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Modeling fish community responses to dam removal is an emerging field of study as dam removals become more common, but uncertainties concerning recovery time and community stability remain. In Europe, an EU-wide biodiversity strategy plans to restore around 25,000 km of rivers to free-flowing status, which emphasizes the importance of being able to predict fish community responses after dam removal. We developed a multi-species size spectrum model for a fish community in the Mörrum River in Sweden to identify possible outcomes after a dam was removed in 2020. Electrofishing monitoring before the dam removal was used to calibrate the model. We projected multiple scenarios into the future to explore patterns of community stability, individual species responses, and recovery time while varying parameters related to dam removal mortality, base resource rate change, and maximum recruitment change. We created 30 hypothetical scenarios using an abrupt change perspective (parameters are step-based) and 30 scenarios using a gradual change perspective (parameters are smooth). In both perspectives, dam removal mortality and a decreasing resource rate reduced community biomass and delayed recovery time compared to pre-dam removal conditions. Our results demonstrate that recovery from a dam removal scenario is not necessarily a benefit for all species. In scenarios where dam removal practices or dam failures cause high mortality events and sustained impacts on base trophic level resources, recovery of pre-removal biomass may take decades, while community stability may be unstable for twice that time-period. Our study shows that size spectrum models can be applied to dam removal scenarios to explore potential recovery outcomes, particularly from a risk avoidance perspective. A benefit of using such an approach is the relatively low data requirements needed to perform projections (e.g., present species, fish growth rates, relative fish abundance). Implementing this model in other

Modeling fish community responses to dam removal is an emerging field of study as dam removals become more common, but uncertainties concerning recovery time and community stability remain. In Europe, an EU-wide biodiversity strategy plans to restore around 25,000 km of rivers to free-flowing status, which emphasizes the importance of being able to predict fish community responses after dam removal. We developed a multi-species size spectrum model for a fish community in the Mörrum River in Sweden to identify possible outcomes after a dam was removed in 2020. Electrofishing monitoring before the dam removal was used to calibrate the model. We projected multiple scenarios into the future to explore patterns of community stability, individual species responses, and recovery time while varying parameters related to dam removal mortality, base resource rate change, and maximum recruitment change. We created 30 hypothetical scenarios using an abrupt change perspective (parameters are step-based) and 30 scenarios using a gradual change perspective (parameters are smooth). In both perspectives, dam removal mortality and a decreasing resource rate reduced community biomass and delayed recovery time compared to pre-dam removal conditions. Our results demonstrate that recovery from a dam removal scenario is not necessarily a benefit for all species. In scenarios where dam removal practices or dam failures cause high mortality events and sustained impacts on base trophic level resources, recovery of pre-removal biomass may take decades, while community stability may be unstable for twice that time-period. Our study shows that size spectrum models can be applied to dam removal scenarios to explore potential recovery outcomes, particularly from a risk avoidance perspective. A benefit of using such an approach is the relatively low data requirements needed to perform projections (e.g., present species, fish growth rates, relative fish abundance). Implementing this model in other

This paper examines how utopian river planning has arisen in Colombia and Spain since the late nineteenth century. Specifically, the paper contributes to understanding how particular ideologies of modernism and development present in territorial planning connect both countries. Taking Thomas More’s classic work ‘Utopia’ as the analytical reference, I analyze how utopian tendencies have traveled through time and space to shape territorial planning and water governance. In both countries, this was evident in the late nineteenth century through the political project to strengthen the nation state. For Spain, I describe the regenerationist movement and the hydraulic utopia led by the Spanish intellectual Joaquín Costa, who forged the dream of a water nationhood. By contrast, in Colombia, several political intellectuals looked at Europe and North America as a source of inspiration to achieve progress by controlling rivers. Through the method of disjunctive comparison, I show how the same utopian notions are expressed in similar ways in distinct contexts: violently governing the flows of rivers, standardizing minds and ordering territories towards capital growth. This paper contributes to grasping the notions and roots of the discourses that have colonized the political water agendas in both countries.

The survival and development of the city of Maastricht are facing enormous threats from the increasingly frequent and severe fluvial floods, while the leisure industry is the most vulnerable to flood damage as a crucial segment of the economy, accounting for about 50% of the total economic damage. However, flooding is essentially just a natural process with numerous ecological benefits, and can even stimulate diverse recreational activities under certain conditions. Therefore, this report aims to explore integrated transformation from an urban design perspective for the city of Maastricht to adapt to river flooding and to promote sustainable leisure industry. It implies a transformed urban fabric that prevents the damage caused by river flooding and converts floods into a resource for sustainable leisure industry development through a series of spatial interventions and programs that cross three scales (regional scale, city scale, and neighborhood scale).

We measured floating plastic in the Rhine (Netherlands to Switzerland), Odaw (Ghana) and Mekong (Cambodia) rivers using visual counting from bridges. We also measured riverbank and terrestrial plastic density in the Odaw river through physical sampling and classification. We measured river plastic pollution in three rivers across relevant gradients, including geography, hydrology, and plastic pollution levels. In the Rhine basin (Switzerland, France, Germany, the Netherlands) we showed that urban areas and tributaries may act as entry points of plastic pollution. For the Odaw basin (Ghana) we compared floating, terrestrial and riverbank plastics, identifying source and accumulation zones. Finally, in the Mekong river (Cambodia) we quantified the contribution of the city of Phnom Penh to plastic pollution through quantifying the plastic mass balance in the Mekong-Tonle Sap-Bassac region.

Roughly half of the human population lives near the coast, and coastal water pollution (CWP) is widespread. Coastal waters along Tijuana, Mexico, and Imperial Beach (IB), USA, are frequently polluted by millions of gallons of untreated sewage and stormwater runoff. Entering coastal waters causes over 100 million global annual illnesses, but CWP has the potential to reach many more people on land via transfer in sea spray aerosol (SSA). Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we found sewage-associated bacteria in the polluted Tijuana River flowing into coastal waters and returning to land in marine aerosol. Tentative chemical identification from non-targeted tandem mass spectrometry identified anthropogenic compounds as chemical indicators of aerosolized CWP, but they were ubiquitous and present at highest concentrations in continental aerosol. Bacteria were better tracers of airborne CWP, and 40 tracer bacteria comprised up to 76% of the bacteria community in IB air. These findings confirm that CWP transfers in SSA and exposes many people along the coast. Climate change may exacerbate CWP with more extreme storms, and our findings call for minimizing CWP and investigating the health effects of airborne exposure.

