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1. Bremsstrahlung in GRMHD models of accreting black holes

Author

Yarza, R., Wong, G. N., Ryan, B. R., Gammie, C. F., Yarza, R., Wong, G. N., Ryan, B. R., and Gammie, C. F.

Abstract

The role of bremsstrahlung in the emission from hot accretion flows around slowly accreting supermassive black holes is not thoroughly understood. In order to appraise the importance of bremsstrahlung relative to other radiative processes, we compute spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of accretion disks around slowly accreting supermassive black holes including synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scattering, and bremsstrahlung. We compute SEDs for (i) four axisymmetric radiative general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RadGRMHD) simulations of $10^{8}M_{\odot}$ black holes with accretion rates between $10^{-8}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$ and $10^{-5}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$, (ii) four axisymmetric RadGRMHD simulations of M87$^\ast$ with varying dimensionless spin $a_\ast$ and black hole mass, and (iii) a 3D GRMHD simulation scaled for Sgr A$^\ast$. At $10^{-8}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$, most of the luminosity is synchrotron radiation, while at $10^{-5}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$ the three radiative processes have similar luminosities. In most models, bremsstrahlung dominates the SED near $512\text{ keV}$. In the M87$^\ast$ models, bremsstrahlung dominates this part of the SED if $a_{\ast} = 0.5$, but inverse Compton scattering dominates if $a_{\ast}= 0.9375$. Since scattering is more variable than bremsstrahlung, this result suggests that $512\text{ keV}$ variability could be a diagnostic of black hole spin. In the appendix, we compare some bremsstrahlung formulae found in the literature., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2020
Full Text
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2. SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline

Author

Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., van Bemmel, I. M., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., De Laurentis, M., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gómez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Yi, Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S., Li, Y., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Lico, R., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R., MacDonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, K., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. Won, SooHoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S., Zhu, Z., Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., van Bemmel, I. M., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., De Laurentis, M., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gómez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Yi, Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S., Li, Y., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Lico, R., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R., MacDonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, K., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. Won, SooHoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S., and Zhu, Z.

Abstract

Realistic synthetic observations of theoretical source models are essential for our understanding of real observational data. In using synthetic data, one can verify the extent to which source parameters can be recovered and evaluate how various data corruption effects can be calibrated. These studies are important when proposing observations of new sources, in the characterization of the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments, and when verifying model-based theoretical predictions in a comparison with observational data. We present the SYnthetic Measurement creator for long Baseline Arrays (SYMBA), a novel synthetic data generation pipeline for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. SYMBA takes into account several realistic atmospheric, instrumental, and calibration effects. We used SYMBA to create synthetic observations for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a mm VLBI array, which has recently captured the first image of a black hole shadow. After testing SYMBA with simple source and corruption models, we study the importance of including all corruption and calibration effects. Based on two example general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) model images of M87, we performed case studies to assess the attainable image quality with the current and future EHT array for different weather conditions. The results show that the effects of atmospheric and instrumental corruptions on the measured visibilities are significant. Despite these effects, we demonstrate how the overall structure of the input models can be recovered robustly after performing calibration steps. With the planned addition of new stations to the EHT array, images could be reconstructed with higher angular resolution and dynamic range. In our case study, these improvements allowed for a distinction between a thermal and a non-thermal GRMHD model based on salient features in reconstructed images., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2020
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. Bremsstrahlung in GRMHD models of accreting black holes

Author

Yarza, R., Wong, G. N., Ryan, B. R., Gammie, C. F., Yarza, R., Wong, G. N., Ryan, B. R., and Gammie, C. F.

