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Regulating one’s motivation contributes to well-being and success across various domains, including language learning. For example, activating a promotion versus prevention regulatory focus orientation is generally more compatible with tasks requiring creativity and innovation (e.g., brainstorming) versus tasks requiring vigilance (e.g., proofreading), respectively. Metamotivation represents awareness of such task–motivation fit. This article reports a study involving Saudi language learners of English (N = 311) who were presented with language-related tasks requiring two different motivational orientations (e.g., brainstorming vs. proofreading) and were asked to indicate their preferred incentive structure (inducing eagerness vs. vigilance) under two contexts (independent vs. interdependent). The results showed that the participants exhibited metamotivational awareness in terms of promotion, but not prevention, orientation. Female participants displayed a marked overgeneralization bias, clearly favoring a promotion-inducing incentive structure even for vigilance tasks. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to task engagement and persistence and to expanding the scope of language motivation theory, paving the way for a new line of research into language learning metamotivation., La regulación de la motivación contribuye al bienestar y al éxito en diversos ámbitos, incluido el aprendizaje de idiomas. Por ejemplo, activar una orientación de enfoque regulador hacia la promoción en lugar de la prevención generalmente es más compatible con tareas que requieren creatividad e innovación (por ejemplo, lluvia de ideas) en comparación con tareas que requieren vigilancia (por ejemplo, corrección de pruebas). La metamotivación representa la conciencia de este ajuste entre tarea y motivación. Este artículo informa sobre un estudio que involucra a estudiantes sauditas de inglés (N = 311) a quienes se les presentaron tareas relacionadas con el idioma que requerían dos orientaciones motivacionales diferentes (por ejemplo, lluvia de ideas vs. corrección de pruebas) y se les pidió que indicaran su estructura de incentivos preferida (inducir el entusiasmo vs. la vigilancia) bajo dos contextos (independiente vs. interdependiente). Los resultados mostraron que los participantes exhibieron conciencia metamotivacional en términos de la orientación hacia la promoción, pero no hacia la prevención. Las participantes mujeres mostraron un sesgo de sobregeneralización marcado, favoreciendo claramente una estructura de incentivos inductora de la promoción incluso para tareas de vigilancia. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos en relación con la participación y persistencia en la tarea, y para ampliar el alcance de la teoría de la motivación en el aprendizaje de idiomas, abriendo el camino a una nueva línea de investigación sobre metamotivación en el aprendizaje de idiomas.

An experimental study with a sample (N = 213, 49.8% male, 18-year-old or above) indicates that investment performance measures based on drawdown duration can capture investors’ preference when other investment measures focusing on risk-adjusted returns such as the Sharpe ratio fail to. Based on the result, the prevention-focused investors are found to be more sensitive to, and easily affected by the number of drawdown days than the promotion-focused investors. Performance measures based on drawdown duration can supplement traditional performance measures to capture investors’ preference.

Background: Due to the growth of green markets, the phenomenon of greenwashing arises. This leads to consumers experiencing feelings of betrayal and having trust problems with the brand using this misleading tactic. Nevertheless, there is also literature indicating that some customers ignore this and do not alter their purchasing behavior by continuing to buy from these misbehaving brands. This can be explained by moral decoupling, which allows customers to separate their judgements of morality from their judgements of the company's performance. In addition to this, three further variables were analyzed, to comprehend this concept better. Purpose: This study's goal was to retest relationships established in previous research, concretely moral decoupling linked with brand identity fusion, purchase intention and the regulatory focus theory in the context of a greenwashing infraction. By retesting and further proving these, this study’s contribution would have been to propose the expansion of the moral decoupling model with the mentioned variables. Also, this study would expand the existing literature on causes of customer behavioral responses and bring light and study further the detrimental practice of greenwashing. Method: The foundation of this study was previous literature, which helped construct three hypotheses that were tested via an online questionnaire that has 122 usable responses. In summary, this study follows a deductive approach using quantitative methods to fulfill the purpose of this explanatory, positivist research. Conclusion: There was not enough evidence to support hypotheses 1 and 2. These stated that regulatory focus influences moral decoupling in a greenwashing context, promotion focus negatively and prevention positively, and that brand identity fusion influences moral decoupling positively in a greenwashing context. The third hypothesis stating that moral decoupling positively influences purchase intention was only proven in the English surv

