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Latent TB infection (LTBI) is a state of persistent immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen stimulation but does not yet show clinically active TB. Macrophages can eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis through various mechanisms. The aim of this research is to determine the interaction of macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of the 116 articles screened, there were 42 articles that were in accordance with this literature study. Results from the studies reviewed It is possible that some individuals diagnosed with LTBI have recovered from the bacteria, while others have a very small chance of being reinfected. Granulomas are a pathological sign of Mtb infection. The location of bacteria in the granuloma may influence the immune response necessary to control the infection. Mtb produces lipid and protein effectors that control inflammation and macrophage activity. By preventing Mtb-macrophage interactions and entry into human cells, tuberculosis can be avoided. In addition, many mycobacterial factors play important roles in immune evasion or aid reactivation. The class of proteins encoded by the rpf gene are known as resuscitation promoting factors, which appear to play an important role in reactivation. The Rpf gene is thought to be important in driving mycobacteria out of a dormant (and possibly latent) state.

The development of antibiotics calls for the critical consideration of instances of resistance. Infectious disorders brought on by resistant bacterial infections could affect the entire world. It is believed that the protein that the bacteria generate may one day replace antibiotics as an alternative antibacterial agent. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have the ability to manufacture bacteriocin. The bacteriocin type produced by Escherichia coli, notably colicin, has been demonstrated to inhibit the same bacteria through various essential methods. Colicin, a substance made by an E. coli cell, is also capable of protecting itself from attack; however, this defense mechanism has not yet been identified. The traits of colicin and the method by which it functions as a different antimicrobial agent to inhibit other bacteria will be covered in this article. We analyze the potential of colicin as an antibacterial agent in E. coli using PRISMA methods from diverse academic sources. Here, we found that the structure of the colicin, namely its central receptor domain, aids in the recognition of target cells. Promising results were found in recent studies on the antibacterial effects of the E. coli and colicin combination

Ikhwanuliman Putera,1,2 Mei Riasanti,1 Lukman Edwar,1 Made Susiyanti,1 Ratna Sitompul,1 Yulia Aziza,1 Priscilla Jessica,1 Andriansjah Rukmana,3 Andi Yasmon,3 Rina La Distia Nora1,2,4 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of MedicineUniversitas Indonesia – Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia; 2Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; 4University of Indonesia Hospital (RSUI), Depok, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Rina La Distia Nora, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia – Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jl. Kimia No. 8, Menteng, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia, Tel +62811198910, Email rina.ladistia@ui.ac.idPurpose: To investigate the utility of nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid to guide the diagnosis of infectious uveitis.Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing medical record data from intraocular fluid samples of uveitis patients who underwent single-plex real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between January 2014 and December 2018.Results: The positivity rate of nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis was 17.2%. The vitreous sample tended to show a higher positive outcome (28.6%) than the aqueous sample (16.2%), even though the outcome was not statistically significant. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii were the most frequently observed microorganisms in the polymerase chain reaction analysis among uveitis patients in our setting. The duration of symptoms, type of sample fluid (aqueous/vitreous), or presence of anterior chamber cells ≥ 2 were not significantly associated with polymerase chain reaction positivity (p > 0.05).Conclusion

Purpose: To investigate the utility of nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid to guide the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by reviewing medical record data from intraocular fluid samples of uveitis patients who underwent single-plex real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis at the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia – Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital between January 2014 and December 2018. Results: The positivity rate of nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis was 17.2%. The vitreous sample tended to show a higher positive outcome (28.6%) than the aqueous sample (16.2%), even though the outcome was not statistically significant. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii were the most frequently observed microorganisms in the polymerase chain reaction analysis among uveitis patients in our setting. The duration of symptoms, type of sample fluid (aqueous/vitreous), or presence of anterior chamber cells ≥2 were not significantly associated with polymerase chain reaction positivity (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Nonroutine polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluid among a cohort of Indonesian patients demonstrated low positivity. The sensitivity and specificity of nonroutine single-plex polymerase chain reaction could not be estimated due to limitations such as lost to follow-up patients and incomplete monitoring data. The use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction in the future may be beneficial in our setting.