Abstract

The role of bremsstrahlung in the emission from hot accretion flows around slowly accreting supermassive black holes is not thoroughly understood. In order to appraise the importance of bremsstrahlung relative to other radiative processes, we compute spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of accretion disks around slowly accreting supermassive black holes including synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scattering, and bremsstrahlung. We compute SEDs for (i) four axisymmetric radiative general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RadGRMHD) simulations of $10^{8}M_{\odot}$ black holes with accretion rates between $10^{-8}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$ and $10^{-5}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$, (ii) four axisymmetric RadGRMHD simulations of M87$^\ast$ with varying dimensionless spin $a_\ast$ and black hole mass, and (iii) a 3D GRMHD simulation scaled for Sgr A$^\ast$. At $10^{-8}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$, most of the luminosity is synchrotron radiation, while at $10^{-5}\dot{M}_{\text{Edd}}$ the three radiative processes have similar luminosities. In most models, bremsstrahlung dominates the SED near $512\text{ keV}$. In the M87$^\ast$ models, bremsstrahlung dominates this part of the SED if $a_{\ast} = 0.5$, but inverse Compton scattering dominates if $a_{\ast}= 0.9375$. Since scattering is more variable than bremsstrahlung, this result suggests that $512\text{ keV}$ variability could be a diagnostic of black hole spin. In the appendix, we compare some bremsstrahlung formulae found in the literature., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Published
2020
Full Text
View/download PDF

4. SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline

Author

Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., van Bemmel, I. M., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., De Laurentis, M., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gómez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Yi, Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S., Li, Y., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Lico, R., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R., MacDonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, K., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. Won, SooHoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S., Zhu, Z., Roelofs, F., Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, R., Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, K. L., Tilanus, R. P. J., van Bemmel, I. M., Falcke, H., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A., Ball, D., Baloković, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., De Laurentis, M., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gómez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., García, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Yi, Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S., Li, Y., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Lico, R., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R., MacDonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Martí-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Müller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Ortiz-León, G. N., Oyama, T., Özel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U., Pesce, D. W., Piétu, V., Plambeck, R., PopStefanija, A., Prather, B., Preciado-López, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sánchez, S., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, K., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. Won, SooHoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., van Langevelde, H. J., van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Ward-Thompson, D., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S., and Zhu, Z.

Abstract

Realistic synthetic observations of theoretical source models are essential for our understanding of real observational data. In using synthetic data, one can verify the extent to which source parameters can be recovered and evaluate how various data corruption effects can be calibrated. These studies are important when proposing observations of new sources, in the characterization of the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments, and when verifying model-based theoretical predictions in a comparison with observational data. We present the SYnthetic Measurement creator for long Baseline Arrays (SYMBA), a novel synthetic data generation pipeline for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. SYMBA takes into account several realistic atmospheric, instrumental, and calibration effects. We used SYMBA to create synthetic observations for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a mm VLBI array, which has recently captured the first image of a black hole shadow. After testing SYMBA with simple source and corruption models, we study the importance of including all corruption and calibration effects. Based on two example general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) model images of M87, we performed case studies to assess the attainable image quality with the current and future EHT array for different weather conditions. The results show that the effects of atmospheric and instrumental corruptions on the measured visibilities are significant. Despite these effects, we demonstrate how the overall structure of the input models can be recovered robustly after performing calibration steps. With the planned addition of new stations to the EHT array, images could be reconstructed with higher angular resolution and dynamic range. In our case study, these improvements allowed for a distinction between a thermal and a non-thermal GRMHD model based on salient features in reconstructed images., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2020
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. SYMBA: An end-to-end VLBI synthetic data generation pipeline: Simulating Event Horizon Telescope observations of M 87

