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There can be little doubt of the canonical drone aesthetic: a flattened aeriality that moves with an inhuman smoothness, drifting and pitching to capture an uncanny vantage. But with the unfolding, contested landscape of drone development and proliferating drone use, how is this disruptive technology changing our understanding of war, culture, and ecology? This edited collection offers a pluralized understanding of drones by bringing together twelve essays from interdisciplinary scholars working on drone pasts and drone futures, encompassing fields such as cultural anthropology, critical war studies, disability studies, international relations, media studies, and cultural studies. It examines the intersection between drones and aesthetics in terms of visual culture and the arts; the body and its relationship to the material environment; the mechanic capacities for sensing and sense-making; and in terms of politics and what makes politics possible. To more fully account for the unique politics of drone perception, it also features three visual essays by multimedia artists whose aesthetic practices have shaped the field of drone scholarship. Offering new ideas and arguments about the technology, logics, and systems with which drones are intertwined, this collection scrutinises how the aesthetics of drones are fundamental to its ethics; how drone aesthetics are impacting the way we relate to one another and to the human and more-than-human worlds; and how drones are altering our relationships to life and death., https://www.librarystack.org/drone-aesthetics-war-culture-ecology/?ref=unknown

Background Abnormalities in dopamine and norepinephrine signaling are implicated in cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder (BD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force therefore aimed to investigate the possible benefits on cognition and/or ADHD symptoms and safety of established and off-label ADHD therapies in BD. Methods We included studies of ADHD medications in BD patients, which involved cognitive and/or safety measures. We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO from inception until June 2023. Two authors reviewed the studies independently using the Revised Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for Randomized trials. Results Seventeen studies were identified (N = 2136), investigating armodafinil (k = 4, N = 1581), methylphenidate (k = 4, N = 84), bupropion (k = 4, n = 249), clonidine (k = 1, n = 70), lisdexamphetamine (k = 1, n = 25), mixed amphetamine salts (k = 1, n = 30), or modafinil (k = 2, n = 97). Three studies investigated cognition, four ADHD symptoms, and 10 the safety. Three studies found treatment-related ADHD symptom reduction: two involved methylphenidate and one amphetamine salts. One study found a trend towards pro-cognitive effects of modafinil on some cognitive domains. No increased risk of (hypo)mania was observed. Five studies had low risk of bias, eleven a moderate risk, and one a serious risk of bias. Conclusions Methylphenidate or mixed amphetamine salts may improve ADHD symptoms in BD. However, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness on cognition. The medications produced no increased mania risk when used alongside mood stabilizers. Further robust studies are needed to assess cognition in BD patients receiving psychostimulant treatment alongside mood stabilize, Background: Abnormalities in dopamine and norepinephrine signaling are implicated in cognitive impairments in bipolar disorder (BD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force therefore aimed to investigate the possible benefits on cognition and/or ADHD symptoms and safety of established and off-label ADHD therapies in BD. Methods: We included studies of ADHD medications in BD patients, which involved cognitive and/or safety measures. We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO from inception until June 2023. Two authors reviewed the studies independently using the Revised Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for Randomized trials. Results: Seventeen studies were identified (N = 2136), investigating armodafinil (k = 4, N = 1581), methylphenidate (k = 4, N = 84), bupropion (k = 4, n = 249), clonidine (k = 1, n = 70), lisdexamphetamine (k = 1, n = 25), mixed amphetamine salts (k = 1, n = 30), or modafinil (k = 2, n = 97). Three studies investigated cognition, four ADHD symptoms, and 10 the safety. Three studies found treatment-related ADHD symptom reduction: two involved methylphenidate and one amphetamine salts. One study found a trend towards pro-cognitive effects of modafinil on some cognitive domains. No increased risk of (hypo)mania was observed. Five studies had low risk of bias, eleven a moderate risk, and one a serious risk of bias. Conclusions: Methylphenidate or mixed amphetamine salts may improve ADHD symptoms in BD. However, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness on cognition. The medications produced no increased mania risk when used alongside mood stabilizers. Further robust studies are needed to assess cognition in BD patients receiving psychostimulant treatment alongside mood stabilizers.

Digital mental health technologies and services are here. More are coming. Such technologies and services present both risks and opportunities. At their best, they may enhance the most humane, communal and caring parts of our social systems and communities. At their worst, they may reinforce reductionist approaches to distress and crisis, increase surveillance and control, as well as extracting data and wealth from people seeking care. In this paper, we argue that lived experience‐led governance and collaborative development of these technologies and services will enhance the best opportunities and mitigate against the biggest risks. This paper provides a commentary emerging from work by authors with lived experience, and those without, that explored accountability in digital mental health technologies and services. The commentary offers guidance to anyone interested in supporting lived experience‐led, and collaborative governance of, digital mental health technologies. This guidance, drawing on interdisciplinary and lived experience‐led research and grey literature, assists readers in understanding why collaboration should take place, when, where and with whom, on what issues this could start, and how collaborators should approach this.

There can be little doubt of the canonical drone aesthetic: a flattened aeriality that moves with an inhuman smoothness, drifting and pitching to capture an uncanny vantage. But with the unfolding, contested landscape of drone development and proliferating drone use, how is this disruptive technology changing our understanding of war, culture, and ecology? This edited collection offers a pluralized understanding of drones by bringing together twelve essays from interdisciplinary scholars working on drone pasts and drone futures, encompassing fields such as cultural anthropology, critical war studies, disability studies, international relations, media studies, and cultural studies. It examines the intersection between drones and aesthetics in terms of visual culture and the arts; the body and its relationship to the material environment; the mechanic capacities for sensing and sense-making; and in terms of politics and what makes politics possible. To more fully account for the unique politics of drone perception, it also features three visual essays by multimedia artists whose aesthetic practices have shaped the field of drone scholarship. Offering new ideas and arguments about the technology, logics, and systems with which drones are intertwined, this collection scrutinises how the aesthetics of drones are fundamental to its ethics; how drone aesthetics are impacting the way we relate to one another and to the human and more-than-human worlds; and how drones are altering our relationships to life and death., https://www.librarystack.org/drone-aesthetics-war-culture-ecology/?ref=unknown

To ‘articulate’ media means to understand them by locating their connections in space and time. Articulating Media offers new approaches to the writing of technology and the technologies of writing by twinning an investigation of language with an attention to location. Where does media theory take place? How should media theory understand its own occupation of the spaces of media? What materialities might survive media’s many articulations and associations? Diverse in topic and method, the collection’s nine chapters analyse those questions of value, representation, and categorisation that are held within the languages of media. Contributors consider media technologies – following previous volumes in the Technographies series – not as mute objects addressed through language, but as processes and devices situated in the very grammars and vocabularies of their address. Scholars of literature, film, musicology, art, design theory, and media history evaluate new linguistic possibilities for thinking across disciplines and for considering the significance of location to media-critical writing. Collectively, the book traces the ways in which media vernaculars have shaped the vernaculars of media theory, and proposes a few ways in which we might reshape them., https://www.librarystack.org/articulating-media-genealogy-interface-situation/?ref=unknown

