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1. The EBEX Balloon Borne Experiment - Detectors and Readout

Author

The EBEX Collaboration, Abitbol, Maximilian, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen M., Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Irwin, Kent, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, The EBEX Collaboration, Abitbol, Maximilian, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen M., Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Irwin, Kent, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX was a long-duration balloon-borne experiment to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. The experiment had three frequency bands centered at 150, 250, and 410 GHz and was the first to use a kilo-pixel array of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers aboard a balloon platform; shortly after reaching float we operated 504, 342, and 109 TESs at each of the bands, respectively. We describe the design and characterization of the array and the readout system. We give the distributions of measured thermal conductances, normal resistances, and transition temperatures. With the exception of the thermal conductance at 150 GHz. We measured median low-loop-gain time constants $\tau_{0}=$ 88, 46, and 57 ms and compare them to predictions. Two measurements of bolometer absorption efficiency show high ($\sim$0.9) efficiency at 150 GHz and medium ($\sim$0.35, and $\sim$0.25) at the two higher bands, respectively. We measure a median total optical load of 3.6, 5.3 and 5.0 pW absorbed at the three bands, respectively. EBEX pioneered the use of the digital version of the frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) system which multiplexed the bias and readout of 16 bolometers onto two wires. We present accounting of the measured noise equivalent power. The median per-detector noise equivalent temperatures referred to a black body with a temperature of 2.725 K are 400, 920, and 14500 $\mu$K$\sqrt{s}$ for the three bands, respectively. We compare these values to our pre-flight predictions and to a previous balloon payload, discuss the sources of excess noise, and the path for a future payload to make full use of the balloon environment., Comment: Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (APJS). 49 pages, 28 figures, 11 tables

Published
2018
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2. The EBEX Balloon Borne Experiment - Detectors and Readout

Author

The EBEX Collaboration, Abitbol, Maximilian, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen M., Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Irwin, Kent, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, The EBEX Collaboration, Abitbol, Maximilian, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen M., Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Irwin, Kent, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX was a long-duration balloon-borne experiment to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. The experiment had three frequency bands centered at 150, 250, and 410 GHz and was the first to use a kilo-pixel array of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers aboard a balloon platform; shortly after reaching float we operated 504, 342, and 109 TESs at each of the bands, respectively. We describe the design and characterization of the array and the readout system. We give the distributions of measured thermal conductances, normal resistances, and transition temperatures. With the exception of the thermal conductance at 150 GHz. We measured median low-loop-gain time constants $\tau_{0}=$ 88, 46, and 57 ms and compare them to predictions. Two measurements of bolometer absorption efficiency show high ($\sim$0.9) efficiency at 150 GHz and medium ($\sim$0.35, and $\sim$0.25) at the two higher bands, respectively. We measure a median total optical load of 3.6, 5.3 and 5.0 pW absorbed at the three bands, respectively. EBEX pioneered the use of the digital version of the frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) system which multiplexed the bias and readout of 16 bolometers onto two wires. We present accounting of the measured noise equivalent power. The median per-detector noise equivalent temperatures referred to a black body with a temperature of 2.725 K are 400, 920, and 14500 $\mu$K$\sqrt{s}$ for the three bands, respectively. We compare these values to our pre-flight predictions and to a previous balloon payload, discuss the sources of excess noise, and the path for a future payload to make full use of the balloon environment., Comment: Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (APJS). 49 pages, 28 figures, 11 tables

Published
2018
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3. Intensity-Coupled-Polarization in Instruments with a Continuously Rotating Half-Wave Plate

Author

Didier, Joy, Miller, Amber D., Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Geach, Christopher, Johnson, Bradley, Korotkov, Andrei, Raach, Kate, Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Lee, Adrian, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Zilic, Kyle, Didier, Joy, Miller, Amber D., Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Geach, Christopher, Johnson, Bradley, Korotkov, Andrei, Raach, Kate, Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Lee, Adrian, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