Author

Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Roelofs, Freek, Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, Roger, Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, Katherine L., Tilanus, R. P. J., van Bemmel, I. M., Schuster, K., Goddi, Ciriaco, Broderick, Avery E., Koay, J.Y, Ramakrishnan, V., Lobanov, A.P., Rawlings, M. G., Asada, Keiichi, Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Wong, G. N., Kim, J., Baloković, M., Roshanineshat, A., Ball, D., Hesper, R., Chatterjee, K., Titus, Michael A., Akiyama, Kazunori, Ruszczyk, Chester A., Inoue, M., Lee, S., Sasada, Mahito, Broguiere, D., Tazaki, F., Conway, J.E, Weintroub, Jonathan, Savolainen, T., Karuppusamy, R., MacDonald, N.R., Wagner, J., Young, K., Won Sohn, B., Noutsos, A., Medeiros, L., Barrett, John, van Langevelde, H. J., Zhao, Shan-Shan, Koch, P. M., Gentaz, O., Alberdi, Antxón, Ortiz-León, G. N., Wardle, J., Li, Z., Yuan, Y., Fraga-Encinas, R., Wu, Q., Fomalont, E., Falcke, H., Hada, Kazuhiro, Brinkerink, C. D., Young, A., Mao, J., Neri, Roberto, Bower, G.C., Ho, P., Chan, C., Zhao, G., Rogers, A., Patel, Nimesh, Carlstrom, J.E, Blackburn, Lindy, Christian, P., Mizuno, I., Kawashima, T., Preciado-López, J.A, Boland, W., Rottmann, H., Bremer, M., Ikeda, S., Chen, M., Jannuzi, B.T, Bronzwaer, T., James, D.J, Müller, C., Kino, Motoki, Dexter, J., Huang, C. L., Chael, A., Ni, C., Rezzolla, L., Dempsey, J., Kramer, C., Gammie, C.F, Cho, I., Trent, T., Rygl, K. L. J., Gómez, José L., Gu, M., Cui, Y., Gurwell, M., Piétu, V., Markoff, S., Shen, Z., De Laurentis, M., van Rossum, D. R., Desvignes, Gregory, Li, Y., Georgiev, B., Keating, G.K, Liu, K., Friberg, P., Lico, Rocco, Psaltis, D., Menten, K. M., Huang, L., Kuo, C., Galison, P., Ripperda, B., Toma, K., Marrone, Daniel P., Honma, M., Moscibrodzka, M., Jung, T., Gold, R., Baczko, A., Wex, N., Johnson, M. D., Ho, L. C., Younsi, Z., Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Jeter, B., Kramer, M., Small, D., Pen, U., Lauer, T.R, Byun, D., Jorstad, S., Traianou, E., Alef, W., Kettenis, Mark, Okino, H., Krichbaum, Thomas P., Prather, B., Lu, R., Wharton, R., Brissenden, R., Loinard, Laurent, Matthews, L.D., Koyama, S., Fish, Vincent L., Chatterjee, S., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Lo, W., Moriyama, K., Zensus, J. A., Sánchez, S., Cordes, J.M., Fromm, Christian M., Lonsdale, Colin J., Azulay, Rebecca, Mizuno, Y., Rose, M., Marscher, Alan P., Ros, E., Bintley, D., Shao, L., Narayanan, Gopal, Matsushita, S., Britzen, S., Doeleman, Sheperd S., Nakamura, M., SooHoo, J., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Morán, J.M., Issaoun, Sara, García, R., Oyama, T., Nagai, H., PopStefanija, A., Chen, Y., Wielgus, Maciek, Hecht, M.H, Nagar, Neil M., Jiang, Wu, Narayan, Ramesh, Torne, P., Pesce, Dominic W., Tsuda, S., Trippe, S., Crew, Geoffrey B., Yuan, F., Raymond, Alexander