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Scylla spp. are among the most economically important fisheries resources derived from the mangroves. However, the widespread mangrove destruction resulted in the loss of habitat, thus the dwindling capture production of many mangrove-associated faunas. Although studies have shown that Scylla populations have reestablished in mangrove-reforested areas, this study was the first in a mangrove-recolonized abandoned pond in the Philippines. Six fishers conducted standardized fishing every spring tide of the month using cylindrical bamboo traps. All crabs caught from July 2010 to December 2011 were recorded for species, sex, sexual maturation of females, carapace width (CW), and body weight (BW). Total landings comprised 14,262 crabs weighing 1,743 kg; 79.67% Scylla olivacea, 20.18% S. tranquebarica, and 0.15% S. serrata. CW ranged 3.1–17.1 cm and BW 10–1,250 g, with the male crabs comprising 39.23–64.65% of the monthly landings and the females distributed as 19.88–45.01% immature, 0.50–16.57% mature, 0.45–16.02% gravid, and less than 0.10% spent crabs. Monthly landings ranged 254–1,231 pcs of crabs or 32.38–160.59 kg. The monthly mean catch per unit effort (CPUE), in terms of number, was 0.101 ± 0.01–0.456 ± 0.02 crab gear−1 day−1 (max = 1.13), while in terms of biomass, 12.86 ± 0.84–54.36 ± 3.16 g gear−1 day−1 (max = 112.50). Length–weight relationships of S. olivacea and S. tranquebarica are expressed as W = 0.224967L2.9864 (r2 = 94.08%, p < 0.001; n = 11,363) and W = 0.173409L3.1074 (r2 = 92.71%, p < 0.001; n = 2,878), respectively. This study revealed that Scylla spp. could reestablish in mangrove-recolonized abandoned ponds.

This article addresses the issue of gender inequality and how it has affected women leaders in the Mexican mining industry. According to Tarrés (2013), the gender category is the result of social relations based on differences perceived by the sexes and power. Gender inequality is the result of privileging one group over another based on an ideological system and not on abilities or abilities. To understand inequality in organizations and how to eradicate it, it is necessary to take into account organizational culture as a system of shared beliefs, habits and processes that maintain, replicate or change the dynamics within companies. To learn firsthand about what women leaders experience in the mines, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed from an interpretive approach based on an analogical epistemology. Thanks to this approach, it was possible to detect that there are still companies with inequality practices, but also that there are gender education programs, inclusion policies and support networks to eradicate inequality and create a better working environment., Este artigo aborda a questão da desigualdade de género e como esta tem afectado as mulheres líderes na indústria mineira mexicana. Segundo Tarrés (2013), a categoria gênero é o resultado de relações sociais baseadas nas diferenças percebidas entre os sexos e no poder. Por outras palavras, a desigualdade de género é o resultado de privilegiar um grupo em detrimento de outro com base num sistema ideológico, e não em capacidades ou habilidades. Para compreender a desigualdade nas organizações e como erradicá-la, é necessário ter em conta a cultura organizacional como um sistema de crenças, hábitos e processos partilhados que mantêm, replicam ou alteram a dinâmica dentro das empresas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a relação entre a cultura organizacional e o desenvolvimento de mulheres gestoras em organizações da indústria mineral destacadas em diferentes estudos de caso. Para conhecer em primeira mão o que as mulheres líderes vivenciam nas minas, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas a partir de uma abordagem interpretativa apoiada por uma epistemologia analógica. Graças a esta abordagem, foi possível detectar que ainda existem empresas com práticas de desigualdade, embora programas de educação de género, políticas de inclusão e redes de apoio também operem para erradicar a desigualdade e criar um melhor ambiente de trabalho., En este artículo se aborda el tema de la desigualdad de género y cómo ha afectado a las mujeres líderes en la industria minera mexicana. De acuerdo con Tarrés (2013), la categoría de género es el resultado de relaciones sociales basadas en diferencias percibidas por los sexos y el poder. En otras palabras, la desigualdad de género es el resultado de privilegiar a un grupo sobre otro a partir de un sistema ideológico, y no de las capacidades o habilidades. Para entender la desigualdad en las organizaciones y cómo erradicarla es necesario tomar en cuenta la cultura organizacional como un sistema de creencias, hábitos y procesos compartidos que mantienen, replican o cambian las dinámicas dentro de las empresas. En tal sentido, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender la relación que se da entre cultura organizacional y el desarrollo de las mujeres directivas en las organizaciones de la industria minera destacadas en diferentes casos de estudio. Para conocer de primera mano lo que viven las mujeres líderes en las minas, se hicieron 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas y se analizaron desde un enfoque interpretativo sustentado en una epistemología analógica. Gracias a este acercamiento, se pudo detectar que todavía existen empresas con prácticas de desigualdad, aunque también funcionan programas de educación de género, políticas de inclusión y redes de apoyo para erradicar la desigualdad y crear un mejor entorno laboral

This article addresses the issue of gender inequality and how it has affected women leaders in the Mexican mining industry. According to Tarrés (2013), the gender category is the result of social relations based on differences perceived by the sexes and power. Gender inequality is the result of privileging one group over another based on an ideological system and not on abilities or abilities. To understand inequality in organizations and how to eradicate it, it is necessary to take into account organizational culture as a system of shared beliefs, habits and processes that maintain, replicate or change the dynamics within companies. To learn firsthand about what women leaders experience in the mines, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed from an interpretive approach based on an analogical epistemology. Thanks to this approach, it was possible to detect that there are still companies with inequality practices, but also that there are gender education programs, inclusion policies and support networks to eradicate inequality and create a better working environment., Este artigo aborda a questão da desigualdade de género e como esta tem afectado as mulheres líderes na indústria mineira mexicana. Segundo Tarrés (2013), a categoria gênero é o resultado de relações sociais baseadas nas diferenças percebidas entre os sexos e no poder. Por outras palavras, a desigualdade de género é o resultado de privilegiar um grupo em detrimento de outro com base num sistema ideológico, e não em capacidades ou habilidades. Para compreender a desigualdade nas organizações e como erradicá-la, é necessário ter em conta a cultura organizacional como um sistema de crenças, hábitos e processos partilhados que mantêm, replicam ou alteram a dinâmica dentro das empresas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a relação entre a cultura organizacional e o desenvolvimento de mulheres gestoras em organizações da indústria mineral destacadas em diferentes estudos de caso. Para conhecer em primeira mão o que as mulheres líderes vivenciam nas minas, foram realizadas 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas a partir de uma abordagem interpretativa apoiada por uma epistemologia analógica. Graças a esta abordagem, foi possível detectar que ainda existem empresas com práticas de desigualdade, embora programas de educação de género, políticas de inclusão e redes de apoio também operem para erradicar a desigualdade e criar um melhor ambiente de trabalho., En este artículo se aborda el tema de la desigualdad de género y cómo ha afectado a las mujeres líderes en la industria minera mexicana. De acuerdo con Tarrés (2013), la categoría de género es el resultado de relaciones sociales basadas en diferencias percibidas por los sexos y el poder. En otras palabras, la desigualdad de género es el resultado de privilegiar a un grupo sobre otro a partir de un sistema ideológico, y no de las capacidades o habilidades. Para entender la desigualdad en las organizaciones y cómo erradicarla es necesario tomar en cuenta la cultura organizacional como un sistema de creencias, hábitos y procesos compartidos que mantienen, replican o cambian las dinámicas dentro de las empresas. En tal sentido, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender la relación que se da entre cultura organizacional y el desarrollo de las mujeres directivas en las organizaciones de la industria minera destacadas en diferentes casos de estudio. Para conocer de primera mano lo que viven las mujeres líderes en las minas, se hicieron 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas y se analizaron desde un enfoque interpretativo sustentado en una epistemología analógica. Gracias a este acercamiento, se pudo detectar que todavía existen empresas con prácticas de desigualdad, aunque también funcionan programas de educación de género, políticas de inclusión y redes de apoyo para erradicar la desigualdad y crear un mejor entorno laboral