High-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers have expanded in scope and sophistication during the last two decades. Existing technology allows in situ automated measurements of water quality constituents, including both solutes and particulates, at unprecedented frequencies from seconds to subdaily sampling intervals. This detailed chemical information can be combined with measurements of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, bringing new insights into the sources, transport pathways, and transformation processes of solutes and particulates in complex catchments and along the aquatic continuum. Here, we summarize established and emerging high-frequency water quality technologies, outline key high-frequency hydrochemical data sets, and review scientific advances in key focus areas enabled by the rapid development of high-frequency water quality measurements in streams and rivers. Finally, we discuss future directions and challenges for using high-frequency water quality measurements to bridge scientific and management gaps by promoting a holistic understanding of freshwater systems and catchment status, health, and function.

Conservation of endangered fishes commonly includes captive breeding, applied research, and management. Since 1996, a captive breeding program has existed for the federally threatened and California endangered Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, an osmerid fish endemic to the upper San Francisco Estuary. Although this program serves as a captive refuge population, with experimental releases being initiated to supplement the wild population, it was uncertain how individuals would survive, feed, and maintain condition outside hatchery conditions. We evaluated this and the effects of three enclosure designs (41% open, 63% open, and 63% open with partial outer mesh wrap) on growth, survival, and feeding efficacy of cultured Delta Smelt at two locations (Sacramento River near Rio Vista, CA and in Sacramento River Deepwater Ship Channel) in the wild. Enclosures exposed fish to semi-natural conditions (ambient environmental fluctuations and wild food resources) but prevented escape and predation. After four weeks, survival was high for all enclosure types (94-100%) at both locations. The change in condition and weight was variable between sites, increasing at the first location but decreasing at the second location. Gut content analysis showed that fish consumed wild zooplankton that came into the enclosures. Cumulatively, results show that captive-reared Delta Smelt can survive and forage successfully when housed in enclosures under semi-natural conditions in the wild. When comparing enclosure types, we observed no significant difference in fish weight changes (p = 0.58-0.81 across sites). The success of housing captive-reared Delta Smelt in enclosures in the wild provides preliminary evidence that these fish may be suitable to supplement the wild population in the San Francisco Estuary. Furthermore, these enclosures are a new tool to test the efficacy of habitat management actions or to acclimate fish to wild conditions as a soft release strategy for recently initiated

The COVID-19 global pandemic led to major upheavals in daily life. As a result, mental health has been negatively impacted for many, including college students who have faced increased stress, depression, anxiety, and social isolation. How we think about the future and adjust to such changes may be partly mediated by how we situate our experiences in relation to the pandemic. To test this idea, we investigate how temporal framing influences the way participants think about COVID life. In an exploratory study, we investigate the influence of thinking of life before versus during the pandemic on subsequent thoughts about post-pandemic life. Participants wrote about their lives in a stream-of-consciousness style paradigm, and the linguistic features of their thoughts are extracted using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Initial results suggest principal components of LIWC features can distinguish the two temporal framings just from the content of their post-pandemic-oriented texts alone. We end by discussing theoretical implications for our understanding of personal experience and self-generated narrative. We also discuss other aspects of the present data that may be useful for investigating these thought processes in the future, including document-level features, typing dynamics, and individual difference measures.

The thermophilic microbial mat communities at hot springs in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, thought to harbor the protistan human pathogen Naegleria fowleri, were surveyed using both culture-independent and -dependent methods to further understand the ecology of these hot spring microbiomes. Originating from Lake Mead source water, seven spring sites were sampled, varying in temperature from 25 to 55 °C. Amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing of twelve samples using 16S rRNA primers (hypervariable V4 region) revealed that most mats are dominated by cyanobacterial taxa, some but not all similar to those dominating the mats at other studied hot spring systems. 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing (V9 region) demonstrated a diverse community of protists and other eukaryotes including a highly abundant amoebal sequence related to Echinamoeba thermarum. Additional taxonomic and diversity metric analyses using near full-length 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing allowed a higher sequence-based resolution of the community. The mat sequence data suggest a major diversification of the cyanobacterial orders Leptolyngbyales, as well as microdiversity among several cyanobacterial taxa. Cyanobacterial isolates included some representatives of ecologically abundant taxa. A Spearman correlation analysis of short-read amplicon sequencing data supported the co-occurrences of populations of cyanobacteria, chloroflexi, and bacteroidetes providing evidence of common microbial co-occurrences across the Black Canyon hot springs.

BACKGROUND: Biodiversity is generally reduced when non-native species invade an ecosystem. Invasive crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, populate California freshwater streams, and in the Santa Monica Mountains (Los Angeles, USA), their introduction has led to trophic cascades due to omnivorous feeding behavior and a rapid rate of population growth. The native California newt, Taricha torosa, possesses a neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), that affects freshwater animal behavior. Given P. clarkii has a limited evolutionary history with TTX, we hypothesized that TTX may affect crayfish feeding behaviors. To determine if TTX affects P. clarkii behavior, we measured cumulative movement and various feeding behaviors of P. clarkii exposed to (i) waterborne, ecologically realistic concentrations of TTX (~ 3.0 × 10- 8 moles/L), (ii) an anuran chemical cue to account for intraguild cues, or (iii) a T. torosa chemical cue with quantitated TTX in it (~ 6.2 × 10- 8 moles/L). RESULTS: We found that the presence of TTX in any form significantly reduced crayfish movement and decreased the amount of food consumed over time. Crayfish responses to the anuran treatment did not significantly differ from controls. CONCLUSION: Our laboratory results show that naturally occurring neurotoxin from native California newts limits invasive crayfish foraging and feeding rates, which may play a role in preserving local stream ecosystems by limiting invasive crayfish behaviors that are detrimental to biodiversity.

