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El presente trabajo analiza, históricamente, cómo surgió y se desarrolló el Mercado Central de Montes Claros/MG. Para ello, el artículo buscó comprender el origen y la trayectoria de su construcción, que va desde el primer Mercado Central, construido en 1899, hasta el último Mercado Central Christo Raeff Nedelkoff, construido en 1988 y objeto principal de este estudio. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, la metodología utilizada partió de la integración de dos métodos: cuantitativo y cualitativo, con el fin de adquirir mayor confianza en los datos, a través del cruce de las conclusiones. Se realizó un levantamiento bibliográfico y una investigación documental con periódicos, revistas, proyectos, mapas y fotografías referentes al Mercado Central de Montes Claros. Además, se aplicaron cuestionarios semiestructurados a los diversos agentes históricos, lo que contribuyó a la comprensión de las transformaciones en estos espacios. La principal consideración encontrada fue que el primer Mercado Central aún vive en el imaginario de la población de Montes Claros y está presente en diversas manifestaciones artísticas de la ciudad. Además, su derribo no fue ni es bien aceptado por la mayoría de la gente. En cuanto al Mercado Central Christo Raeff Nedelkoff, se percibió que es un espacio que alberga los más diversos conflictos, que van desde la conservación de su espacio físico hasta el derecho de sucesión de los puntos de venta, y se plantea como un problema para la administración municipal, porque, por más que aparece como una reserva de las tradiciones de la sociedad, aún necesita reajustes estructurales., O presente trabalho analisa, historicamente, como surgiu e se desenvolveu o Mercado Central de Montes Claros/MG. Para isso, o artigo buscou compreender a origem e a trajetória da sua construção, que vai desde o primeiro Mercado Central, construído em 1899, até o último Mercado Central Christo Raeff Nedelkoff, edificado em 1988 e objeto principal deste estudo. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, a metodologia utilizada partiu da integração de dois métodos: quantitativo e qualitativo, com vistas a adquirir maior confiança nos dados, por meio do cruzamento das conclusões. Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico e pesquisa documental junto a jornais, revistas, projetos, mapas e fotografias a respeito do Mercado Central de Montes Claros. Além disso, foram aplicados questionários semiestruturados para os diversos agentes históricos, que contribuíram para o entendimento das transformações nesses espaços. A principal consideração constatada foi que o primeiro Mercado Central ainda vive no imaginário da população montesclarense e está presente em diversas manifestações artísticas da cidade. Ademais, a sua demolição não foi e ainda não é bem aceita pela maioria das pessoas. Quanto ao Mercado Central Christo Raeff Nedelkoff, foi percebido que se trata de um espaço que abriga conflitos dos mais diversos, que vão desde a conservação do seu espaço físico até o direito de sucessão dos pontos de venda, e se coloca como um problema para a administração municipal, pois, por mais que figure como reserva das tradições da sociedade, ainda necessita de readequações estruturais., This paper analyzes, historically, the Central Market of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, MG creation and development. For that, we sought to understand its origin and building trajectory, from the first Central Market, built in 1899 until the last one, Christo Raeff Nedelkoff Central Market, constructed in 1988, main object of this study. The research methodology was based on the integration of two methods, quantitative and qualitative, in order to gain greater confidence in the data by crossing the conclusions. We carried out a bibliographical survey and documentary research in newspapers, magazines, projects, maps and photographs about the Montes Claros Central Market. We also applied semi structures questionnaires to the various historical agents, that contributed to the understanding the transformations in these spaces. The main consideration was that the first Central Market still lives in the imagination of the population in Montes Claros and it is present in several artistic manifestations of the city. Moreover, its demolition has not been and is not yet well accepted by most people. Concerning to Christo Raeff Nedelkoff Central Market, we perceived that it is a space that houses conflicts of the most diverse, ranging from the conservation of its physical space to the right of succession of the points of sale and it poses a problem for the municipal administration, as much as it is a reserve of the traditions of society, it still needs structural readjustments &nbsp

