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1. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author: De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emlia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Hrebickova, Martina, Gulgoz, Sami, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Terracciano, Antonio, De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emlia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Hrebickova, Martina, Gulgoz, Sami, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Published: 2015

2. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author: De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Terracciano, Antonio, De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Published: 2015

3. The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study

Author: De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert, Loeckenhoff, Corinna, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Vanno, Vitanya, Crawford, Jarret, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gelfand, Michele, Graf, Sylvie, Hrebickova, Martina, Gulgoz, Sami, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Lima, Margarida, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Realo, Anu, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Terracciano, Antonio, De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert, Loeckenhoff, Corinna, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Vanno, Vitanya, Crawford, Jarret, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gelfand, Michele, Graf, Sylvie, Hrebickova, Martina, Gulgoz, Sami, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Lima, Margarida, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Realo, Anu, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio
Published: 2015

4. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author: De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emlia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Hrebickova, Martina, Gulgoz, Sami, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Terracciano, Antonio, De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emlia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Hrebickova, Martina, Gulgoz, Sami, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Published: 2015

5. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author: De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Terracciano, Antonio, De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and investigates culture and age as sources of variability in sex differences of adolescents' personality. The effect for Neuroticism (with females scoring higher than males) begins to take on its adult form around age 14. Girls score higher on Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness at all ages between 12 and 17 years. A more complex pattern emerges for Extraversion and Agreeableness, although by age 17, sex differences for these traits are highly similar to those observed in adulthood. Cross-sectional data suggest that (a) with advancing age, sex differences found in adolescents increasingly converge toward adult patterns with respect to both direction and magnitude; (b) girls display sex-typed personality traits at an earlier age than boys; and (c) the emergence of sex differences was similar across cultures. Practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Published: 2015

6. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.
Published: 2014

7. Gender stereotypes of personality: Universal and accurate?

Author: Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., Terracciano, Antonio, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.
Published: 2014

8. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.
Published: 2014

9. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Boile, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-Nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Boile, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-Nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published: 2013

10. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Boile, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-Nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Boile, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-Nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published: 2013

11. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reategui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reategui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes.
Published: 2013

12. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author: McCrae, Robert, Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V, and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes
Published: 2013

13. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Boile, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-Nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Boile, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Oi-yee Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-Nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Published: 2013

14. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reategui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reategui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes.
Published: 2013

15. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, De Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, De Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

16. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, De Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, De Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

17. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

18. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

19. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, De Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, De Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

20. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

21. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author: Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Janet T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio
Abstract: Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, preferring excitement and novelty, whereas old people were consistently considered lower on impulsivity, activity, antagonism, and Openness. These consensual age group stereotypes correlated strongly with published age differences on the five major dimensions of personality and most of 30 specific traits, using as criteria of accuracy both self-reports and observer ratings, different survey methodologies, and data from up to 50 nations. However, personal stereotypes were considerably less accurate, and consensual stereotypes tended to exaggerate differences across age groups.
Published: 2012

22. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.
Published: 2010

23. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.
Published: 2010

24. The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents

Author: McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.
Published: 2010

25. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.
Published: 2010

26. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author: McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.
Published: 2010

27. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Published: 2009

28. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Published: 2009

29. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Published: 2009

30. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures

Author: de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan.
Published: 2009

31. Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates

Author: Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Lima, Margarida, Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V, Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter, Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Lima, Margarida, Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V, Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter, Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (1) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning, (2) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect, and (3) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Published: 2009

32. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Published: 2009

33. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author: Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle
Abstract: College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.
Published: 2009

34. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author: Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR
Abstract: Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.
Published: 2005

35. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author: Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR
Abstract: Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.
Published: 2005

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35 results on '"Shimonaka, Yoshiko"'

1. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

2. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

3. The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study

4. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

5. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

6. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

7. Gender stereotypes of personality: Universal and accurate?

8. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

9. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

10. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

11. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

12. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

13. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

14. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

15. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

16. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

17. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

18. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

19. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

20. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

21. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

22. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

23. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

24. The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents

25. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

26. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents

27. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

28. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

29. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

30. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures

31. Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates

32. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

33. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

34. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

35. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

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35 results on '"Shimonaka, Yoshiko"'

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