We discuss a systematic effect associated with measuring polarization with a continuously rotating half-wave plate. The effect was identified with the data from the E and B Experiment (EBEX), which was a balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the polarization of the CMB as well as that from Galactic dust. The data show polarization fraction larger than 10\% while less than 3\% were expected from instrumental polarization. We give evidence that the excess polarization is due to detector non-linearity in the presence of a continuously rotating HWP. The non-linearity couples intensity signals into polarization. We develop a map-based method to remove the excess polarization. Applying this method for the 150 (250) GHz bands data we find that 81\% (92\%) of the excess polarization was removed. Characterization and mitigation of this effect is important for future experiments aiming to measure the CMB B-modes with a continuously rotating HWP., Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

Published
2017
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4. The EBEX Balloon-Borne Experiment - Gondola, Attitude Control, and Control Software

Author

The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad, Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Moncelsi, Lorenzo, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad, Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Moncelsi, Lorenzo, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) was a long-duration balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. EBEX was the first balloon-borne instrument to implement a kilo-pixel array of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors and the first CMB experiment to use the digital version of the frequency domain multiplexing system for readout of the TES array. The scan strategy relied on 40 s peak-to-peak constant velocity azimuthal scans. We discuss the unique demands on the design and operation of the payload that resulted from these new technologies and the scan strategy. We describe the solutions implemented including the development of a power system designed to provide a total of at least 2.3 kW, a cooling system to dissipate 590 W consumed by the detectors' readout system, software to manage and handle the data of the kilo-pixel array, and specialized attitude reconstruction software. We present flight performance data showing faultless management of the TES array, adequate powering and cooling of the readout electronics, and constraint of attitude reconstruction errors such that the spurious B-modes they induced were less than 10% of CMB B-mode power spectrum with $r=0.05$., Comment: 37 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Supp

Published
2017
Full Text
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5. The EBEX Balloon Borne Experiment - Optics, Receiver, and Polarimetry

Author

The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Savini, Giorgio, Spencer, Locke, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Savini, Giorgio, Spencer, Locke, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) was a long-duration balloon-borne cosmic microwave background polarimeter that flew over Antarctica in 2013. We describe the experiment's optical system, receiver, and polarimetric approach, and report on their in-flight performance. EBEX had three frequency bands centered on 150, 250, and 410 GHz. To make efficient use of limited mass and space we designed a 115 cm$^{2}$sr high throughput optical system that had two ambient temperature mirrors and four anti-reflection coated polyethylene lenses per focal plane. All frequency bands shared the same optical train. Polarimetry was achieved with a continuously rotating achromatic half-wave plate (AHWP) that was levitated with a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB). Rotation stability was 0.45 % over a period of 10 hours, and angular position accuracy was 0.01 degrees. This is the first use of a SMB in astrophysics. The measured modulation efficiency was above 90 % for all bands. To our knowledge the 109 % fractional bandwidth of the AHWP was the broadest implemented to date. The receiver that contained one lens and the AHWP at a temperature of 4 K, the polarizing grid and other lenses at 1 K, and the two focal planes at 0.25 K performed according to specifications giving focal plane temperature stability with fluctuation power spectrum that had $1/f$ knee at 2 mHz. EBEX was the first balloon-borne instrument to implement technologies characteristic of modern CMB polarimeters including high throughput optical systems, and large arrays of transition edge sensor bolometric detectors with mutiplexed readouts., Comment: 49 pages, 32 figures, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Supplement

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

6. Intensity-Coupled-Polarization in Instruments with a Continuously Rotating Half-Wave Plate

Author

Didier, Joy, Miller, Amber D., Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Geach, Christopher, Johnson, Bradley, Korotkov, Andrei, Raach, Kate, Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Lee, Adrian, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Zilic, Kyle, Didier, Joy, Miller, Amber D., Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Geach, Christopher, Johnson, Bradley, Korotkov, Andrei, Raach, Kate, Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Lee, Adrian, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

We discuss a systematic effect associated with measuring polarization with a continuously rotating half-wave plate. The effect was identified with the data from the E and B Experiment (EBEX), which was a balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the polarization of the CMB as well as that from Galactic dust. The data show polarization fraction larger than 10\% while less than 3\% were expected from instrumental polarization. We give evidence that the excess polarization is due to detector non-linearity in the presence of a continuously rotating HWP. The non-linearity couples intensity signals into polarization. We develop a map-based method to remove the excess polarization. Applying this method for the 150 (250) GHz bands data we find that 81\% (92\%) of the excess polarization was removed. Characterization and mitigation of this effect is important for future experiments aiming to measure the CMB B-modes with a continuously rotating HWP., Comment: 43 pages, 12 figures, submitted to the Astrophysical Journal