The purpose of this paper is to reflect and analyze the symbology of the practice of eating in public markets and to introduce the methodological strategy of a case study carried out in the Municipal Market of Diamantina (a historic site in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil). Following a theoretical framework based on the concepts of “food-language” and “kitchen-market,” present in the explanations of Lévi-Strauss (1991, 2006) and “habitus,” as proposed by Bourdieu (1987;1998), the approach of the classic geographic category of Place was added, whose development proposes that, historically, the Market is a space subject to social interventions and public policies, not only related to economic factors – it is worth mentioning – and which visualizes such public establishment as a place that allows the reproduction and construction of a local popular culture and in which the “habitus” of eating relates to diversified identities that are intrinsic to the regulars, such as regional, familial, communitarian, and rural/urban., O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma reflexão e análise sobre a simbologia do alimentar-se em mercados públicos e problematizar sobre a estratégia metodológica de um estudo de caso realizado no Mercado Municipal de Diamantina (MG). Baseando-se em um marco teórico pautado nos conceitos de “comida-linguagem” e “cozinha-mercado” presentes na obra de Lévi-Strauss (1991; 2006) e “habitus” de Bourdieu (1987; 1998) aos quais se agrega a clássica categoria geográfica Lugar, a partir de cuja reelaboração compreendeu-se que historicamente o Mercado revela-se como um espaço passível de intervenções sociais e políticas públicas, não relacionados apenas a fatores econômicos- vale ressaltar-, e visualizando tal estabelecimento público como um Lugar que simboliza a reprodução e construção de uma cultura popular local e no qual o “habitus” de alimentar-se vincular-se-ia a diversificadas identidades intrínsecas aos frequentadores, como a regional, familiar, comunitária e rural/ urbana., El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar y analizar la simbología del comer en los mercados públicos y discutir la estrategia metodológica de un estudio de caso realizado en el Mercado Municipal de Diamantina (ciudad histórica ubicada en el estado de Minas Gerais, sureste de Brasil). A partir de un marco teórico basado en los conceptos de “lenguaje-comida” y “mercado-cocina” presentes en la obra de Lévi-Strauss (1991; 2006) y habitus de Bourdieu (1987; 1998) a los que se refiere la clásica categoría de la Geografía: Lugar, de cuya reelaboración se entendió que históricamente el Mercado es un espacio sujeto a intervenciones sociales y políticas públicas, no sólo relacionadas con factores económicos - cabe mencionar -, y visualizando dicho establecimiento público como un Lugar que simboliza la reproducción y construcción de una cultura popular local y en la que el “habitus” de comer estaría ligado a diversas identidades intrínsecas a los habituales, como: regional, familiar, comunitaria y rural/ urbana.

The increasing population demands a more effective distribution of potable drinking water to reach the people that results in creating various water supply systems. These water supply system supports the provision of potable water, however, about 844 million people on Earth do still not have access to basic water supplies and 79% of them are rural residents, suffering from water shortages. Water supply systems share the same objective of achieving the highest level of user satisfaction and service quality and provide an effective and efficient service. Good service quality is expected to result in customer satisfaction, therefore will increase customer retention and loyalty.  Mantalongon Water Service Cooperative is giving an exemplary service since 1997. The Service Quality is outstanding at a level of 4.05 and the Users are very satisfied with its services at a level of 3.87 however, applying the inferred approach between User's Satisfaction and Service Quality Level to different local areas based on its geographical location with 30 sample size of each area, results show that Uphill Area is deprived of the service with a negative disconfirmation difference of -69. 75 compared to Public Market and Plain Area with a difference of 17.5 and -0.75 respectively. Uphill Area is also unsure of the service with a 3.35 satisfaction level. Therefore, it is essential to propose an Improvement Plan for Mantalongon Water Service Cooperative to ensure equal services to all of its consumers regardless of their geographical location especially for residents living in the Uphill.

The increasing population demands a more effective distribution of potable drinking water to reach the people that results in creating various water supply systems. These water supply system supports the provision of potable water, however, about 844 million people on Earth do still not have access to basic water supplies and 79% of them are rural residents, suffering from water shortages. Water supply systems share the same objective of achieving the highest level of user satisfaction and service quality and provide an effective and efficient service. Good service quality is expected to result in customer satisfaction, therefore will increase customer retention and loyalty.  Mantalongon Water Service Cooperative is giving an exemplary service since 1997. The Service Quality is outstanding at a level of 4.05 and the Users are very satisfied with its services at a level of 3.87 however, applying the inferred approach between User's Satisfaction and Service Quality Level to different local areas based on its geographical location with 30 sample size of each area, results show that Uphill Area is deprived of the service with a negative disconfirmation difference of -69. 75 compared to Public Market and Plain Area with a difference of 17.5 and -0.75 respectively. Uphill Area is also unsure of the service with a 3.35 satisfaction level. Therefore, it is essential to propose an Improvement Plan for Mantalongon Water Service Cooperative to ensure equal services to all of its consumers regardless of their geographical location especially for residents living in the Uphill.

The following work stems from the observation that local public markets, with their potential to generate communities and spread good practices, can become “sustainable food places”, a spillover of virtuous behaviours. Public markets that are developing positive behaviours in terms of food waste, may prove to be the driving force behind bottom-up best practices, becoming active actors of Urban Food Policies (UFPs). By observing 70 markets in the city of Milan, it is shown that participants to public markets differ in their practices of food waste management. The authors suggest the urgency for the public actor to modulate its actions in order to exploit the potential of the public markets as drivers for effective UFPs. The first paragraph illustrates the birth of UFPs through a theoretical framework that defines their main characteristics. The second paragraph describes food waste and circular practices, identifying public markets as places favourable to their development, due to their characteristics of trust, mutuality and connection. The third focuses the attention on the case study of public markets in Milan, describing the survey carried out and the data analysis. Then, in the fourth part, the study identifies some peculiarities in Milan’s markets and structure an index assessing the propensity to virtuously manage waste and surpluses (Food Waste Avoidance Index). The final paragraph discusses the research hypothesis, and the results of the case study. The features and the drivers identified lead the authors to suggest a variety of actions that the public actor could implement, in order to support effective UFPs.

