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La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objeto el análisis de la transposición española de la Directiva UE 2019/771 de 20 de mayo, relativa a determinados aspectos de los contratos de compraventa de bienes, que ha venido a derogar la Directiva 1999/44/CE y a modificar el Reglamento CE núm. 2017/2394 y la Directiva 2009/22/CE. Para ello realiza un repaso del régimen de garantías y servicios postventa aplicable a las compraventas de bienes de consumo, poniendo de manifiesto los cambios producidos, así como las diferencias regulatorias con otros países de nuestro entorno. Puesto que, si bien se trataba de una Directiva de máximos, algunos aspectos no han sido objeto de armonización plena y, por ejemplo, existen considerables diferencias en Estados como Italia, e incluso en otros territorios como Cataluña que, desde hace un tiempo, sigue la senda de construir un derecho civil propio. Asimismo, el trabajo hace un esfuerzo por incluir los diferentes pronunciamientos del Tribunal Supremo Español y el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea que sobre la materia ha habido en las últimas décadas, para aglutinar todo el acervo jurídico que hasta el momento nos sirve para interpretar esta normativa. Por último, el cuarto capítulo finaliza con las distintas propuestas doctrinales y legislativas que a día de hoy se han planteado en orden a mejorar el régimen de garantías y servicios postventa desde una perspectiva de una economía sostenible de acuerdo con la agenda marcada por la Unión Europea., The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the Spanish transposition of EU Directive 2019/771 of 20 May, on certain aspects of contracts for the sale of goods, which repeals Directive 1999/44/EC and amends EC Regulation No. 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC. To this end, it reviews the system of guarantees and after-sales services applicable to the sale of consumer goods, as well as the regulatory differences with other countries in our environment. Although this was a maximum Directive, some aspects have not been fully harmonised and, for example, there are considerable differences in States such as Italy, and even in other territories such as Catalonia, which, for some time now, has been following the path of building its own civil law. Likewise, the work makes an effort to include the different pronouncements of the Spanish Supreme Court and the Court of Justice of the European Union on the subject in recent decades, in order to bring together the entire legal acquis that has served to date to interpret this legislation. It also attempts to carry out a doctrinal delimitation of the seller's non-compliance regime in the sale of consumer goods, with the aim of studying in depth the assumptions of his liability and the remedies available to the buyer in the event of non-compliance with the obligations of the seller which, ultimately, would result in the delivery of the consumer good and that the consumer good once delivered is in conformity, in accordance with the parameters of conformity set out in consumer protection legislation. Finally, the fourth chapter ends with the different doctrinal and legislative proposals that have been put forward to improve the system of guarantees and after-sales services from the perspective of a sustainable economy in accordance with the agenda set by the European Union.

The SESAR2020 exploratory research (ER4) programme CREATE (Grant 890898) developed a climate and weather aware Concept of Operations (ConOps) which encompasses a multi-aircraft 4D trajectory optimisation framework, which utilises a CO2 and non-CO2 balanced Environmental Scores Module (ESM) for the en-route flight phase. The ESM provides a computational method to evaluate the “greenness” of aircraft trajectories. Some components related to the internal ESM scoring are based on expert judgement, which is in line with the technology readiness level (TRL) 1 of the solution. Fast-time simulations were performed to demonstrate the proof-of-concept of the ESM in a multi-aircraft tactical optimisation scenario in the North-Atlantic region. The results show that, because of the simplicity of the metric, the ESM could be well used for trajectory optimisation and tactical replanning, and most likely as well as flight and ATC sector environmental performance evaluations., The work presented in this paper has received funding from the SESAR Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 890898, corresponding to the project “Innovative Operations and Climate and Weather Models to Improve ATM Resilience and Reduce Impacts” (SESAR-H2020-ER4 CREATE) within the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