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

7. The EBEX Balloon Borne Experiment - Optics, Receiver, and Polarimetry

Author

The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Savini, Giorgio, Spencer, Locke, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Geach, Christopher, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Savini, Giorgio, Spencer, Locke, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) was a long-duration balloon-borne cosmic microwave background polarimeter that flew over Antarctica in 2013. We describe the experiment's optical system, receiver, and polarimetric approach, and report on their in-flight performance. EBEX had three frequency bands centered on 150, 250, and 410 GHz. To make efficient use of limited mass and space we designed a 115 cm$^{2}$sr high throughput optical system that had two ambient temperature mirrors and four anti-reflection coated polyethylene lenses per focal plane. All frequency bands shared the same optical train. Polarimetry was achieved with a continuously rotating achromatic half-wave plate (AHWP) that was levitated with a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB). Rotation stability was 0.45 % over a period of 10 hours, and angular position accuracy was 0.01 degrees. This is the first use of a SMB in astrophysics. The measured modulation efficiency was above 90 % for all bands. To our knowledge the 109 % fractional bandwidth of the AHWP was the broadest implemented to date. The receiver that contained one lens and the AHWP at a temperature of 4 K, the polarizing grid and other lenses at 1 K, and the two focal planes at 0.25 K performed according to specifications giving focal plane temperature stability with fluctuation power spectrum that had $1/f$ knee at 2 mHz. EBEX was the first balloon-borne instrument to implement technologies characteristic of modern CMB polarimeters including high throughput optical systems, and large arrays of transition edge sensor bolometric detectors with mutiplexed readouts., Comment: 49 pages, 32 figures, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Supplement

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. The EBEX Balloon-Borne Experiment - Gondola, Attitude Control, and Control Software

Author

The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad, Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Moncelsi, Lorenzo, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, The EBEX Collaboration, Aboobaker, Asad, Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Moncelsi, Lorenzo, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tucker, Carole, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Benjamin, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) was a long-duration balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. EBEX was the first balloon-borne instrument to implement a kilo-pixel array of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors and the first CMB experiment to use the digital version of the frequency domain multiplexing system for readout of the TES array. The scan strategy relied on 40 s peak-to-peak constant velocity azimuthal scans. We discuss the unique demands on the design and operation of the payload that resulted from these new technologies and the scan strategy. We describe the solutions implemented including the development of a power system designed to provide a total of at least 2.3 kW, a cooling system to dissipate 590 W consumed by the detectors' readout system, software to manage and handle the data of the kilo-pixel array, and specialized attitude reconstruction software. We present flight performance data showing faultless management of the TES array, adequate powering and cooling of the readout electronics, and constraint of attitude reconstruction errors such that the spurious B-modes they induced were less than 10% of CMB B-mode power spectrum with $r=0.05$., Comment: 37 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Supp

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

9. Temperature calibration of the E and B experiment

Author

Aubin, Francois, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen, Geach, Christopher, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Macdermid, Kevin, Marchenko, Valerie, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Puglisi, Giuseppe, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, Aubin, Francois, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen, Geach, Christopher, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Macdermid, Kevin, Marchenko, Valerie, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Puglisi, Giuseppe, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) is a balloon-borne polarimeter designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation and to characterize the polarization of galactic dust. EBEX was launched December 29, 2012 and circumnavigated Antarctica observing $\sim$6,000 square degrees of sky during 11 days at three frequency bands centered around 150, 250 and 410 GHz. EBEX was the first experiment to operate a kilo-pixel array of transition-edge sensor bolometers and a continuously rotating achromatic half-wave plate aboard a balloon platform. It also pioneered the use of detector readout based on digital frequency domain multiplexing. We describe the temperature calibration of the experiment. The gain response of the experiment is calibrated using a two-step iterative process. We use signals measured on passes across the Galactic plane to convert from readout-system counts to power. The effective smoothing scale of the EBEX optics and the star camera-to-detector offset angles are determined through \c{hi}2 minimization using the compact HII region RCW 38. This two-step process is initially performed with parameters measured before the EBEX 2013 flight and then repeated until the calibration factor and parameters converge., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of the 14th Marcel Grossman Conference