Oysters are among the most in-demand aquaculture commodities in the Philippines and worldwide. With the decreasing culture area and the deteriorating water quality of oyster beds, there is a need to explore new culture sites and techniques to address the problems of dwindling stocks and the increasing demand for better quality oysters. This study compared the growth and survival of the oysters Magallana bilineata, the new accepted name of Crassostrea iredalei, cultured in an earthen pond and the river using pouches suspended from rafts. Mean growth rates of oysters in length and weight were significantly higher in those reared in the river (0.56 ± 0.02 cm mo-1; 10.27 ± 0.42 g mo-1) than those in the pond (0.41 ± 0.03 cm mo-1; 5.99 ± 0.22 g mo-1), but the meat yield of oysters reared in the river (25.96 ± 0.92%) was almost the same as in the pond (24.05 ± 1.41%). Likewise, the proximate composition was the same for oysters coming from the river and the pond, respectively — 58.04 ± 0.14% and 53.86 ± 0.38% crude protein, 7.00 ± 0.08% and 7.93 ± 0.38% crude fat, 24.68 ± 0.07% and 28.54 ± 0.74% nitrogen-free extract, and 10.27 ± 0.01% and 9.68 ± 0.01% ash. Oyster survival at harvest was significantly higher in the river (70.21 ± 2.84%) than in the pond (13.10 ± 1.57%). However, with some interventions, ponds may still be utilized for oyster culture despite the low survival results in this study. Extending oyster culture in these aquaculture facilities may serve as a basis for interventions to make the pond more habitable for oysters and may help boost production in the country.

Molluscs are among the most valuable resources of the Philippines, an archipelagic country of 7,107 islands bounded by 36,000 km of coastline and 26.6 million ha of coastal waters. In 2020, production from mussels and oysters alone valued at PhP1.552 billion. As primary sources of food and livelihood for marginalized fisherfolk, they are considered important in food security, nutrition, and poverty alleviation. Nevertheless, for almost a century, mollusc culture remained small-scale, with most fish farmers investing in non-fed species, like mussels and oysters. Moreover, mollusc culture in the country is still dependent on wild sources of seed stocks, making production unsustainable and unreliable. This dependence on the wild seed stocks will continue until the issue of the lack of commercial-scale hatcheries or the limited capacity of existing hatcheries to produce seeds, both for top and emerging mollusc aquaculture species, is resolved. Although technologies from broodstock management to post-harvest are available in some species, the lack of capital and the limited government support limit these artisanal fishers from doing large commercial-scale culture. This paper summarizes what has been done and published on the leading mollusc species cultured in the Philippines. Future research activities may be designed based on the research gaps to refine available technologies and develop new ones to improve culture production. The lack of or limited relevant information on the viable economics of the different culture techniques at different culture phases, the limited availability of post-harvest technologies, and the sparse or lack of genetic information for these leading mollusc species are among the gaps that need to be addressed.

This paper compares the effect of feeding the abalone Haliotis asinina with seaweed (SW), formulated (FD), and mixed (SW+FD) diets. The feeding experiment, in six replicates, was conducted in a tank facility and lasted for 10 months. At the end of the experiment, abalone fed mixed diets had significantly the highest mean shell length and body weight (45.90±0.19 mm, 22.82±0.31 g), followed by those fed seaweeds (43.47±0.17 mm, 18.25±0.26 g), and lastly, by those fed formulated diets (41.78±0.18 mm, 15.76±0.22 g). Mean growth rates were significantly higher in abalone fed mixed diets at 1.48±0.03 mm and 1.69±0.04 g mo−1 than those fed seaweeds (1.26±0.03 mm, 1.27±0.06 g mo−1) or formulated diet (1.06±0.09 mm, 1.00±0.11 g mo−1). Survival was consistent 1 month from the start of culture until harvest—highest in abalone fed mixed diets (78.81±2.48%), followed by those fed seaweeds (70.12±4.07%), and lastly formulated diet (64.53±4.61%). Moreover, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were significantly lower in abalone fed mixed diets (15.48±0.69) and formulated diet (18.07±3.50) compared with those fed seaweeds (41.31±2.36). The body weight to shell length ratios (BW:SL), which were the same in all treatments at the start of the experiment (0.19 g mm−1), increased to 0.51, 0.44, and 0.38 in abalone fed mixed diets, seaweeds, and formulated diet, respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, giving abalone a mix of formulated and natural diets is the best feeding regime. The importance of a balanced and more nutritional diet on the well-being of the abalone was observed in this study.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies.

This study determined the seasonality of Magallana bilineata spat settlement in a natural oyster bed and established surface texture preference of competent larvae by comparing the numbers of spat settling on the smooth and rough surfaces of ceramic tiles over a period of 31 months. This will guide farmers when to deploy cultches to maximise spat harvest. Regardless of tile orientation, spat numbers were significantly higher on the rough side (129.07 ± 9.3 m−2) than on the smooth side (66.95 ± 7.0 m−2). Spat collection was highest in March, June and July in each of 2015, 2016 and 2017. There was no significant correlation between the number of spat settling in each month with temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), sulphide, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonia concentrations, plankton density measured at deployment and retrieval of tiles, except for DO during deployment. The only significant correlations with mean shell length (SL) were with DO and ammonia during tile retrieval. Mean SL did not significantly differ between tile orientations and surfaces but differed between months, being highest in August 2015 and August 2016. From these results, it is best to deploy roughened cultches in this particular area in March, June and July.

The settlement of sea cucumbers is a crucial phase of larval development because the highest mortality occurs at this stage. Substrates and cues are commonly used to induce larval settlement. Commercial algae and live benthic diatoms are the most common settlement cues being used. The present study evaluated Chaetoceros calcitrans concentrate as a potential settlement cue for H. scabra. Three settlement cues, replicated three times, were compared: commercial ‘Spirulina’, live benthic diatom Navicula sp., and C. calcitrans concentrate. Settlement substrates without cue served as control. ‘Spirulina’ paste and C. calcitrans concentrate were painted onto the settlement substrates, while settlement substrates were introduced into a Navicula sp. culture tank to enable attachment of the benthic diatom. Faster and higher settlement was observed in the treatment with ‘Spirulina’ paste as cue at 89% five days post introduction of substrates, compared with live Navicula sp. and C. calcitrans concentrate at 74% and 63% seven days post introduction, respectively. For the control, only 25% of the larvae have settled eight days after introduction to the substrates. ‘Spirulina’ paste and live Navicula sp. showed better settlement rates, but these were not significantly different compared with C. calcitrans concentrate. Therefore, C. calcitrans concentrate can be a potential settlement cue for H. scabra larvae.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies.