The increasingly noticeable effects of climate change are leading to increased advocacy of nuclear energy. Even though the so-called nuclear renaissance has come to an abrupt halt, especially due to the Fukushima disaster, proponents of nuclear energy are promoting it as an inevitable solution to decarbonise electricity production. Yet it has been known since the 1960s that waste heat from nuclear power plants has devastating effects on river ecosystems. Even though countries like Germany and Switzerland have taken measures to limit the thermal load of the Rhine and Aare, the Rhine is still the most thermally polluted river in the world in relation to its water resources. This raises the question of whether the socio-technical promise of sustainability of the current nuclear power plants is at all tenable from a river perspective. On this basis, this paper explores the (un)sustainability of riverine nuclear energy in past, present, and future, tracing its evolution over time from the early days of nuclear planning and construction to today’s – as of yet unfulfilled – dreams of a “nuclear renaissance”. We look at several European rivers that underwent nuclearization from the 1950s onwards, reconstructing the often-harsh struggles among a diverse group of actors for access to sufficient volumes of cooling water, the fight against “thermal pollution”, the negotiations about allowed temperature limits, and the emergence of technical fixes such as cooling towers and artificial lakes as – partly successful, partly failed – solutions to such problems.

Climate warming can lead to a replacement of species that favour cold temperatures by species that favour warm temperatures. However, the implications of such thermic shifts for the functioning of ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we used stream macroinvertebrate biological and ecological traits to quantify the relative contribution of cold, intermediate and warm temperature-adapted taxa to changes in community functional diversity (FD) using a dataset of 3781 samples collected in Central Europe over 25 years, from 1990 to 2014. Our analyses indicated that functional diversity of stream macroinvertebrate communities increased over the study period. This gain was driven by a net 39 % increase in the richness of taxa that favour intermediate temperatures, which comprise the highest share in the community, and to a 97 % increase in the richness of taxa that favour warm temperatures. These warm temperature-adapted taxa displayed a distinct and more diverse suite of functional traits compared to the cold temperature-adapted group and thus contributed disproportionately to local FD on a per-taxon basis. At the same time, taxonomic beta-diversity declined significantly within each thermal group, in association with increasing local taxon richness. This study shows that over recent decades, small low-mountain streams in Central Europe have experienced a process of thermophilization and increasing functional diversity at local scales. However, a progressive homogenisation occurred at the regional scale, with communities converging towards similar taxonomic composition. As the reported increase in local functional diversity can be attributed mostly to the intermediate temperature-adapted taxa and a few expanding warm temperature-adapted taxa, these patterns could mask more subtle loss of sensitive cold temperature-adapted taxa with irreplaceable functional traits. In light of increasing climate warming, preservation of cold habitat refuges, should be considered a pri

In marine ecosystems around the world, iron (Fe) is a well-studied and important trace element which has been found to stimulate phytoplankton and cyanobacteria growth, as well as limit nitrogen fixation and being essential for Legionella pneumophila which is known as the main cause of Legionnaires’ disease. Fe also contributes to the brownification of freshwater and has recently been documented to increase in concentration in rivers in Sweden. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between Fe and humic substances (HS) in rivers and a coastal area in the northern Baltic Sea. In late winter, surface samples from rivers and the coast were analyzed for Fe, HS, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, salinity, and temperature. Overall, the results showed a positive correlation between Fe and HS, indicating a terrestrial input of Fe. Other variables affecting Fe and HS including pH, salinity, and temperature were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), which showed spatial variations between river and coastal samples. Fe is known to be transported in water as two main carrier phases, Fe-OM complexes and Fe-oxyhydroxides. Which carrier phase is the most contributing depends on multiple factors, including catchment characteristics, seasonal variations, and water chemistry. Understanding the link between Fe and HS in land-sea transitional areas is important since terrestrial Fe is identified as a source of bioavailable Fe in marine waters such as the Baltic Sea.

The increasing prevalence of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (CR-hvKP) prompts the question of whether these strains also circulate outside of clinical settings. However, the environmental occurrence and dissemination of CR-hvKP are poorly studied. In the current study, we investigated the epidemiological characteristics, and dissemination dynamics of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) isolated from a hospital, an urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and adjacent rivers in Eastern China during one year of monitoring. A total of 101 CRKP were isolated, 54 were determined to be CR-hvKP harboring pLVPK-like virulence plasmids, which were isolated from the hospital (29 out of 51), WWTP (23 out of 46), and rivers (2 out of 4), respectively. The period with lowest detection rate of CR-hvKP in the WWTP, August, corresponded with the lowest detection rate at the hospital. Comparing the inlet and outlet of the WWTP, no significant reduction of the detection of CR-hvKP and relative abundance of carbapenem resistance genes was observed. The detection rate of CR-hvKP and the relative abundance of carbapenemase genes were significantly higher in the WWTP in colder months compared to warmer months. Clonal dissemination of CR-hvKP clones of ST11-KL64 between the hospital and the aquatic environment, as well as the horizontal spread of IncFII-IncR and IncC plasmids carrying carbapenemase genes, was observed. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the ST11-KL64 CR-hvKP strain has spread nationally by interregional transmission. These results indicated transmission of CR-hvKP clones between hospital and urban aquatic environments, prompting the need for improved wastewater disinfection and epidemiological models to predict the public health hazard from prevalence data of CR-hvKP.

Resseguint les VORES del TER. Entendre un territori a través de l’experiència i cartografiar-lo. Inspirat en Historia de un Arroyo y Proyectar con la Naturaleza de E.Reclús e I. Mc.Harg respectivament. Recull l'experiència de recórrer el Ter des del seu naixement a la desembocadura en 12 dies, remarcant la importància de viure el territori de primera mà. I el posterior treball d'anàlisi a través de cartografies territorials que porten a concloure possibles estratègies projectuals de millora i renaturalització de les seves lleres.

Estudi de la possibilitat d'utilitzar l’excés d’aigua de les rieres de Terrassa per al consum a través de la xarxa subterrània de la ciutat.