Published
2016

10. Temperature calibration of the E and B experiment

Author

Aubin, Francois, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen, Geach, Christopher, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Macdermid, Kevin, Marchenko, Valerie, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Puglisi, Giuseppe, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, Zilic, Kyle, Aubin, Francois, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Araujo, Derek, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Feeney, Stephen, Geach, Christopher, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Macdermid, Kevin, Marchenko, Valerie, Miller, Amber D., Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Puglisi, Giuseppe, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Westbrook, Ben, Young, Karl, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

The E and B Experiment (EBEX) is a balloon-borne polarimeter designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation and to characterize the polarization of galactic dust. EBEX was launched December 29, 2012 and circumnavigated Antarctica observing $\sim$6,000 square degrees of sky during 11 days at three frequency bands centered around 150, 250 and 410 GHz. EBEX was the first experiment to operate a kilo-pixel array of transition-edge sensor bolometers and a continuously rotating achromatic half-wave plate aboard a balloon platform. It also pioneered the use of detector readout based on digital frequency domain multiplexing. We describe the temperature calibration of the experiment. The gain response of the experiment is calibrated using a two-step iterative process. We use signals measured on passes across the Galactic plane to convert from readout-system counts to power. The effective smoothing scale of the EBEX optics and the star camera-to-detector offset angles are determined through \c{hi}2 minimization using the compact HII region RCW 38. This two-step process is initially performed with parameters measured before the EBEX 2013 flight and then repeated until the calibration factor and parameters converge., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of the 14th Marcel Grossman Conference

Published
2016

11. The performance of the bolometer array and readout system during the 2012/2013 flight of the E and B experiment (EBEX)

Author

MacDermid, Kevin, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bandura, Kevin, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Hannes, Irwin, Kent, Johnson, Bradley, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Ted, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Greg, Westbrook, Ben, Zilic, Kyle, MacDermid, Kevin, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bandura, Kevin, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Hannes, Irwin, Kent, Johnson, Bradley, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Ted, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Greg, Westbrook, Ben, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX is a balloon-borne telescope designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. During its eleven day science flight in the Austral Summer of 2012, it operated 955 spider-web transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers separated into bands at 150, 250 and 410 GHz. This is the first time that an array of TES bolometers has been used on a balloon platform to conduct science observations. Polarization sensitivity was provided by a wire grid and continuously rotating half-wave plate. The balloon implementation of the bolometer array and readout electronics presented unique development requirements. Here we present an outline of the readout system, the remote tuning of the bolometers and Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifiers, and preliminary current noise of the bolometer array and readout system., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, SPIE conference proceedings

Published
2014
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12. The performance of the bolometer array and readout system during the 2012/2013 flight of the E and B experiment (EBEX)

Author

MacDermid, Kevin, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bandura, Kevin, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Hannes, Irwin, Kent, Johnson, Bradley, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Ted, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Greg, Westbrook, Ben, Zilic, Kyle, MacDermid, Kevin, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bandura, Kevin, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Helson, Kyle, Hillbrand, Seth, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Hannes, Irwin, Kent, Johnson, Bradley, Jaffe, Andrew, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Ted, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Reintsema, Carl, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stompor, Radek, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Greg, Westbrook, Ben, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX is a balloon-borne telescope designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. During its eleven day science flight in the Austral Summer of 2012, it operated 955 spider-web transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers separated into bands at 150, 250 and 410 GHz. This is the first time that an array of TES bolometers has been used on a balloon platform to conduct science observations. Polarization sensitivity was provided by a wire grid and continuously rotating half-wave plate. The balloon implementation of the bolometer array and readout electronics presented unique development requirements. Here we present an outline of the readout system, the remote tuning of the bolometers and Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) amplifiers, and preliminary current noise of the bolometer array and readout system., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, SPIE conference proceedings