Background: Due to the growth of green markets, the phenomenon of greenwashing arises. This leads to consumers experiencing feelings of betrayal and having trust problems with the brand using this misleading tactic. Nevertheless, there is also literature indicating that some customers ignore this and do not alter their purchasing behavior by continuing to buy from these misbehaving brands. This can be explained by moral decoupling, which allows customers to separate their judgements of morality from their judgements of the company's performance. In addition to this, three further variables were analyzed, to comprehend this concept better. Purpose: This study's goal was to retest relationships established in previous research, concretely moral decoupling linked with brand identity fusion, purchase intention and the regulatory focus theory in the context of a greenwashing infraction. By retesting and further proving these, this study’s contribution would have been to propose the expansion of the moral decoupling model with the mentioned variables. Also, this study would expand the existing literature on causes of customer behavioral responses and bring light and study further the detrimental practice of greenwashing. Method: The foundation of this study was previous literature, which helped construct three hypotheses that were tested via an online questionnaire that has 122 usable responses. In summary, this study follows a deductive approach using quantitative methods to fulfill the purpose of this explanatory, positivist research. Conclusion: There was not enough evidence to support hypotheses 1 and 2. These stated that regulatory focus influences moral decoupling in a greenwashing context, promotion focus negatively and prevention positively, and that brand identity fusion influences moral decoupling positively in a greenwashing context. The third hypothesis stating that moral decoupling positively influences purchase intention was only proven in the English surv

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. School of Medicine & Dentistry. Dept. of Health Services Research and Policy, 2019., Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) represent a culmination of evidence-based recommendations for preventable conditions such as hypertension. Clinicians use CPGs to assist in making decisions about appropriate treatment and health care management in clinical situations. Despite clinicians’ positive regard and acceptance of CPGs to help achieve clinical goals, actual uptake of CPGs remains low. In order to improve uptake of clinical guidelines, it is important to understand factors that are drivers of clinician behavior related to achieving clinical goals. Goal motivation, as indicated by Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT), can be used to explain clinicians’ approach to achieving clinical care goals. This dissertation considers the implications of the relationship between Regulatory Focus and the uptake of hypertension clinical guidelines. Using data from a clinical trial within a practice-based research network (PBRN) of federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), this dissertation explored the relationship between clinicians’ Chronic Regulatory Focus and the uptake of hypertension clinical guidelines. Results indicated the majority of the clinicians in the sample were Prevention Dominant, and had been in practice over 5 years. Clinicians RF orientations were not jointly associated with clinician adherence to clinical practice guidelines, patients’ systolic blood pressure variation, or risk-taking in hypertension treatment. There was some evidence for an independent effect for each orientation on our outcomes of interest, however those findings will need to be confirmed in future studies. The results of this dissertation provide some evidence that RFT can be used a potential framework for understanding clinician treatment decisions in the clinical setting. Future studies should focus on including goals more closely aligned with clinician-specific behaviors.

Regulatory focus theory is a motivational orientation theory encompassing two regulatory systems: promotion focus and prevention focus. Promotion focused individuals tend to seek success, implement risky tactics, and an eager goal pursuit. Prevention focused individuals tend to avoid failure, implement conservative tactics, and a vigilant goal pursuit. Scholer and Higgins (2011) propose an exception to the rule where individuals break the natural RF alignment, which individuals typically seek to maintain. Scholer and Higgins (2011) proposed that promotion (prevention) focused individuals in a state of gain (loss) become conservative (riskier) in their behavior while maintaining an eager (vigilant) goal pursuit. However, literature supporting this theory is between-subjects in methodology and does not measure GP strategy, only risk. The current study proposes two competing regulation patterns: 1) When individuals change in their risk, they maintain their GP strategy 2) when individuals change in their risk, their GP strategy also changes, becoming more eager with higher levels of risk and more vigilant with more conservative behavior. Therefore, the following study examined how tactics and GP strategies change within-person when experiencing loss and gain states. Specifically, examining change in risk and GP after positive and negative goal discrepancy feedback. In order to examine this self-regulation, participants who were primed to be in either a promotion or prevention focused state played three rounds of a simple risk-measuring game. Even though the RF prime did not produce the expected results, there was regulation occurring. After recategorizing the baseline risk and GP to create a high risk /eager GP and a low risk /vigilant GP groups, there was support for the idea that as behavior changes to be riskier, so too does GP change to become more eager. This finding is in contradiction to Scholer and Higgins' (2011) theory that there is a cognitive reappraisal of

When making decisions, people are typically differently sensitive to gains and losses according to the motivational context in which the choice is performed. As hypothesized by Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT), indeed, goals are supposed to change in relation to the set of possible outcomes. In particular, in a promotion context, the goal is achieving the maximal gain, whereas in a prevention context it turns into avoiding the greatest loss. We explored the neurophysiological counterpart of this phenomenon, by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and recording the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in participants taking part in an economic game, in which they observed actions conveying different goal attainment levels, framed in different motivational contexts. More than the actual value of the economic exchange involved in the game, what affected motor cortex excitability was the goal attainment failure, corresponding to not achieving the maximal payoff in a promotion context and not avoiding the greatest snatch in a prevention context. Therefore, the results provide support for the key predictions of RFT, identifying a neural signature for the goal attainment failure.