Interest in impact investing is on the rise. And yet, there is a relative scarcity of academic literature on the financial performance and diversification potential of impact investments. In this paper, we apply a risk factors and dynamic correlation analysis to an original dataset essentially made of European publicly-listed impact firms. Our findings point to a risk-adjusted underperformance of impact investments compared to mainstream markets, and reveal impact firms’ failure to deliver non-negative returns to investors. This contradicts the practitioner literature, and suggests that investors must sacrifice financial returns for investing in line with their values. The results also indicate that the diversification potential of listed impact investments with regard to mainstream markets slowly decreases over time, suggesting that impact investors attach only limited weight to this aspect., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The increasing population demands a more effective distribution of potable drinking water to reach the people that results in creating various water supply systems. These water supply system supports the provision of potable water, however, about 844 million people on Earth do still not have access to basic water supplies and 79% of them are rural residents, suffering from water shortages. Water supply systems share the same objective of achieving the highest level of user satisfaction and service quality and provide an effective and efficient service. Good service quality is expected to result in customer satisfaction, therefore will increase customer retention and loyalty.  Mantalongon Water Service Cooperative is giving an exemplary service since 1997. The Service Quality is outstanding at a level of 4.05 and the Users are very satisfied with its services at a level of 3.87 however, applying the inferred approach between User's Satisfaction and Service Quality Level to different local areas based on its geographical location with 30 sample size of each area, results show that Uphill Area is deprived of the service with a negative disconfirmation difference of -69. 75 compared to Public Market and Plain Area with a difference of 17.5 and -0.75 respectively. Uphill Area is also unsure of the service with a 3.35 satisfaction level. Therefore, it is essential to propose an Improvement Plan for Mantalongon Water Service Cooperative to ensure equal services to all of its consumers regardless of their geographical location especially for residents living in the Uphill.

[ES] En las ciudades los mercados municipales han ocupado, hasta ahora, un lugar destacado en el tejido residencial, tanto por su estructura física como por ser focos de actividad y articuladores de la cohesión social. Este modelo tradicional está en crisis con la consolidación de nuevas pautas de consumo. La aparición de los centros comerciales periurbanos o la deriva elitista que están llevando los mercados tradicionales, pone en riesgo el derecho a la ciudad de muchos habitantes. Las nuevas estrategias comerciales han impuesto un modo de consumo, en el cual los vecinos con menos recursos se ven excluidos. Esta tendencia se traduce en la pérdida de unas actividades, un espacio público y unas relaciones esenciales para la vida sana de barrios consolidados., [EN] Up until now, the marketplace has been a central location in the city, not only because of it's physical structure, but as an activity concentrator which encourages social cohesion. This traditional model is now in crisis due to the consolidation of new consumption patterns. The emergence of peri-urban shopping centers and elitists changes in traditional markets are dangerously affecting many citizens' right to the city. New commercial strategies have imposed a new type of consumerism, in which those citizens with fewer resources are excluded. These tendencies favor the disappearance of certain activities, as well as public space and essential relations necessary for the well-being of consolidated neighborhoods.

[ES] En las ciudades los mercados municipales han ocupado, hasta ahora, un lugar destacado en el tejido residencial, tanto por su estructura física como por ser focos de actividad y articuladores de la cohesión social. Este modelo tradicional está en crisis con la consolidación de nuevas pautas de consumo. La aparición de los centros comerciales periurbanos o la deriva elitista que están llevando los mercados tradicionales, pone en riesgo el derecho a la ciudad de muchos habitantes. Las nuevas estrategias comerciales han impuesto un modo de consumo, en el cual los vecinos con menos recursos se ven excluidos. Esta tendencia se traduce en la pérdida de unas actividades, un espacio público y unas relaciones esenciales para la vida sana de barrios consolidados., [EN] Up until now, the marketplace has been a central location in the city, not only because of it's physical structure, but as an activity concentrator which encourages social cohesion. This traditional model is now in crisis due to the consolidation of new consumption patterns. The emergence of peri-urban shopping centers and elitists changes in traditional markets are dangerously affecting many citizens' right to the city. New commercial strategies have imposed a new type of consumerism, in which those citizens with fewer resources are excluded. These tendencies favor the disappearance of certain activities, as well as public space and essential relations necessary for the well-being of consolidated neighborhoods.

[ES] En las ciudades los mercados municipales han ocupado, hasta ahora, un lugar destacado en el tejido residencial, tanto por su estructura física como por ser focos de actividad y articuladores de la cohesión social. Este modelo tradicional está en crisis con la consolidación de nuevas pautas de consumo. La aparición de los centros comerciales periurbanos o la deriva elitista que están llevando los mercados tradicionales, pone en riesgo el derecho a la ciudad de muchos habitantes. Las nuevas estrategias comerciales han impuesto un modo de consumo, en el cual los vecinos con menos recursos se ven excluidos. Esta tendencia se traduce en la pérdida de unas actividades, un espacio público y unas relaciones esenciales para la vida sana de barrios consolidados., [EN] Up until now, the marketplace has been a central location in the city, not only because of it's physical structure, but as an activity concentrator which encourages social cohesion. This traditional model is now in crisis due to the consolidation of new consumption patterns. The emergence of peri-urban shopping centers and elitists changes in traditional markets are dangerously affecting many citizens' right to the city. New commercial strategies have imposed a new type of consumerism, in which those citizens with fewer resources are excluded. These tendencies favor the disappearance of certain activities, as well as public space and essential relations necessary for the well-being of consolidated neighborhoods.

