95% CI: 61−83%) for Computer Vision Syndrome and 32% (95% CI: 21−43%) for Convergence Insufficiency-related symptoms. The multiple regression analyses revealed strong positive associations between eye/visual symptoms and productivity limitations for both Computer Vision Syndrome scores (p<0.001, r2=0,22) and Convergence Insufficiency-related symptoms scores (p<0.001, r2=0,39). Conclusions: Symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome and Convergence Insufficiency were both prevalent, the former more so than the later. These symptoms were both strongly associated with limitations in self-assessed productivity. More research efforts are warranted to replicate and explore these work and health associations., Syfte: Det första syftet i studien var att uppskatta prevalensen av Computer Vision Syndrome och symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens i en population av kontorsarbetare. Det andra syftet var att analysera om det fanns ett samband mellan dessa symtom och självskattad produktivitetsförlust eller inte. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätstudie med tvärsnittsdesign genomfördes med följande enkätinstrument: Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Scale and Work Limitations Questionnaire. Deskriptiv statistik beräknades för prevalenserna av antalet fall som var drabbade av respektive arbetshälsoproblem. Två separata multipla regressionsanalyser genomfördes dessutom. Huvudresultat: 76 kontorsarbetare svarade på enkäten (60 % svarsfrekvens). Den uppskattade prevalensen av Computer Vision Syndrome var 73% (95% CI: 61−83%) och av symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens var 32% (95% CI: 21−43%). De multipla regressionsanalyserna visade statistiskt signifikanta (p < 0,001) samband mellan både Computer Vision Syndrome och symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens, med självskattad produktivitetsförlust. Ju mer synsymtom en person skattade, desto högre var den självskattade produktivitetsförlusten. Slutsats: Nästan tre fjärdedelar av kontorsarbetarna hade Computer Vision Syndrome och en tredjedel uppgav symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens. Detta är ett arbetshälsoproblem för de drabbade kontorsarbetarna som behöver åtgärdas, både för de möjliga arbetshälsovinsterna för arbetstagarna och för de möjliga produktivitetsvinsterna för företagen. Större studier behövs för att bekräfta och vidare analysera sambanden mellan synhälsa och arbetsproduktivitet.

Aim: The dual aims of this descriptive cross-sectional study were: 1) to assess the prevalence of eye-and visual symptoms among a population of office workers and; 2) to analyse if these symptoms were associated with self-assessed productivity. Method: A questionnaire consisting of the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Scale and the Work Limitations Questionnaire was provided to each employee. Descriptive statistics on the number of individuals classified as eye-and visual symptom cases was computed. Multiple logistic regressions analyses were performed on the individual eye-and visual symptom scores as independent variables with the self-assessed productivity limitation scores as the dependent variable. Main result: Out of 127 office workers, 76 answered the questionnaire (60% response rate). The estimated prevalence’s of eye- and visual symptoms were 73% (95% CI: 61−83%) for Computer Vision Syndrome and 32% (95% CI: 21−43%) for Convergence Insufficiency-related symptoms. The multiple regression analyses revealed strong positive associations between eye/visual symptoms and productivity limitations for both Computer Vision Syndrome scores (p<0.001, r2=0,22) and Convergence Insufficiency-related symptoms scores (p<0.001, r2=0,39). Conclusions: Symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome and Convergence Insufficiency were both prevalent, the former more so than the later. These symptoms were both strongly associated with limitations in self-assessed productivity. More research efforts are warranted to replicate and explore these work and health associations., Syfte: Det första syftet i studien var att uppskatta prevalensen av Computer Vision Syndrome och symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens i en population av kontorsarbetare. Det andra syftet var att analysera om det fanns ett samband mellan dessa symtom och självskattad produktivitetsförlust eller inte. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätstudie med tvärsnittsdesign genomfördes med följande enkätinstrument: Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Scale and Work Limitations Questionnaire. Deskriptiv statistik beräknades för prevalenserna av antalet fall som var drabbade av respektive arbetshälsoproblem. Två separata multipla regressionsanalyser genomfördes dessutom. Huvudresultat: 76 kontorsarbetare svarade på enkäten (60 % svarsfrekvens). Den uppskattade prevalensen av Computer Vision Syndrome var 73% (95% CI: 61−83%) och av symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens var 32% (95% CI: 21−43%). De multipla regressionsanalyserna visade statistiskt signifikanta (p < 0,001) samband mellan både Computer Vision Syndrome och symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens, med självskattad produktivitetsförlust. Ju mer synsymtom en person skattade, desto högre var den självskattade produktivitetsförlusten. Slutsats: Nästan tre fjärdedelar av kontorsarbetarna hade Computer Vision Syndrome och en tredjedel uppgav symtom relaterade till konvergensinsufficiens. Detta är ett arbetshälsoproblem för de drabbade kontorsarbetarna som behöver åtgärdas, både för de möjliga arbetshälsovinsterna för arbetstagarna och för de möjliga produktivitetsvinsterna för företagen. Större studier behövs för att bekräfta och vidare analysera sambanden mellan synhälsa och arbetsproduktivitet.

