Search

Skin tumours are among the cancer types most sensitive to immunotherapy, due to their unique immunogenic features including skin-associated lymphoid tissue, high mutational load, overexpression of tumour antigens, and high frequency of viral antigens. Despite this high immunotherapy response rate, however, ultimately most skin tumours develop simi lar treatment resistance to most other malignant tumours, which highlights the need for in-depth study of mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy. A bibliographic review of the most recent publications regarding cur rently in use and emerging biomarkers on skin tumors has been done. Predictive biomarkers of treatment response, biomarkers that warn of possible resistance, and emerging markers, the majority of a systemic nature, are described. Including factors affecting not only genomics, but also the immune system, nervous system, microbiota, tumour micro environment, metabolism and stress. For accurate diagnosis of tumour type, knowledge of its functional mechanisms and selection of a comprehensive therapeutic protocol, this inclusive view of biology, health and disease is fundamental. This field of study could also become a valuable source of practical information applicable to other areas of oncology and immunotherapy.

Skin tumours are among the cancer types most sensitive to immunotherapy, due to their unique immunogenic features including skin-associated lymphoid tissue, high mutational load, overexpression of tumour antigens, and high frequency of viral antigens. Despite this high immunotherapy response rate, however, ultimately most skin tumours develop simi lar treatment resistance to most other malignant tumours, which highlights the need for in-depth study of mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy. A bibliographic review of the most recent publications regarding cur rently in use and emerging biomarkers on skin tumors has been done. Predictive biomarkers of treatment response, biomarkers that warn of possible resistance, and emerging markers, the majority of a systemic nature, are described. Including factors affecting not only genomics, but also the immune system, nervous system, microbiota, tumour micro environment, metabolism and stress. For accurate diagnosis of tumour type, knowledge of its functional mechanisms and selection of a comprehensive therapeutic protocol, this inclusive view of biology, health and disease is fundamental. This field of study could also become a valuable source of practical information applicable to other areas of oncology and immunotherapy.

Skin tumours are among the cancer types most sensitive to immunotherapy, due to their unique immunogenic features including skin-associated lymphoid tissue, high mutational load, overexpression of tumour antigens, and high frequency of viral antigens. Despite this high immunotherapy response rate, however, ultimately most skin tumours develop simi lar treatment resistance to most other malignant tumours, which highlights the need for in-depth study of mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy. A bibliographic review of the most recent publications regarding cur rently in use and emerging biomarkers on skin tumors has been done. Predictive biomarkers of treatment response, biomarkers that warn of possible resistance, and emerging markers, the majority of a systemic nature, are described. Including factors affecting not only genomics, but also the immune system, nervous system, microbiota, tumour micro environment, metabolism and stress. For accurate diagnosis of tumour type, knowledge of its functional mechanisms and selection of a comprehensive therapeutic protocol, this inclusive view of biology, health and disease is fundamental. This field of study could also become a valuable source of practical information applicable to other areas of oncology and immunotherapy.