[ES] En las ciudades los mercados municipales han ocupado, hasta ahora, un lugar destacado en el tejido residencial, tanto por su estructura física como por ser focos de actividad y articuladores de la cohesión social. Este modelo tradicional está en crisis con la consolidación de nuevas pautas de consumo. La aparición de los centros comerciales periurbanos o la deriva elitista que están llevando los mercados tradicionales, pone en riesgo el derecho a la ciudad de muchos habitantes. Las nuevas estrategias comerciales han impuesto un modo de consumo, en el cual los vecinos con menos recursos se ven excluidos. Esta tendencia se traduce en la pérdida de unas actividades, un espacio público y unas relaciones esenciales para la vida sana de barrios consolidados., [EN] Up until now, the marketplace has been a central location in the city, not only because of it's physical structure, but as an activity concentrator which encourages social cohesion. This traditional model is now in crisis due to the consolidation of new consumption patterns. The emergence of peri-urban shopping centers and elitists changes in traditional markets are dangerously affecting many citizens' right to the city. New commercial strategies have imposed a new type of consumerism, in which those citizens with fewer resources are excluded. These tendencies favor the disappearance of certain activities, as well as public space and essential relations necessary for the well-being of consolidated neighborhoods.

At the end of the 19th century, Barranquilla experienced a rapid economic growth and social expansion that defined its commercial orientation. So far, this process has been explained in terms of its location, national and international market networks, migratory flow, and its connection with productive centers. However, the fact that this growth led to a significant urban demand for sustainable regulated food markets that were profitable has been paid little attention. This article exposes the main motivations that gave rise to Barranquilla’s Public Market project, a milestone in the formalization of wholesale market. In order to do so, the conditions surrounding its creation were analyzed along with the impact that subsequent government management cycles had on its consolidation. In fact, these cycles were differentiated by two types of administration: private and public. In this way, it could be concluded that the public-private administration had a crucial role in establishing the public market as one of the most valuable assets of the city due to its structural characteristics, service, organization and profitability., Barranquilla experimentó a fines del siglo XIX una expansión económica y social que definió su vocación comercial. Este proceso se ha explicado a través de su localización, de las redes mercantiles nacionales y extranjeras, del flujo migratorio, y por su conexión con centros productivos, sin notar que al margen de todo lo mencionado, este desarrollo supuso una demanda urbana de lugares de comercio de víveres y alimentos continuos, regulados y productivos. El artículo expone las principales motivaciones que materializaron el proyecto del Mercado Público de Barranquilla, hito para la formalización del abasto público. Para esto, se analizaron las condiciones en las que surge la obra y además se valora el impacto de los ciclos administrativos que permitieron su consolidación. En efecto, dichos ciclos se diferenciaron por dos tipos de administración, la privada y la pública. De esta forma, se pudo concluir que la administración público-privada fue la que terminó constituyendo al Mercado Público como uno de los bienes municipales más valiosos de la ciudad bajo las características de su edificación, servicio, organización y rentabilidad., Barranquilla experimentou a finais do século XX uma expansão econômica e social que definiu sua vocação comercial. Este processo é explicado através de sua localização, das redes mercantis nacionais e estrangeiras, do fluxo migratório, e por sua conexão com centros produtivos, sem notar que à margem de tudo o mencionado, este desenvolvimento supôs uma demanda urbana de lugares de comércio de víveres e alimentos contínuos, regulados e produtivos. Este artigo expõe as principais motivações que materializaram o projeto do Mercado Público de Barranquilla, marco para a formalização do abastecimento púbico. Para isto, foram analisadas as condições nas quais surge a obra e adicionalmente é valorado o impacto dos ciclos administrativos que permitiram sua consolidação. De fato, estes ciclos se diferenciaram por dois tipos de administração, a particular e a pública. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que a administração pública-particular foi a que acabou constituindo ao Mercado Público como um dos bens municipais mais valiosos da cidade sob as caraterísticas de sua edificação, serviço, organização e rentabilidade.