The WHO declared the novel coronavirus disease a pandemic, with severe consequences for health and global economic activity and Italy is one of the hardest hit countries. This study aims to assess the socio-economic burden of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy through the estimation of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and productivity loss. The observational study was based on data from official governmental sources collected since the inception of epidemic until 28 April 2020. DALYs for a disease combines the years of life lost due to premature mortality in the population and the years lost due to disability of the disease. In addition to DALYs, temporary productivity loss due to absenteeism from work and permanent productivity loss due to premature mortality were estimated using the Human Capital Approach. The total DALYs amount to 2.01 per 1000 persons. The total permanent productivity loss was around EUR 300 million while the temporary productivity loss was around EUR 100 million. This evaluation does not consider other economic aspects related to lockdown, quarantine of contacts, healthcare direct costs etc. The burden of disease methodology is functional metric for steering choices of health policy and allowing the government to be accountable for the utilization of resources.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between presenteeism and absenteeism during the previous year and the current levels of exhaustion and impaired work performance in a Swedish university setting. Methods: In a study of 3525 employees, an ordinal logistic regression and general linear model was used to examine the association between presenteeism and absenteeism during the previous year and the current exhaustion and impaired work performance, respectively. Results: Presenteeism, but not absenteeism, during the previous year independently increased the risk of having moderate or severe exhaustion. Presenteeism, absenteeism, and exhaustion remained positively associated with impaired work performance when health status and other confounders had been adjusted for. Conclusions: Presenteeism, but not absenteeism, was associated with exhaustion. Both presenteeism and absenteeism were the salient correlates of impaired work performance., This study was funded by AFA Insurance.

Physical and mental suffering caused by disease are known to anyone, but disease also has economic consequences to individuals, households and societies that not everybody might be aware of. Depending on the disease and on the context of the affected individuals, these consequences might lead to economic hardship and even to impoverishment. Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of communicable diseases associated with chronic, disabling and disfiguring morbidity, but also death, most of them affecting extremely poor populations. This thesis aimed at providing an improved understanding on the socioeconomic effect of NTDs on individuals and society, on the costs of a new diagnostic strategy to combat one of the NTDs, and on the impact of disease-related direct costs and productivity loss on the likelihood of impoverishment. This evidence can increase health policy dialogue and further encourage NTD prevention and control actions, assuring funders and policymakers that resources committed to these efforts are not only addressing poverty and the fundamental right to health, but are also a good investment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between presenteeism and absenteeism during the previous year and the current levels of exhaustion and impaired work performance in a Swedish university setting. METHODS: In a study of 3525 employees, an ordinal logistic regression and general linear model was used to examine the association between presenteeism and absenteeism during the previous year and the current exhaustion and impaired work performance, respectively. RESULTS: Presenteeism, but not absenteeism, during the previous year independently increased the risk of having moderate or severe exhaustion. Presenteeism, absenteeism, and exhaustion remained positively associated with impaired work performance when health status and other confounders had been adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS: Presenteeism, but not absenteeism, was associated with exhaustion. Both presenteeism and absenteeism were the salient correlates of impaired work performance.