Arundhati Roy is not only an author but also a committed environmentalist and campaigner for human rights. She is widely credited with revitalising the effort to halt the enormous Narmada Dams project, in particular the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam. Besides writing, she has acquired a distinctive place in the mind of people as an activist.  Roy shows a propensity to explore environmental issues and the devastation of the ecosystem due to human avarice in her writings. The river has been the lifeline of our society and culture since ancient times, but in recent times it has lost its glorious past, it has become contaminated and in various cases, its natural flow has been obstructed because of dam construction by providing excuses of modernity and progress. The river water is an integral part of our daily lives, as we drink it, use river water in cultivation, wash our clothes in it, and cook with it. River is a means of livelihood to many. Aquatic organisms find their means of survival there. However, the river has suffered a lot as a result of human interference. In her novel, The God of Small Things, and The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, Arundhati Roy pens down the horrible condition of the river and unplanned dam construction. This paper uses the lens of river ecology to investigate the symbiotic interaction between humans and other species in river ecosystems.

Arundhati Roy is not only an author but also a committed environmentalist and campaigner for human rights. She is widely credited with revitalising the effort to halt the enormous Narmada Dams project, in particular the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam. Besides writing, she has acquired a distinctive place in the mind of people as an activist.  Roy shows a propensity to explore environmental issues and the devastation of the ecosystem due to human avarice in her writings. The river has been the lifeline of our society and culture since ancient times, but in recent times it has lost its glorious past, it has become contaminated and in various cases, its natural flow has been obstructed because of dam construction by providing excuses of modernity and progress. The river water is an integral part of our daily lives, as we drink it, use river water in cultivation, wash our clothes in it, and cook with it. River is a means of livelihood to many. Aquatic organisms find their means of survival there. However, the river has suffered a lot as a result of human interference. In her novel, The God of Small Things, and The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, Arundhati Roy pens down the horrible condition of the river and unplanned dam construction. This paper uses the lens of river ecology to investigate the symbiotic interaction between humans and other species in river ecosystems.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission began in 2002 and ended in June 2017. GRACE applications are limited in their ability to study long-term water cycle behavior because the data is limited to a short period, i.e., from 2002 to 2017. In this study, we aim to reconstruct (1960–2002) GRACE total water storage anomalies (TWSA) to obtain a continuous TWS time series from 1960 to 2016 over four river basins of South India, namely the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery and Pennar River basins, using Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP). The Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess procedure (STL) method is used to decompose GRACE TWSA and forcing datasets into linear trend, interannual, seasonal, and residual parts. Only the de-seasoned (i.e., interannual and residual) components are reconstructed using the MLP method after the linear trend and seasonal components are removed. Seasonal component is added back after reconstruction of de-seasoned GRACE TWSA to obtain complete TWSA series from 1960 to 2016. The reconstructed GRACE TWSA are converted to groundwater storage anomalies (GWSA) and compared with nearly 2000 groundwater observation well networks. The results conclude that the MLP model performed well in reconstructing GRACE TWSA at basin scale across four river basins. Godavari (GRB) experienced the highest correlation (r = 0.96) between the modelled TWSA and GRACE TWSA, followed by Krishna (KRB) with r = 0.93, Cauvery (CRB) with r = 0.91, and Pennar (PCRB) with r = 0.92. The seasonal GWSA from GRACE (GWSAGRACE) correlated well with the GWSA from groundwater observation wells (GWSAOBS) from 2003 to 2016. KRB exhibited the highest correlation (r=0.85) followed by GRB (r=0.81), PCRB (r=0.81) and CRB (r=0.78). The established MPL technique could be used to reconstruct long-term TWSA. The reconstructed TWSA data could be useful for understanding long-term trends, as well as monitoring and forecasting droughts and floods over the study regions.

In marine ecosystems around the world, iron (Fe) is a well-studied and important trace element which has been found to stimulate phytoplankton and cyanobacteria growth, as well as limit nitrogen fixation and being essential for Legionella pneumophila which is known as the main cause of Legionnaires’ disease. Fe also contributes to the brownification of freshwater and has recently been documented to increase in concentration in rivers in Sweden. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between Fe and humic substances (HS) in rivers and a coastal area in the northern Baltic Sea. In late winter, surface samples from rivers and the coast were analyzed for Fe, HS, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, salinity, and temperature. Overall, the results showed a positive correlation between Fe and HS, indicating a terrestrial input of Fe. Other variables affecting Fe and HS including pH, salinity, and temperature were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), which showed spatial variations between river and coastal samples. Fe is known to be transported in water as two main carrier phases, Fe-OM complexes and Fe-oxyhydroxides. Which carrier phase is the most contributing depends on multiple factors, including catchment characteristics, seasonal variations, and water chemistry. Understanding the link between Fe and HS in land-sea transitional areas is important since terrestrial Fe is identified as a source of bioavailable Fe in marine waters such as the Baltic Sea.

Having left behind the religious faith of his youth, the narrator charts out a new belief system rooted in learning the manifold stories that make up a place and its people. More and more, the narrator feels drawn to the river, which forces him to confront the impact his city and the seven reservoirs above it have had on the waterway.

In the Nieuwe Waterweg an ongoing pilot takes place in one of the groyne areas. This pilot is a part of the “De Groene Poort” project. The idea for this project is to create intertidal areas by modifying and nourishing groyne areas. These artificially formed intertidal areas will create a new habitat for wildlife and attract different vegetation. For this project, several modifications have been made to the groyne area: a dam has been placed in front of the groyne area, the groynes on either side have been partially heightened and a nourishment has taken place. To better understand the effects of these modifications to the groyne area, research has been done on the effects of the tide and waves caused by shipping on the flow and sediment behaviour inside the groyne area. Two different measurement campaigns have been carried out for this research. In the first measurement campaign six ADVs were placed in the groyne area between March 24 and April 12 ,2022. These ADVs measured the velocities and pressures with a frequency of 8 Hz. Also, sediment samples were taken during this campaign, which have been analyzed using laser diffraction. In the second campaign, ADCP measurements were carried out with a floating ADCP attached to a jet ski. With this ADCP the vertical velocity profiles have been obtained for several cross-sections at different stages of the tide. It was found that the flow in the groyne area has changed due to the dam and the nourishment. Typical flow in an emerged groyne field with the eddies is unrecognizable during lower water levels in the modified groyne area. The exchange of water between the main channel and the groyne area is through the gap in the dam, which removes the mixing layer that separates the groyne and the main channel during submerged conditions. The flow in this groyne area is lateral and divided into two main flows along either side of the nourished island. Rocks and a higher entrance in the downstream groyne compa, Project De Groene Poort, Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