At the end of the 19th century, Barranquilla experienced a rapid economic growth and social expansion that defined its commercial orientation. So far, this process has been explained in terms of its location, national and international market networks, migratory flow, and its connection with productive centers. However, the fact that this growth led to a significant urban demand for sustainable regulated food markets that were profitable has been paid little attention. This article exposes the main motivations that gave rise to Barranquilla’s Public Market project, a milestone in the formalization of wholesale market. In order to do so, the conditions surrounding its creation were analyzed along with the impact that subsequent government management cycles had on its consolidation. In fact, these cycles were differentiated by two types of administration: private and public. In this way, it could be concluded that the public-private administration had a crucial role in establishing the public market as one of the most valuable assets of the city due to its structural characteristics, service, organization and profitability., Barranquilla experimentou a finais do século XX uma expansão econômica e social que definiu sua vocação comercial. Este processo é explicado através de sua localização, das redes mercantis nacionais e estrangeiras, do fluxo migratório, e por sua conexão com centros produtivos, sem notar que à margem de tudo o mencionado, este desenvolvimento supôs uma demanda urbana de lugares de comércio de víveres e alimentos contínuos, regulados e produtivos. Este artigo expõe as principais motivações que materializaram o projeto do Mercado Público de Barranquilla, marco para a formalização do abastecimento púbico. Para isto, foram analisadas as condições nas quais surge a obra e adicionalmente é valorado o impacto dos ciclos administrativos que permitiram sua consolidação. De fato, estes ciclos se diferenciaram por dois tipos de administração, a particular e a pública. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que a administração pública-particular foi a que acabou constituindo ao Mercado Público como um dos bens municipais mais valiosos da cidade sob as caraterísticas de sua edificação, serviço, organização e rentabilidade., Barranquilla experimentó a fines del siglo XIX una expansión económica y social que definió su vocación comercial. Este proceso se ha explicado a través de su localización, de las redes mercantiles nacionales y extranjeras, del flujo migratorio, y por su conexión con centros productivos, sin notar que al margen de todo lo mencionado, este desarrollo supuso una demanda urbana de lugares de comercio de víveres y alimentos continuos, regulados y productivos. El artículo expone las principales motivaciones que materializaron el proyecto del Mercado Público de Barranquilla, hito para la formalización del abasto público. Para esto, se analizaron las condiciones en las que surge la obra y además se valora el impacto de los ciclos administrativos que permitieron su consolidación. En efecto, dichos ciclos se diferenciaron por dos tipos de administración, la privada y la pública. De esta forma, se pudo concluir que la administración público-privada fue la que terminó constituyendo al Mercado Público como uno de los bienes municipales más valiosos de la ciudad bajo las características de su edificación, servicio, organización y rentabilidad.

At the end of the 19th century, Barranquilla experienced a rapid economic growth and social expansion that defined its commercial orientation. So far, this process has been explained in terms of its location, national and international market networks, migratory flow, and its connection with productive centers. However, the fact that this growth led to a significant urban demand for sustainable regulated food markets that were profitable has been paid little attention. This article exposes the main motivations that gave rise to Barranquilla’s Public Market project, a milestone in the formalization of wholesale market. In order to do so, the conditions surrounding its creation were analyzed along with the impact that subsequent government management cycles had on its consolidation. In fact, these cycles were differentiated by two types of administration: private and public. In this way, it could be concluded that the public-private administration had a crucial role in establishing the public market as one of the most valuable assets of the city due to its structural characteristics, service, organization and profitability., Barranquilla experimentou a finais do século XX uma expansão econômica e social que definiu sua vocação comercial. Este processo é explicado através de sua localização, das redes mercantis nacionais e estrangeiras, do fluxo migratório, e por sua conexão com centros produtivos, sem notar que à margem de tudo o mencionado, este desenvolvimento supôs uma demanda urbana de lugares de comércio de víveres e alimentos contínuos, regulados e produtivos. Este artigo expõe as principais motivações que materializaram o projeto do Mercado Público de Barranquilla, marco para a formalização do abastecimento púbico. Para isto, foram analisadas as condições nas quais surge a obra e adicionalmente é valorado o impacto dos ciclos administrativos que permitiram sua consolidação. De fato, estes ciclos se diferenciaram por dois tipos de administração, a particular e a pública. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que a administração pública-particular foi a que acabou constituindo ao Mercado Público como um dos bens municipais mais valiosos da cidade sob as caraterísticas de sua edificação, serviço, organização e rentabilidade., Barranquilla experimentó a fines del siglo XIX una expansión económica y social que definió su vocación comercial. Este proceso se ha explicado a través de su localización, de las redes mercantiles nacionales y extranjeras, del flujo migratorio, y por su conexión con centros productivos, sin notar que al margen de todo lo mencionado, este desarrollo supuso una demanda urbana de lugares de comercio de víveres y alimentos continuos, regulados y productivos. El artículo expone las principales motivaciones que materializaron el proyecto del Mercado Público de Barranquilla, hito para la formalización del abasto público. Para esto, se analizaron las condiciones en las que surge la obra y además se valora el impacto de los ciclos administrativos que permitieron su consolidación. En efecto, dichos ciclos se diferenciaron por dos tipos de administración, la privada y la pública. De esta forma, se pudo concluir que la administración público-privada fue la que terminó constituyendo al Mercado Público como uno de los bienes municipales más valiosos de la ciudad bajo las características de su edificación, servicio, organización y rentabilidad.