Background: Medication-overuse headache is a costly disease for individuals and society. Objective: To estimate the impact of medication-overuse headache treatment on direct and indirect headache-related health care costs. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was part of the COMOESTAS project (COntinuous MOnitoring of Medication Overuse Headache in Europe and Latin America: development and STAndardization of an Alert and decision support System). Patients with medication-overuse headache were included from four European and two Latin American headache centers. Costs of acute medication, costs of health care services, and measurements of productivity were calculated at baseline and at 6-month follow-up Treatment consisted of overused drug withdrawal with optional preventive medication. Results: A total of 475 patients (71%) completed treatment and were followed up for 6 months. Direct health care costs were on average reduced significantly by 52% (p < 0.001) for the total study population. Significant reductions were seen in both number of consumed tablets (−71%, p < 0.001) and number of visits to physicians (−43%, p < 0.001). Fifty percent of patients reduced their number of consumed tablets ≥ 80%. Headache-related productivity loss, calculated either as absence from work or ≥ 50% reduction of productivity during the workday, were reduced by 21% and 34%, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Standardized treatment of medication-overuse headache in six countries significantly reduced direct health care costs and increased productivity. This emphasizes the importance of increasing awareness of the value of treating medication-overuse headache. Trial registration: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT02435056).

Background: Medication-overuse headache is a costly disease for individuals and society. Objective: To estimate the impact of medication-overuse headache treatment on direct and indirect headache-related health care costs. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was part of the COMOESTAS project (COntinuous MOnitoring of Medication Overuse Headache in Europe and Latin America: development and STAndardization of an Alert and decision support System). Patients with medication-overuse headache were included from four European and two Latin American headache centers. Costs of acute medication, costs of health care services, and measurements of productivity were calculated at baseline and at 6-month follow-up Treatment consisted of overused drug withdrawal with optional preventive medication. Results: A total of 475 patients (71%) completed treatment and were followed up for 6 months. Direct health care costs were on average reduced significantly by 52% (p < 0.001) for the total study population. Significant reductions were seen in both number of consumed tablets (−71%, p < 0.001) and number of visits to physicians (−43%, p < 0.001). Fifty percent of patients reduced their number of consumed tablets ≥ 80%. Headache-related productivity loss, calculated either as absence from work or ≥ 50% reduction of productivity during the workday, were reduced by 21% and 34%, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Standardized treatment of medication-overuse headache in six countries significantly reduced direct health care costs and increased productivity. This emphasizes the importance of increasing awareness of the value of treating medication-overuse headache. Trial registration: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT02435056).

Health problems may cause decreased productivity among working people. It is unclear if this also applies for people living with HIV (PLWH). This cross-sectional study compares data of PLWH of one of the main HIV treatment centres in the Netherlands (n = 298) to data of the general working population from a previously conducted study (n = 986). We investigate whether productivity at work differs between these groups. The questionnaires used in these studies contained a core of identical questions regarding productivity losses, in the form of absenteeism and presenteeism, over a four-week period and a variety of baseline characteristics, including health status measured with EQ-5D. For PLWH additional clinical data were collected from patient records. From the data, descriptive statistics were computed to characterize the samples. Pearson correlations were used to explore significant associations of productivity with baseline characteristics. A two-part model was used to evaluate both the occurrence and of size of productivity losses in working PLWH and an aggregated sample of PLWH and the general population. It was observed that, on average, total productivity losses do not differ significantly between working PWLH and the