Cutaneous lesions, especially skin tumors in dogs, are among the most common lesions in this animal species. The aim of this study was to identify the most common types of canine cutaneous lesions, to determine the absolute and relative frequency of each type of cutaneous lesion, anatomical locations, mean age, as well as gender and breed distribution. The examination included all samples of cutaneous lesions in dogs obtained by surgical biopsy in veterinary clinics and examined at the Laboratory of the Department of Pathology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade from the 1st January 2011 to the 1st July 2021. In this period (126 months), a total of 2432 samples of cutaneous lesions were examined, of which 1984 (81.58%) were tumors (1037/1984, 52.27% benign and 947/1984, 47.73% malignant) and 448 (18.42%) non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions. The most commonly found cutaneous tumors were: mast cell tumor (17.34% of all tumors), histiocytoma (9.78%), papilloma (7.91%), lipoma (7.81%), squamous cell carcinoma (7.36%), trichoblastoma (4.44%), hepatoid adenoma (4.39%) and malignant melanoma (4.18%). The most common non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions were: follicular cyst(s) (35.04% of all non-neoplastic lesions), pyogranulomatous chronic dermatitis (23.88%), lymphocytic dermatitis (7.37%), hyperkeratosis (4.24%), and granulomatous dermatitis (3.79%). Our results substantially confirm previously reported data regarding cutaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in dogs, and provide updated information on their frequency, animal age, anatomic location and breed distributions., Kožne lezije kod pasa, naročito tumori, spadaju među najčešće lezije kod ove životinjske vrste. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se identifikuju najčešći tipovi kožnih lezija kod pasa, kao i da se utvrde apsolutna i relativna učestalost svake vrste kožnih lezija, anatomska lokacija, prosečna starost, kao i rasna i polna distribucija. Ispitivanjem su obuhvaćeni svi uzorci lezija kože kod pasa koji su dobijeni hirurškom biopsijom u veterinarskim ambulantama i pregledani u laboratoriji Katedre za patologiju Fakulteta veterinarske medicine Univerziteta u Beogradu u periodu od 1. januara 2011. do 1. jula 2021. godine. U ovom periodu od 126 meseci, pregledana su ukupno 2432 uzorka kožnih lezija, od čega su 1984 (81,58%) bili tumori (1037/1984, 52,27% benigni i 947/1984, 47,73% maligni) i 448 (18,42%) neneoplastične lezije kože. Najčešći tumori kože bili su: mastocitom (17,34% svih tumora), histiocitom (9,78%), papilom (7,91%), lipom (7,81%), planocelularni karcinom (7,36%), trihoblastom (4,44%), adenom hepatoidne žlezde (4,39%) i maligni melanom (4,18%). Najčešće neneoplastične lezije kože bile su: folikularne ciste (35,04% svih neneoplastičnih lezija), hronični piogranulomatozni dermatitis (23,88%), limfocitni dermatitis (7,37%), hiperkeratoza (4,24%) i granulomatozni dermatitis (3,79%). Naši rezultati u velikoj meri potvrđuju ranije objavljene podatke o neoplastičnim i neneoplastičnim lezijama kože kod pasa i pružaju nove ažurirane informacije o njihovoj učestalosti, starosti životinje, anatomskoj lokaciji i rasnoj i polnoj distribuciji.

Cutaneous lesions, especially skin tumors in dogs, are among the most common lesions in this animal species. The aim of this study was to identify the most common types of canine cutaneous lesions, to determine the absolute and relative frequency of each type of cutaneous lesion, anatomical locations, mean age, as well as gender and breed distribution. The examination included all samples of cutaneous lesions in dogs obtained by surgical biopsy in veterinary clinics and examined at the Laboratory of the Department of Pathology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade from the 1st January 2011 to the 1st July 2021. In this period (126 months), a total of 2432 samples of cutaneous lesions were examined, of which 1984 (81.58%) were tumors (1037/1984, 52.27% benign and 947/1984, 47.73% malignant) and 448 (18.42%) non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions. The most commonly found cutaneous tumors were: mast cell tumor (17.34% of all tumors), histiocytoma (9.78%), papilloma (7.91%), lipoma (7.81%), squamous cell carcinoma (7.36%), trichoblastoma (4.44%), hepatoid adenoma (4.39%) and malignant melanoma (4.18%). The most common non-neoplastic cutaneous lesions were: follicular cyst(s) (35.04% of all non-neoplastic lesions), pyogranulomatous chronic dermatitis (23.88%), lymphocytic dermatitis (7.37%), hyperkeratosis (4.24%), and granulomatous dermatitis (3.79%). Our results substantially confirm previously reported data regarding cutaneous neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in dogs, and provide updated information on their frequency, animal age, anatomic location and breed distributions., Kožne lezije kod pasa, naročito tumori, spadaju među najčešće lezije kod ove životinjske vrste. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se identifikuju najčešći tipovi kožnih lezija kod pasa, kao i da se utvrde apsolutna i relativna učestalost svake vrste kožnih lezija, anatomska lokacija, prosečna starost, kao i rasna i polna distribucija. Ispitivanjem su obuhvaćeni svi uzorci lezija kože kod pasa koji su dobijeni hirurškom biopsijom u veterinarskim ambulantama i pregledani u laboratoriji Katedre za patologiju Fakulteta veterinarske medicine Univerziteta u Beogradu u periodu od 1. januara 2011. do 1. jula 2021. godine. U ovom periodu od 126 meseci, pregledana su ukupno 2432 uzorka kožnih lezija, od čega su 1984 (81,58%) bili tumori (1037/1984, 52,27% benigni i 947/1984, 47,73% maligni) i 448 (18,42%) neneoplastične lezije kože. Najčešći tumori kože bili su: mastocitom (17,34% svih tumora), histiocitom (9,78%), papilom (7,91%), lipom (7,81%), planocelularni karcinom (7,36%), trihoblastom (4,44%), adenom hepatoidne žlezde (4,39%) i maligni melanom (4,18%). Najčešće neneoplastične lezije kože bile su: folikularne ciste (35,04% svih neneoplastičnih lezija), hronični piogranulomatozni dermatitis (23,88%), limfocitni dermatitis (7,37%), hiperkeratoza (4,24%) i granulomatozni dermatitis (3,79%). Naši rezultati u velikoj meri potvrđuju ranije objavljene podatke o neoplastičnim i neneoplastičnim lezijama kože kod pasa i pružaju nove ažurirane informacije o njihovoj učestalosti, starosti životinje, anatomskoj lokaciji i rasnoj i polnoj distribuciji.