During the 1990s New Public Management ideas were implemented in the Public Sectors in the Western world. In Sweden one of the stipulated goals was to stimulate SME development. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse how Public markets in different industries have enabled small-business ownership over time. This longitudinal, quantitative study confirms previous studies that claim that structural prerequisites create barriers for small-business owners in terms of economic and relational dimensions. The findings would not have been revealed without an analysis of the data at the most detailed industry level. Data was available from Statistics Sweden. The main conclusion is that the relative position of small-business owners is produced and reproduced by the structural prerequisites that prevail in industries. The relative position of small-business owners has increased the most in industries where there was already a private market and a significant proportion of small-business owners. In the other industries which lacked these structural conditions in 1993, there was little or no change of the relative position over time, despite the fact that the private share of the market expanded., At the time for thesis presentation publication was in status: Manuscript

Postprint (author's final draft)

Free choice and competitive neutrality are often assigned particular importance for successful market reform of public service. The aim of this article is to illuminate the practical work that goes into regulating free choice and competitive neutrality in a primary care market in a Swedish county council. The article asks: How is regulation of free choice and competitive neutrality in the primary care market carried out? Are there any particular challenges in working with this? If so, why? The article presents a qualitative case study and approaches the research questions with a market practice perspective. By studying how the work with a rulebook for authorization of care centers is carried out, detailed knowledge of the market regulatory process is gained. The result illustrates how purchaser officials frame the market with the rulebook. However, the ways free choice and competitive neutrality plays out it practice overflows the market frame. Overflows are caused by multiple, and conflicting, modes of calculations enacted by the rulebook. Therefore, free choice and competitive neutrality does not create the effects that policy-makers have expected in the primary care market., Fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet anses ofta vara av särskild betydelse för lyckade marknadsreformer av offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna artikel är att belysa det praktiska arbetet med att reglera fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för en primärvårdsmarknad i ett svenskt landsting. Artikeln frågar: Hur går reglering av fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för primärvårdsmarknaden till? Finns det några särskilda utmaningar i detta arbete? Om så är fallet, varför? Artikeln presenterar en kvalitativ fallstudie och närmar sig frågeställningarna med ett praktikorienterat marknadsperspektiv. Genom att studera hur arbetet med en regelbok för godkännande av vårdcentraler bedrivs, har ingående kunskap om marknadens regleringsprocess skapats. Resultatet visar hur beställartjänstemän på landstinget ramar in marknaden med regelboken. Men sättet på vilket fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet fungerar i praktiken ifrågasätter marknadens ram. Ifrågasättanden orsakas av multipla, och motstridiga, sätt att beräkna som stipuleras av regelboken. Därför skapar fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet inte de effekter på primärvårdsmarknaden som politiska beslutsfattare förväntar sig.

Free choice and competitive neutrality are often assigned particular importance for successful market reform of public service. The aim of this article is to illuminate the practical work that goes into regulating free choice and competitive neutrality in a primary care market in a Swedish county council. The article asks: How is regulation of free choice and competitive neutrality in the primary care market carried out? Are there any particular challenges in working with this? If so, why? The article presents a qualitative case study and approaches the research questions with a market practice perspective. By studying how the work with a rulebook for authorization of care centers is carried out, detailed knowledge of the market regulatory process is gained. The result illustrates how purchaser officials frame the market with the rulebook. However, the ways free choice and competitive neutrality plays out it practice overflows the market frame. Overflows are caused by multiple, and conflicting, modes of calculations enacted by the rulebook. Therefore, free choice and competitive neutrality does not create the effects that policy-makers have expected in the primary care market., Fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet anses ofta vara av särskild betydelse för lyckade marknadsreformer av offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna artikel är att belysa det praktiska arbetet med att reglera fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för en primärvårdsmarknad i ett svenskt landsting. Artikeln frågar: Hur går reglering av fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för primärvårdsmarknaden till? Finns det några särskilda utmaningar i detta arbete? Om så är fallet, varför? Artikeln presenterar en kvalitativ fallstudie och närmar sig frågeställningarna med ett praktikorienterat marknadsperspektiv. Genom att studera hur arbetet med en regelbok för godkännande av vårdcentraler bedrivs, har ingående kunskap om marknadens regleringsprocess skapats. Resultatet visar hur beställartjänstemän på landstinget ramar in marknaden med regelboken. Men sättet på vilket fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet fungerar i praktiken ifrågasätter marknadens ram. Ifrågasättanden orsakas av multipla, och motstridiga, sätt att beräkna som stipuleras av regelboken. Därför skapar fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet inte de effekter på primärvårdsmarknaden som politiska beslutsfattare förväntar sig.