We present a framework to generate, in a multi-aircraft environment, 4D optimized trajectories in a scenario with several weather constraints obtained with advanced weather prediction models. We focus on the trajectory optimization module of this framework, which is based on a point-mass representation of the aircraft. By tuning some of the parameters of this module, we compute several alternative trajectories avoiding these constraints both laterally and vertically. The experiment conducted involves flights crossing the North Atlantic region, while in the en-route phase. This preliminary framework is also used to run the experiments in multiple cycles or consecutive time periods, assuming different update times for the weather constraints, and choosing the best trajectory per flight and per cycle. The ultimate goal of the framework is to develop innovative procedures in the air traffic management system to reduce the climate and environmental impact of aviation, while increasing the resilience of air operations to weather phenomena., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

La llamada sucesión necesaria plantea una serie de problemas que atienden a la tutela del legitimario, en cuyo ámbito la reducción de las disposiciones inoficiosas y, en particular la que atiende a los actos inter vivos del causante, adquiere una gran importancia. Importancia que es particularmente relevante en el ordenamiento jurídico español, en el que la acción de reducción, si bien prevista por el Derecho positivo, no está completamente regulada en la norma, subsistiendo, por ello, múltiples cuestiones sin resolver. La presente investigación busca profundizar en el régimen jurídico de la donación inoficiosa tal y como lo recoge el Código civil español, enriqueciéndolo con las aportaciones de la doctrina italiana, cuya solidez interpretativa puede servir de referencia para una eventual reforma del Derecho castellano. Con este objetivo, la presente investigación se centra, entre otros puntos, sobre la configuración histórica de la acción de reducción; el concepto de donación inoficiosa; las operaciones de cálculo de la legítima; la naturaleza jurídica de la acción de reducción y la valoración del bien donado a los efectos de reducción. Finalmente, estudia la validez de las “cláusulas de reducción in valorem”, por medio del as cuales el donante puede autorizar al donatario para que conserve el bien objeto de la donación, entregando al legitimario una cantidad de dinero. En conclusión, la presente tesis permite individuar las características del acto impugnable mediante la acción de reducción de donaciones y las líneas esenciales de la reducción como categoría de ineficacia, lo que a su vez favorecer la resolución de algunos problemas de aplicación de la reducción de donaciones que se encuentran en el ordenamiento español. La investigación, además, permite formular algunas propuestas “de lege ferenda” a fin de agilizar la práctica de la reducción y reducir la litigiosidad, salvaguardando los intereses de legitimario y donatario., So-called forced heirship raises a number of issues regarding the different forms of legal protection of forced heirs. In this respect, of paramount importance are legal provisions dealing with reduction of donations made inter vivos by the deceased to the detriment of forced estate. Such provisions are of particular significance in the Spanish legal order, where action for reduction is envisaged but not fully regulated. This research thus delves into the legal status of donations detrimental to forced estate, as provided for in the Spanish Civil Code. It is further enriched by an examination of the contributions made by the Italian jurisprudence, which has proposed interpretative approaches which could act as a reference for an eventual reform of the Spanish regulation. To that end, this research focuses, among other points, on the historical evolution of the action for reduction, the concept donation detrimental to forced estate, the legal nature of action for reduction, the estimation of the gift made by the deceased for the purposes of forced estate calculation... Finally, this work considers the validity of reductio in valorem clauses, through which the donor authorizes the donee to retain the gift by paying the forced heir the amount corresponding his forced estate. In conclusion, this research sheds light on how to identify the characteristics of the legal act liable to contestation through action for reduction, as well as the general features of reduction donations as a category of inefficacy. This, in turn, favors the resolution of some problems connected with the application of this kind of reduction which are significant within the Spanish legal system. Additionally, this study has led to the formulation of some proposals, the implementation of which might ease the practice of reduction and help minimize litigation., La cosiddetta successione necessaria pone una serie di problemi che, principalmente, hanno a che fare con la tutela dei legittimari, nel cui ambito la riduzione delle disposizioni lesive della legittima, e in particolare quella che riguarda gli atti inter vivos compiuti dal defunto, acquisisce un’importanza capitale. Importanza che si annuncia particolarmente imperiosa nell’ordinamento