L’histoire environnementale comme discipline des sciences historiques a connu depuis les années 1990 une attention accrue. Ces dernières années l’intérêt pour l’analyse historique des influences humaines sur l’environnement et pour l’exploitation des ressources naturelles a encore augmenté à la suite d’une prise de conscience accrue de la société et des médias pour le changement climatique qui s’accélère et l’environnement naturel qui se dégrade. De nombreuses publications témoignent de la fertilité d’une approche interdisciplinaire et régionale de cette thématique au cœur d’un cycle de conférence organisé par l’Institut d’Histoire de l’Université du Luxembourg pour les étudiants en Bachelor en cultures européennes également ouvert aux auditeurs libres ainsi qu’aux membres du grand public durant le semestre d'été 2021, dont le présent volume reprend les actes.

This study was conducted to identify temporal changes in nutrient and sediment concentrations and loads (total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total suspended solids) in Swan River and Woody River of the Swan Lake watershed, Manitoba. Temporal changes in physical hydrology (river discharge and precipitation) were also investigated to determine if these parameters influenced the changes in water quality concentrations and loads across the Swan Lake watershed. Annual and seasonal totals of water quality variables, river discharge, and average watershed total precipitation were examined for change over 30 years. The results showed a statistically significant increase in nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS), and river discharge, particularly in Swan River. Both rivers experienced statistically significant increases during the spring season with changes in median values as high as 450% in TSS between 1989 – 2000 and 2010 – 2018. Annual river discharge in Swan River and Woody River increased by 182% and 103%, respectively, with Swan River experiencing a statistically significant increase over the 30-year period. Seasonally, both rivers increased statistically significantly in the spring season with an 80% increase. Total precipitation across the watershed increased 3% annually, including a 6% increase in the spring, and summer and fall seasons, and 8% decrease in the winter season between 1995 – 2001 and 2009 – 2015. There were correlations between water quality variables and river discharge, and between river discharge and precipitation. Precipitation in this area influences river discharge and since nutrients and sediments are strongly correlated with river discharge, precipitation indirectly influences nutrient and sediment exports.

Tourism is interpreted as an industry today, because the benefits of the flow of money from tourism are not just a few jobs and involve most of the economic sector, hence it is known as an industry. Obviously, the tourism industry ultimately provides products of the type of tourist services for world consumption, which is also called smokeless industry. Therefore, the attitude towards tourism should be a productive and industrial attitude, not a service and traditional one. In many countries, the world of tourism has acted as one of the key and main sectors for economic development and progress; The economic effects of tourism development are multiple and its most important effect is to create employment and income and help reduce unemployment and earn income and create jobs. Badkhshan province in the northeast of Afghanistan, which has high mountains, deep valleys, high levels, raging waters, green valleys, lakes, waterfalls, geopolitical location and a common border with the civilized countries of China, Tajikistan and Pakistan and the Silk Road crossing. It has a good position in the region. This province with abundant untouched natural resources, pleasant and clean climate free form pollution and also has natural products and products and the geographical location of commerce that these characteristics and these characteristics can present a better image in the field of marketing. As a suitable and favorable province, it should be favorable for domestic and foreign investments and trade.

Recent popularization of camera devices, including action cams and smartphones, enables us to record videos in everyday life and share them through the Internet. Video blog is a recent approach for sharing videos, in which users enjoy expressing themselves in blog posts with attractive videos. Generating such videos, however, requires users to review vast amount of raw videos and edit them appropriately, which keeps users away from doing so. In this paper, we propose a novel video summarization method for helping users to create a video blog post. Unlike typical video summarization methods, the proposed method utilizes the text, which is written for a video blog post, and makes the video summary consistent with the content of the text. For this, we perform video summarization by solving an optimization problem, in which an objective function involves the content similarity between the summarized video and the text. Our user study with 20 participants has demonstrated that our proposed method is suitable to create video blog posts compared with conventional methods for video summarization., ICME 2015 : IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo , Jun 29-Jul 3, 2015 , Torino, Italy

A potential control of downstream channel width variations on the structure and planform of pool–riffle sequence local bed topography is a key to the dynamics of gravel bed rivers. How established pool–riffle sequences respond to time-varying changes in channel width at specific locations, however, is largely unexplored and challenging to address with field-based study. Here, we report results of a flume experiment aimed at building understanding of how statistically steady pool–riffle sequence profiles adjust to spatially prescribed channel width changes. We find that local bed slopes near steady-state conditions inversely correlate with local downstream width gradients when the upstream sediment supply approximates the estimated transport capacity. This result constrains conditions prior to and following the imposed local width changes. Furthermore, this relationship between local channel bed slope and downstream width gradient is consistent with expectations from scaling theory and a broad set of field-based, numerical, and experimental studies (n=88). However, upstream disruptions to coarse sediment supply through actions such as dam removal can result in a transient flipping of the expected inverse correlation between bed slope and width gradient, collectively highlighting that understanding local conditions is critical before typically implemented spatial averaging schemes can be reliably applied., Postprint (published version)