PUVA is a treatment that combines oral methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) with ultraviolet radiation A (UVA). It is used for severe psoriasis and the early stages of T-cell lymphoma. X-rays are an effective treatment for skin cancers. Both treatments are in higher doses used to treat skin malignancies and simultaneously increase the risk of keratinocyte cancer. The main objective of this study was to test whether a few PUVA or X-ray treatments could delay the development of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin tumors in a well-established hairless mouse model. Three groups of immunocompetent mice (total, N = 75) were included in the study. All groups were UVR-exposed during the study period. In addition, one group was treated with PUVA and another group was treated with X-rays at days 45, 52, 90 and 97. A control group was treated with UVR only. We recorded when the first, second and third skin tumors were induced in each mouse. Skin tumors developed significantly earlier in both the PUVA and X-ray groups (median, 188 days) than in the control mice (median, 215 days; p < 0.001). Therefore, a few X-ray and PUVA treatments both significantly accelerated the development of skin tumors in hairless mice, compared to UVR controls. Neither treatment showed a delay of UVR-induced skin tumors and caution should be exercised before applying these treatments to sun-damaged skin. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

The high incidence of sunlight-induced human skin cancers reveals a need for more effective photosensitizing agents. In this study, we compared the efficacy of prophylactic photodynamic therapy (PDT) when methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RF), or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) were used as photosensitizers. All mice in four groups of female C3.Cg/TifBomTac hairless immunocompetent mice (N = 100) were irradiated with three standard erythema doses of solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thrice weekly. Three groups received 2 x 2 prophylactic PDT treatments (days 45 + 52 and 90 + 97). The PDT treatments consisted of topical administration of 16% MAL, 20% MB, or 20% RF, and subsequent illumination that matched the photosensitizers' absorption spectra. Control mice received no PDT. We recorded when the first, second, and third skin tumors developed. The pattern of tumor development after MB-PDT or RF-PDT was similar to that observed in irradiated control mice (p > 0.05). However, the median times until the first, second, and third skin tumors developed in mice given MAL-PDT were significantly delayed, compared with control mice (256, 265, and 272 vs. 215, 222, and 230 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Only MAL-PDT was an effective prophylactic treatment against UVR-induced skin tumors in hairless mice.