To ‘articulate’ media means to understand them by locating their connections in space and time. Articulating Media offers new approaches to the writing of technology and the technologies of writing by twinning an investigation of language with an attention to location. Where does media theory take place? How should media theory understand its own occupation of the spaces of media? What materialities might survive media’s many articulations and associations? Diverse in topic and method, the collection’s nine chapters analyse those questions of value, representation, and categorisation that are held within the languages of media. Contributors consider media technologies – following previous volumes in the Technographies series – not as mute objects addressed through language, but as processes and devices situated in the very grammars and vocabularies of their address. Scholars of literature, film, musicology, art, design theory, and media history evaluate new linguistic possibilities for thinking across disciplines and for considering the significance of location to media-critical writing. Collectively, the book traces the ways in which media vernaculars have shaped the vernaculars of media theory, and proposes a few ways in which we might reshape them., https://www.librarystack.org/articulating-media-genealogy-interface-situation/?ref=unknown

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairments are an emerging treatment target in mood disorders, but currently there are no evidence-based pro-cognitive treatments indicated for patients in remission. With this systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Targeting Cognition Task force provides an update of the most promising treatments and methodological recommendations. METHODS: The review included RCTs of candidate pro-cognitive interventions in fully or partially remitted patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from January 2015, when two prior systematic reviews were conducted, until February 2021. Two independent authors reviewed the studies with the Revised Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for Randomised trials. RESULTS: We identified 16 RCTs (N = 859) investigating cognitive remediation (CR; k = 6; N = 311), direct current or repetitive magnetic stimulation (k = 3; N = 127), or pharmacological interventions (k = 7; N = 421). CR showed most consistent cognitive benefits, with two trials showing improvements on primary outcomes. Neuromodulatory interventions revealed no clear efficacy. Among pharmacological interventions, modafinil and lurasidone showed early positive results. Sources of bias included small samples, lack of pre-screening for objective cognitive impairment, no primary outcome and no information on allocation sequence masking. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for pro-cognitive treatments in mood disorders is emerging. Recommendations are to increase sample sizes, pre-screen for impairment in targeted domain(s), select one primary outcome, aid transfer to real-world functioning, investigate multimodal interventions and include neuroimaging.

El Anuario, en su primer número, es un escenario de innovación por cuanto constituye una transformación de las Memorias del Programa Delfín; compilación que se elaboró desde el 2019 hasta el 2021 por la Universidad Católica de Colombia. Este cambio surge de la necesidad de ampliar la participación de estudiantes que desarrollan proyectos en otras estancias de investigación, incluidas aquellas que forman parte del Programa Ingenio. El Anuario compila el resumen de 14 proyectos que configuran los aportes de la juventud a los retos sociales, ambientales y económicos de la sociedad; y con ello se hace evidente el desarrollo de las habilidades de investigación e innovación de estudiantes de diferentes países. Los temas tratados fueron de relevancia social, política y económica. Entre estos se incluyen regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico, resolución de problemas, modelos parentales, identidad de la mujer indígena, redes sociales, democracia y empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, y calidad de vida en el trabajo. Otros proyectos abordaron política y crecimiento económico a través de temas como el empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, democracia, emprendimiento, política exterior, producción de café, entre otros. Los trabajos, a diferencia del ano anterior, no trataron con frecuencia la pandemia por COVID-19. Temas de innovación como diagonalización y análisis de frenado en accidentes de tránsito fueron también considerados como tópicos innovadores abordados en este grupo de proyectos. Con el Anuario de Investigación Formativa en Contextos Globales se espera brindar a los lectores una visión general acerca de los proyectos desarrollados por nuestra juventud investigadora y exaltar la loable labor de profesores y estudiantes en favor de la generación de nuevo conocimiento en la sociedad.

BACKGROUND: Developing treatments for cognitive impairment is key to improving the functioning of people with mood disorders. Neuroimaging may assist in identifying brain-based efficacy markers. This systematic review and position paper by the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force examines the evidence from neuroimaging studies of pro-cognitive interventions. METHODS: We included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of candidate interventions in people with mood disorders or healthy individuals, following the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov from inception to 30th April 2021. Two independent authors reviewed the studies using the National Heart, Lung, Blood Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Controlled Intervention Studies and the quality of neuroimaging methodology assessment checklist. RESULTS: We identified 26 studies (N = 702). Six investigated cognitive remediation or pharmacological treatments in mood disorders (N = 190). In healthy individuals, 14 studies investigated pharmacological interventions (N = 319), 2 cognitive training (N = 73) and 4 neuromodulatory treatments (N = 120). Methodologies were mostly rated as 'fair'. 77% of studies investigated effects with task-based fMRI. Findings varied but most consistently involved treatment-associated cognitive control network (CCN) activity increases with cognitive improvements, or CCN activity decreases with no cognitive change, and increased functional connectivity. In mood disorders, treatment-related default mode network suppression occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of CCN and DMN activity is a putative efficacy biomarker. Methodological recommendations are to pre-declare intended analyses and use task-based fMRI, paradigms probing the CCN, longitudinal assessments, mock scanning, and out

Objective Many patients with work-related stress display cognitive impairment that may hamper recovery. We examined objective and subjective tools for screening of cognitive impairment in this patient group. Methods Patients were assessed with Danish versions of the objective Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-D), standardized neuropsychological tests that tapped into the same cognitive domains, the self-assessed Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), and several additional scales of symptom severity and psychosocial status. Concurrent validity of the SCIP-D and CFQ was assessed by calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the objective and subjective tools and the scores on more conventional standardized neuropsychological tests. Decision validity was assessed with logistic receiver-operating-characteristic analyses using a cut-score approach to the objective and the subjective test results to predict impairment detected by the standardized tests. Cognitive norms were established through the data of 79 healthy controls. SCIP-D scores were compared between patients and healthy controls with independent t-tests. Results We included 82 patients with work-related stress. The SCIP-D total scores were strongly associated with standardized neuropsychological tests (r=0.76, P<0.001). The self-assessed CFQ was not associated with either measure of objective cognitive functioning (r≤0.12, P≥0.30). The optimal SCIP-D total-score cut of ≤72 identified 43.2% of the patients with global objective cognitive impairment. The patients performed mildly-to. moderately lower than the healthy controls on the SCIP-D total score (Cohen’s d=0.39) and the subtests for working memory (d=0.39) and processing speed (d=0.61). Conclusion The SCIP-D is a valid screening tool sensitive to objective performance-based cognitive impairment among patients with work-related stress.

Background: Cognitive impairments are an emerging treatment target in mood disorders, but currently there are no evidence-based pro-cognitive treatments indicated for patients in remission. With this systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Targeting Cognition Task force provides an update of the most promising treatments and methodological recommendations. Methods: The review included RCTs of candidate pro-cognitive interventions in fully or partially remitted patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from January 2015, when two prior systematic reviews were conducted, until February 2021. Two independent authors reviewed the studies with the Revised Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for Randomised trials. Results: We identified 16 RCTs (N = 859) investigating cognitive remediation (CR; k = 6; N = 311), direct current or repetitive magnetic stimulation (k = 3; N = 127), or pharmacological interventions (k = 7; N = 421). CR showed most consistent cognitive benefits, with two trials showing improvements on primary outcomes. Neuromodulatory interventions revealed no clear efficacy. Among pharmacological interventions, modafinil and lurasidone showed early positive results. Sources of bias included small samples, lack of pre-screening for objective cognitive impairment, no primary outcome and no information on allocation sequence masking. Conclusions: Evidence for pro-cognitive treatments in mood disorders is emerging. Recommendations are to increase sample sizes, pre-screen for impairment in targeted domain(s), select one primary outcome, aid transfer to real-world functioning, investigate multimodal interventions and include neuroimaging.