Actualmente, el continente americano contiene la mayor diversidad de tortugas del planeta, así mismo, México ocupa el segundo lugar después de los Estados Unidos en riqueza de especies. Sin embargo, esta gran diversidad de tortugas se encuentra severamente amenazada por las diferentes actividades humanas, como la urbanización, el tráfico de especies, la sobrexplotación y el cambio climático que en conjunto conducen a la extinción de las poblaciones de tortugas y la fauna acuática con la que coexisten. Si esta tendencia continua, se espera un colapso ambiental y económico a medio o largo plazo en las regiones donde actualmente se distribuyen estos organismos. Esto se debe a que las tortugas son un eslabón muy importante en la cadena trófica de los ecosistemas y desempeñan papeles funcionales primordiales, como la depredación, control biológico y muchas de ellas son presas de otras especies de animales. En este trabajo, se describe el caso de las tortugas del género Kinosternon (Spix, 1824), comúnmente llamadas “casquitos”, las cuales hoy en día son consideradas un grupo susceptible a la extinción por diferentes amenazas antrópicas. Así mismo, mostramos un panorama general del estado de conservación de las especies de acuerdo a la NOM-059-2010 y la Lista Roja de Especies de UICN, analizamos el estado de conservación de las especies mexicanas mediante el índice de vulnerabilidad ambiental EVS (“Environmental Vulnerability Score”). Encontramos que, de los 32 táxones conocidos, 14 son endémicos de México. Por otra parte, el índice EVS muestra que 14 especies tienen alta vulnerabilidad y el resto vulnerabilidad media y de 9 especies no se tienen datos para poder determinar algún índice de vulnerabilidad, por el hecho de no saber el grado de persecución que tienen en otros países. Finalmente, proponemos algunas estrategias de conservación para este grupo de tortugas., Currently, the American continent contains the greatest diversity of turtles on the planet, likewise, Mexico ranks second after the United States in species richness. However, this great diversity of turtles is severely threatened by different human activities such as urbanization, species trafficking, overexploitation and climate change that together lead to the extinction of turtle populations and the aquatic fauna with which coexist. If this trend continues, an environmental and economic collapse is expected in the mid or long term in the regions where these organisms are currently distributed. This is because turtles are a very important link in the trophic chain of ecosystems and play such important functional roles as predation, biological control and many of them are prey to other animal species. In this work, the case of the turtles of the genus Kinosternon (Spix, 1824) commonly called "casquitos", which today are considered a group susceptible to extinction due to different anthropic threats, is described. Likewise, we show an overview of the conservation status of the species according to NOM-059-2010 and the IUCN Species Red List, later we analyze the conservation status of Mexican species using the EVS (“Environmental Vulnerability Index”). We found that, of the 32 known taxa, 14 are endemic to Mexico. On the other hand, the EVS index shows that 14 species have high vulnerability and the rest moderate vulnerability, and for 9 species, there is no data to be able to determine a vulnerability index due to not knowing the degree of persecution they have in other countries. Finally, we propose some conservation strategies for this group of turtles.

Meta-ecosystems can be defined as a set of ecosystems connected by spatial flows of energy, matter and organisms (Loreau et al., 2003; Cid et al., 2022). A paradigmatic meta-ecosystem is the one formed by the interaction of river catchments and coastal ecosystems. For example, rivers transport enormous amounts of nutrients to coastal waters (Schlünz and Schneider, 2000; Li et al., 2020), determining primary and secondary productivity (Gibson et al., 2002; Garnier et al., 2010). Thus, estuaries are highly productive areas (Levin et al., 2001), with a higher value of ecosystem services per hectare than any other ecosystem (Costanza et al., 1997; Newton et al., 2018). At the same time, river basins are subjected to multiple human disturbances (e.g. hydrological disturbances, pollution, habitat degradation) that accumulate downstream until they reach the sea (Newton et al., 2012; Flo et al., 2019). This makes estuaries one of the most degraded ecosystems on Earth (Kaiser et al., 2011).

In July 2021, heavy floods hit the Dutch province Limburg after days of rainfall in south-west Germany, the Ardennes and southern Limburg. Rivers like the Geul, the Roer and the Maas couldn’t discharge the large amounts of water. Many parts of these regions flooded, and approximately 50.000 people have been evacuated from their homes (Task Force Fact Finding hoogwater 2021, 2021, pp. 8 - 10). How safe residents feel in the river landscape is affected by the floods. The sense of safety people get from the landscape depends on how they perceive that landscape and how they perceive their safety in it. How landscape and safety are perceived relates to the relationship residents have with their landscape. Due to centralized supervision, local communities are increasingly cut-off from their water system, and they are changing from active workers to passive users. Ultimately, their knowledge of the water systems is forgotten. Another aspect of perceiving a sense of safety is related to the Dutch water management strategies. Optimizing and directing water has dominated the Dutch attitude. Engineering strategies including dikes, storm surge barriers and regulated polders are dominant in the Dutch landscape (Metz & Van den Heuvel, 2012, p. 281). With these strategies, the Dutch have outsourced their water safety to engineers and water boards. As water safety is primarily the concern of professionals, people themselves are decreasingly aware of their dependence on these defence systems, and simply perceive dikes and other defence systems as objects in the landscape (Metz & Van den Heuvel, 2012, p. 79). As a result of this strategy, the relationship between humans and river has become a rigid one. Humans dominate water by force, pushing it away hard as possible. However, because of the changing climate water is now pushing back, which resulted in the floods of 2021. Changing how we relate to rivers, and water in general, can help to establish a new spatial relat, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Explorelab

Tourism is interpreted as an industry today, because the benefits of the flow of money from tourism are not just a few jobs and involve most of the economic sector, hence it is known as an industry. Obviously, the tourism industry ultimately provides products of the type of tourist services for world consumption, which is also called smokeless industry. Therefore, the attitude towards tourism should be a productive and industrial attitude, not a service and traditional one. In many countries, the world of tourism has acted as one of the key and main sectors for economic development and progress; The economic effects of tourism development are multiple and its most important effect is to create employment and income and help reduce unemployment and earn income and create jobs. Badkhshan province in the northeast of Afghanistan, which has high mountains, deep valleys, high levels, raging waters, green valleys, lakes, waterfalls, geopolitical location and a common border with the civilized countries of China, Tajikistan and Pakistan and the Silk Road crossing. It has a good position in the region. This province with abundant untouched natural resources, pleasant and clean climate free form pollution and also has natural products and products and the geographical location of commerce that these characteristics and these characteristics can present a better image in the field of marketing. As a suitable and favorable province, it should be favorable for domestic and foreign investments and trade.