W., Tiede, Paul, Özel, F., Eatough, R. P., Hughes, D. H., Rao, R., Zhu, Z., Ryan, B. R., Plambeck, R., Lindqvist, M., Karami, M., Roy, A.L., Schloerb, F. P., Pu, H., Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Roelofs, Freek, Janssen, M., Natarajan, I., Deane, Roger, Davelaar, J., Olivares, H., Porth, O., Paine, S. N., Bouman, Katherine L., Tilanus, R. P. J., van Bemmel, I. M., Schuster, K., Goddi, Ciriaco, Broderick, Avery E., Koay, J.Y, Ramakrishnan, V., Lobanov, A.P., Rawlings, M. G., Asada, Keiichi, Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Wong, G. N., Kim, J., Baloković, M., Roshanineshat, A., Ball, D., Hesper, R., Chatterjee, K., Titus, Michael A., Akiyama, Kazunori, Ruszczyk, Chester A., Inoue, M., Lee, S., Sasada, Mahito, Broguiere, D., Tazaki, F., Conway, J.E, Weintroub, Jonathan, Savolainen, T., Karuppusamy, R., MacDonald, N.R., Wagner, J., Young, K., Won Sohn, B., Noutsos, A., Medeiros, L., Barrett, John, van Langevelde, H. J., Zhao, Shan-Shan, Koch, P. M., Gentaz, O., Alberdi, Antxón, Ortiz-León, G. N., Wardle, J., Li, Z., Yuan, Y., Fraga-Encinas, R., Wu, Q., Fomalont, E., Falcke, H., Hada, Kazuhiro, Brinkerink, C. D., Young, A., Mao, J., Neri, Roberto, Bower, G.C., Ho, P., Chan, C., Zhao, G., Rogers, A., Patel, Nimesh, Carlstrom, J.E, Blackburn, Lindy, Christian, P., Mizuno, I., Kawashima, T., Preciado-López, J.A, Boland, W., Rottmann, H., Bremer, M., Ikeda, S., Chen, M., Jannuzi, B.T, Bronzwaer, T., James, D.J, Müller, C., Kino, Motoki, Dexter, J., Huang, C. L., Chael, A., Ni, C., Rezzolla, L., Dempsey, J., Kramer, C., Gammie, C.F, Cho, I., Trent, T., Rygl, K. L. J., Gómez, José L., Gu, M., Cui, Y., Gurwell, M., Piétu, V., Markoff, S., Shen, Z., De Laurentis, M., van Rossum, D. R., Desvignes, Gregory, Li, Y., Georgiev, B., Keating, G.K, Liu, K., Friberg, P., Lico, Rocco, Psaltis, D., Menten, K. M., Huang, L., Kuo, C., Galison, P., Ripperda, B., Toma, K., Marrone, Daniel P., Honma, M., Moscibrodzka, M., Jung, T., Gold, R., Baczko, A., Wex, N., Johnson, M. D., Ho, L. C., Younsi, Z., Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Jeter, B., Kramer, M., Small, D., Pen, U., Lauer, T.R, Byun, D., Jorstad, S., Traianou, E., Alef, W., Kettenis, Mark, Okino, H., Krichbaum, Thomas P., Prather, B., Lu, R., Wharton, R., Brissenden, R., Loinard, Laurent, Matthews, L.D., Koyama, S., Fish, Vincent L., Chatterjee, S., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Lo, W., Moriyama, K., Zensus, J. A., Sánchez, S., Cordes, J.M., Fromm, Christian M., Lonsdale, Colin J., Azulay, Rebecca, Mizuno, Y., Rose, M., Marscher, Alan P., Ros, E., Bintley, D., Shao, L., Narayanan, Gopal, Matsushita, S., Britzen, S., Doeleman, Sheperd S., Nakamura, M., SooHoo, J., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Morán, J.M., Issaoun, Sara, García, R., Oyama, T., Nagai, H., PopStefanija, A., Chen, Y., Wielgus, Maciek, Hecht, M.H, Nagar, Neil M., Jiang, Wu, Narayan, Ramesh, Torne, P., Pesce, Dominic W., Tsuda, S., Trippe, S., Crew, Geoffrey B., Yuan, F., Raymond, Alexander W., Tiede, Paul, Özel, F., Eatough, R. P., Hughes, D. H., Rao, R., Zhu, Z., Ryan, B. R., Plambeck, R., Lindqvist, M., Karami, M., Roy, A.L., Schloerb, F. P., and Pu, H.