Objective Many patients with work-related stress display cognitive impairment that may hamper recovery. We examined objective and subjective tools for screening of cognitive impairment in this patient group. Methods Patients were assessed with Danish versions of the objective Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP-D), standardized neuropsychological tests that tapped into the same cognitive domains, the self-assessed Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), and several additional scales of symptom severity and psychosocial status. Concurrent validity of the SCIP-D and CFQ was assessed by calculation of Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the objective and subjective tools and the scores on more conventional standardized neuropsychological tests. Decision validity was assessed with logistic receiver-operating-characteristic analyses using a cut-score approach to the objective and the subjective test results to predict impairment detected by the standardized tests. Cognitive norms were established through the data of 79 healthy controls. SCIP-D scores were compared between patients and healthy controls with independent t-tests. Results We included 82 patients with work-related stress. The SCIP-D total scores were strongly associated with standardized neuropsychological tests (r=0.76, P<0.001). The self-assessed CFQ was not associated with either measure of objective cognitive functioning (r≤0.12, P≥0.30). The optimal SCIP-D total-score cut of ≤72 identified 43.2% of the patients with global objective cognitive impairment. The patients performed mildly-to. moderately lower than the healthy controls on the SCIP-D total score (Cohen’s d=0.39) and the subtests for working memory (d=0.39) and processing speed (d=0.61). Conclusion The SCIP-D is a valid screening tool sensitive to objective performance-based cognitive impairment among patients with work-related stress.

El Anuario, en su primer número, es un escenario de innovación por cuanto constituye una transformación de las Memorias del Programa Delfín; compilación que se elaboró desde el 2019 hasta el 2021 por la Universidad Católica de Colombia. Este cambio surge de la necesidad de ampliar la participación de estudiantes que desarrollan proyectos en otras estancias de investigación, incluidas aquellas que forman parte del Programa Ingenio. El Anuario compila el resumen de 14 proyectos que configuran los aportes de la juventud a los retos sociales, ambientales y económicos de la sociedad; y con ello se hace evidente el desarrollo de las habilidades de investigación e innovación de estudiantes de diferentes países. Los temas tratados fueron de relevancia social, política y económica. Entre estos se incluyen regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico, resolución de problemas, modelos parentales, identidad de la mujer indígena, redes sociales, democracia y empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, y calidad de vida en el trabajo. Otros proyectos abordaron política y crecimiento económico a través de temas como el empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, democracia, emprendimiento, política exterior, producción de café, entre otros. Los trabajos, a diferencia del ano anterior, no trataron con frecuencia la pandemia por COVID-19. Temas de innovación como diagonalización y análisis de frenado en accidentes de tránsito fueron también considerados como tópicos innovadores abordados en este grupo de proyectos. Con el Anuario de Investigación Formativa en Contextos Globales se espera brindar a los lectores una visión general acerca de los proyectos desarrollados por nuestra juventud investigadora y exaltar la loable labor de profesores y estudiantes en favor de la generación de nuevo conocimiento en la sociedad.

El Anuario, en su primer número, es un escenario de innovación por cuanto constituye una transformación de las Memorias del Programa Delfín; compilación que se elaboró desde el 2019 hasta el 2021 por la Universidad Católica de Colombia. Este cambio surge de la necesidad de ampliar la participación de estudiantes que desarrollan proyectos en otras estancias de investigación, incluidas aquellas que forman parte del Programa Ingenio. El Anuario compila el resumen de 14 proyectos que configuran los aportes de la juventud a los retos sociales, ambientales y económicos de la sociedad; y con ello se hace evidente el desarrollo de las habilidades de investigación e innovación de estudiantes de diferentes países. Los temas tratados fueron de relevancia social, política y económica. Entre estos se incluyen regulación emocional y bienestar psicológico, resolución de problemas, modelos parentales, identidad de la mujer indígena, redes sociales, democracia y empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, y calidad de vida en el trabajo. Otros proyectos abordaron política y crecimiento económico a través de temas como el empoderamiento de la sociedad civil, democracia, emprendimiento, política exterior, producción de café, entre otros. Los trabajos, a diferencia del ano anterior, no trataron con frecuencia la pandemia por COVID-19. Temas de innovación como diagonalización y análisis de frenado en accidentes de tránsito fueron también considerados como tópicos innovadores abordados en este grupo de proyectos. Con el Anuario de Investigación Formativa en Contextos Globales se espera brindar a los lectores una visión general acerca de los proyectos desarrollados por nuestra juventud investigadora y exaltar la loable labor de profesores y estudiantes en favor de la generación de nuevo conocimiento en la sociedad.

Background: Cognitive impairments are an emerging treatment target in mood disorders, but currently there are no evidence-based pro-cognitive treatments indicated for patients in remission. With this systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Targeting Cognition Task force provides an update of the most promising treatments and methodological recommendations. Methods: The review included RCTs of candidate pro-cognitive interventions in fully or partially remitted patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from January 2015, when two prior systematic reviews were conducted, until February 2021. Two independent authors reviewed the studies with the Revised Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool for Randomised trials. Results: We identified 16 RCTs (N = 859) investigating cognitive remediation (CR; k = 6; N = 311), direct current or repetitive magnetic stimulation (k = 3; N = 127), or pharmacological interventions (k = 7; N = 421). CR showed most consistent cognitive benefits, with two trials showing improvements on primary outcomes. Neuromodulatory interventions revealed no clear efficacy. Among pharmacological interventions, modafinil and lurasidone showed early positive results. Sources of bias included small samples, lack of pre-screening for objective cognitive impairment, no primary outcome and no information on allocation sequence masking. Conclusions: Evidence for pro-cognitive treatments in mood disorders is emerging. Recommendations are to increase sample sizes, pre-screen for impairment in targeted domain(s), select one primary outcome, aid transfer to real-world functioning, investigate multimodal interventions and include neuroimaging.

Background Developing treatments for cognitive impairment is key to improving the functioning of people with mood disorders. Neuroimaging may assist in identifying brain-based efficacy markers. This systematic review and position paper by the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force examines the evidence from neuroimaging studies of pro-cognitive interventions. Methods We included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of candidate interventions in people with mood disorders or healthy individuals, following the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis 2020 statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov from inception to 30th April 2021. Two independent authors reviewed the studies using the National Heart, Lung, Blood Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Controlled Intervention Studies and the quality of neuroimaging methodology assessment checklist. Results We identified 26 studies (N = 702). Six investigated cognitive remediation or pharmacological treatments in mood disorders (N = 190). In healthy individuals, 14 studies investigated pharmacological interventions (N = 319), 2 cognitive training (N = 73) and 4 neuromodulatory treatments (N = 120). Methodologies were mostly rated as ‘fair’. 77% of studies investigated effects with task-based fMRI. Findings varied but most consistently involved treatment-associated cognitive control network (CCN) activity increases with cognitive improvements, or CCN activity decreases with no cognitive change, and increased functional connectivity. In mood disorders, treatment-related default mode network suppression occurred. Conclusions Modulation of CCN and DMN activity is a putative efficacy biomarker. Methodological recommendations are to pre-declare intended analyses and use task-based fMRI, paradigms probing the CCN, longitudi