giuridico spagnolo, in cui l’azione di riduzione, sebbene prevista dal diritto positivo, non è regolata integralmente dalla norma, sussistendo, infatti, tante questioni irrisolte. La presente ricerca approfondisce il regime giuridico della donazione lesiva della legittima quale contemplato nel Codice civile spagnolo. Questa ricerca viene arricchita dalle soluzioni apportate dalla dottrina italiana, che ha proposto approcci interpretativi che possono servire da riferimento ad un’eventuale riforma del diritto spagnolo. A questo scopo, la presente ricerca si focalizza, tra altri punti, sulla configurazione storica della azione di riduzione; il concetto di donazione lesiva della legittima; le operazioni di calcolo della legittima; la natura giuridica dell’azione di riduzione e la valutazione del bene donato agli effetti della riduzione. Finalmente, si studia la validità delle “clausole di riduzione in valorem”, per mezzo delle quali il donante autorizza il donatario affinché questi possa conservare il bene oggetto della donazione tramite pagamento in denaro al legittimario della parte corrispondente la sua quota di legittima. In conclusione, il presente lavoro di ricerca permette di individuare le caratteristiche dell’atto impugnabile tramite l’azione di riduzione della donazione lesiva della legittima e le linee essenziali della riduzione come categoria di inefficacia, il che a sua volta favorisce la risoluzione di alcuni dei problemi di applicazione della riduzione delle donazioni che si trovano nell’ordinamento spagnolo. La ricerca, inoltre, permette di formulare alcune proposte de leg

Weather phenomena are one of the biggest causes for significant delays and unpredictable disruptions within air traffic management (ATM) network operations. The changing global climate increases the future severity and frequency of these air traffic disturbing weather phenomena. This deteriorates the predictability of 4D trajectory ATM network planning and potentially increases the delays within air traffic operations. Furthermore, aviation itself has a responsibility to mitigate its climate impact to improve the long-term sustainability of the ATM operations and to contribute to the global effort towards the reduction of anthropogenic climate change. The SESAR2020 exploratory research project CREATE (Grant 890898) aims to find answers on how to improve the weather-resilience of ATM-operations and to reduce its climate impact. A concept of operations (ConOps) has been developed which describes an integrated trajectory optimisation framework to tactically define environmentally-scored optimised 4D trajectories, for a multi-aircraft airspace configuration, using advanced numerical weather prediction models, combined with air traffic control (ATC) driven demand-capacity balancing methods. The framework will be applied to an en-route use-case focusing on the unorganised traffic over the North Atlantic, and a Terminal Manoevring Area (TMA) use-case focusing on the Naples Capodichino airspace. The optimised trajectories aim to evade thunderstorms and contrail formation regions, whilst minimising CO2, non-CO2 and local air quality (LAQ) impacts., This project has received funding within the framework of the SESAR Joint Undertaking project “Innovative Operations and Climate and Weather Models to Improve ATM Resilience and Reduce Impacts” (SESARH2020-ER4 CREATE) within the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 890898. The CREATE consortium is formed by ATM/Meteo/Environmental specialists from the Royal Netherlands Aerospace Centre (NLR), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali (CIRA), Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope (UNIPARTH, project coordinator), ARIANET, Ilmatieteen Laitos (Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI), and Institute for Sustainable Society and Innovation (ISSNOVA)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

La llamada sucesión necesaria plantea una serie de problemas que atienden a la tutela del legitimario, en cuyo ámbito la reducción de las disposiciones inoficiosas y, en particular la que atiende a los actos inter vivos del causante, adquiere una gran importancia. Importancia que es particularmente relevante en el ordenamiento jurídico español, en el que la acción de reducción, si bien prevista por el Derecho positivo, no está completamente regulada en la norma, subsistiendo, por ello, múltiples cuestiones sin resolver. La presente investigación busca profundizar en el régimen jurídico de la donación inoficiosa tal y como lo recoge el Código civil español, enriqueciéndolo con las aportaciones de la doctrina italiana, cuya solidez interpretativa puede servir de referencia para una eventual reforma del Derecho castellano. Con este objetivo, la presente investigación se centra, entre otros puntos, sobre la configuración histórica de la acción de reducción; el concepto de donación inoficiosa; las operaciones de cálculo de la legítima; la naturaleza jurídica de la acción de reducción y la