Abstract

Context. Realistic synthetic observations of theoretical source models are essential for our understanding of real observational data. In using synthetic data, one can verify the extent to which source parameters can be recovered and evaluate how various data corruption effects can be calibrated. These studies are the most important when proposing observations of new sources, in the characterization of the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments, and when verifying model-based theoretical predictions in a direct comparison with observational data. Aims. We present the SYnthetic Measurement creator for long Baseline Arrays (SYMBA), a novel synthetic data generation pipeline for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. SYMBA takes into account several realistic atmospheric, instrumental, and calibration effects. Methods. We used SYMBA to create synthetic observations for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a millimetre VLBI array, which has recently captured the first image of a black hole shadow. After testing SYMBA with simple source and corruption models, we study the importance of including all corruption and calibration effects, compared to the addition of thermal noise only. Using synthetic data based on two example general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) model images of M 87, we performed case studies to assess the image quality that can be obtained with the current and future EHT array for different weather conditions. Results. Our synthetic observations show that the effects of atmospheric and instrumental corruptions on the measured visibilities are significant. Despite these effects, we demonstrate how the overall structure of our GRMHD source models can be recovered robustly with the EHT2017 array after performing calibration steps, which include fringe fitting, a priori amplitude and network calibration, and self-calibration. With the planned addition of new stations to the EHT array in the coming years, images could be reconstr