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has had severe, unpredictable and synchronous impacts on all levels of perishable food supply chains (PFSC), across multiple sectors and spatial scales. Aquaculture plays a vital and rapidly expanding role in food security, in some cases overtaking wild caught fisheries in the production of high-quality animal protein in this PFSC. We performed a rapid global assessment to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related emerging control measures on the aquaculture supply chain. Socio-economic effects of the pandemic were analysed by surveying the perceptions of stakeholders, who were asked to describe potential supply-side disruption, vulnerabilities and resilience patterns along the production pipeline with four main supply chain components: a) hatchery, b) production/processing, c) distribution/logistics and d) market. We also assessed different farming strategies, comparing land- vs. sea-based systems; extensive vs. intensive methods; and with and without integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, IMTA. In addition to evaluating levels and sources of economic distress, interviewees were asked to identify mitigation solutions adopted at local / internal (i.e., farm-site) scales, and to express their preference on national / external scale mitigation measures among a set of a priori options. Survey responses identified the potential causes of disruption, ripple effects, sources of food insecurity, and socio-economic conflicts. They also pointed to various levels of mitigation strategies. The collated evidence represents a first baseline useful to address future disaster-driven responses, to reinforce the resilience of the sector and to facilitate the design reconstruction plans and mitigation measures, such as financial aid strategies.

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

Reseña del libro: María Dolores RAMOS PALOMO y Víctor J. ORTEGA MUÑOZ (Coords.), Biografías, identidades y representaciones femenina. Una cita con la historia, Zaragoza. Libros Pórtico, 2019, 319 páginas

Growth and survival of the slipper oyster Crassostrea iredalei using traditional (tires and oyster shells) and new methods (pouches and trays) suspended from floating rafts were compared. After six months of grow-out culture, mean shell length (mm SL) and body weight (g BW) of oysters were significantly highest in those reared in pouches (89.32 ± 0.41 mm SL, 87.70 ± 0.70 g BW), followed by those in trays (83.16 ± 0.31 mm SL, 87.06 ± 0.72 g BW), then those harvested from oyster shells (76.42 ± 0.88 mm SL, 67.35 ± 1.03 g BW), and lastly from tires (72.30 ± 1.21 mm SL, 55.07 ± 1.49 g BW). Growth rates both for length and weight were almost comparable between oysters reared in pouches (6.05 ± 1.28 mm mo−1, 10.98 ± 2.05 g mo−1) and trays (5.01 ± 1.46 mm mo−1, 10.77 ± 2.58 g mo−1). Although 60.7% of the oysters harvested from pouches (n = 1071) were classified as large (85–100 mm SL) and jumbo (100–120 mm SL) and only 39.5% of those from trays (n = 1048), their meat yield did not significantly differ (pouches = 22.60 ± 0.86%; trays = 24.76 ± 0.93%). Survival in pouches (95.2 ± 0.77%) and trays (93.15 ± 2.10%) was almost parallel at harvest. Growing oysters using the new methods produced single, larger, meatier oysters of almost the same size at a shorter culture duration.

The study was conducted to compare four different culture containers [cage, recycled oil container, tray (control), and tube] in the nursery and grow-out culture of the abalone Haliotis asinina on a reef flat. For nursery culture, early juvenile abalone with mean shell length (SL) of 1.30 ± 0.006 cm and mean body weight (BW) of 0.45 ± 0.007 g were stocked in the containers at 100 ind m−2 and reared until they attained the 3 cm SL size required for grow-out culture in three of the four culture containers. For grow-out culture, juvenile abalone harvested from nursery culture with mean SL of 3.23 ± 0.018 cm and mean BW of 7.33 ± 0.131 g were stocked in the containers at 50 ind m−2 and reared until they were harvestable at 5 cm SL cocktail size in three of the four culture containers. The 3 cm SL grow-out size was attained at 90 days of culture (DOC) in recycled containers, trays, and tubes, while the 5 cm SL cocktail size at 180 DOC in the same containers. Abalone reared in tubes had the highest mean SL after 90 DOC in nursery culture (3.21 cm), while those in trays after 180 DOC in grow-out culture (5.30 cm). However, at the end of the nursery and grow-out culture, there were no significant differences in mean SL among the abalone reared in these three culture containers. In both culture phases, abalone reared in cages had the lowest mean SL, 2.88 and 4.44 cm, respectively. Survival was highest in trays (98.64%) during nursery culture and in tubes (96.57%) during grow-out culture. With comparable results in recycled containers, trays, and tubes for both growth and survival at the nursery and grow-out phases, tubes are recommended for use when culture is to be done on reef flats. Tubes are the most stable and durable among the four culture containers tested. They can withstand strong winds and waves and may be reused for several culture runs.

Different microalgae as larval food for Holothuria scabra, a high-value sea cucumber species with hatchery technology continually being refined to improve production, were studied. Two experiments were conducted to determine the performance of the larvae—first, the use of single-algal diet of either Chaetoceros calcitrans, Rhodomonas sp., or Tetraselmis tetrathele as feed; and second, the use of a combination of two algal species, C. calcitrans + Rhodomonas sp., C. calcitrans + T. tetrathele, or Rhodomonas sp. + T. tetrathele as feed. For both experiments, hatched larvae at 2 days post-fertilization (DPF) were used for initial stocking at a density of 200 larvae L−1. Growth, development, and survival were monitored until more than 50% of the larval population were considered as competent larvae (late auricularia). In the first experiment, during the early stage of development (early aricularia), larvae fed Rhodomonas sp. were larger compared to other treatments. However, when the larvae reached middle and late auricularia, they performed better when fed with C. calcitrans. Those larvae fed with C. calcitrans were significantly larger and showed faster development to competent larvae. In the second experiment, larvae fed mixed C. calcitrans + Rhodomonas sp. showed better performance in growth, development, and survival. The present study showed that C. calcitrans, when used solely as feed or in combination with Rhodomonas sp., promoted better growth, development, and survival of H. scabra larvae.

The rapid, global spread of COVID-19, and the measures intended to limit or slow its propagation, are having major impacts on diverse sectors of society. Notably, these impacts are occurring in the context of other anthropogenic-driven threats including global climate change. Both anthropogenic stressors and the COVID-19 pandemic represent significant economic challenges to aquaculture systems across the globe, threatening the supply chain of one of the most important sources of animal protein, with potential disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities. A web survey was conducted in 47 countries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic to assess how aquaculture activities have been affected by the pandemic, and to explore how these impacts compare to those from climate change. A positive correlation between the effects of the two categories of drivers was detected, but analysis suggests that the pandemic and the anthropogenic stressors affect different parts of the supply chain. The immediate measurable reported losses varied with aquaculture typology (land vs. marine, and intensive vs. extensive). A comparably lower impact on farmers reporting the use of integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) methods suggests that IMTA might enhance resilience to multiple stressors by providing different market options under the COVID-19 pandemic. Results emphasize the importance of assessing detrimental effects of COVID-19 under a multiple stressor lens, focusing on areas that have already locally experienced economic loss due to anthropogenic stressors in the last decade. Holistic policies that simultaneously address other ongoing anthropogenic stressors, rather than focusing solely on the acute impacts of COVID-19, are needed to maximize the long-term resilience of the aquaculture sector.