When making decisions, people are typically differently sensitive to gains and losses according to the motivational context in which the choice is performed. As hypothesized by Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT), indeed, goals are supposed to change in relation to the set of possible outcomes. In particular, in a promotion context, the goal is achieving the maximal gain, whereas in a prevention context it turns into avoiding the greatest loss. We explored the neurophysiological counterpart of this phenomenon, by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and recording the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in participants taking part in an economic game, in which they observed actions conveying different goal attainment levels, framed in different motivational contexts. More than the actual value of the economic exchange involved in the game, what affected motor cortex excitability was the goal attainment failure, corresponding to not achieving the maximal payoff in a promotion context and not avoiding the greatest snatch in a prevention context. Therefore, the results provide support for the key predictions of RFT, identifying a neural signature for the goal attainment failure.

Volunteer travel opportunities are more plentiful than ever and are now offered worldwide, with conservation projects being an increasingly popular choice. Some of the emerging questions in this field are concerned with the effective communication of these opportunities to young people. One theory that could guide the creation of these persuasive campaigns for conservation volunteering is regulatory focus theory. By adopting this theory, we reveal yet another possibility for understanding motivations of conservation volunteers. Results of the experiment suggest promotion messages are better received (more persuasive) because they induce expectations in line with general view of conservation volunteering as a hedonic experience. Moreover, this study is the first one of its kind to show this important effect of environmental attitudes on individuals' responses to promotional messages about conservation volunteering travel.

Volunteer travel opportunities are more plentiful than ever and are now offered worldwide, with conservation projects being an increasingly popular choice. Some of the emerging questions in this field are concerned with the effective communication of these opportunities to young people. One theory that could guide the creation of these persuasive campaigns for conservation volunteering is regulatory focus theory. By adopting this theory, we reveal yet another possibility for understanding motivations of conservation volunteers. Results of the experiment suggest promotion messages are better received (more persuasive) because they induce expectations in line with general view of conservation volunteering as a hedonic experience. Moreover, this study is the first one of its kind to show this important effect of environmental attitudes on individuals' responses to promotional messages about conservation volunteering travel.

Volunteer travel opportunities are more plentiful than ever and are now offered worldwide, with conservation projects being an increasingly popular choice. Some of the emerging questions in this field are concerned with the effective communication of these opportunities to young people. One theory that could guide the creation of these persuasive campaigns for conservation volunteering is regulatory focus theory. By adopting this theory, we reveal yet another possibility for understanding motivations of conservation volunteers. Results of the experiment suggest promotion messages are better received (more persuasive) because they induce expectations in line with general view of conservation volunteering as a hedonic experience. Moreover, this study is the first one of its kind to show this important effect of environmental attitudes on individuals' responses to promotional messages about conservation volunteering travel.

Volunteer travel opportunities are more plentiful than ever and are now offered worldwide, with conservation projects being an increasingly popular choice. Some of the emerging questions in this field are concerned with the effective communication of these opportunities to young people. One theory that could guide the creation of these persuasive campaigns for conservation volunteering is regulatory focus theory. By adopting this theory, we reveal yet another possibility for understanding motivations of conservation volunteers. Results of the experiment suggest promotion messages are better received (more persuasive) because they induce expectations in line with general view of conservation volunteering as a hedonic experience. Moreover, this study is the first one of its kind to show this important effect of environmental attitudes on individuals' responses to promotional messages about conservation volunteering travel.

Volunteer travel opportunities are more plentiful than ever and are now offered worldwide, with conservation projects being an increasingly popular choice. Some of the emerging questions in this field are concerned with the effective communication of these opportunities to young people. One theory that could guide the creation of these persuasive campaigns for conservation volunteering is regulatory focus theory. By adopting this theory, we reveal yet another possibility for understanding motivations of conservation volunteers. Results of the experiment suggest promotion messages are better received (more persuasive) because they induce expectations in line with general view of conservation volunteering as a hedonic experience. Moreover, this study is the first one of its kind to show this important effect of environmental attitudes on individuals' responses to promotional messages about conservation volunteering travel.