Published
2020

6. The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project

Author

National Science Foundation (US), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, European Research Council, Gauss Centre for Supercomputing, Department of Energy (US), Academy of Finland, European Commission, John Templeton Foundation, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Generalitat Valenciana, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US), Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Leverhulme Trust, MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Research Foundation of Korea, Spinoza Prize, South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Swedish Research Council, Government of Canada, Russian Science Foundation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Chandra X-ray Observatory, CyVerse, Compute Ontario, Calcul Québec, Compute Canada, Porth, O., Chatterjee, K., Narayan, Ramesh, Gammie, C.F, Mizuno, Yosuke, Anninos, P., Baker, J. G., Bugli, M, Chan, C. K., Davelaar, J., Zanna, L. D., Zensus, J. A., Tilanus, R. P. J., Koay, J. Y., Young, K., Boland, W., Gentaz, O., Rao, R., Kino, Motoki, Nagar, Neil M., Rygl, K. L. J., Matthews, L. D., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Ros, E., Psaltis, D, Medeiros, L., Jiang, Wu, Natarajan, I., Fish, Vincent L., Honma, M., Lauer, T. R., Schuster, K. F., Koch, P. M., Zhao, G., Issaoun, Sara, Roy, A. L., Schloerb, F. P., Kim, J., Azulay, Rebecca, Akiyama, Kazunori, Oyama, T., Alberdi, Antxón, Wagner, J., Stone, J. M., Menten, K. M., Ripperda, B., Narayanan, Gopal, Karuppusamy, R., Piétu, V., Broguiere, D., Roelofs, Freek, Noble, S. C., Baczko, A. K., Ball, D., Yuan, Y. F., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Wu, Q., Ho, P., Lindqvist, M., Koyama, S., Sánchez, S., Keating, G. K., Plambeck, R., Li, Y. R., Kelly, B. J., Markoff, S., Kramer, Michael, van Rossum, D. R., Marscher, Alan P., Yuan, F., Patel, Nimesh, Wardle, J., Alef, W., Lobanov, A. P., Rezzolla, L., PopStefanija, A., Bintley, D, Conway, J. E., van Langevelde, H. J., Bremer, M., Sasada, Mahito, Moscibrodzka, M., Toma, K., Raymond, A. W., Wielgus, Maciek, Titus, Michael A., Hecht, M. H., Rogers, A., Fomalont, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Savolainen, T., Britzen, S., Loinard, Laurent, Özel, F., Nagai, H., Zhao, Shan-Shan, Brinkerink, C. D., Ryan, B. R., Trent, T., Jannuzi, B. T., SooHoo, J., Tiede, Paul, Ikeda, S., Lo, W. P., McKinney, J. C., Byun, D. Y., Tazaki, F., Crew, Geoffrey B., De Laurentis, M., Blackburn, Lindy, Chen, Y., Pesce, Dominic W., Broderick, Avery E., Trippe, S., Deane, Roger, Inoue, M., Baloković, M., Tsuda, S, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Janssen, M., Rottmann, H., Rose, M., Falcke, H., Preciado-López, J. A, Lee, S.-S, Kramer, C., Wong, G. N., Krichbaum, Thomas P., Hesper, R., Fragile, P. C., Chael, A., Mishra, B., Shao, L., Gómez, José L., Marrone, Daniel P., Gurwell, M., Kim, J. Y., Christian, P., Neri, Roberto, Friberg, P., Hughes, D. H., Gu, M., Chatterjee, S., Zhu, Z., Desvignes, Gregory, Shen, Z., Wex, N., Prather, B., Karami, M., Tomei, N., Hada, Kazuhiro, Young, A., James, D. J., Kawashima, T., Olivares, Hector, Ni, C., Kuo, C. Y., Fraga-Encinas, R., Etienne, Z. B., Liu, K., Moriyama, K., Chen, M. T., Lonsdale, Colin J., Dempsey, J., Liska, M., García, Roberto, Ramakrishnan, V., Huang, C. W. L., Galison, P., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Matsushita, S., Johnson, M. D., MacDonald, N. R., Wharton, R., Barrett, John, White, C.J, Jeter, B., Lu, Ru-Sen, Georgiev, B., Ruszczyk, Chester A., Freeman, B., Eatough, R. P., Younsi, Z., Weintroub, Jonathan, Bronzwaer, T., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Fromm, Christian M., Müller, C., Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Mizuno, I., Bouman, Katherine L., Mao, J., Goddi, Ciriaco, Nakamura, M., Roshanineshat, A., Li, Z., Gold, R., Jorstad, S., Cordes, J. M., Cho, I., Ho, Luis C., Brissenden, R., van Bemmel, I., Torne, P., Huang, L., Small, D., Rawlings, M. G., Jung, T., Kettenis, Mark, Bower, G. C., Pen, U. L., Cui, Y., Pu, H. Y., Sohn, B. W., Morán, J. M., Asada, Keiichi, National Science Foundation (US), Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, European Research Council, Gauss Centre for Supercomputing, Department of Energy (US), Academy of Finland, European Commission, John Templeton Foundation, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Generalitat Valenciana, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US), Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Leverhulme Trust, MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Research