Free choice and competitive neutrality are often assigned particular importance for successful market reform of public service. The aim of this article is to illuminate the practical work that goes into regulating free choice and competitive neutrality in a primary care market in a Swedish county council. The article asks: How is regulation of free choice and competitive neutrality in the primary care market carried out? Are there any particular challenges in working with this? If so, why? The article presents a qualitative case study and approaches the research questions with a market practice perspective. By studying how the work with a rulebook for authorization of care centers is carried out, detailed knowledge of the market regulatory process is gained. The result illustrates how purchaser officials frame the market with the rulebook. However, the ways free choice and competitive neutrality plays out it practice overflows the market frame. Overflows are caused by multiple, and conflicting, modes of calculations enacted by the rulebook. Therefore, free choice and competitive neutrality does not create the effects that policy-makers have expected in the primary care market., Fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet anses ofta vara av särskild betydelse för lyckade marknadsreformer av offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna artikel är att belysa det praktiska arbetet med att reglera fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för en primärvårdsmarknad i ett svenskt landsting. Artikeln frågar: Hur går reglering av fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för primärvårdsmarknaden till? Finns det några särskilda utmaningar i detta arbete? Om så är fallet, varför? Artikeln presenterar en kvalitativ fallstudie och närmar sig frågeställningarna med ett praktikorienterat marknadsperspektiv. Genom att studera hur arbetet med en regelbok för godkännande av vårdcentraler bedrivs, har ingående kunskap om marknadens regleringsprocess skapats. Resultatet visar hur beställartjänstemän på landstinget ramar in marknaden med regelboken. Men sättet på vilket fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet fungerar i praktiken ifrågasätter marknadens ram. Ifrågasättanden orsakas av multipla, och motstridiga, sätt att beräkna som stipuleras av regelboken. Därför skapar fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet inte de effekter på primärvårdsmarknaden som politiska beslutsfattare förväntar sig.

Free choice and competitive neutrality are often assigned particular importance for successful market reform of public service. The aim of this article is to illuminate the practical work that goes into regulating free choice and competitive neutrality in a primary care market in a Swedish county council. The article asks: How is regulation of free choice and competitive neutrality in the primary care market carried out? Are there any particular challenges in working with this? If so, why? The article presents a qualitative case study and approaches the research questions with a market practice perspective. By studying how the work with a rulebook for authorization of care centers is carried out, detailed knowledge of the market regulatory process is gained. The result illustrates how purchaser officials frame the market with the rulebook. However, the ways free choice and competitive neutrality plays out it practice overflows the market frame. Overflows are caused by multiple, and conflicting, modes of calculations enacted by the rulebook. Therefore, free choice and competitive neutrality does not create the effects that policy-makers have expected in the primary care market., Fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet anses ofta vara av särskild betydelse för lyckade marknadsreformer av offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna artikel är att belysa det praktiska arbetet med att reglera fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för en primärvårdsmarknad i ett svenskt landsting. Artikeln frågar: Hur går reglering av fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för primärvårdsmarknaden till? Finns det några särskilda utmaningar i detta arbete? Om så är fallet, varför? Artikeln presenterar en kvalitativ fallstudie och närmar sig frågeställningarna med ett praktikorienterat marknadsperspektiv. Genom att studera hur arbetet med en regelbok för godkännande av vårdcentraler bedrivs, har ingående kunskap om marknadens regleringsprocess skapats. Resultatet visar hur beställartjänstemän på landstinget ramar in marknaden med regelboken. Men sättet på vilket fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet fungerar i praktiken ifrågasätter marknadens ram. Ifrågasättanden orsakas av multipla, och motstridiga, sätt att beräkna som stipuleras av regelboken. Därför skapar fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet inte de effekter på primärvårdsmarknaden som politiska beslutsfattare förväntar sig.

Free choice and competitive neutrality are often assigned particular importance for successful market reform of public service. The aim of this article is to illuminate the practical work that goes into regulating free choice and competitive neutrality in a primary care market in a Swedish county council. The article asks: How is regulation of free choice and competitive neutrality in the primary care market carried out? Are there any particular challenges in working with this? If so, why? The article presents a qualitative case study and approaches the research questions with a market practice perspective. By studying how the work with a rulebook for authorization of care centers is carried out, detailed knowledge of the market regulatory process is gained. The result illustrates how purchaser officials frame the market with the rulebook. However, the ways free choice and competitive neutrality plays out it practice overflows the market frame. Overflows are caused by multiple, and conflicting, modes of calculations enacted by the rulebook. Therefore, free choice and competitive neutrality does not create the effects that policy-makers have expected in the primary care market., Fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet anses ofta vara av särskild betydelse för lyckade marknadsreformer av offentlig sektor. Syftet med denna artikel är att belysa det praktiska arbetet med att reglera fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för en primärvårdsmarknad i ett svenskt landsting. Artikeln frågar: Hur går reglering av fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet för primärvårdsmarknaden till? Finns det några särskilda utmaningar i detta arbete? Om så är fallet, varför? Artikeln presenterar en kvalitativ fallstudie och närmar sig frågeställningarna med ett praktikorienterat marknadsperspektiv. Genom att studera hur arbetet med en regelbok för godkännande av vårdcentraler bedrivs, har ingående kunskap om marknadens regleringsprocess skapats. Resultatet visar hur beställartjänstemän på landstinget ramar in marknaden med regelboken. Men sättet på vilket fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet fungerar i praktiken ifrågasätter marknadens ram. Ifrågasättanden orsakas av multipla, och motstridiga, sätt att beräkna som stipuleras av regelboken. Därför skapar fritt val och konkurrensneutralitet inte de effekter på primärvårdsmarknaden som politiska beslutsfattare förväntar sig.