Het houdt niet op met regenen; de Linge is buiten haar oevers getreden. De huizen die we (stom genoeg) hebben gebouwd in de uiterwaarden dreigen natte kelders te krijgen. Je zou er moedeloos van worden. Maar iemand houdt in elk geval goede moed: Tim van Hattum, programmaleider klimaat bij de WUR. “We hebben nog heel veel opties. Maar we moeten wel met z’n allen aan de bak!”

Especially in antiquity, rivers would both consist of a great resource, and they would exert a fearsome destructive power—vis cui resisti non potest, as Roman jurists used to assert. To prevent the risk of floods, Romans would not only carry out important public works, but also establish technical-juridical rules to induce both private individuals and communities to take care of the problem. Those rules were partly drawn up in public documents (such as praetorian edicta, leges dictae and so on), partly conceived by Roman jurists in a continuous debate starting at least from the first century AD to the third century AD and partly developed by discussions among Roman land surveyors.

Tourism is interpreted as an industry today, because the benefits of the flow of money from tourism are not just a few jobs and involve most of the economic sector, hence it is known as an industry. Obviously, the tourism industry ultimately provides products of the type of tourist services for world consumption, which is also called smokeless industry. Therefore, the attitude towards tourism should be a productive and industrial attitude, not a service and traditional one. In many countries, the world of tourism has acted as one of the key and main sectors for economic development and progress; The economic effects of tourism development are multiple and its most important effect is to create employment and income and help reduce unemployment and earn income and create jobs. Badkhshan province in the northeast of Afghanistan, which has high mountains, deep valleys, high levels, raging waters, green valleys, lakes, waterfalls, geopolitical location and a common border with the civilized countries of China, Tajikistan and Pakistan and the Silk Road crossing. It has a good position in the region. This province with abundant untouched natural resources, pleasant and clean climate free form pollution and also has natural products and products and the geographical location of commerce that these characteristics and these characteristics can present a better image in the field of marketing. As a suitable and favorable province, it should be favorable for domestic and foreign investments and trade.

The population in the Black Sea region is expected to decline in the future. However, a better understanding of how river pollution is affected by declining trends in population and increasing trends in economic developments and urbanization is needed. This study aims to quantify future trends in point-source emissions of nutrients, microplastics, Cryptosporidium, and triclosan to 107 rivers draining into the Black Sea. We apply a multi-pollutant model for 2010, 2050, and 2100. In the future, over half of the rivers will be more polluted than in 2010. The population in 74 sub-basins may drop by over 25% in our economic scenario with poor wastewater treatment. Over two-thirds of the people will live in cities and the economy may grow 9-fold in the region. Advanced wastewater treatment could minimize trade-offs between economy and pollution: our Sustainability scenario projects a 68–98% decline in point-source pollution by 2100. Making this future reality will require coordinated international efforts.

This paper is based on a comparison of the carbon parameters at the western and eastern borders of the tropical Atlantic using data collected from 55 cruises. Oceanic and coastal data, mainly total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST), were compiled from different sources. These data were subdivided into three subsets: oceanic data, coastal data and adjacent to the Brazilian (western) and African coastal areas (eastern) data. Significant differences between the TA data (2099.4 ± 286.4 µmol kg−1) at the western and eastern edges (2198 ± 141.9 µmol kg−1) were observed. Differences in the CT values between the western edge (1779.6 ± 236.4 µmol kg−1) and eastern edge (1892.2 ± 94.2 µmol kg−1) were also noted. This pattern was due to the different variabilities in the carbon parameters between the eastern and western border coastal areas and to the biogeochemistry that drives these parameters. In the western coastal area, the physical features of the continental carbon and oceanic waters mixing with the freshwater that flows from the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers to the South American coast are different than the physical features of the water that flows from the Congo, Volta and Niger Rivers in the eastern region. Applying the TA empirical relationship to TA with values of SSS < 35 in the western and eastern regions leads to a higher root mean square error (rmse) in the eastern and western regions. Therefore, most of the existing TA empirical relationships are most useful at the regional scale due to the difference in the water properties of each region. The relationships of TA and CT determined in the western and eastern regions do not reproduce in situ data well, especially at the adjacent edges. This difference is explained by the difference between the African and Brazilian coasts in terms of their carbon parameter characteristics and processes responsible for their variation. Based on the m

The delivery and burial of terrestrial particulate organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is important to quantify, because this OC is a food resource for benthic communities, and if buried it may lower the concentrations of atmospheric CO2 over geologic timescales. Analysis of sediment cores has previously shown that fjords are hotspots for OC burial. Fjords can contain complex networks of submarine channels formed by seafloor sediment flows, called turbidity currents. However, the burial efficiency and distribution of OC by turbidity currents in river-fed fjords had not been investigated previously. Here, we determine OC distribution and burial efficiency across a turbidity current system within Bute Inlet, a fjord in western Canada. We show that 62 ± 10 % of the OC supplied by the two river sources is buried across the fjord surficial (30 to 200 cm) sediment. The sandy sub-environments (channel and lobe) contain 63 ± 14 % of the annual terrestrial OC burial in the fjord. In contrast, the muddy sub-environments (overbank and distal basin) contain the remaining 37 ± 14 %. OC in the channel, lobe and overbank exclusively comprises terrestrial OC sourced from rivers. When normalized by the fjord’s surface area, at least three times more terrestrial OC is buried in Bute Inlet, compared to the muddy parts of other fjords previously studied. Although the long-term (>100 year) preservation of this OC is still to be fully understood, turbidity currents in fjords appear to be efficient at storing OC supplied by rivers in their near-surface deposits. Plain Language Summary Plants on land use CO2 from the atmosphere to produce organic carbon, which promotes their growth. Rivers transport organic carbon to the sea, where it is either eaten by fauna or buried in the seafloor, thus decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth over thousands to millions of years. Fjords are recognized as global organic carbon sinks; trapping 18 million tons of organic carbon in their seafloor sed