Foundation of Korea, Spinoza Prize, South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Swedish Research Council, Government of Canada, Russian Science Foundation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Chandra X-ray Observatory, CyVerse, Compute Ontario, Calcul Québec, Compute Canada, Porth, O., Chatterjee, K., Narayan, Ramesh, Gammie, C.F, Mizuno, Yosuke, Anninos, P., Baker, J. G., Bugli, M, Chan, C. K., Davelaar, J., Zanna, L. D., Zensus, J. A., Tilanus, R. P. J., Koay, J. Y., Young, K., Boland, W., Gentaz, O., Rao, R., Kino, Motoki, Nagar, Neil M., Rygl, K. L. J., Matthews, L. D., Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Ros, E., Psaltis, D, Medeiros, L., Jiang, Wu, Natarajan, I., Fish, Vincent L., Honma, M., Lauer, T. R., Schuster, K. F., Koch, P. M., Zhao, G., Issaoun, Sara, Roy, A. L., Schloerb, F. P., Kim, J., Azulay, Rebecca, Akiyama, Kazunori, Oyama, T., Alberdi, Antxón, Wagner, J., Stone, J. M., Menten, K. M., Ripperda, B., Narayanan, Gopal, Karuppusamy, R., Piétu, V., Broguiere, D., Roelofs, Freek, Noble, S. C., Baczko, A. K., Ball, D., Yuan, Y. F., Sánchez-Arguelles, D., Wu, Q., Ho, P., Lindqvist, M., Koyama, S., Sánchez, S., Keating, G. K., Plambeck, R., Li, Y. R., Kelly, B. J., Markoff, S., Kramer, Michael, van Rossum, D. R., Marscher, Alan P., Yuan, F., Patel, Nimesh, Wardle, J., Alef, W., Lobanov, A. P., Rezzolla, L., PopStefanija, A., Bintley, D, Conway, J. E., van Langevelde, H. J., Bremer, M., Sasada, Mahito, Moscibrodzka, M., Toma, K., Raymond, A. W., Wielgus, Maciek, Titus, Michael A., Hecht, M. H., Rogers, A., Fomalont, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Savolainen, T., Britzen, S., Loinard, Laurent, Özel, F., Nagai, H., Zhao, Shan-Shan, Brinkerink, C. D., Ryan, B. R., Trent, T., Jannuzi, B. T., SooHoo, J., Tiede, Paul, Ikeda, S., Lo, W. P., McKinney, J. C., Byun, D. Y., Tazaki, F., Crew, Geoffrey B., De Laurentis, M., Blackburn, Lindy, Chen, Y., Pesce, Dominic W., Broderick, Avery E., Trippe, S., Deane, Roger, Inoue, M., Baloković, M., Tsuda, S, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Janssen, M., Rottmann, H., Rose, M., Falcke, H., Preciado-López, J. A, Lee, S.-S, Kramer, C., Wong, G. N., Krichbaum, Thomas P., Hesper, R., Fragile, P. C., Chael, A., Mishra, B., Shao, L., Gómez, José L., Marrone, Daniel P., Gurwell, M., Kim, J. Y., Christian, P., Neri, Roberto, Friberg, P., Hughes, D. H., Gu, M., Chatterjee, S., Zhu, Z., Desvignes, Gregory, Shen, Z., Wex, N., Prather, B., Karami, M., Tomei, N., Hada, Kazuhiro, Young, A., James, D. J., Kawashima, T., Olivares, Hector, Ni, C., Kuo, C. Y., Fraga-Encinas, R., Etienne, Z. B., Liu, K., Moriyama, K., Chen, M. T., Lonsdale, Colin J., Dempsey, J., Liska, M., García, Roberto, Ramakrishnan, V., Huang, C. W. L., Galison, P., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Matsushita, S., Johnson, M. D., MacDonald, N. R., Wharton, R., Barrett, John, White, C.J, Jeter, B., Lu, Ru-Sen, Georgiev, B., Ruszczyk, Chester A., Freeman, B., Eatough, R. P., Younsi, Z., Weintroub, Jonathan, Bronzwaer, T., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Fromm, Christian M., Müller, C., Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Mizuno, I., Bouman, Katherine L., Mao, J., Goddi, Ciriaco, Nakamura, M., Roshanineshat, A., Li, Z., Gold, R., Jorstad, S., Cordes, J. M., Cho, I., Ho, Luis C., Brissenden, R., van Bemmel, I., Torne, P., Huang, L., Small, D., Rawlings, M. G., Jung, T., Kettenis, Mark, Bower, G. C., Pen, U. L., Cui, Y., Pu, H. Y., Sohn, B. W., Morán, J. M., and Asada, Keiichi

Abstract

Recent developments in compact object astrophysics, especially the discovery of merging neutron stars by LIGO, the imaging of the black hole in M87 by the Event Horizon Telescope, and high- precision astrometry of the Galactic Center at close to the event horizon scale by the GRAVITY experiment motivate the development of numerical source models that solve the equations of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD). Here we compare GRMHD solutions for the evolution of a magnetized accretion flow where turbulence is promoted by the magnetorotational instability from a set of nine GRMHD codes: Athena++, BHAC, Cosmos++, ECHO, H-AMR, iharm3D, HARM-Noble, IllinoisGRMHD, and KORAL. Agreement among the codes improves as resolution increases, as measured by a consistently applied, specially developed set of code performance metrics. We conclude that the community of GRMHD codes is mature, capable, and consistent on these test problems. © 2019. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Published
2019

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