The high incidence of sunlight-induced human skin cancers reveals a need for more effective photosensitizing agents. In this study, we compared the efficacy of prophylactic photodynamic therapy (PDT) when methylene blue (MB), riboflavin (RF), or methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) were used as photosensitizers. All mice in four groups of female C3.Cg/TifBomTac hairless immunocompetent mice (N = 100) were irradiated with three standard erythema doses of solar-simulated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) thrice weekly. Three groups received 2 x 2 prophylactic PDT treatments (days 45 + 52 and 90 + 97). The PDT treatments consisted of topical administration of 16% MAL, 20% MB, or 20% RF, and subsequent illumination that matched the photosensitizers' absorption spectra. Control mice received no PDT. We recorded when the first, second, and third skin tumors developed. The pattern of tumor development after MB-PDT or RF-PDT was similar to that observed in irradiated control mice (p > 0.05). However, the median times until the first, second, and third skin tumors developed in mice given MAL-PDT were significantly delayed, compared with control mice (256, 265, and 272 vs. 215, 222, and 230 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Only MAL-PDT was an effective prophylactic treatment against UVR-induced skin tumors in hairless mice.

Nevus Spitz is a benign melanocytic proliferation, first described in 1948 by Sophie Spitz as a childhood melanoma. Initially, it was described as an erythematous papule or node, but further studies of the Spitz nevus proved that in 71-92% cases it is a pigmented formation. This pigmentation is often quite intense due to the rapid growth of the formation, which leads to the need for differential diagnosis with skin melanoma. After all, dermatoscopy can be used for this purpose and, when applying this research method, typically a pattern of an exploding star formed by streaks of linear pigmentation and symmetrically located pigment globules placed in the peripheral zone can be revealed. In case of non-pigmented Spitz nevus, spot vessels and reticular depigmentation are visualized. Both pigmented and non-pigmented forms of Spitz nevus in the process of evolution can regress partially or completely. Several clinical cases of different types of spitzoids, both typical and atypical, based on the non-clinical, dermatoscopic and histological diversity of the Spitz nevi, have been demonstrated in the article. Their macroscopic and dermatoscopic features as well as probable signs of dynamic changes are indicated in order to facilitate their recognition by other specialists.

Mast cells are tumors originating from mast cells, which usually affect cats and dogs. They may have benign behavior, however, this will depend on the degree of the neoplasm and its staging. In cats, two patterns have been described clinically: visceral and cutaneous, of which the cutaneous form is the most frequent, reaching metastasis to adjacent organs and even affecting the spleen and / or intestine in more differentiated stages. A case of a mastocytoma is presented, a feline corresponding to a mongrel specimen, with a clinical picture of onset of more than two months of evolution, consisting of the appearance of an allopecal plaque, ulcerated and elevated in the interscapular region, accompanied by pruritus that presented spontaneous resolution. Through the clinical course, he was immunized against the rabies virus, later the appearance of a nodular lesion of unusual subcutaneous characteristics, 2 cm in diameter, was observed. According to the evolution time and the vaccination history, it was decided to perform a biopsy and surgical resection. The biopsy report confirmed the diagnosis of Patnaik's histological grade 3 mastocytoma, taking into account the histological and structural characteristics and its clinical behavior. The case was followed up after eight months, where an improvement in the clinical picture was evident, without the appearance of a new mass suggestive of neoplasia, without metastatic findings to other structures, with successful healing of the surgical wound and satisfactory evolution., Los mastocitomas son tumores originarios de los mastocitos que usualmente afectan alos perros y los gatos. Pueden llegar a tener un comportamiento benigno, sin embargo,esto dependerá del grado de la neoplasia y su estadiaje. En felinos, clínicamente se handescrito dos patrones: visceral y cutáneo, de los cuales el cutáneo es el más frecuente,llegando a causar metástasis a órganos adyacentes e incluso afectar el bazo y/o intestinoen estadios más diferenciados. Se presenta un caso de mastocitoma felino correspondientea un ejemplar mestizo con cuadro clínico de inicio de más de dos meses de evolución,consistente en la aparición de una placa alopécica ulcerada y elevada en región interescapular,acompañada de prurito que presentó resolución espontánea. Mediante el cursoclínico se imnunizó contra el virus de la rabia, posteriormente, se observó la aparición deuna lesión nodular subcutánea de características inusuales de 2cm de diámetro. Acordecon el tiempo de evolución y el antecedente vacunal se decidió la realización de biopsiay resección quirúrgica. El reporte de la biopsia confirmó diagnóstico de mastocitomagrado histológico 3 de Patnaik, teniendo en cuenta las características histológicas, estructuralesy su comportamiento clínico. Se realizó seguimiento del caso pasados ochomeses, donde se evidenció mejoría del cuadro clínico, sin aparición de nueva masasugestiva de neoplasia, sin hallazgos de metástasis a otras estructuras, con cicatrizaciónexitosa de herida quirúrgica y evolución satisfactoria.