What is the opportunity afforded by a distinction in geography? Can a building respond to a threshold, or meeting point between two distinct geographical conditions? In particular, the duality of land and water and the moment when these two elements meet, could indicate and influence form and structure. What is a potential response to such a condition in geography, what are the mechanisms and means by which a building could respond to such a condition? This project seeks to highlight and celebrate the distinction between land and water, a meeting point where land ends and a river begins. The building's form, structure, and material are a reaction to the geographic condition.

Purpose - This study explores the feasible use of free and open source software (FOSS) at a policy level in South Korea, which is reacting against being locked into only one technology company, Microsoft. Methodology/Approach - Based on participatory democratic theory, this paper suggests that the normative role of the state is as a public mediator in the development of an IT infrastructure encouraging greater freedom of choice and the establishment of an electronic environment — such as the community-based use of software technology — for citizens to use easily and freely. Findings - South Korean policymakers have explored FOSS as a kind of a political metaphor: At the international level, FOSS offers a rare opportunity to free the country from its technological dependence on transnational software vendors. At the national level, it is an engine for technological innovation and for market competition. However, the market or business paradigm has dominated most discussions of FOSS in Korea. As a result, the economic paradigm of FOSS is vulnerable and could easily surrender to the proprietary logic of the software market. Originality/Value - This study describes how the Korean government must maximize the societal benefits of FOSS within the public sector in order to reduce reliance on proprietary software and open the developmental path to alternative technologies.

Purpose - This study explores the feasible use of free and open source software (FOSS) at a policy level in South Korea, which is reacting against being locked into only one technology company, Microsoft. Methodology/Approach - Based on participatory democratic theory, this paper suggests that the normative role of the state is as a public mediator in the development of an IT infrastructure encouraging greater freedom of choice and the establishment of an electronic environment — such as the community-based use of software technology — for citizens to use easily and freely. Findings - South Korean policymakers have explored FOSS as a kind of a political metaphor: At the international level, FOSS offers a rare opportunity to free the country from its technological dependence on transnational software vendors. At the national level, it is an engine for technological innovation and for market competition. However, the market or business paradigm has dominated most discussions of FOSS in Korea. As a result, the economic paradigm of FOSS is vulnerable and could easily surrender to the proprietary logic of the software market. Originality/Value - This study describes how the Korean government must maximize the societal benefits of FOSS within the public sector in order to reduce reliance on proprietary software and open the developmental path to alternative technologies.

Purpose - This study explores the feasible use of free and open source software (FOSS) at a policy level in South Korea, which is reacting against being locked into only one technology company, Microsoft. Methodology/Approach - Based on participatory democratic theory, this paper suggests that the normative role of the state is as a public mediator in the development of an IT infrastructure encouraging greater freedom of choice and the establishment of an electronic environment — such as the community-based use of software technology — for citizens to use easily and freely. Findings - South Korean policymakers have explored FOSS as a kind of a political metaphor: At the international level, FOSS offers a rare opportunity to free the country from its technological dependence on transnational software vendors. At the national level, it is an engine for technological innovation and for market competition. However, the market or business paradigm has dominated most discussions of FOSS in Korea. As a result, the economic paradigm of FOSS is vulnerable and could easily surrender to the proprietary logic of the software market. Originality/Value - This study describes how the Korean government must maximize the societal benefits of FOSS within the public sector in order to reduce reliance on proprietary software and open the developmental path to alternative technologies.

Architecture in today's urban environments exists through, and must respond to, the interaction of contemporary constructs occurring within the context of the urban fabric of the established city. The opportunity residing between these concurrent systems of past and present offers the flexibility of countless modes of response to the ever-changing city Concerns of today"s architectural possibilities to the protection of the past, while enabling the evolution of the urban setting afford the designers of our cities a diversity of options in response to the needs and desires of modern society. Context is of primary concern, and must be addressed not only as the physical characteristics of the "site

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rochester. Department of History, 2017., This dissertation traces the transformation of the food retail industry in urban America during the twentieth century, with a focus on the changing role of government in food distribution. It examines the “food retail landscape” in Rochester, New York from the 1880s through the 2010s by analyzing city directories and developing corresponding maps. At the beginning of this era, Rochester’s progressive government played an activist role in creating an equitable food retail landscape by establishing a public market, which provided access to fresh foods for individual households, hucksters, and grocers. The municipality faded from the food retail landscape during the chain store era of the 1920s and 1930s, when large grocery companies replaced hucksters and small independent grocers. The landscape became homogeneous, as Hart’s Food Stores operated more than 130 stores in the thirty-four square miles of Rochester, ensuring that every resident had access to the same stores regardless of class. The chain store era, however, started the degradation of the food retail landscape by privatizing the grocery industry. Companies such as Hart’s developed private, sophisticated channels of distribution as they evolved into supermarkets during the 1940s and 1950s. These large companies dominated the food retail landscape and moved into middle-class neighborhoods with families that owned automobiles and refrigerators. The result of this transformation, as well as the lack of government involvement in food distribution during the supermarket era, was the degradation and stratification of the food retail landscape in urban America, as wealthy communities have multiple supermarkets and poor neighborhoods lack grocers.