Published
2014
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13. EBEX: A balloon-borne CMB polarization experiment

Author

Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Françcois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, William, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stivoli, Federico, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Françcois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, William, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stivoli, Federico, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX is a NASA-funded balloon-borne experiment designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Observations will be made using 1432 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors read out with frequency multiplexed SQuIDs. EBEX will observe in three frequency bands centered at 150, 250, and 410 GHz, with 768, 384, and 280 detectors in each band, respectively. This broad frequency coverage is designed to provide valuable information about polarized foreground signals from dust. The polarized sky signals will be modulated with an achromatic half wave plate (AHWP) rotating on a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) and analyzed with a fixed wire grid polarizer. EBEX will observe a patch covering ~1% of the sky with 8' resolution, allowing for observation of the angular power spectrum from \ell = 20 to 1000. This will allow EBEX to search for both the primordial B-mode signal predicted by inflation and the anticipated lensing B-mode signal. Calculations to predict EBEX constraints on r using expected noise levels show that, for a likelihood centered around zero and with negligible foregrounds, 99% of the area falls below r = 0.035. This value increases by a factor of 1.6 after a process of foreground subtraction. This estimate does not include systematic uncertainties. An engineering flight was launched in June, 2009, from Ft. Sumner, NM, and the long duration science flight in Antarctica is planned for 2011. These proceedings describe the EBEX instrument and the North American engineering flight., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, Conference proceedings for SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy V (2010)

Published
2010
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14. Software systems for operation, control, and monitoring of the EBEX instrument

Author

Milligan, Michael, Ade, Peter, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Milligan, Michael, Ade, Peter, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

We present the hardware and software systems implementing autonomous operation, distributed real-time monitoring, and control for the EBEX instrument. EBEX is a NASA-funded balloon-borne microwave polarimeter designed for a 14 day Antarctic flight that circumnavigates the pole. To meet its science goals the EBEX instrument autonomously executes several tasks in parallel: it collects attitude data and maintains pointing control in order to adhere to an observing schedule; tunes and operates up to 1920 TES bolometers and 120 SQUID amplifiers controlled by as many as 30 embedded computers; coordinates and dispatches jobs across an onboard computer network to manage this detector readout system; logs over 3~GiB/hour of science and housekeeping data to an onboard disk storage array; responds to a variety of commands and exogenous events; and downlinks multiple heterogeneous data streams representing a selected subset of the total logged data. Most of the systems implementing these functions have been tested during a recent engineering flight of the payload, and have proven to meet the target requirements. The EBEX ground segment couples uplink and downlink hardware to a client-server software stack, enabling real-time monitoring and command responsibility to be distributed across the public internet or other standard computer networks. Using the emerging dirfile standard as a uniform intermediate data format, a variety of front end programs provide access to different components and views of the downlinked data products. This distributed architecture was demonstrated operating across multiple widely dispersed sites prior to and during the EBEX engineering flight., Comment: 11 pages, to appear in Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010; adjusted metadata for arXiv submission

Published
2010
Full Text
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15. The EBEX Cryostat and Supporting Electronics

Author

Sagiv, Ilan, Aboobaker, Asad M., Bao, Chaoyun, Hanany, Shaul, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeffrey, Milligan, Michael, Polsgrove, Daniel E., Raach, Kate, Zilic, Kyle, Korotkov, Andrei, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinukurov, Yuri, Matsumura, Tomotake, Ade, Peter, Grainger, Will, Pascale, Enzo, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Hillbrand, Seth, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Jaffe, Andrew, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Tristram, Matthieu, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Kisner, Ted, Aubin, Francois, Dobbs, Matt, MacDermid, Kevin, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johhannes, Irwin, Kent, Reintsema, Carl, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Leach, Sam, Johnson, Bradley, Lee, Adrian, Tran, Huan, Levinson, Lorne, Sagiv, Ilan, Aboobaker, Asad M., Bao, Chaoyun, Hanany, Shaul, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeffrey, Milligan, Michael, Polsgrove, Daniel E., Raach, Kate, Zilic, Kyle, Korotkov, Andrei, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinukurov, Yuri, Matsumura, Tomotake, Ade, Peter, Grainger, Will, Pascale, Enzo, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Hillbrand, Seth, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Jaffe, Andrew, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Tristram, Matthieu, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Kisner, Ted, Aubin, Francois, Dobbs, Matt, MacDermid, Kevin, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johhannes, Irwin, Kent, Reintsema, Carl, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Leach, Sam, Johnson, Bradley, Lee, Adrian, Tran, Huan, and Levinson, Lorne