valoración del bien donado a los efectos de reducción. Finalmente, estudia la validez de las “cláusulas de reducción in valorem”, por medio del as cuales el donante puede autorizar al donatario para que conserve el bien objeto de la donación, entregando al legitimario una cantidad de dinero. En conclusión, la presente tesis permite individuar las características del acto impugnable mediante la acción de reducción de donaciones y las líneas esenciales de la reducción como categoría de ineficacia, lo que a su vez favorecer la resolución de algunos problemas de aplicación de la reducción de donaciones que se encuentran en el ordenamiento español. La investigación, además, permite formular algunas propuestas “de lege ferenda” a fin de agilizar la práctica de la reducción y reducir la litigiosidad, salvaguardando los intereses de legitimario y donatario., So-called forced heirship raises a number of issues regarding the different forms of legal protection of forced heirs. In this respect, of paramount importance are legal provisions dealing with reduction of donations made inter vivos by the deceased to the detriment of forced estate. Such provisions are of particular significance in the Spanish legal order, where action for reduction is envisaged but not fully regulated. This research thus delves into the legal status of donations detrimental to forced estate, as provided for in the Spanish Civil Code. It is further enriched by an examination of the contributions made by the Italian jurisprudence, which has proposed interpretative approaches which could act as a reference for an eventual reform of the Spanish regulation. To that end, this research focuses, among other points, on the historical evolution of the action for reduction, the concept donation detrimental to forced estate, the legal nature of action for reduction, the estimation of the gift made by the deceased for the purposes of forced estate calculation... Finally, this work considers the validity of reductio in valorem clauses, through which the donor authorizes the donee to retain the gift by paying the forced heir the amount corresponding his forced estate. In conclusion, this research sheds light on how to identify the characteristics of the legal act liable to contestation through action for reduction, as well as the general features of reduction donations as a category of inefficacy. This, in turn, favors the resolution of some problems connected with the application of this kind of reduction which are significant within the Spanish legal system. Additionally, this study has led to the formulation of some proposals, the implementation of which might ease the practice of reduction and help minimize litigation., La cosiddetta successione necessaria pone una serie di problemi che, principalmente, hanno a che fare con la tutela dei legittimari, nel cui ambito la riduzione delle disposizioni lesive della legittima, e in particolare quella che riguarda gli atti inter vivos compiuti dal defunto, acquisisce un’importanza capitale. Importanza che si annuncia particolarmente imperiosa nell’ordinamento giuridico spagnolo, in cui l’azione di riduzione, sebbene prevista dal diritto positivo, non è regolata integralmente dalla norma, sussistendo, infatti, tante questioni irrisolte. La presente ricerca approfondisce il regime giuridico della donazione lesiva della legittima quale contemplato nel Codice civile spagnolo. Questa ricerca viene arricchita dalle soluzioni apportate dalla dottrina italiana, che ha proposto approcci interpretativi che possono servire da riferimento ad un’eventuale riforma del diritto spagnolo. A questo scopo, la presente ricerca si focalizza, tra altri punti, sulla configurazione storica della azione di riduzione; il concetto di donazione lesiva della legittima; le operazioni di calcolo della legittima; la natura giuridica dell’azione di riduzione e la valutazione del bene donato agli effetti della riduzione. Finalmente, si studia la validità delle “clausole di riduzione in valorem”, per mezzo delle quali il donante autorizza il donatario affinché questi possa conservare il bene oggetto della donazione tramite pagamento in denaro al legittimario della parte corrispondente la sua quota di legittima. In conclusione, il presente lavoro di ricerca permette di individuare le caratteristiche dell’atto impugnabile tramite l’azione di riduzione della donazione lesiva della legittima e le linee essenziali della riduzione come categoria di inefficacia, il che a sua volta favorisce la risoluzione di alcuni dei problemi di applicazione della riduzione delle donazioni che si trovano nell’ordinamento spagnolo. La ricerca, inoltre, permette di formulare alcune proposte de leg

MV acknowledges funding from French National Research Agency (ANR): ANR-project StaRMIP (grant agreement ANR-12-JS06-0005-01). SMcG acknowledges contributions from U.S. Department of Defense ESTCP Grant: RC-201666 and U.S. Department of Energy RGCM Grant: DE-SC0016438., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)