Abalone are among the most important fishery resources with high commercial values worldwide, with Haliotis asinina being the most in demand and widely studied species in the Philippines. Abalone culture in the country mainly depends on the red alga, Gracilariopsis heteroclada, as food for cultured stocks. This however, is not sustainable as this alga is also being farmed both for agar production and human consumption. Hence, other sources of natural food need to be explored for large-scale culture of abalone. This study investigated the viability of Ulva reticulata as food for abalone. This green alga is common in the intertidal zones of the Philippines but of no commercial value. H. asinina early juveniles (N = 60, shell length 2.12–3.07 cm, body weight 1.7–5.9 g) obtained from the Abalone Hatchery of SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department were randomly distributed (n = 10) in three replicate containers and fed with G. heteroclada and U. reticulata for 15 days. After 15 days, abalone fed with G. heteroclada were significantly larger and heavier (2.82 ± 0.04 cm and 4.64 ± 0.19 g) than those fed with U. reticulata (2.62 ± 0.03 cm and 3.45 ± 0.14 g). Abalone fed with U. reticulata also exhibited weakness, hardfoot, and easily detached from the walls of the culture containers. Based on these results, despite its availability in large quantities, U. reticulata could not be solely used as an alternative natural food to G. heteroclada for abalone culture. However, its potential as a partial substitute to G. heteroclada may be further examined.

The study showed the level of acceptance of squid (decapodiforms) as the main ingredient in making seafood patty. In making patties, time and patience are very important. The researchers used an experimental research design. The respondents were chosen by a simple random sampling method, and survey questionnaires were used to gather data. The total mean of teachers and students was 3.6, which was strongly acceptable. The results of this research showed that all the senior high school students have different comments when they tasted the squid patty. Every respondent gave suggestions to make the product more attractive to consumers. The researchers recommended that the product can be improved by other companies. It can be improved by creating patties with other flavors that can entice the customers. This product can also help you start a business.

The study showed the level of acceptance of squid (decapodiforms) as the main ingredient in making seafood patty. In making patties, time and patience are very important. The researchers used an experimental research design. The respondents were chosen by a simple random sampling method, and survey questionnaires were used to gather data. The total mean of teachers and students was 3.6, which was strongly acceptable. The results of this research showed that all the senior high school students have different comments when they tasted the squid patty. Every respondent gave suggestions to make the product more attractive to consumers. The researchers recommended that the product can be improved by other companies. It can be improved by creating patties with other flavors that can entice the customers. This product can also help you start a business.

Oyster farming is an important industry both in developed and developing countries. The high demand for oysters has caused overexploitation of natural stocks. This led to dwindling spat fall and unstable production. This study was conducted to compare growth and survival of wild and hatchery-bred spat of the oyster Crassostrea iredalei in grow-out culture. Results of the experiment revealed that both wild (n = 1450) and hatchery-bred spat (n = 1450) had comparable growth rates in grow-out culture. Growth rates of wild and hatchery-bred oysters did not differ significantly at 5.69 ± 0.88 mm shell length (SL) and 8.85 ± 1.07 g body weight (BW) mo−1 and 6.88 ± 1.33 mm SL and 8.26 ± 1.15 g BW mo−1, respectively. Growth rates, in terms of shell length, both for wild (p < 0.05, r = 0.74) and hatchery-bred oysters (p < 0.05, r = 0.76), showed strong positive correlation with salinity. Meat yield was almost the same at 16.41 ± 0.57% for wild oysters and 15.59 ± 0.37% for the hatchery-bred ones. Proximate composition of dried whole flesh oyster samples also showed the same amounts of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract, and ash in both wild and hatchery-bred oysters. The length-weight relationships of wild [W = 0.000492 L2.6512 (R2 = 86.8%, p < 0.001)] and hatchery-bred [W = 0.000052 L3.1779 (R2 = 92.6%, p < 0.001)] C. iredalei were also calculated from the length and weight data obtained during the duration of culture and revealed higher b for the smaller hatchery-bred oysters. Moreover, mean survival at harvest did not significantly differ at 85.03 ± 1.09% for wild oysters and 85.31 ± 1.40% for the hatchery-bred ones (Two-sample t-test, p > 0.05). The results of this study showed the potential of hatchery-bred oyster spat as seeds for grow-out culture to address the declining number of spat fall in natural oyster beds. Producing the same quality of oysters, it can be i

Esta investigación analiza la percepción de tres cohortes de estudiantes universitarios de segundo curso, en relación a la desigualdad de género en las aulas de una universidad española y de otra universidad chilena. Dos de estos grupos (94 estudiantes) pertenecen a contextos curriculares masculinizados, como son los estudios de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y Deportiva. El otro grupo formado por 47 estudiantes del Grado de Educación Primara actúa de referente comparativo. La metodología de la investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo y el análisis de los datos obtenidos se realizó con el programa informático AQUAD 6. Los resultados del estudio muestran que, a pesar de la realidad estadística que refleja la escasa presencia de las mujeres en el deporte, el alumnado universitario no es demasiado consciente de las sutiles formas de exclusión que experimentan las mujeres en el aula y de la forma en que esto puede influir en su carrera profesional.

Esta investigación analiza la percepción de tres cohortes de estudiantes universitarios de segundo curso, en relación a la desigualdad de género en las aulas de una universidad española y de otra universidad chilena. Dos de estos grupos (94 estudiantes) pertenecen a contextos curriculares masculinizados, como son los estudios de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y Deportiva. El otro grupo formado por 47 estudiantes del Grado de Educación Primara actúa de referente comparativo. La metodología de la investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo y el análisis de los datos obtenidos se realizó con el programa informático AQUAD 6. Los resultados del estudio muestran que, a pesar de la realidad estadística que refleja la escasa presencia de las mujeres en el deporte, el alumnado universitario no es demasiado consciente de las sutiles formas de exclusión que experimentan las mujeres en el aula y de la forma en que esto puede influir en su carrera profesional.