Abstract

We describe the cryostat and supporting electronics for the EBEX experiment. EBEX is a balloon-borne polarimeter designed to measure the B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The instrument includes a 1.5 meter Gregorian-type telescope and 1432 bolometric transition edge sensor detectors operating at 0.3 K. Electronics for monitoring temperatures and controlling cryostat refrigerators is read out over CANbus. A timing system ensures the data from all subsystems is accurately synchronized. EBEX completed an engineering test flight in June 2009 during which the cryogenics and supporting electronics performed according to predictions. The temperatures of the cryostat were stable, and an analysis of a subset of the data finds no scan synchronous signal in the cryostat temperatures. Preparations are underway for an Antarctic flight., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings of the 12th Marcel Grossman Conference

Published
2010

16. EBEX: A balloon-borne CMB polarization experiment

Author

Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Françcois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, William, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stivoli, Federico, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter, Aubin, Françcois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, William, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stivoli, Federico, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX is a NASA-funded balloon-borne experiment designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Observations will be made using 1432 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors read out with frequency multiplexed SQuIDs. EBEX will observe in three frequency bands centered at 150, 250, and 410 GHz, with 768, 384, and 280 detectors in each band, respectively. This broad frequency coverage is designed to provide valuable information about polarized foreground signals from dust. The polarized sky signals will be modulated with an achromatic half wave plate (AHWP) rotating on a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) and analyzed with a fixed wire grid polarizer. EBEX will observe a patch covering ~1% of the sky with 8' resolution, allowing for observation of the angular power spectrum from \ell = 20 to 1000. This will allow EBEX to search for both the primordial B-mode signal predicted by inflation and the anticipated lensing B-mode signal. Calculations to predict EBEX constraints on r using expected noise levels show that, for a likelihood centered around zero and with negligible foregrounds, 99% of the area falls below r = 0.035. This value increases by a factor of 1.6 after a process of foreground subtraction. This estimate does not include systematic uncertainties. An engineering flight was launched in June, 2009, from Ft. Sumner, NM, and the long duration science flight in Antarctica is planned for 2011. These proceedings describe the EBEX instrument and the North American engineering flight., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, Conference proceedings for SPIE Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy V (2010)

Published
2010
Full Text
View/download PDF

17. Software systems for operation, control, and monitoring of the EBEX instrument

Author

Milligan, Michael, Ade, Peter, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Milligan, Michael, Ade, Peter, Aubin, François, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, Will, Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

We present the hardware and software systems implementing autonomous operation, distributed real-time monitoring, and control for the EBEX instrument. EBEX is a NASA-funded balloon-borne microwave polarimeter designed for a 14 day Antarctic flight that circumnavigates the pole. To meet its science goals the EBEX instrument autonomously executes several tasks in parallel: it collects attitude data and maintains pointing control in order to adhere to an observing schedule; tunes and operates up to 1920 TES bolometers and 120 SQUID amplifiers controlled by as many as 30 embedded computers; coordinates and dispatches jobs across an onboard computer network to manage this detector readout system; logs over 3~GiB/hour of science and housekeeping data to an onboard disk storage array; responds to a variety of commands and exogenous events; and downlinks multiple heterogeneous data streams representing a selected subset of the total logged data. Most of the systems implementing these functions have been tested during a recent engineering flight of the payload, and have proven to meet the target requirements. The EBEX ground segment couples uplink and downlink hardware to a client-server software stack, enabling real-time monitoring and command responsibility to be distributed across the public internet or other standard computer networks. Using the emerging dirfile standard as a uniform intermediate data format, a variety of front end programs provide access to different components and views of the downlinked data products. This distributed architecture was demonstrated operating across multiple widely dispersed sites prior to and during the EBEX engineering flight., Comment: 11 pages, to appear in Proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010; adjusted metadata for arXiv submission