Here $\underline{M}$ denotes a pair $(M,A)$ of a manifold and a subset (e.g. $A=\partial M$ or $A=\emptyset$). We construct for each $\underline{M}$ its motion groupoid $\mathrm{Mot}_{\underline{M}}$, whose object set is the power set $ {\mathcal P} M$ of $M$, and whose morphisms are certain equivalence classes of continuous flows of the `ambient space' $M$, that fix $A$, acting on ${\mathcal P} M$. These groupoids generalise the classical definition of a motion group associated to a manifold $M$ and a submanifold $N$, which can be recovered by considering the automorphisms in $\mathrm{Mot}_{\underline{M}}$ of $N\in {\mathcal P} M$. We also construct the mapping class groupoid $\mathrm{MCG}_{\underline{M}}$ associated to a pair $\underline{M}$ with the same object class, whose morphisms are now equivalence classes of homeomorphisms of $M$, that fix $A$. We recover the classical definition of the mapping class group of a pair by taking automorphisms at the appropriate object. For each pair $\underline{M}$ we explicitly construct a functor $\mathsf{F}\colon \mathrm{Mot}_{\underline{M}} \to \mathrm{MCG}_{\underline{M}}$, which is the identity on objects, and prove that this is full and faithful, and hence an isomorphism, if $\pi_0$ and $\pi_1$ of the appropriate space of self-homeomorphisms of $M$ are trivial. In particular, we have an isomorphism in the physically important case $\underline{M}=([0,1]^n, \partial [0,1]^n)$, for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$. We show that the congruence relation used in the construction $\mathrm{Mot}_{\underline{M}}$ can be formulated entirely in terms of a level preserving isotopy relation on the trajectories of objects under flows -- worldlines (e.g. monotonic `tangles'). We examine several explicit examples of $\mathrm{Mot}_{\underline{M}}$ and $\mathrm{MCG}_{\underline{M}}$ demonstrating the utility of the constructions., Comment: Version accepted for publication in CMP. 75 pages, 14 figures

We define an exactly solvable model for 2+1D topological phases of matter on a triangulated surface derived from a crossed module of semisimple finite-dimensional Hopf algebras, the `Hopf-algebraic higher Kitaev model'. This model generalizes both the Kitaev quantum double model for a semisimple Hopf algebra and the full higher Kitaev model derived from a 2-group, and can hence be interpreted as a Hopf-algebraic discrete higher gauge theory. We construct a family of crossed modules of semisimple Hopf algebras, $(\mathscr{F}_{\mathbb{C}}(X) \otimes \mathbb{C}E \xrightarrow{\partial} \mathscr{F}_{\mathbb{C}}(Y) \rtimes \mathbb{C} G, \triangleright)$, that depends on four finite groups, $E,G,X$ and $Y$. We calculate the ground-state spaces of the resulting model on a triangulated surface when $G=E=\{1\}$ and when $Y=\{1\}$, prove that those ground-state spaces are canonically independent of the triangulations, and so depend only on the underlying surface; and moreover we find a 2+1D TQFT whose state spaces on surfaces give the ground-state spaces. These TQFTs are particular cases of Quinn's finite total homotopy TQFT and hence the state spaces assigned to surfaces are free vector spaces on sets of homotopy classes of maps from a surface to homotopy finite spaces, in this case obtained as classifying spaces of finite groupoids and finite crossed modules of groupoids. We leave it as an open problem whether the ground-state space of the Hopf-algebraic higher Kitaev model on a triangulated surface is independent of the triangulation for general crossed modules of semisimple Hopf algebras, whether a TQFT always exists whose state space on a surface gives the ground-state space of the model, and whether the ground-state space of the model obtained from $E,G,X,Y$ can always be given a homotopical explanation., Comment: v2: minor clarifications and corrections; 71 pages, 3 figures

Background: The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Targeting Cognition Task Force recommends screening for and monitoring of cognitive impairments in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) with the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP). The study aimed to provide the first demographically adjusted norms and change norms for the SCIP and to compare the cognitive trajectory over one year in remitted BD patients with normative cognitive change. Methods: Patients with fully or partially remitted BD and healthy controls (HC) were assessed with the SCIP at baseline and at a one-year follow-up. Regression-based models were used to determine demographically adjusted norms and change norms. Using the change models, predicted follow-up scores were calculated for BD and HC, and independent t-tests were used to compare deviations of the observed from the predicted follow-up scores for BD vs. HC to assess differences in cognitive trajectories. Results: Baseline data were collected for n=273 HC and n=218 BD, and follow-up data for n=139 HC and n=74 BD. Baseline norm models included age, sex and years of education, while change models included baseline SCIP scores and age. Patients with follow-up data showed selective impairments within verbal learning and recall at baseline. They followed the normative cognitive trajectories for all cognitive domains but verbal learning. Limitations: Cognition was assessed with a screening tool. Conclusions: We recommend implementing demographically adjusted norms and change norms for the SCIP in clinical and research settings. Change norms seem sensitive to subtle and selective cognitive decline over one year in remitted BD.

© 2020, The Author(s). A controversy has developed in recent years over the roles of frontal and posterior cortices in mediating consciousness and unconsciousness. Disruption of posterior cortex during sleep appears to suppress the contents of dreaming, yet activation of frontal cortex appears necessary for perception and can reverse unconsciousness under anesthesia. We used anesthesia to study how regional cortical disruption, mediated by slow wave modulation of broadband activity, changes during unconsciousness in humans. We found that broadband slow-wave modulation enveloped posterior cortex when subjects initially became unconscious, but later encompassed both frontal and posterior cortex when subjects were more deeply anesthetized and likely unarousable. Our results suggest that unconsciousness under anesthesia comprises several distinct shifts in brain state that disrupt the contents of consciousness distinct from arousal and awareness of those contents.

During general anesthesia, both behavioral and autonomic changes are caused by the administration of anesthetics such as propofol. Propofol produces unconsciousness by creating highly structured oscillations in brain circuits. The anesthetic also has autonomic effects due to its actions as a vasodilator and myocardial depressant. Understanding how autonomic dynamics change in relation to propofol-induced unconsciousness is an important scientific and clinical question since anesthesiologists often infer changes in level of unconsciousness from changes in autonomic dynamics. Therefore, we present a framework combining physiology-based statistical models that have been developed specifically for heart rate variability and electrodermal activity with a robust statistical tool to compare behavioral and multimodal autonomic changes before, during, and after propofol-induced unconsciousness. We tested this framework on physiological data recorded from nine healthy volunteers during computer-controlled administration of propofol. We studied how autonomic dynamics related to behavioral markers of unconsciousness: 1) overall, 2) during the transitions of loss and recovery of consciousness, and 3) before and after anesthesia as a whole. Our results show a strong relationship between behavioral state of consciousness and autonomic dynamics. All of our prediction models showed areas under the curve greater than 0.75 despite the presence of non-monotonic relationships among the variables during the transition periods. Our analysis highlighted the specific roles played by fast versus slow changes, parasympathetic vs sympathetic activity, heart rate variability vs electrodermal activity, and even pulse rate vs pulse amplitude information within electrodermal activity. Further advancement upon this work can quantify the complex and subject-specific relationship between behavioral changes and autonomic dynamics before, during, and after anesthesia. However, this work demonst

In current anesthesiology practice, anesthesiologists infer the state of unconsciousness without directly monitoring the brain. Drug- and patient-specific electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures of anesthesia-induced unconsciousness have been identified previously. We applied machine learning approaches to construct classification models for real-time tracking of unconscious state during anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. We used cross-validation to select and train the best performing models using 33,159 2s segments of EEG data recorded from 7 healthy volunteers who received increasing infusions of propofol while responding to stimuli to directly assess unconsciousness. Cross-validated models of unconsciousness performed very well when tested on 13,929 2s EEG segments from 3 left-out volunteers collected under the same conditions (median volunteer AUCs 0.99-0.99). Models showed strong generalization when tested on a cohort of 27 surgical patients receiving solely propofol collected in a separate clinical dataset under different circumstances and using different hardware (median patient AUCs 0.95—0.98), with model predictions corresponding with actions taken by the anesthesiologist during the cases. Performance was also strong for 17 patients receiving sevoflurane (alone or in addition to propofol) (median AUCs 0.88—0.92). These results indicate that EEG spectral features can predict unconsciousness, even when tested on a different anesthetic that acts with a similar neural mechanism. With high performance predictions of unconsciousness, we can accurately monitor anesthetic state, and this approach may be used to engineer infusion pumps to intelligibly respond to patients’ neural activity.