Communication is a key element in organizations’ business success. The media richness theory and the channel expansion theory are two of the most influential theories regarding the selection and use of communication media in organizations; however, literature has focused little on the effects of self-regulation by managers and employees in these theories. To analyze these topics, this study develops an empirical investigation by gathering data from 600 managers and employees using a questionnaire. The results suggest that the perception of media richness is positively affected when the individual shows a promotion focus or strategy., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author’s final draft)

Emotional brand attachment has emerged as an important marketing concept that can strengthen a brand's performance. One way to create emotional bonds with consumers is to match the brand's personality with the consumer's self-concept (i.e. self-congruence). Nonetheless, research on brand attachment has a strong westernized focus leaving a vast majority of the world's population outside the frame of research, which limits our understanding of how consumers perception of self form emotional attachments to brands across cultures. We address this issue by developing the novel construct of ought self-congruence and test a conceptual model in two large scale studies including 810 respondents from Sweden and South Korea. The results showed similarities as well as unique cultural differences. Brand personalities in line with a consumer's actual self-view yield the strongest positive impact on emotional brand attachment in both cultures. However, an ideal self-congruent brand only showed a positive impact on Swedish consumers or when the self is sculpt independently from others. In contrast, South Koreans formed attachments to global brands that were congruent with an ought self-perception. A consumer's regulatory focus provides a theoretical explanation to the mixed results. Avenues for further research and managerial implications are also proposed.

Emotional brand attachment has emerged as an important marketing concept that can strengthen a brand's performance. One way to create emotional bonds with consumers is to match the brand's personality with the consumer's self-concept (i.e. self-congruence). Nonetheless, research on brand attachment has a strong westernized focus leaving a vast majority of the world's population outside the frame of research, which limits our understanding of how consumers perception of self form emotional attachments to brands across cultures. We address this issue by developing the novel construct of ought self-congruence and test a conceptual model in two large scale studies including 810 respondents from Sweden and South Korea. The results showed similarities as well as unique cultural differences. Brand personalities in line with a consumer's actual self-view yield the strongest positive impact on emotional brand attachment in both cultures. However, an ideal self-congruent brand only showed a positive impact on Swedish consumers or when the self is sculpt independently from others. In contrast, South Koreans formed attachments to global brands that were congruent with an ought self-perception. A consumer's regulatory focus provides a theoretical explanation to the mixed results. Avenues for further research and managerial implications are also proposed.

Objecte: Cada vegada més, les organitzacions estan més conscienciades que l’èxit empresarial s’aconsegueix amb el treball constant i enèrgic de tots els seus integrants. Aspectes com el compromís i la motivació son cabdals. Aquest article, fa referencia a la necessitat cada vegada més creixent d’utilitzar els canals de comunicació en línia per gestionar més eficaçment les relacions amb els empleats. Disseny/metodologia: Prenent com a base la teoria de la riquesa dels mitjans de comunicació, es fa una proposta per a examinar els factors que afecten en una comunicació eficaç, relacionant les senyals d’informació, la personalització, i la velocitat en dues situacions diferents. Aportacions i resultats: Aquest treball ofereix vuit propostes per tal d’estimular la investigació futura en els canals emergents. Limitacions: En l’estudi només es consideren dos canals de comunicació basats en internet: correu electrònic i missatgeria instantània. Implicacions pràctiques: Conèixer la percepció dels treballadors és fonamental per tal de millorar els processos comunicatius en organitzacions i institucions. Els resultats d’aquest recerca poden oferir una visió clara dels efectes de l’ús eficient de nous canals de comunicació. Implicacions socials: La capacitat dels nous dispositius mòbils amb connexió permanent online ha afavorit l’ús massiu de nous canals de comunicació. Conèixer els factors determinats que influeixen en la percepció dels usuaris sobre els nous canals, és un factor determinat en l’elecció dels mitjans de comunicació. Valor afegit: Tot i què es manifest l’ús intensiu dels nous canals de comunicació, són pocs els estudis que analitzin els efectes i repercussions del seu ús en organitzacions i institucions., Purpose: Increasingly, organizations are more aware that business success is achieved with constant and energetic work of all their members. Aspects such as the commitment and motivation are crucial. This paper refers to the increasing need for increasing the use of online communication channels to more effectively manage relationships among their employees. Design/methodology: Based on the media richness theory, there is a proposal to examine the factors that affect effective communication, relating to information cues, personalization, and speed in two different situations. Findings: This paper provides eight proposals to stimulate future research in emerging channels. Research limitations/implications: In the study only considered two internet-based communication channels: email and instant messaging. Practical implications: Knowing the perception of employees is essential to improve communication processes in organizations and institutions. The results of this research can provide a clear view of the effects of the efficient use of new communication channels. Social implications: The ability of new mobile devices with permanent online connection has favored the massive use of new communication channels. Knowing the specific factors that influence the perception of users on new channels is a determining factor in the media choice. Originality/value: Although the intensive use of new communication channels is evident, there are few studies that analyze the effects and the implications of their use in organizations and institutions., Peer Reviewed