Published
2010
Full Text
View/download PDF

18. The EBEX Cryostat and Supporting Electronics

Author

Sagiv, Ilan, Aboobaker, Asad M., Bao, Chaoyun, Hanany, Shaul, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeffrey, Milligan, Michael, Polsgrove, Daniel E., Raach, Kate, Zilic, Kyle, Korotkov, Andrei, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinukurov, Yuri, Matsumura, Tomotake, Ade, Peter, Grainger, Will, Pascale, Enzo, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Hillbrand, Seth, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Jaffe, Andrew, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Tristram, Matthieu, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Kisner, Ted, Aubin, Francois, Dobbs, Matt, MacDermid, Kevin, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johhannes, Irwin, Kent, Reintsema, Carl, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Leach, Sam, Johnson, Bradley, Lee, Adrian, Tran, Huan, Levinson, Lorne, Sagiv, Ilan, Aboobaker, Asad M., Bao, Chaoyun, Hanany, Shaul, Jones, Terry, Klein, Jeffrey, Milligan, Michael, Polsgrove, Daniel E., Raach, Kate, Zilic, Kyle, Korotkov, Andrei, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinukurov, Yuri, Matsumura, Tomotake, Ade, Peter, Grainger, Will, Pascale, Enzo, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Hillbrand, Seth, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Limon, Michele, Miller, Amber, Jaffe, Andrew, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Tristram, Matthieu, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Kisner, Ted, Aubin, Francois, Dobbs, Matt, MacDermid, Kevin, Hilton, Gene, Hubmayr, Johhannes, Irwin, Kent, Reintsema, Carl, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Leach, Sam, Johnson, Bradley, Lee, Adrian, Tran, Huan, and Levinson, Lorne

Abstract

We describe the cryostat and supporting electronics for the EBEX experiment. EBEX is a balloon-borne polarimeter designed to measure the B-mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The instrument includes a 1.5 meter Gregorian-type telescope and 1432 bolometric transition edge sensor detectors operating at 0.3 K. Electronics for monitoring temperatures and controlling cryostat refrigerators is read out over CANbus. A timing system ensures the data from all subsystems is accurately synchronized. EBEX completed an engineering test flight in June 2009 during which the cryogenics and supporting electronics performed according to predictions. The temperatures of the cryostat were stable, and an analysis of a subset of the data finds no scan synchronous signal in the cryostat temperatures. Preparations are underway for an Antarctic flight., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings of the 12th Marcel Grossman Conference

Published
2010

19. First implementation of TES bolometer arrays with SQUID-based multiplexed readout on a balloon-borne platform

Author

Aubin, Francois, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter A. R., Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hubmayr, Johannes, Hyland, Peter, Hillbrand, Seth, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Aubin, Francois, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter A. R., Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hubmayr, Johannes, Hyland, Peter, Hillbrand, Seth, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX (the E and B EXperiment) is a balloon-borne telescope designed to measure the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background radiation. During a two week long duration science flight over Antarctica, EBEX will operate 768, 384 and 280 spider-web transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers at 150, 250 and 410 GHz, respectively. The 10-hour EBEX engineering flight in June 2009 over New Mexico and Arizona provided the first usage of both a large array of TES bolometers and a Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) based multiplexed readout in a space-like environment. This successful demonstration increases the technology readiness level of these bolometers and the associated readout system for future space missions. A total of 82, 49 and 82 TES detectors were operated during the engineering flight at 150, 250 and 410 GHz. The sensors were read out with a new SQUID-based digital frequency domain multiplexed readout system that was designed to meet the low power consumption and robust autonomous operation requirements presented by a balloon experiment. Here we describe the system and the remote, automated tuning of the bolometers and SQUIDs. We compare results from tuning at float to ground, and discuss bolometer performance during flight

20. Software systems for operation, control, and monitoring of the EBEX instrument

Author

Radziwill, Nicole M., Bridger, Alan, Milligan, Michael, Ade, Peter A. R., Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Hyland, Peter, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Radziwill, Nicole M., Bridger, Alan, Milligan, Michael, Ade, Peter A. R., Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Hyland, Peter, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Tran, Huan, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