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is a direct read-out of sweat-induced changes in the skin’s electrical conductance. Sympathetically-mediated pulsatile changes in skin sweat measured as EDA resemble an integrate-and-fire process, which yields an inverse Gaussian model as the inter-pulse interval distribution. We have previously showed that the inter-pulse intervals in EDA follow an inverse Gaussian distribution. However, the statistical structure of EDA pulse amplitudes has not yet been characterized based on the physiology. Expanding upon the integrate-and-fire nature of sweat glands, we hypothesized that the amplitude of an EDA pulse is proportional to the excess volume of sweat produced compared to what is required to just reach the surface of the skin. We modeled this as the difference of two inverse Gaussian models for each pulse, one which represents the time required to produce just enough sweat to rise to the surface of the skin and one which represents the time requires to produce the actual volume of sweat. We proposed and tested a series of four simplifications of our hypothesis, ranging from a single difference of inverse Gaussians to a single simple inverse Gaussian. We also tested four additional models for comparison, including the lognormal and gamma distributions. All models were tested on EDA data from two subject cohorts, 11 healthy volunteers during 1 hour of quiet wakefulness and a different set of 11 healthy volunteers during approximately 3 hours of controlled propofol sedation. All four models which represent simplifications of our hypothesis outperformed other models across all 22 subjects, as measured by Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), as well as mean and maximum distance from the diagonal on a quantile-quantile plot. Our broader model set of four simplifications offered a useful framework to enhance further statistical descriptions of EDA pulse amplitudes. Some of the simplifications prioritize fit near the mode of the distributi

Significant effort toward the automation of general anesthesia has been made in the past decade. One open challenge is in the development of control-ready patient models for closed-loop anesthesia delivery. Standard depth-of-anesthesia tracking does not readily capture inter-individual differences in response to anesthetics, especially those due to age, and does not aim to predict a relationship between a control input (infused anesthetic dose) and system state (commonly, a function of electroencephalography (EEG) signal). In this work, we developed a control-ready patient model for closed-loop propofol-induced anesthesia using data recorded during a clinical study of EEG during general anesthesia in ten healthy volunteers. We used principal component analysis to identify the low-dimensional state-space in which EEG signal evolves during anesthesia delivery. We parameterized the response of the EEG signal to changes in propofol target-site concentration using logistic models. We note that inter-individual differences in anesthetic sensitivity may be captured by varying a constant cofactor of the predicted effect-site concentration. We linked the EEG dose-response with the control input using a pharmacokinetic model. Finally, we present a simple nonlinear model predictive control in silico demonstration of how such a closed-loop system would work.

BACKGROUND: A number of recent studies have reported an association between intraoperative burst suppression and postoperative delirium. These studies suggest that anesthesia-induced burst suppression may be an indicator of underlying brain vulnerability. A prominent feature of electroencephalogram (EEG) under propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia is the frontal alpha oscillation. This frontal alpha oscillation is known to decline significantly during aging and is generated by prefrontal brain regions that are particularly prone to age-related neurodegeneration. Given that burst suppression and frontal alpha oscillations are both associated with brain vulnerability, we hypothesized that anesthesia-induced frontal alpha power could also be associated with burst suppression. METHODS: We analyzed EEG data from a previously reported cohort in which 155 patients received propofol (n = 60) or sevoflurane (n = 95) as the primary anesthetic. We computed the EEG spectrum during stable anesthetic maintenance and identified whether or not burst suppression occurred during the anesthetic. We characterized the relationship between burst suppression and alpha power using logistic regression. We proposed 5 different models consisting of different combinations of potential contributing factors associated with burst suppression: (1) a Base Model consisting of alpha power; (2) an Extended Mechanistic Model consisting of alpha power, age, and drug dosing information; (3) a Clinical Confounding Factors Model consisting of alpha power, hypotension, and other confounds; (4) a Simplified Model consisting only of alpha power and propofol bolus administration; and (5) a Full Model consisting of all of these variables to control for as much confounding as possible. RESULTS: All models show a consistent significant association between alpha power and burst suppression while adjusting for different sets of covariates, all with consistent effect size estimates. Using the Simplified Model, we foun

OBJECTIVE: We present a statistical model for extracting physiologic characteristics from electrodermal activity (EDA) data in observational settings. METHODS: We based our model on the integrate-and-fire physiology of sweat gland bursts, which predicts inverse Gaussian (IG) inter-pulse interval structure. At the core of our model-based paradigm is a subject-specific amplitude threshold selection process for EDA pulses based on the statistical properties of four right-skewed models including the IG. By performing a sensitivity analysis across thresholds and fitting all four models, we selected for IG-like structure and verified the pulse selection with a goodness-of-fit analysis, maximizing capture of physiology at the time scale of EDA responses. RESULTS: We tested the model-based paradigm on simulated EDA time series and data from two different experimental cohorts recorded during different experimental conditions, using different equipment. In both the simulated and experimental data, our model-based method robustly recovered pulses that captured the IG-like structure predicted by physiology, despite large differences in noise level. In contrast, established EDA analysis tools, which attempted to estimate neural activity from slower EDA responses, did not provide physiological validation and were susceptible to noise. CONCLUSION: We present a computationally efficient, statistically rigorous, and physiology-informed paradigm for pulse selection from EDA data that is robust across individuals and experimental conditions, yet adaptable to varying noise level. SIGNIFICANCE: The robustness of the model-based paradigm and its physiological basis provide empirical support for the use of EDA as a clinical marker for sympathetic activity in conditions such as pain, anxiety, depression, and sleep states.

Background: General anaesthetics generate spatially defined brain oscillations in the EEG that relate fundamentally to neural-circuit architecture. Few studies detailing the neural-circuit activity of general anaesthesia in children have been described. The study aim was to identify age-related changes in EEG characteristics that mirror different stages of early human brain development during sevoflurane anaesthesia. Methods: Multichannel EEG recordings were performed in 91 children aged 0–3 yr undergoing elective surgery. We mapped spatial power and coherence over the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices during maintenance anaesthesia. Results: During sevoflurane exposure: (i) slow–delta (0.1–4 Hz) oscillations were present in all ages, (ii) theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha (8–12 Hz) oscillations emerge by ∼4 months, (iii) alpha oscillations increased in power from 4 to 10 months, (iv) frontal alpha-oscillation predominance emerged at ∼6 months, (v) frontal slow oscillations were coherent from birth until 6 months, and (vi) frontal alpha oscillations became coherent ∼10 months and persisted in older ages. Conclusions: Key developmental milestones in the maturation of the thalamo-cortical circuitry likely generate changes in EEG patterns in infants undergoing sevoflurane general anaesthesia. Characterisation of anaesthesia-induced EEG oscillations in children demonstrates the importance of developing age-dependent strategies to monitor properly the brain states of children receiving general anaesthesia. These data have the potential to guide future studies investigating neurodevelopmental pathologies involving altered excitatory–inhibitory balance, such as epilepsy or Rett syndrome., National Institutes of Health (Grants R01-GM104948 and DP1-OD003646 and DP2- OD006454)