Between the 1950s and 1970s, dozens of visitors to China recorded the most significant changes they had witnessed. The «travel literature» is an input for thinking about various transformations associated with the revolution. In the case we are interested in here, we place the environmental dimension as one of the most common forms. We analyze two fundamental elements that appear in the different travel diaries as examples of the humanization of the landscape: rivers and insects., Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, dozens of visitors to China recorded the most significant changes they had witnessed. The "travel literature" is an input for thinking about various transformations associated with the revolution. In the case we are interested in here, we place the environmental dimension as one of the most common forms. We analyze two fundamental elements that appear in the different travel diaries as examples of the humanization of the landscape: rivers and insects., A lo largo de las décadas de 1950 y 1970, decenas de visitantes a China dejaron constancia de los cambios más significativos que habían presenciado. La «literatura de viajes» es un insumo para pensar diversas transformaciones asociadas a la Revolución de 1949. En el caso que nos interesa aquí, colocamos la dimensión ambiental en el centro del análisis. Se analizan dos elementos fundamentales que aparecen en los distintos diarios de viaje como ejemplos de humanización del paisaje: los ríos y los insectos.

Freshwater ecosystems host disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their surface area yet are poorly protected globally. We used data on the distribution of 1631 species of aquatic plant, mollusc, odonate and fish in 18,816 river and lake catchments in Europe to establish spatial conservation priorities based on the occurrence of threatened, range-restricted and endemic species using the Marxan systematic conservation planning tool. We found that priorities were highest for rivers and ancient lakes in S Europe, large rivers and lakes in E and N Europe, smaller lakes in NW Europe and karst/limestone areas in the Balkans, S France and central Europe. The a priori inclusion of well-protected catchments resulted in geographically more balanced priorities and better coverage of threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. The a priori exclusion of well-protected catchments showed that priority areas that need further conservation interventions are in S and E Europe. We developed three ways to evaluate the correspondence between conservation priority and current protection by assessing whether a cathment has more (or less) priority given its protection level relative to all other catchments. Each method found that priority relative to protection was high in S and E Europe and generally low in NW Europe. The inclusion of hydrological connectivity had little influence on these patterns but decreased the coverage of threatened species, indicating a trade-off between connectivity and conservation of threatened species. Our results suggest that catchments in S and E Europe need urgent conservation attention (protected areas, restoration, management, species protection) in the face of imminent threats such as river regulation, dam construction, hydropower development and climate change. Our study presents continental-scale conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems in ecologically meaningful planning units and will thus be importa

A surface soil moisture (SM) condition at high spatiotemportal resolutions is required by regional Earth system applications. Here, we mapped daily 1-km SM in the Babao River Basin in the northwest of China during the summers from 2013 to 2015 using a random forest (RF) method by merging SM information retrieved from in situ measurements, optical/thermal remote sensing, and topographical indices. Relative importance analysis was used to determine the optimal predictors for estimating high-resolution SM. A specific RF model (RFVI+sup) was constructed using the optimal predictors including remote sensing albedo, apparent thermal inertia (ATI), normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference infrared index 5, soil adjusted vegetation index, and topographical indices (aspect and elevation). The RFVI+sup also accounted for missing observations of the thermal index (e.g., ATI) over the mountainous regions. In the comparison between the SM estimates using the new RFVI+sup model and other RF models, the spatial coverage of available estimates increased from 14% to 64% over the study region, the correlation coefficient values were improved to 0.75, the unbiased root-mean-squared difference values decreased to 0.032 m3/m3. Thus, the proposed RF method provided accurate SM estimates with high spatiotemporal resolution over the mountainous regions, by merging multiresource datasets from in situ measurements, remotely-sensed, and topographical indices.

Compared to technical infrastructure, nature-based solutions, NBS, strive to work with nature and to move beyond business-as-usual practices in order to address societal challenges such as flood risks. This research aims to spatially identify possible NBS areas and evaluate the areas capacity to provide selected ecosystem services, ES, for the Lahn river landscape in Germany. The research follows the functional landscape approach using hydromorphological landscape units, HLU, based on specific biophysical spatial criteria, such as slope, to then identify locations which may be considered suitable for NBS. The current ES delivery of these possible NBS areas is then evaluated. The three ES assessed are carbon storage, nutrient retention and recreation. We then undertake a geospatial comparison analysis to show the spatial relationships and patterns that emerge in regards to the ES configuration of the distinct NBS apt areas. Results show the HLU method serves to delineate and identify areas where NBS may exist or be implemented. The data depicts a distinct spatial pattern for each possible NBS space and complementary ES delivery. This explorative method is a useful spatial approach that can support NBS implementation and serve to investigate the multiple benefits NBS provide. The use of ecosystem services to compare and understand NBS is a viable prospect that must, however, be cautiously, locally and scientifically approached. Noticeable limitations regarding ES assessment remain, as available methods are often insufficiently inclusive of natural ecosystem processes and functions. Further research should assess a broader spectrum of NBS and their delivery of ES.

Between the 1950s and 1970s, dozens of visitors to China recorded the most significant changes they had witnessed. The «travel literature» is an input for thinking about various transformations associated with the revolution. In the case we are interested in here, we place the environmental dimension as one of the most common forms. We analyze two fundamental elements that appear in the different travel diaries as examples of the humanization of the landscape: rivers and insects., Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, dozens of visitors to China recorded the most significant changes they had witnessed. The "travel literature" is an input for thinking about various transformations associated with the revolution. In the case we are interested in here, we place the environmental dimension as one of the most common forms. We analyze two fundamental elements that appear in the different travel diaries as examples of the humanization of the landscape: rivers and insects., A lo largo de las décadas de 1950 y 1970, decenas de visitantes a China dejaron constancia de los cambios más significativos que habían presenciado. La «literatura de viajes» es un insumo para pensar diversas transformaciones asociadas a la Revolución de 1949. En el caso que nos interesa aquí, colocamos la dimensión ambiental en el centro del análisis. Se analizan dos elementos fundamentales que aparecen en los distintos diarios de viaje como ejemplos de humanización del paisaje: los ríos y los insectos.