A study was conducted to determine the transformational practices of school leaders of city schools in the Division of First District of Laguna, Philippines. Further, the research aimed also to determine the extent of transformational leadership practices among public elementary    school heads and teachers  in terms of: Idealized Influence,Inspirational Motivation,Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration; assessed the performance of public elementary schools  in terms of: Drop Out Rate , Cohort Survival Rate,  Completion Rate, and  Achievement Rate and determined the  significant relationship between transformational leadership practices and the performance of public elementary schools. The descriptive correlational research design was employed and involved 44 school heads and 591 public elementary teachers. All the practices were  assessed by the teacher respondents as highly observed.  The schools’ Drop-out rate andCohort Survival Rate with an average of 2.49 and 84.82% respectively  were  interpreted as Very Satisfactory; and Completion rate of 94.5%  as Outstanding.  The  schools’ National Achievement Test (NAT )is interpreted as Average Proficiency Level.Further studies could be conducted in other districts of Laguna and Region IV-A in order to verify the results as well as to develop a comprehensive training program for teachers as part of the School Improvement Plan.&nbsp

A study was conducted to determine the transformational practices of school leaders of city schools in the Division of First District of Laguna, Philippines. Further, the research aimed also to determine the extent of transformational leadership practices among public elementary    school heads and teachers  in terms of: Idealized Influence,Inspirational Motivation,Intellectual Stimulation and Individualized Consideration; assessed the performance of public elementary schools  in terms of: Drop Out Rate , Cohort Survival Rate,  Completion Rate, and  Achievement Rate and determined the  significant relationship between transformational leadership practices and the performance of public elementary schools. The descriptive correlational research design was employed and involved 44 school heads and 591 public elementary teachers. All the practices were  assessed by the teacher respondents as highly observed.  The schools’ Drop-out rate andCohort Survival Rate with an average of 2.49 and 84.82% respectively  were  interpreted as Very Satisfactory; and Completion rate of 94.5%  as Outstanding.  The  schools’ National Achievement Test (NAT )is interpreted as Average Proficiency Level.Further studies could be conducted in other districts of Laguna and Region IV-A in order to verify the results as well as to develop a comprehensive training program for teachers as part of the School Improvement Plan.&nbsp

The term ‘tropical tuna’ refers to skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tunas (Thunnus albacares), which have a wide pantropical distribution. Tropical tunas inhabit waters with a sea surface temperature with an optimal value around 20°C. Currently, two of these species are among the 7 species with higher landings worldwide. In addition, it is expected that future tropical tuna stocks play a key role safeguarding food security. The aim of this paper was to review the studies about the effect of both climatic oscillations and global warming on tropical tuna populations. Moreover, it warns about the main challenges of fisheries biology in relation to the management of stocks of tropical tunas, an important fishery resource, in the context of climate change. For this, a review of studies that have addressed to date the effect of both climate oscillations and global warming on populations of tropical tunas was performed., Resumen: El término ‘túnido tropical’ se refiere a un grupo de especies de peces escombriformes que incluye al listado o barrilete (Katsuwonus pelamis), el patudo (Thunnus obesus) y el rabil (Thunnus albacares), que presentan una amplia distribución pantropical, y cuyo óptimo de temperatura superficial del agua del mar en el que habitan se sitúa en torno a los 20ºC. Actualmente, dos de estas especies se encuentran entre las 7 especies con mayores volúmenes de desembarque a nivel mundial. Se prevé que en el futuro los stocks de túnidos tropicales jueguen un papel fundamental para salvaguardar la seguridad alimentaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar los principales retos de la biología pesquera en relación a la gestión de las poblaciones de túnidos tropicales en un contexto de cambio climático. Para esto se revisaron los estudios que se han abordado hasta el presente sobre el efecto tanto de las oscilaciones climáticas, como del calentamiento global en las poblaciones de túnidos tropicales.

We examine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation in Mexican family businesses. We aim to shed light on the relevance and value of such factors by analyzing five widely recognized dimensions: proactivity, innovation, risk taking, aggressiveness and autonomy. Results from a sample of 542 family businesses extracted from the INEGI-ENAFIN 2010 database and the first entrepreneurial stage of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) show a marked conservative tendency in the family businesses’ entrepreneurial orientation.

We examine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation in Mexican family businesses. We aim to shed light on the relevance and value of such factors by analyzing five widely recognized dimensions: proactivity, innovation, risk taking, aggressiveness and autonomy. Results from a sample of 542 family businesses extracted from the INEGI-ENAFIN 2010 database and the first entrepreneurial stage of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) show a marked conservative tendency in the family businesses’ entrepreneurial orientation.

Training qualified professionals to serve as communicators with foreigners is seemed as a must in the discipline known as Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT), especially when PSIT practitioners come from different academic backgrounds. This area of research covers different areas, such as healthcare, educational, legal or administrative settings. The use of different sources of information (parallel texts, different types of glossaries and lexical databases or specialized dictionaries) sometimes is not enough to fill the gap that specific tasks in PSIT may present. This paper aims at illustrating the use of ad hoc corpora as electronic documentation tools in a postgraduate PSIT training context. We describe the different stages involved in the design and analysis of an ad hoc corpus., La formación de profesionales cualificados que sirvan como comunicadores con la población extranjera se presenta como imprescindible en la disciplina conocida como Traducción e Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos (TISP), principalmente en aquellos casos en los que los profesionales de TISP provienen de entornos académicos distintos. Esta área de investigación engloba distintos contextos como el sanitario, la educación, el plano legal o el administrativo. Las fuentes de documentación tradicionales (textos paralelos, glosarios y bases de datos léxicas o diccionarios especializados) no son suficientes en el caso de las tareas específicas que pueden darse en TISP. Este artículo tiene como objetivo ilustrar el uso de corpus ad hoc como herramientas de documentación electrónica en un curso de posgrado en TISP. Se describen las distintas fases que forman parte en el diseño y el análisis del mismo.

The experience of some university researchers whose academic performance has not been fully acknowledged by the University’s stimulus system, in one of the cases due to the fact that they did not teach classes in front of a group for a period of three months, during Which had incapacity for maternity. The objective is to highlight the inability of some decision-making bodies within the Universities to recognize that, nevertheless, the search for equality between men and women, there are some biological principles that differentiate us, which must be assumed and respected without this impairing the Economic and labor market. To this end, documentary research is used to make a general outline of the national and international legal framework that protects the rights of working mothers, which will be complemented based on interviews and later contrast the internal and external legal elements of the system University in order to establish legal inconsistencies and omissions in the specific case of maternity, in university stimulus systems. Among the conclusions is that despite the existence of various legal provisions that protect working mothers, in universities there is still the denial and impossibility to recognize motherhood, gestation, childbirth, puerperium and lactation, as Women’s rights, and the limitation, restriction or deprivation of the labor rights of female university workers should be avoided, in this case recognition of academic performance through the stimulus system., Se aborda la experiencia de algunas investigadoras universitarias cuyo desempeño académico no ha sido cabalmente reconocido por el sistema de estímulos de su Universidad, en uno de los casos por el hecho de no haber impartido clases frente a grupo por un periodo de tres meses, periodo durante el cual tuvo incapacidad por maternidad. El objetivo es resaltar la incapacidad de algunos órganos decisores al interior de las Universidades para reconocer que, no obstante, la búsqueda de equidad entre hombres y mujeres, existen algunos principios biológicos que nos diferencian, los cuales deben asumirse y respetarse sin que esto menoscabe el ámbito económico y laboral de unos y otros. Para tal fin, se utiliza la investigación documental para realizar un esbozo general respecto al marco jurídico nacional e internacional que protege los derechos de las madres trabajadoras, lo cual será complementado con base en entrevistas y posteriormente se contrastan los elementos jurídicos internos y externos del sistema universitario con la finalidad de establecer las inconsistencias legales y las omisiones en el caso específico de la maternidad, en los sistemas de estímulos universitarios. Entre las conclusiones se encuentra que no obstante la existencia de diversas disposiciones legales que protegen a las madres trabajadoras, en las Universidades existe aún la negación y la imposibilidad para reconocer a la maternidad, la gestación, el parto, el puerperio y la lactancia, como derechos que tiene la mujer, debiéndose evitar la limitación, restricción o privación de los derechos laborales de las trabajadoras universitarias, en este caso el reconocimiento del desempeño académico a través del sistema de estímulos.