Objectives: Ketamine is an N-methyl-. d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly administered as a general anesthetic. However, neural circuit mechanisms to explain ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness in humans are yet to be clearly defined. Disruption of frontal-parietal network connectivity has been proposed as a mechanism to explain this brain state. However, this mechanism was recently demonstrated at subanesthetic doses of ketamine in awake-patients. Therefore, we investigated whether there is an electroencephalogram (EEG) signature specific for ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Methods: We retrospectively studied the EEG in 12 patients who received ketamine for the induction of general anesthesia. We analyzed the EEG dynamics using power spectral and coherence methods. Results: Following the administration of a bolus dose of ketamine to induce unconsciousness, we observed a "gamma burst" EEG pattern that consisted of alternating slow-delta (0.1-4 Hz) and gamma (~27-40 Hz) oscillations. This pattern was also associated with increased theta oscillations (~4-8 Hz) and decreased alpha/beta oscillations (~10-24 Hz). Conclusions: Ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness is associated with a gamma burst EEG pattern. Significance: The EEG signature of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness may offer new insights into NMDA circuit mechanisms for unconsciousness., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP2-OD006454)

Objective: An emerging paradigm for understanding how anesthetics induce altered arousal is relating receptor targeting in specific neural circuits to electroencephalogram (EEG) activity. Enhanced gamma amino-butyric acid A (GABA[subscript A]) inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) manifest with large-amplitude slow (0.1-1 Hz) and frontally coherent alpha (8-12 Hz) EEG oscillations during general anesthesia. Therefore, we investigated the EEG signatures of modern day derivatives of ether (MDDE) anesthesia to assess the extent to which we could obtain insights into MDDE anesthetic mechanisms. Methods: We retrospectively studied cases from our database in which patients received isoflurane anesthesia vs. isoflurane/ketamine anesthesia (n = 10 each) or desflurane anesthesia vs. desflurane/ketamine anesthesia (n = 9 each). We analyzed the EEG recordings with spectral power and coherence methods. Results: Similar to known GABA [subscript A] circuit level mechanisms, we found that MDDE anesthesia induced large amplitude slow and frontally coherent alpha oscillations. Additionally, MDDE anesthesia also induced frontally coherent theta (4-8 Hz) oscillations. Reduction of GABAergic IPSCs with ketamine resulted in beta/gamma (13-40 Hz) oscillations, and significantly reduced MDDE anesthesia-induced slow, theta and alpha oscillation power. Conclusions: Large amplitude slow oscillations and coherent alpha and theta oscillations are moderated by ketamine during MDDE anesthesia. Significance: These observations are consistent with the notion that GABA [subscript A] circuit-level mechanisms are associated with MDDE anesthesia-induced unconsciousness. Keywords: EEG Isoflurane Desflurane Ketamine Slow oscillations Alpha oscillations, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP2-OD006454), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP1-OD003646), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant TR01-GM104948)

Objective. Ketamine is a widely used drug with clinical and research applications, and also known to be used as a recreational drug. Ketamine produces conspicuous changes in the electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals observed both in humans and rodents. In rodents, the intracranial ECoG displays a high-frequency oscillation (HFO) which power is modulated nonlinearly by ketamine dose. Despite the widespread use of ketamine there is no model description of the relationship between the pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamics (PK–PDs) of ketamine and the observed HFO power. Approach. In the present study, we developed a PK–PD model based on estimated ketamine concentration, its known pharmacological actions, and observed ECoG effects. The main pharmacological action of ketamine is antagonism of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), which in rodents is accompanied by an HFO observed in the ECoG. At high doses, however, ketamine also acts at non-NMDAR sites, produces loss of consciousness, and the transient disappearance of the HFO. We propose a two-compartment PK model that represents the concentration of ketamine, and a PD model based in opposing effects of the NMDAR and non-NMDAR actions on the HFO power. Main results. We recorded ECoG from the cortex of rats after two doses of ketamine, and extracted the HFO power from the ECoG spectrograms. We fit the PK–PD model to the time course of the HFO power, and showed that the model reproduces the dose-dependent profile of the HFO power. The model provides good fits even in the presence of high variability in HFO power across animals. As expected, the model does not provide good fits to the HFO power after dosing the pure NMDAR antagonist MK-801. Significance. Our study provides a simple model to relate the observed electrophysiological effects of ketamine to its actions at the molecular level at different concentrations. This will improve the study of ketamine and rodent models of schizophrenia to better understand the wide and divergent range, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Pioneer Award DP1-OD003646), Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Career Award at the Scientific Interface), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant 5R01MH061976), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (New Innovator Award DP2-OD006454)

Thesis: S.M. in Computer Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018., Cataloged from PDF version of thesis., Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-56)., Information communication in the brain depends on the spiking patterns of neurons. The interaction of these cells at the population level can be observed as oscillations of varying frequency and power, in local field potential recordings as well as non-invasive scalp electroencephalograms (EEG). These oscillations are thought to be responsible for coordinating activity across larger brain regions and conveying information across the brain, directing processes such as attention, consciousness, sensory and information processing. A common approach for analyzing these electrical potentials is to apply a band pass filter in the frequency band of interest. Canonical frequency bands have been defined and applied in many previous studies, but their specific definitions vary within the field, and are to some degree arbitrary. We propose an alternative approach that uses state space models to represent basic physiological and dynamic principles, whose detailed structure and parameterization are informed by observed data. We find that this method can more accurately represent oscillatory power, effectively separating it from background broadband noise power. This approach provides a way of separating oscillations in the time domain and while also quantifying their structure efficiently with a small number of parameters., by Amanda M. Beck., S.M. in Computer Science and Engineering

Thesis: S.M. in Computer Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018., Cataloged from PDF version of thesis., Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-56)., Information communication in the brain depends on the spiking patterns of neurons. The interaction of these cells at the population level can be observed as oscillations of varying frequency and power, in local field potential recordings as well as non-invasive scalp electroencephalograms (EEG). These oscillations are thought to be responsible for coordinating activity across larger brain regions and conveying information across the brain, directing processes such as attention, consciousness, sensory and information processing. A common approach for analyzing these electrical potentials is to apply a band pass filter in the frequency band of interest. Canonical frequency bands have been defined and applied in many previous studies, but their specific definitions vary within the field, and are to some degree arbitrary. We propose an alternative approach that uses state space models to represent basic physiological and dynamic principles, whose detailed structure and parameterization are informed by observed data. We find that this method can more accurately represent oscillatory power, effectively separating it from background broadband noise power. This approach provides a way of separating oscillations in the time domain and while also quantifying their structure efficiently with a small number of parameters., by Amanda M. Beck., S.M. in Computer Science and Engineering