Mast cells are tumors originating from mast cells which usually affect cats and dogs. They may have benign behavior, however, this will depend on the degree of the neo-plasm and its staging. In cats, two patterns have been described clinically: visceral and cutaneous, of which the cutaneous form is the most frequent, reaching metastasis to adjacent organs and even affecting the spleen and / or intestine in more differentiated stages. A case of a mastocytoma is presented, a feline corresponding to a mongrel specimen with a clinical picture of onset of more than two months of evolution, consisting of the appearance of an allopecal plaque, ulcerated and elevated in the interscapular region, accompanied by pruritus that presented spontaneous resolution. Through theclinical course, he was immunized against the rabies virus, later the appea-rance of a nodular lesion of unusual subcutaneous characteristics, 2 cm in diameter, was observed. According to the evolution time and the vaccination history, it was decided to perform a biopsy and surgical resection. The biopsy report confirmed the diagnosis of Patnaik’s histological grade 3 mastocytoma, taking into account the histological and structural characteristics and its clinical behavior. The case was followed up after eight months, where an improvement in the clinical picture was evident, without the appearance of a new mass suggestive of neoplasia, without metastatic findings to other structures, with successful healing of the surgical wound and satisfactory evolution., Los mastocitomas son tumores originarios de los mastocitos que usualmente afectan a los perros y los gatos. Pueden llegar a tener un comportamiento benigno, sin embargo, esto dependerá del grado de la neoplasia y su estadiaje. En felinos, clínicamente se han descrito dos patrones: visceral y cutáneo, de los cuales el cutáneo es el más frecuente, llegando a causar metástasis a órganos adyacentes e incluso afectar el bazo y/o intestino en estadios más diferenciados. Se presenta un caso de mastocitoma felino correspondiente a un ejemplar mestizo con cuadro clínico de inicio de más de dos meses de evolución, consistente en la aparición de una placa alopécica ulcerada y elevada en región interescapular, acompañada de prurito que presentó resolución espontánea. Mediante el curso clínico se imnunizó contra el virus de la rabia, posteriormente, se observó la aparición de una lesión nodular subcutánea de características inusuales de 2cm de diámetro. Acorde con el tiempo de evolución y el antecedente vacunal se decidió la realización de biopsia y resección quirúrgica. El reporte de la biopsia confirmó diagnóstico de mastocitoma grado histológico 3 de Patnaik, teniendo en cuenta las características histológicas, estructurales y su comportamiento clínico. Se realizó seguimiento del caso pasados ocho meses, donde se evidenció mejoría del cuadro clínico, sin aparición de nueva masa sugestiva de neoplasia, sin hallazgos de metástasis a otras estructuras, con cicatrización exitosa de herida quirúrgica y evolución satisfactoria.

Background/Objectives: To determine the prevalence of skin findings and skin diseases in adults aged 70 and older, and to study the association between cutaneous diseases and socioeconomic status (SES), sex, and living status in the older population. Design: Cross‐sectional study of Finnish adults aged 70 to 93 as part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. Settings: Skin examination data were available for 552 adults. Measurements: A whole‐body skin examination was performed by dermatologists. The associations between skin diseases and SES, sex, and living status were analyzed. Results: Nearly 80% of the adults had at least one skin disease that required further treatment or follow‐up. More than one‐third of the study cases (39.1%) had three or more simultaneous skin diseases. Skin diseases were more common in men than in women (P < .001). The most common skin diseases were tinea pedis (48.6%), onychomycosis (29.9%), rosacea (25.6%), actinic keratosis (22.3%), and asteatotic eczema (20.8%). Some association was found between skin diseases and SES and living status. Conclusion: A whole‐body clinical skin examination is important because it reveals important diagnoses.