Motivated by the Regulatory Focus Theory and the Offensive Mindset Theory, the author researched the influence of framed instructions (offensive, defensive, no messaging) in stressful and stress-free environments. A total of 213 volunteers from the Naval Postgraduate School and the Presidio of Monterey participated in the study. One hundred ninety-one were students enrolled in graduate level studies or foreign languages and 22 were staff professors and lecturers. Of the 213 volunteers, 29 were female and 184 were male. All participants were over the age of 18. Participants completed one of two tests: a basic math test in a quiet room and a simulated shooting game in a room with the game's volume maximized. Participants rolled dice to randomly select the framing instructions that they would be given. In the basic math test, participants who received framed instructions consistent with their regulatory focus answered more questions correctly than those who received framed instructions that were incompatible with their regulatory focus. For example, a promotion-focused participant receiving defensive messaging answered fewer questions correctly than a promotion-focused participant receiving offensive messaging. Under simulated shooting, offensive framing showed an increase in both speed and accuracy regardless of regulatory focus. This research represents one of the first tests of regulatory focus and messaging conducted under stress. The results were unexpected and may open new doors in research.

Liu, Z., Wang, X., & Chen, J. (2021). Why can’t I stop using social media problematically? The impact of norm and neutralization from the regulatory focus perspective. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 25(2), 204-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2021.1887698

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. School of Medicine & Dentistry. Dept. of Health Services Research and Policy, 2018., Reperfusion therapies to treat heart attacks are a relatively new (1980’s) technology that dramatically improved survival rates, under the caveat that administration of these treatments occur in a timely manner. To ensure rapid delivery, practitioners have developed interventions to shorten care-seeking time – the duration between symptom onset and reaching out to contact medical care. A variety of well-designed communication strategies have been deployed; resulting, unfortunately, in little to no change in average care-seeking duration. To advance the field, experts have invited researchers to investigate the social-psychological traits associated with care-seeking – which this dissertation does. Because the phenomenon involves judgement and decision making rooted in a social context and culminating in personal behaviors, the discipline of social psychology can suggest potential explanatory mechanisms for care-seeking delay. Primary data was collected from 318 heart attack patients at Rochester, NY’s Strong Memorial Hospital. Study findings regarding hypothesized associations indicate relationships between the security and self-direction values and longer delay before attending to heart attack symptoms; between the conformity and tradition values and longer delay in deciding medical attention is required; between the stimulation and self-direction values and shorter delay in deciding medical attention is required; and between promotion focus and greater time spent in actions to alleviate the heart attack symptoms. Several additional exploratory findings are also presented. Drawing from the study findings, communication strategies employing techniques to prime psychological constructs and to develop message framing with psychological constructs are discussed.

As an important behavioral trait in consumer psychology, regulatory focus (RF) has been proven to describe and predict human behavior in numerous situations as it demonstrates that individuals can be distinguished according to two independent structures of strategic inclination and orientation in the pursuit of goals: promotion focus and prevention focus. However, to date no research has explicitly considered the potential link between RF and perceived risk in the various dimensions of online shopping (OS). This paper aims to fill this gap. By developing an RF model of online consumer shopping behavior (REFCOS) covering motives, behaviors, and continuance-evaluation and empirically testing a number of hypotheses, we find how consumers with different foci use the Internet. Our findings provide confirmatory evidence for emerging literature that RF is a powerful predictor of behavior in OS.

As an important behavioral trait in consumer psychology, regulatory focus (RF) has been proven to describe and predict human behavior in numerous situations as it demonstrates that individuals can be distinguished according to two independent structures of strategic inclination and orientation in the pursuit of goals: promotion focus and prevention focus. However, to date no research has explicitly considered the potential link between RF and perceived risk in the various dimensions of online shopping (OS). This paper aims to fill this gap. By developing an RF model of online consumer shopping behavior (REFCOS) covering motives, behaviors, and continuance-evaluation and empirically testing a number of hypotheses, we find how consumers with different foci use the Internet. Our findings provide confirmatory evidence for emerging literature that RF is a powerful predictor of behavior in OS.