The nutrient-type distribution of dissolved cadmium concentrations (dCd) reflects a biological control in the global ocean, with uptake of dissolved Cd into biogenic particles in surface waters and regeneration of particulate Cd at depth. Depth profiles of dissolved Cd stable isotope composition ((d delta Cd-114/110), while sparse in coverage, exist for most of the major ocean basins, with spatial coverage improving through the efforts of the GEOTRACES program. However, a dearth of similarly resolved particulate delta Cd-114/110 (delta Cd-114/110) distributions limits our ability to use stable Cd isotopes to better understand Cd cycling in the global ocean. Here we present two p delta Cd-114/110 depth profiles from the subarctic northeast Pacific which demonstrate more complex delta Cd-114/110 cycling than dissolved profiles would suggest. Surface p delta Cd-114/110, while lighter than surface d delta Cd-114/110, is heavy relative to Pacific deepwater and crustal p delta Cd-114/110 components. Surface particulate and dissolved delta Cd-114/110 distributions are not well explained by closed-system Rayleigh fractionation following a single fractionation factor, in agreement with other recent studies in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These variable fractionation trends in surface waters complicate the potential utility of delta Cd-114/110 as a paleoproductivity proxy. Particulate delta Cd-114/110 becomes lighter as particulate Cd is remineralized in the nutricline, reaching a minimum p delta Cd-114/110 of around -0.5 parts per thousand, among the lightest values reported in natural telluric samples. This p delta Cd-114/110 trend within the nutricline might be explained by (1) multiple pools of particulate Cd with different isotopic compositions and labilities, or (2) by fractionation during particulate Cd remineralization. The observed shallow loss of heavy p delta Cd-114/110 above the winter mixed layer, rather than the formation of especially light surface p delta

BACKGROUND: Impairments in affective cognition are part of the neurocognitive profile and possible treatment targets in bipolar disorder (BD), but the findings are heterogeneous. The International Society of Bipolar Disorder (ISBD) Targeting Cognition Task Force conducted a systematic review to (i) identify the most consistent findings in affective cognition in BD, and (ii) provide suggestions for affective cognitive domains for future study and meta-analyses. METHODS: The review included original studies reporting behavioral measures of affective cognition in BD patients vs controls following the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychInfo from inception until November 2018. RESULTS: A total of 106 articles were included (of which nine included data for several affective domains); 41 studies assessed emotional face processing; 23 studies investigated reactivity to emotional words and images; 3 investigated explicit emotion regulation; 17 assessed implicit emotion regulation; 31 assessed reward processing and affective decision making. In general, findings were inconsistent. The most consistent findings were trait-related difficulties in facial emotion recognition and implicit emotion regulation, and impairments in reward processing and affective decision making during mood episodes. Studies using eye-tracking and facial emotion analysis revealed subtle trait-related abnormalities in emotional reactivity. CONCLUSION: The ISBD Task Force recommends facial expression recognition, implicit emotion regulation, and reward processing as domains for future research and meta-analyses. An important step to aid comparability between studies in the field would be to reach consensus on an affective cognition test battery for BD.

The nutrient-type distribution of dissolved cadmium concentrations (dCd) reflects a biological control in the global ocean, with uptake of dissolved Cd into biogenic particles in surface waters and regeneration of particulate Cd at depth. Depth profiles of dissolved Cd stable isotope composition ((d delta Cd-114/110), while sparse in coverage, exist for most of the major ocean basins, with spatial coverage improving through the efforts of the GEOTRACES program. However, a dearth of similarly resolved particulate delta Cd-114/110 (delta Cd-114/110) distributions limits our ability to use stable Cd isotopes to better understand Cd cycling in the global ocean. Here we present two p delta Cd-114/110 depth profiles from the subarctic northeast Pacific which demonstrate more complex delta Cd-114/110 cycling than dissolved profiles would suggest. Surface p delta Cd-114/110, while lighter than surface d delta Cd-114/110, is heavy relative to Pacific deepwater and crustal p delta Cd-114/110 components. Surface particulate and dissolved delta Cd-114/110 distributions are not well explained by closed-system Rayleigh fractionation following a single fractionation factor, in agreement with other recent studies in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. These variable fractionation trends in surface waters complicate the potential utility of delta Cd-114/110 as a paleoproductivity proxy. Particulate delta Cd-114/110 becomes lighter as particulate Cd is remineralized in the nutricline, reaching a minimum p delta Cd-114/110 of around -0.5 parts per thousand, among the lightest values reported in natural telluric samples. This p delta Cd-114/110 trend within the nutricline might be explained by (1) multiple pools of particulate Cd with different isotopic compositions and labilities, or (2) by fractionation during particulate Cd remineralization. The observed shallow loss of heavy p delta Cd-114/110 above the winter mixed layer, rather than the formation of especially light surface p delta

Background: Impairments in affective cognition are part of the neurocognitive profile and possible treatment targets in bipolar disorder (BD), but the findings are heterogeneous. The International Society of Bipolar Disorder (ISBD) Targeting Cognition Task Force conducted a systematic review to (i) identify the most consistent findings in affective cognition in BD, and (ii) provide suggestions for affective cognitive domains for future study and meta‐analyses. Methods: The review included original studies reporting behavioral measures of affective cognition in BD patients vs controls following the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychInfo from inception until November 2018. Results: A total of 106 articles were included (of which nine included data for several affective domains); 41 studies assessed emotional face processing; 23 studies investigated reactivity to emotional words and images; 3 investigated explicit emotion regulation; 17 assessed implicit emotion regulation; 31 assessed reward processing and affective decision making. In general, findings were inconsistent. The most consistent findings were trait‐related difficulties in facial emotion recognition and implicit emotion regulation, and impairments in reward processing and affective decision making during mood episodes. Studies using eye‐tracking and facial emotion analysis revealed subtle trait‐related abnormalities in emotional reactivity. Conclusion: The ISBD Task Force recommends facial expression recognition, implicit emotion regulation, and reward processing as domains for future research and meta‐analyses. An important step to aid comparability between studies in the field would be to reach consensus on an affective cognition test battery for BD.

Editor—Gaskell and colleagues conducted a secondary analysis of a heterogeneous, multicentre database to study the relationship between the presence of frontal alpha-delta EEG patterns and volitional responses assessed after anaesthesia induction using an isolated forearm technique. The authors conclude that that neither the presence of the frontal alpha-delta EEG patterns, nor any other EEG measure that they evaluated, reliably correlated with the volitional responses. Based on the data the authors present, this statement is not correct., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award R01 GM104948), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award P01 GM118629), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award R01 AG053582), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Award R01AG056015)

Target controlled infusion (TCI) of intraveneous anesthetics can assist clinical practitioners to provide improved care for General Anesthesia (GA). Pharmacoki-netic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models help in relating the anesthetic drug infusion to observed brain activity inferred from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The parameters in popular population PK/PD models for propofol-induced GA (Marsh and Schnider models) are either verified based on proprietary functions of the EEG signal which are difficult to correlate with the neurophysiological models of anesthesia, or the marker itself needs to be estimated simultaneously with the PD model. Both these factors make these existing paradigms challenging to apply in real-time context where a patient-specific tuning of parameters is desired. In this work, we propose a simpler EEG marker from frequency domain description of EEG and develop two corresponding PK/PD modeling approaches which differ in whether they use existing population-level PK models (approach 1) or not (approach 2). We use a simple deterministic parameter estimation approach to identify the unknown PK/PD model parameters from an existing human EEG data-set. We infer that both approaches 1 and 2 yield similar and reasonably good fits to the marker data. This work can be useful in developing patient-specific TCI strategies to induce GA., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01-GM104948), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P01-GM118629)

During awake consciousness, the brain intrinsically maintains a dynamical state in which it can coordinate complex responses to sensory input. How the brain reaches this state spontaneously is not known. General anesthesia provides a unique opportunity to examine how the human brain recovers its functional capabilities after profound unconsciousness. We used intracranial electrocorticography and scalp EEG in humans to track neural dynamics during emergence from propofol general anesthesia. We identify a distinct transient brain state that occurs immediately prior to recovery of behavioral responsiveness. This state is characterized by large, spatially distributed, slow sensory-evoked potentials that resemble the K-complexes that are hallmarks of stage two sleep. However, the ongoing spontaneous dynamics in this transitional state differ from sleep. These results identify an asymmetry in the neurophysiology of induction and emergence, as the emerging brain can enter a state with a sleep-like sensory blockade before regaining responsivity to arousing stimuli., National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant K99-MH111748), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R00-NS080911), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP2-OD006454), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant S10-RR023401), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01- NS062092), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01AG056015), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant P01GM118269), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant R01-EB009282)