Disertacija obuhvata razmatranje uticaja stanja lokalnog toplotnog diskomfora na smanjenje produktivnosti korisnika prostora. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u realnim uslovima, u učionici, u toku zimskog semestra, za umereno-kontinentalne klimatske uslove, uključujući dobrovoljno učešće studenata Mašinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu. Merenja su vršena tokom četiri nedelje, u različitim uslovima toplotnog komfora, koji je variran u četiri različita scenarija, korišćenjem više metoda. Lokalni toplotni diskomfor je ocenjen analizom rezulatata koji su dobijeni korišćenjem tri naučne metode istraživanja: eksperimentalne, statističke i numeričke metode istraživanja. Unapređena je metodologija merenja fizičkih parametara unutrašnje sredine u realnim uslovima. Lokalni toplotni diskomfor je razmatran na osnovu analize više ključnih parametara, kao što su: temperatura poda, radijantna asimetrija, vertikalna temperaturska razlika i intenzitet promaje. Rezultati merenja temperature površine kože studenata i snimci termovizijskom kamerom, koji su korišćeni kao kontrolno merenje, su takođe prezentovani u radu. Različite statističke analize su sprovedene i značajni podaci o utiscima korisnika o uticaju lokalnog toplotnog komfora na smanjenje radne sposobnosti su razmatrani. Statističko istraživanje je izvršeno na pretežno muškoj, zdravoj populaciji, koja obuhvata mlade, odrasle ljude, starosti između 20 i 25 godina. Novi upitnici su razvijeni, sa posebnom pažnjom usmerenom na pitanja o lokalnom toplotnom komforu i uticaju na radnu sposobnost korisnika. Produktivnost korisnika je ocenjena pomoću novih upitnika i testova koncentracije koji su razvijeni u okviru istraživanja. Rezultati produktivnosti korisnika su obrađeni na osnovu 240 testova koji su sprovedeni..., The dissertation is dedicated to the local thermal discomfort impact on occupants’ productivity loss. The research was performed in real classroom, during the winter semester, for moderate climate conditions, involving voluntaries, students of the Mechanical engineering Faculty of Belgrade. The measurement had been performed for four weeks, on the different circumstances of thermal comfort conditions which had been provoked using four different scenarios and various methods. The local thermal discomfort is valuated using three scientific methods: experimental, statistical and numerical research. The improved methodology for measuring the physical parameters of the environment in real conditions was introduced. The local thermal discomfort is investigated using the key parameters: floor temperature, radiant asymmetry, vertical air difference and draught intensity. The student' skin temperature measurements are also presented, together with the results of thermal imaging camera recording used as a control method. The various statistical surveys were performed and valuable data regarding occupants’ thermal sensations and impact of local thermal comfort on working performances have been discussed. The statistical survey was conducted on young adult population, age between 20 and 25, predominantly male and healthy. The novel questionnaires had been developed, with special reference to the questions regarding local thermal comfort and occupants’ productivity loss. The productivity of the students was evaluated using the novel questionnaires and concentration test developed especially for this purpose. The productivity results were gathered based on 240 tests that had been performed. In numerical part of the survey, the novel models were developed and physical parameters were simulated using the commercial software for Computational Fluid Dynamics. The results were gathered for every point within the classroom model. These simulations can be used in a lack of measuring pos

The dissertation is dedicated to the local thermal discomfort impact on occupants’ productivity loss. The research was performed in real classroom, during the winter semester, for moderate climate conditions, involving voluntaries, students of the Mechanical engineering Faculty of Belgrade. The measurement had been performed for four weeks, on the different circumstances of thermal comfort conditions which had been provoked using four different scenarios and various methods. The local thermal discomfort is valuated using three scientific methods: experimental, statistical and numerical research. The improved methodology for measuring the physical parameters of the environment in real conditions was introduced. The local thermal discomfort is investigated using the key parameters: floor temperature, radiant asymmetry, vertical air difference and draught intensity. The student' skin temperature measurements are also presented, together with the results of thermal imaging camera recording used as a control method. The various statistical surveys were performed and valuable data regarding occupants’ thermal sensations and impact of local thermal comfort on working performances have been discussed. The statistical survey was conducted on young adult population, age between 20 and 25, predominantly male and healthy. The novel questionnaires had been developed, with special reference to the questions regarding local thermal comfort and occupants’ productivity loss. The productivity of the students was evaluated using the novel questionnaires and concentration test developed especially for this purpose. The productivity results were gathered based on 240 tests that had been performed. In numerical part of the survey, the novel models were developed and physical parameters were simulated using the commercial software for Computational Fluid Dynamics. The results were gathered for every point within the classroom model. These simulations can be used in a lack of measuring pos