Objetivos: 1. Evaluar el efecto de una formación online en la mejora de conocimientos y habilidades de alumnos de enfermería de cuarto curso, en comparación con la realizada de forma convencional. 2. Estimar la variación de conocimientos, pre-post intervención, de los alumnos de cuarto de enfermería sobre las diferentes técnicas de vendaje.3.Comprobar si la formación online permite la adquisición de habilidades (skills), en comparación con la formación convencional.Metodología: Estudio cuasiexperimental con 3 grupos paralelos (experimental, control habitual, control seminario habitual). La población diana son los alumnos de 4º grado en Enfermería, que cursan sus estudios en la Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología (FEFP) de la UCM. Se utiliza una plataforma on-line como medio formativo (Elsevier Clinical Skills. Resultados: La formación llevada a cabo se posiciona como un método eficaz para la adquisición de conocimientos. Este tipo de metodologías no presenciales, suponen un importante ahorro económico. Además, esta metodología virtual consigue mejorar los conocimientos en la materia estudiada y adquirir habilidades de la misma de una forma más cómoda, barata, accesible y flexible.

La garantía de calidad en el ámbito universitario puede considerarse como la atención sistemática, estructurada y continua a las titulaciones ofertadas. La garantía de calidad se compromete a poner en marcha los medios que aseguren y demuestren la calidad de los programas formativos que se desarrollan en cada una de las titulaciones ofrecidas por la Universidad y así cumplir con la obligación que tiene con la sociedad. El presente proyecto nace como fruto de la responsabilidad adquirida para el cumplimiento de las funciones encomendadas y, con el objetivo de seguir adoptando una estrategia de mejora continua de la calidad de la docencia y satisfacción de los colectivos implicados en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje (Profesorado, Estudiantes y PAS).

We examine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation in Mexican family businesses. We aim to shed light on the relevance and value of such factors by analyzing five widely recognized dimensions: proactivity, innovation, risk taking, aggressiveness and autonomy. Results from a sample of 542 family businesses extracted from the INEGI-ENAFIN 2010 database and the first entrepreneurial stage of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) show a marked conservative tendency in the family businesses’ entrepreneurial orientation.

We examine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation in Mexican family businesses. We aim to shed light on the relevance and value of such factors by analyzing five widely recognized dimensions: proactivity, innovation, risk taking, aggressiveness and autonomy. Results from a sample of 542 family businesses extracted from the INEGI-ENAFIN 2010 database and the first entrepreneurial stage of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) show a marked conservative tendency in the family businesses’ entrepreneurial orientation.

Objetivos: 1. Evaluar el efecto de una formación online en la mejora de conocimientos y habilidades de alumnos de enfermería de cuarto curso, en comparación con la realizada de forma convencional. 2. Estimar la variación de conocimientos, pre-post intervención, de los alumnos de cuarto de enfermería sobre las diferentes técnicas de vendaje.3.Comprobar si la formación online permite la adquisición de habilidades (skills), en comparación con la formación convencional.Metodología: Estudio cuasiexperimental con 3 grupos paralelos (experimental, control habitual, control seminario habitual). La población diana son los alumnos de 4º grado en Enfermería, que cursan sus estudios en la Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología (FEFP) de la UCM. Se utiliza una plataforma on-line como medio formativo (Elsevier Clinical Skills. Resultados: La formación llevada a cabo se posiciona como un método eficaz para la adquisición de conocimientos. Este tipo de metodologías no presenciales, suponen un importante ahorro económico. Además, esta metodología virtual consigue mejorar los conocimientos en la materia estudiada y adquirir habilidades de la misma de una forma más cómoda, barata, accesible y flexible.

La garantía de calidad en el ámbito universitario puede considerarse como la atención sistemática, estructurada y continua a las titulaciones ofertadas. La garantía de calidad se compromete a poner en marcha los medios que aseguren y demuestren la calidad de los programas formativos que se desarrollan en cada una de las titulaciones ofrecidas por la Universidad y así cumplir con la obligación que tiene con la sociedad. El presente proyecto nace como fruto de la responsabilidad adquirida para el cumplimiento de las funciones encomendadas y, con el objetivo de seguir adoptando una estrategia de mejora continua de la calidad de la docencia y satisfacción de los colectivos implicados en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje (Profesorado, Estudiantes y PAS).

We examine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation in Mexican family businesses. We aim to shed light on the relevance and value of such factors by analyzing five widely recognized dimensions: proactivity, innovation, risk taking, aggressiveness and autonomy. Results from a sample of 542 family businesses extracted from the INEGI-ENAFIN 2010 database and the first entrepreneurial stage of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) show a marked conservative tendency in the family businesses’ entrepreneurial orientation.

We examine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation in Mexican family businesses. We aim to shed light on the relevance and value of such factors by analyzing five widely recognized dimensions: proactivity, innovation, risk taking, aggressiveness and autonomy. Results from a sample of 542 family businesses extracted from the INEGI-ENAFIN 2010 database and the first entrepreneurial stage of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) show a marked conservative tendency in the family businesses’ entrepreneurial orientation.

Training qualified professionals to serve as communicators with foreigners is seemed as a must in the discipline known as Public Service Interpreting and Translation (PSIT), especially when PSIT practitioners come from different academic backgrounds. This area of research covers different areas, such as healthcare, educational, legal or administrative settings. The use of different sources of information (parallel texts, different types of glossaries and lexical databases or specialized dictionaries) sometimes is not enough to fill the gap that specific tasks in PSIT may present. This paper aims at illustrating the use of ad hoc corpora as electronic documentation tools in a postgraduate PSIT training context. We describe the different stages involved in the design and analysis of an ad hoc corpus., La formación de profesionales cualificados que sirvan como comunicadores con la población extranjera se presenta como imprescindible en la disciplina conocida como Traducción e Interpretación en los Servicios Públicos (TISP), principalmente en aquellos casos en los que los profesionales de TISP provienen de entornos académicos distintos. Esta área de investigación engloba distintos contextos como el sanitario, la educación, el plano legal o el administrativo. Las fuentes de documentación tradicionales (textos paralelos, glosarios y bases de datos léxicas o diccionarios especializados) no son suficientes en el caso de las tareas específicas que pueden darse en TISP. Este artículo tiene como objetivo ilustrar el uso de corpus ad hoc como herramientas de documentación electrónica en un curso de posgrado en TISP. Se describen las distintas fases que forman parte en el diseño y el análisis del mismo.