21. A cryogenic half-wave plate polarimeter using a superconducting magnetic bearing

Author

Klein, Jeff, Aboobaker, Asad, Ade, Peter A. R., Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Gold, Benjamin, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hubmayr, Johannes, Hillbrand, Seth, Grain, Julien, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Klein, Jeff, Aboobaker, Asad, Ade, Peter A. R., Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Gold, Benjamin, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hubmayr, Johannes, Hillbrand, Seth, Grain, Julien, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Sagiv, Ilan, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

We present the design and measured performance of the superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) that was used successfully as the rotation mechanism in the half-wave plate polarimeter of the E and B Experiment (EBEX) during its North American test flight. EBEX is a NASA-supported balloon-borne experiment that is designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. In this implementation the half-wave plate is mounted to the rotor of an SMB that is operating at the sink temperature of 4 K. We demonstrate robust, remote operation on a balloon-borne payload, with angular encoding accuracy of 0.01°. We find rotational speed variation to be 0.2% RMS. We measure vibrational modes and find them to be consistent with a simple SMB model. We search for but do not find magnetic field interference in the detectors and readout. We set an upper limit of 3% of the receiver noise level after 5 minutes of integration on such interference. At 2 Hz rotation we measure a power dissipation of 56 mW. If this power dissipation is reduced, such an SMB implementation is a candidate for low-noise space applications because of the absence of stick-slip friction and low wear.

22. EBEX: a balloon-borne CMB polarization experiment

Author

Holland, Wayne S., Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter A. R., Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stivoli, Federico, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, Zilic, Kyle, Holland, Wayne S., Zmuidzinas, Jonas, Reichborn-Kjennerud, Britt, Aboobaker, Asad M., Ade, Peter A. R., Aubin, Francois, Baccigalupi, Carlo, Bao, Chaoyun, Borrill, Julian, Cantalupo, Christopher, Chapman, Daniel, Didier, Joy, Dobbs, Matt, Grain, Julien, Grainger, William F., Hanany, Shaul, Hillbrand, Seth, Hubmayr, Johannes, Jaffe, Andrew, Johnson, Bradley, Jones, Terry, Kisner, Theodore, Klein, Jeff, Korotkov, Andrei, Leach, Sam, Lee, Adrian, Levinson, Lorne, Limon, Michele, MacDermid, Kevin, Matsumura, Tomotake, Meng, Xiaofan, Miller, Amber, Milligan, Michael, Pascale, Enzo, Polsgrove, Daniel, Ponthieu, Nicolas, Raach, Kate, Sagiv, Ilan, Smecher, Graeme, Stivoli, Federico, Stompor, Radek, Tran, Huan, Tristram, Matthieu, Tucker, Gregory S., Vinokurov, Yury, Yadav, Amit, Zaldarriaga, Matias, and Zilic, Kyle

Abstract

EBEX is a NASA-funded balloon-borne experiment designed to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Observations will be made using 1432 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometric detectors read out with frequency multiplexed SQuIDs. EBEX will observe in three frequency bands centered at 150, 250, and 410 GHz, with 768, 384, and 280 detectors in each band, respectively. This broad frequency coverage is designed to provide valuable information about polarized foreground signals from dust. The polarized sky signals will be modulated with an achromatic half wave plate (AHWP) rotating on a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) and analyzed with a fixed wire grid polarizer. EBEX will observe a patch covering ~1% of the sky with 8' resolution, allowing for observation of the angular power spectrum from l = 20 to 1000. This will allow EBEX to search for both the primordial B-mode signal predicted by inflation and the anticipated lensing B-mode signal. Calculations to predict EBEX constraints on r using expected noise levels show that, for a likelihood centered around zero and with negligible foregrounds, 99% of the area falls below r = 0.035. This value increases by a factor of 1.6 after a process of foreground subtraction. This estimate does not include systematic uncertainties. An engineering flight was launched in June, 2009, from Ft. Sumner, NM, and the long duration science flight in Antarctica is planned for 2011. These proceedings describe the EBEX instrument and the North American engineering flight.

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