The dissertation is dedicated to the local thermal discomfort impact on occupants’ productivity loss. The research was performed in real classroom, during the winter semester, for moderate climate conditions, involving voluntaries, students of the Mechanical engineering Faculty of Belgrade. The measurement had been performed for four weeks, on the different circumstances of thermal comfort conditions which had been provoked using four different scenarios and various methods. The local thermal discomfort is valuated using three scientific methods: experimental, statistical and numerical research. The improved methodology for measuring the physical parameters of the environment in real conditions was introduced. The local thermal discomfort is investigated using the key parameters: floor temperature, radiant asymmetry, vertical air difference and draught intensity. The student' skin temperature measurements are also presented, together with the results of thermal imaging camera recording used as a control method. The various statistical surveys were performed and valuable data regarding occupants’ thermal sensations and impact of local thermal comfort on working performances have been discussed. The statistical survey was conducted on young adult population, age between 20 and 25, predominantly male and healthy. The novel questionnaires had been developed, with special reference to the questions regarding local thermal comfort and occupants’ productivity loss. The productivity of the students was evaluated using the novel questionnaires and concentration test developed especially for this purpose. The productivity results were gathered based on 240 tests that had been performed. In numerical part of the survey, the novel models were developed and physical parameters were simulated using the commercial software for Computational Fluid Dynamics. The results were gathered for every point within the classroom model. These simulations can be used in a lack of measuring pos, Дисертација обухвата разматрање утицаја стања локалног топлотног дискомфора на смањење продуктивности корисника простора. Истраживање је спроведено у реалним условима, у учионици, у току зимског семестра, за умерено-континенталне климатске услове, укључујући добровољно учешће студената Машинског факултета Универзитета у Београду. Мерења су вршена током четири недеље, у различитим условима топлотног комфора, који је вариран у четири различитa сценаријa, коришћењем више метода. Локални топлотни дискомфор је оцењен анализом резулатата који су добијени коришћењем три научне методе истраживања: експерименталне, статистичке и нумеричке методе истраживања. Унапређена је методологија мерења физичких параметара унутрашње средине у реалним условима. Локални топлотни дискомфор је разматран на основу анализе више кључних параметара, као што су: температура пода, радијантна асиметрија, вертикална температурска разлика и интензитет промаје. Резултати мерења температуре површине коже студената и снимци термовизијском камером, који су коришћени као контролно мерење, су такође презентовани у раду. Различите статистичке анализе су спроведене и значајни подаци о утисцима корисника о утицају локалног топлотног комфора на смањење радне способности су разматрани. Статистичко истраживање је извршено на претежно мушкој, здравој популацији, која обухвата младе, одрасле људе, старости између 20 и 25 година. Нови упитници су развијени, са посебном пажњом усмереном на питања о локалном топлотном комфору и утицају на радну способност корисника. Продуктивност корисника је оцењена помоћу нових упитника и тестова концентрације који су развијени у оквиру истраживања. Резултати продуктивности корисника су обрађени на основу 240 тестова који су спроведени...

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess whether organizational justice lowers productivity loss and sickness absence, and whether there are reverse effects of productivity loss and sickness absence on organizational justice.METHOD: A longitudinal study with 2 years of follow-up was conducted among employed persons aged 45-64 years from the Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (STREAM). Participants (N = 7011) yearly filled out an online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling in LISREL was conducted to assess the longitudinal relationships between distributive justice of salary, distributive justice of appreciation, procedural justice, productivity loss, and sickness absence.RESULTS: Both distributive justice of appreciation and procedural justice contributed to lower productivity loss and lower sickness absence at 1-year follow-up. Productivity loss increased perceptions of distributive justice of appreciation at 1-year follow-up, whereas sickness absence lowered both perceptions of distributive justice of appreciation and procedural justice at follow-up.CONCLUSION: Improving organizational justice lowers the risk of productivity loss and sickness absence and may be a useful tool to improve the productivity of organizations.