Mast cells are tumors originating from mast cells which usually affect cats and dogs. They may have benign behavior, however, this will depend on the degree of the neo-plasm and its staging. In cats, two patterns have been described clinically: visceral and cutaneous, of which the cutaneous form is the most frequent, reaching metastasis to adjacent organs and even affecting the spleen and / or intestine in more differentiated stages. A case of a mastocytoma is presented, a feline corresponding to a mongrel specimen with a clinical picture of onset of more than two months of evolution, consisting of the appearance of an allopecal plaque, ulcerated and elevated in the interscapular region, accompanied by pruritus that presented spontaneous resolution. Through theclinical course, he was immunized against the rabies virus, later the appea-rance of a nodular lesion of unusual subcutaneous characteristics, 2 cm in diameter, was observed. According to the evolution time and the vaccination history, it was decided to perform a biopsy and surgical resection. The biopsy report confirmed the diagnosis of Patnaik’s histological grade 3 mastocytoma, taking into account the histological and structural characteristics and its clinical behavior. The case was followed up after eight months, where an improvement in the clinical picture was evident, without the appearance of a new mass suggestive of neoplasia, without metastatic findings to other structures, with successful healing of the surgical wound and satisfactory evolution., Los mastocitomas son tumores originarios de los mastocitos que usualmente afectan a los perros y los gatos. Pueden llegar a tener un comportamiento benigno, sin embargo, esto dependerá del grado de la neoplasia y su estadiaje. En felinos, clínicamente se han descrito dos patrones: visceral y cutáneo, de los cuales el cutáneo es el más frecuente, llegando a causar metástasis a órganos adyacentes e incluso afectar el bazo y/o intestino en estadios más diferenciados. Se presenta un caso de mastocitoma felino correspondiente a un ejemplar mestizo con cuadro clínico de inicio de más de dos meses de evolución, consistente en la aparición de una placa alopécica ulcerada y elevada en región interescapular, acompañada de prurito que presentó resolución espontánea. Mediante el curso clínico se imnunizó contra el virus de la rabia, posteriormente, se observó la aparición de una lesión nodular subcutánea de características inusuales de 2cm de diámetro. Acorde con el tiempo de evolución y el antecedente vacunal se decidió la realización de biopsia y resección quirúrgica. El reporte de la biopsia confirmó diagnóstico de mastocitoma grado histológico 3 de Patnaik, teniendo en cuenta las características histológicas, estructurales y su comportamiento clínico. Se realizó seguimiento del caso pasados ocho meses, donde se evidenció mejoría del cuadro clínico, sin aparición de nueva masa sugestiva de neoplasia, sin hallazgos de metástasis a otras estructuras, con cicatrización exitosa de herida quirúrgica y evolución satisfactoria.

Skin squamous cell carcinoma (sSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Chromatin regulators have recently emerged as one of the key players in tumorigenesis. Ezh2 is an essential component of the Polycomb complex that represses genes by compacting chromatin. Human genomics studies have shown that Ezh2 is overexpressed in epithelial cancers. Though it has been well accepted that Ezh2 repressive mechanisms depend on catalyzing H3K27me3, the key repressive histone modification mark, our data demonstrates that Ezh2 functions independently of H3K27me3. We found that Ezh2 expression decreased during calcium induced keratinocyte differentiation whereas H3K27me3 did not change. In addition, binding of Ezh2 at differentiation genes dramatically decreased while H3K27me3 maintained a sustained level of enrichment. Importantly ablation of Jmjd3 and UTX in the epidermis results in no obvious skin defects. On the other hand we have found that Ezh2 interacts with Fra2, which is one of important transcription factors in the AP1 family. Our findings suggest that Ezh2 may function in multiple ways to form a regulatory network and imply a new unexpected H3K27me3-independent mechanism. Deep understanding of this fundamental question will shed light on SCC formation., The original document contains color images.