Mangroves are known as important nurseries for different species of fish and shellfish. In the Philippines, mud crabs Scylla spp. are among the most valuable crustaceans harvested from the mangroves and are considered a delicacy. However, varying levels of overfishing have been reported in different parts of the country. The decrease in production may be due to increasing demand for the resource and the loss of mangrove habitat. This problem may be addressed through regulation of fishing effort, rehabilitation of habitats, mangrove-friendly aquaculture and enhancement of wild crab stocks. This study shows the effect of mangrove rehabilitation on mud crab population. From July 2010 to December 2011, a total of 2.166 tons of mud crabs (n=17,558) have been collected from a 66.5 ha abandoned pond that has been recolonized by mangroves. The catch was dominated by S. olivacea (79.96%), then S. tranquebarica (19.92%) and S. serrata (0.12%). Male to female ratio was at 1.09:1. Individual daily yield ranged from 0.06 to 8.4 kg while catch per unit effort in terms of quantity and biomass ranged 0.02-1.46 crab gear-1 day-1 and 1.1-213.54 g gear-1 day-1, respectively. The results showed that mud crab population in this study site was much higher than the population in the reforested (Walton et al., 2006, 2007) and natural mangroves (Lebata et al., 2007) with almost the same area. For 18 months of sampling (April 2002-September 2003), only 3,924 crabs were sampled in the natural mangroves while 10,504 in the reforested mangroves. Mud crab production in the present study site resulted in a yield of 21 kg ha-1 yr-1, 5 and 3 times higher than the yield reported in the natural and reforested mangrove areas, respectively. These results imply that habitat restoration can be very effective in restoring natural populations of mud crab.

This study assessed the mangrove community structure, relative seasonal abundance of all size classes of crabs (catch per unit effort or CPUE) and percent composition of the catch in two collection grounds in Pambujan and Rosario, Northern Samar using cylindrical bamboo traps and lift nets. Mangroves in Pambujan was dominated by Avicennia marina and A. alba. The initial total count of mangrove trees (67 stems ha-1) was slightly higher compared with the final count (61 stems ha-1). On the other hand, mangroves in Rosario was dominated by Rhizophora apiculata and R. stylosa. The total count of mangrove trees was higher in the initial (108 stems ha-1) compared with the final (46 stems ha-1). However, saplings and seedlings increased in both sites after 18 months. Mean CPUE ranged from 0.04 to 0.4 crabs using cylindrical bamboo traps in the monthly spring tide sampling for 19 months in Pambujan. High mean CPUE was recorded in February and August 2008. Mean CPUE ranged from 0.04 to 0.41 crabs using lift nets in the monthly spring tide sampling. The highest mean CPUE was noted in August. The initial and final CPUE were comparable. In Rosario, mean CPUE ranged from 0.3 to 1.78 crabs monthly caught in cylindrical bamboo traps and from 0.04 to 0.77 crabs in lift nets. In general, the number of crabs caught in both traps was higher in Rosario than in Pambujan. Mud crab ranged from 2.02-72.2% of the monthly total catch in lift nets in Pambujan. Other species of crabs ranging from 27.78 to 86.36% were the dominant catch in several months. In Rosario, mud crab ranged from 12.5 to 82.35% of the monthly total catch. The catch composition of the cylindrical bamboo traps was more varied compared with lift nets in both sites. The decrease in the population of mud crabs may also be associated with the decrease in mangrove trees. With the continuous cutting of trees and regular extraction of all sizes of mud crabs, the industry may no longer become sust

En el presente estudio de corte documental exploratorio se expone un estudio de caso: Proyecto de Divulgación “El niño y la Ciencia” el cuál atendió a estudiantes del nivel preescolar, estableciendo la siguiente metodología: 1) Revisión documental de la significación del color; 2) Análisis de materiales en educación preescolar; 3) Análisis de los niveles: icónico, representativo, y simbólico; 4) Diseño de material didáctico; 5) Implementación de la observación; 6) Análisis de los resultados. Los resultados demostraron, que los niveles de abstracción en cuanto a la decodificación en los niños han variado debido a mayor alfabetidad visual de los nativos digitales.

The adrenal incidentaloma is a mass that is discovered fortuitously on an imaging procedure of the abdomen or chest; in a patient without symptoms or signs suggestive of adrenal disease. They are very rare, with less than 1% prevalence in young adults, becoming 3% in the sixth decade of life, being women the most affected ones. We present the case of a 53 years old patient, with pathological history of controlled hypertension, who by presenting mixed dyslipidemia, an abdominal US was performed to discard fatty liver, in which was found a solid mass of 40 x 38 mm in the upper pole of the left kidney without calcifications; for this reason she was referred to the outpatient Urology Department at Hospital Escuela Universitario, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, to complete studies. In its assessment a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg and overweight (BMI = 28.1) was found, discarding other abnormalities. Uro CT was performed which revealed a solid mass of 45 x 40 x 46 mm in left adrenal gland, no fat, no calcifications, 65 UH density without contrast and 96 UH with contrast material, with a fast wash-out of the contrast. Hormonal tumor assessment was normal. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed with histopathological diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. This article presents the approach to follow with this condition through a clinical case., El incidentaloma adrenal es una masa que se descubre fortuitamente en un examen de imagen abdominal o torácica; en un paciente sin síntomas o signos sugestivos de enfermedad suprarrenal. Son muy raros, con una prevalencia menor del 1% en adultos jóvenes, llegando a ser del 3% en la sexta década de la vida, siendo las mujeres las más afectadas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 53 años, con antecedente patológico de hipertensión arterial controlada, la cual por presentar dislipidemia mixta se realizó un USG abdominal para descartar hígado graso, en éste se encontró masa sólida de 40 x 38 mm en polo superior de riñón izquierdo, sin calcificaciones; razón por la que fue remitida a la consulta externa de urología del Hospital Escuela Universitario, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, para completar estudios. En su evaluación se encontró presión arterial de 130/80 mmHg y sobrepeso (IMC = 28.1), descartándose otras anomalías. Se realizó realizó Uro TAC que reveló masa solida de 45 x 40 x 46 mm en glándula suprarrenal izquierda, sin contenido graso, ni calcificaciones, densidad de 65 UH en fase simple y 96 UH con material de contraste, con lavado rápido del mismo. La evaluación hormonal del tumor fue normal. Se realizó suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica con diagnóstico histopatológico de feocromocitoma. En este artículo se presenta el abordaje a seguir en esta patología a través de un caso clínico.