Background: Impairments in affective cognition are part of the neurocognitive profile and possible treatment targets in bipolar disorder (BD), but the findings are heterogeneous. The International Society of Bipolar Disorder (ISBD) Targeting Cognition Task Force conducted a systematic review to (i) identify the most consistent findings in affective cognition in BD, and (ii) provide suggestions for affective cognitive domains for future study and meta‐analyses.Methods: The review included original studies reporting behavioral measures of affective cognition in BD patients vs controls following the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Searches were conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychInfo from inception until November 2018.Results: A total of 106 articles were included (of which nine included data for several affective domains); 41 studies assessed emotional face processing; 23 studies investigated reactivity to emotional words and images; 3 investigated explicit emotion regulation; 17 assessed implicit emotion regulation; 31 assessed reward processing and affective decision making. In general, findings were inconsistent. The most consistent findings were trait‐related difficulties in facial emotion recognition and implicit emotion regulation, and impairments in reward processing and affective decision making during mood episodes. Studies using eye‐tracking and facial emotion analysis revealed subtle trait‐related abnormalities in emotional reactivity.Conclusion: The ISBD Task Force recommends facial expression recognition, implicit emotion regulation, and reward processing as domains for future research and meta‐analyses. An important step to aid comparability between studies in the field would be to reach consensus on an affective cognition test battery for BD.

Brain source imaging is an important method for noninvasively characterizing brain activity using Electroencephalogram (EEG) or Magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings. Traditional EEG/MEG Source Imaging (ESI) methods usually assume that either source activity at different time points is unrelated, or that similar spatiotemporal patterns exist across an entire study period. The former assumption makes ESI analyses sensitive to noise, while the latter renders ESI analyses unable to account for time-varying patterns of activity. To effectively deal with noise while maintaining flexibility and continuity among brain activation patterns, we propose a novel probabilistic ESI model based on a hierarchical graph prior. Under our method, a spanning tree constraint ensures that activity patterns have spatiotemporal continuity. An efficient algorithm based on alternating convex search is presented to solve the proposed model and is provably convergent. Comprehensive numerical studies using synthetic data on a real brain model are conducted under different levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from both sensor and source spaces. We also examine the EEG/MEG data in a real application, in which our ESI reconstructions are neurologically plausible. All the results demonstrate significant improvements of the proposed algorithm over the benchmark methods in terms of source localization performance, especially at high noise levels.

Objective To characterize the amount of EEG suppression achieved in refractory status epilepticus (RSE) patients treated with pharmacologically-induced coma (PIC). Methods We analyzed EEG recordings from 35 RSE patients between 21-84 years-old who received PIC that target burst suppression and quantified the amount of EEG suppression using the burst suppression probability (BSP). Then we measured the variability of BSPs with respect to a reference level of BSP 0.8 ± 0.15. Finally, we also measured the variability of BSPs with respect to the amount of intravenous anesthetic drugs (IVADs) received by the patients. Results Patients remained in the reference BSP range for only 8% (median, interquartile range IQR [0, 29] %) of the total time under treatment. The median time with BSP below the reference range was 84% (IQR [37, 100] %). BSPs in some patients drifted significantly over time despite constant infusion rates of IVADs. Similar weight-normalized infusion rates of IVADs in different patients nearly always resulted in distinct BSPs (probability 0.93 (IQR [0.82, 1.0]). Conclusion This study quantitatively identified high variability in the amount of EEG suppression achieved in clinical practice when treating RSE patients. While some of this variability may arise from clinicians purposefully deviating from clinical practice guidelines, our results show that the high variability also arises in part from significant inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic variation. Our results indicate that the delicate balance between maintaining sufficient EEG suppression in RSE patients and minimizing IVAD exposure in clinical practice is challenging to achieve. This may affect patient outcomes and confound studies seeking to determine an optimal amount of EEG suppression for treatment of RSE. Therefore, our analysis points to the need for developing an alternative paradigm, such as vigilant anesthetic management as happens in operating rooms, or closed-loop a, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U.S.) (1K23NS090900), Guggenheim Fellowship in Applied Mathematics, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Transformative Research Award R01-GM104 948), Massachusetts General Hospital

National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP2-OD006454), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant DP1-OD003646), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant TR01-GM104948)

During awake consciousness, the brain intrinsically maintains a dynamical state in which it can coordinate complex responses to sensory input. How the brain reaches this state spontaneously is not known. General anesthesia provides a unique opportunity to examine how the human brain recovers its functional capabilities after profound unconsciousness. We used intracranial electrocorticography and scalp EEG in humans to track neural dynamics during emergence from propofol general anesthesia. We identify a distinct transient brain state that occurs immediately prior to recovery of behavioral responsiveness. This state is characterized by large, spatially distributed, slow sensory-evoked potentials that resemble the K-complexes that are hallmarks of stage two sleep. However, the ongoing spontaneous dynamics in this transitional state differ from sleep. These results identify an asymmetry in the neurophysiology of induction and emergence, as the emerging brain can enter a state with a sleep-like sensory blockade before regaining responsivity to arousing stimuli.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has proven clinically beneficial against B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, suboptimal clinical outcomes have been associated with decreased expansion and persistence of adoptively transferred CAR T cells, antigen-negative relapses, and impairment by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Improvements in CAR T cell design are required to enhance clinical efficacy, as well as broaden the applicability of this technology. Here, we demonstrate that interleukin-18 (IL-18)-secreting CAR T cells exhibit enhanced in vivo expansion and persistence and significantly increase long-term survival in syngeneic mouse models of both hematological and solid malignancies. In addition, we demonstrate that IL-18-secreting CAR T cells are capable of modulating the tumor microenvironment, as well as enhancing an effective endogenous anti-tumor immune response. IL-18-secreting CAR T cells represent a promising strategy to enhance the clinical outcomes of adoptive T cell therapy.

Pellucid Paper offers a new history of the materiality of Early Modern poetry and its relation to political power, memory and subject constitution. The book explores the broad media practices in which some of the most canonical Spanish Golden Age poetry was produced. It departs from the intersection of media theory, historiography and materiality of Early Modern culture in a radical rethinking of the nature of the relationship between the imaginary and the real using the concept of cultural techniques. Working with the operative sequences of the material and the symbolic of epistemological configurations of art, literature and power relations, it ..., https://www.librarystack.org/pellucid-paper-poetry-and-bureaucratic-media-in-early-modern-spain/?ref=unknown

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has proven clinically beneficial against B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, suboptimal clinical outcomes have been associated with decreased expansion and persistence of adoptively transferred CAR T cells, antigen-negative relapses, and impairment by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Improvements in CAR T cell design are required to enhance clinical efficacy, as well as broaden the applicability of this technology. Here, we demonstrate that interleukin-18 (IL-18)-secreting CAR T cells exhibit enhanced in vivo expansion and persistence and significantly increase long-term survival in syngeneic mouse models of both hematological and solid malignancies. In addition, we demonstrate that IL-18-secreting CAR T cells are capable of modulating the tumor microenvironment, as well as enhancing an effective endogenous anti-tumor immune response. IL-18-secreting CAR T cells represent a promising strategy to enhance the clinical outcomes of adoptive T cell therapy.