Introducción Los estudios de terapia estrogénica en mujeres postmenopáusicas proporcionan pruebas de un efecto de las hormonas sexuales sobre la función cognitiva. Los estrógenos han demostrado alguna utilidad para prevenir el declive normal relacionado con la edad en las funciones cognitivas, especialmente en memoria. El potencial terapéutico de los estrógenos en la esquizofrenia es cada vez más reconocido. El raloxifeno es un modulador selectivo de los receptores estrogénicos (SERM), que parece actuar de manera similar a los estrógenos conjugados en los sistemas dopaminérgicos y serotoninérgicos del cerebro, y puede ser una mejor opción terapéutica, ya que no tiene los efectos negativos de los estrógenos sobre el tejido mamario y el tejido uterino. Objetivos: · Evaluar el efecto del raloxifeno como tratamiento adyuvante para los síntomas cognitivos en las mujeres postmenopáusicas con esquizofrenia. · Evaluar la asociación entre la psicopatología y el funcionamiento neuropsicológico, tras el tratamiento. · Conocer el efecto tras la retirada del fármaco y posterior reintroducción Métodos: Artículo 1: Ensayo clínico de 12 semanas, doble ciego, aleatorizado, con grupos paralelos, controlado con placebo. Las pacientes fueron reclutadas de las unidades de hospitalización y consultas externas del Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu y la Corporación Sanitaria Parc Taulí. Treinta y tres mujeres postmenopáusicas con esquizofrenia (DSM-IV-TR) fueron aleatorizadas a recibir raloxifeno (16 mujeres) o placebo (17 mujeres). Las medidas de eficacia son: tests de memoria, tests de atención y de funcionamiento ejecutivo. Se evaluaron al inicio y en la semana 12. Artículo 2: A través de la metodología de caso único se ha explorado cómo podría actuar el raloxifeno sobre síntomas clínicos y funcionamiento neuropsicológico, de una mujer postmenopáusica con esquizofrenia. Se ha realizado un periodo de seguimiento de 12 meses, donde se evaluaba también el efecto de la retirada del fármaco y p, Introduction Studies of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women have demonstrated the effect of sex hormones on cognitive function. Estrogens have been shown to be useful in preventing the normal decline in cognitive function, especially that of memory, associated with age. The therapeutic potential of estrogens is increasingly being recognized. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that appears to act in a similar way to conjugated estrogens in the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems of the brain, and it may be a preferable therapeutic option, since it does not have the possible negative effects of estrogens on mammary and uterine tissue. Objectives: • To evaluate the usefulness of raloxifene as an adjuvant treatment for the cognitive symptoms of post-menopausal women with schizophrenia. • To better understand the relationship between psychopathological improvement and cognitive results. • To learn of the effects following withdrawal of the drug and its subsequent reintroduction. Methods: Article 1: Randomized 12-week double-blind clinical trial with parallel groups, controlled with placebo. The patients were recruited from the hospital units and outpatient clinics of the Parc Sant Joan de Déu, and the Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí,. Thirty-three post-menopausal women with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR) were randomized to receive raloxifene (16 women) or placebo (17 women). Efficacy was measured with memory tests, attention tests, and executive functioning tests. Participants were assessed at the outset and at week twelve. Article 2: Based on the single-case methodology we explored how raloxifene might act upon clinical symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in a post-menopausal woman with schizophrenia. With a twelve-month follow-up period it was possible also to evaluate the effect of withdrawal of the drug and its subsequent reintroduction, which no prior study had examined. In this case the results for efficacy were compared with n

The conference was held in order to promote and augment regional initiatives on resource enhancement and sustainable aquaculture practices, and to contribute to poverty alleviation, livelihood and food security in Southeast Asia. The contributions of the selected participants during the conference which are contained in this volume are cited individually.

The United States Soybean Export Council s (USSEC) Soy-In-Aquaculture (SIA) project in the Philippines introduced the Low Volume High Density (LVHD) cage culture production methodology in 2003. The aim of this technology is to maximize farmers profit, improve productivity, reduce feed conversion ratios (FCR) and limit environmental degradation. The Philippine fish farmers were very conservative and hesitant about adopting the USSEC SIA Low Volume High Density (LVHD) cage culture technology, particularly the new feeding techniques using extruded floating feeds. This conservative attitude was highlighted with different projects using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), milkfish (Chanos chanos) and snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii) in USSEC SIA LVHD cage feeding demonstrations conducted in different commercial farms in the Philippines.

Stock enhancement involves a set of management approaches which include the release of hatchery-produced aquatic organisms to enhance or restore fisheries. Stock enhancement of various species has a long history in developed countries and it showed that releases have the potential to yield substantial benefits for various fishery stakeholders. While the biological objectives of stock enhancement were often successfully achieved in most of these enhancement initiatives, some results showed that actual social gains in terms of yields, distribution of benefits and institutional sustainability are often inconclusive. The high cost of stocking accrues to the government which means these are supported by public funds. Meanwhile, benefits are dissipated across various stakeholders, some of them did not at all contribute and participate in the stocking program. In such government-initiated and publicly-funded stock enhancement programs, the lack of sense of stewardship among direct fishery stakeholders was observed to have contributed to a vicious cycle of excessive extraction of fishery resources for individual economic benefits. Developing countries such as the Philippines would be confronted by budgetary limitations if it has to adopt the stocking strategies applied in developed countries. Thus, with reference to the success of co-management approaches for managing fishery resources in the Philippines, a community-based strategy for enhancement of fishery stocks was explored. SEAFDEC/AQD, with support from the Government of Japan Trust Fund, initiated a community-based approach to stock enhancement in Molocaboc, an island barangay or village within the Sagay Marine Reserve (SMR). The initiative aims to ensure that its goals and strategies are within the social milieu of local stakeholders, i.e. fisherfolks are without financial assets to contribute or pay for the enhancement of the fishery and stock enhancement is often not a priority approach to address fishery resource

With a combination of our mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, we evidenced the occurrence of a Crassostrea oyster hitherto unrecognized in Japan. This species, C. dianbaiensis (named Sumizome-gaki in Japanese), was very recently described as a new “tropical” oyster, although we located it in a temperate water zone (southwestern coast of Shikoku Island, Japan). Our specimens bore a morphological resemblance to the slipper cupped oyster C. bilineata (syn. C. iredalei), consistent with their close phylogenetic relationship. Some of the shell characteristics represented in the original species description were not applicable to our specimens, especially in terms of the pattern of their inner-shell coloration. Our novel finding of C. dianbaiensis in Japan updated the taxon list of Japanese Crassostrea species.

The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonium excretion rate (AER) of a tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, were determined in laboratory experiments. OCR and AER exhibited a significant negative correlation to body weight (BW), expressed as a power function of \(\mathrm{BW:}\; \mathit{OCR} = 0.09 \times BW^{-0.58}(\mathrm{mgO_{2}/g/h, r^{2}=0.89, n=15})\) and \(AER = 0.38 \times BW^{-0.19}\) \((\mathrm{\mu\text{molN/g/h}}, \mathrm{r^{2}=0.54}, n=15)\). These values were comparable to those in previous studies on other sea cucumber species. The OCR of shrimp tank sediment was reduced to less than half \((4.5 \pm 0.3 \mathrm{\;to\;} 1.0 \pm 0.1\;\mathrm{mgO_{2}/gdry/h)}\) by the ingestion and excretion process of H. scabra. Acid volatile sulfide (AVS-S) concentration was also decreased to less than half (0.67 to 0.31 mgS/mgdry); despite the low reduction rates of organic carbon and nitrogen contents (0.19 to 0.14 mgC/mgdry and 0.022 to 0.019 mgN/mgdry, respectively). These results suggest that components in the sediment with high oxygen consumption potential were removed by H. scabra. These findings also provide fundamental information with which to evaluate the quantitative role of H. scabra in polyculture with shrimp.