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Potosí (today in Bolivia) was the major supplier of silver for the Spanish Empire and for the world and still today boasts the world's single-richest silver deposit. This book explores the political economy of silver production and circulation, illuminating a vital chapter in the history of global capitalism. It travels through geology, sacred spaces, and technical knowledge in the first section; environmental history and labor in the second section; silver flows, the heterogeneous world of mining producers, and their agency in the third; and some of the local, regional, and global impacts of Potosí mining, in the fourth section. The main focus is on the establishment of a complex infrastructure at the site, its major changes[you could add here “over time”], and the new human and environmental landscape that emerged for the production of one of the world ́s major commodities: silver. Eleven authors from different countries present their most recent research based on years of archival research, providing the readers with cutting-edge scholarship.

La explotación de las minas de plata de Mariquita a través de la “mita” condujo al traslado de mano de obra de Tunja y Bogotá hacia los centros mineros. Las largas jornadas de viaje y las complicaciones geográficas de la zona llevaron a que los encomenderos y los clérigos, encargados del traslado de los nativos, se quejaran ante las autoridades coloniales. Para mitigar estas demandas, se estableció el pago de “ida y vuelta” como una forma de garantizar que se incrementase el “salario” percibido por el año de servicio en las minas, y mejorar sus condiciones de traslado, The exploitation of silver in Mariquita through the “mita” drove the movement of native labors indigenous from Tunja and Bogota to the mining centers. Because of the extend distances and the geographical problems in the region, encomenderos and clerics, who translate the natives to the mine, reject the conditions of the journey. To avoid the complains, colonial authorities establishment the pay of “ida y vuelta” as a way of ensuring that the “salary” will increase perceived by the year of service in the mines, and improve their conditions of transfer

La mina de plata de Guadalcanal (Sevilla) es una de las principales minas históricas españolas. Su riqueza hizo pensar que este yacimiento era el Potosí español, por eso, en 1555, el Estado se hizo cargo del mismo. Por ella pasaron importantes personajes, tales como Francisco Mendoza, Antonio Boteller, Juanelo Turriano, Jerónimo de Ayanz, los Fúcares, Lieberto Wolters, María Teresa Herbert, Thomas Sutton, Louis Le Camus, Guillermo Bowles, Cristóbal Störr, Juan Martín Hoppensak, Zacarías Helms, Fausto Elhuyar, Francisco de la Garza, el Marqués de la Remisa, Duncan Saw, etc. Este trabajo es una síntesis histórica de las minas. En ella podemos ver las innovaciones y la evolución de las técnicas productivas., The silver mine of Guadalcanal (Seville) has historically been one of the most important mines in Spain. The enormous wealth of the mine led to it being known as the “Spanish Potosi”, after the fabled silver mines of the town of Potosi, in Bolivia, and was the reason why it was taken over by the State in 1555. Many prominent people have been associated with it over the ages, including Francisco Mendoza, Antonio Boteller, Juanelo Turriano, Jerónimo de Ayanz, the Fúcares, Lieberto Wolters, María Teresa Herbert, Thomas Sutton, Louis Le Camus, William Bowles, Cristóbal Störr, Juan Martín Hoppensak, Zacarías Helms, Fausto Elhuyar, Francisco de la Garza, the Marquis of Remisa, and Duncan Saw, among others. This paper provides a historical summary of the mines, and examines the evolution of the mining production techniques and innovations.

La explotación de las minas de plata de Mariquita a través de la “mita” condujo al traslado de mano de obra de Tunja y Bogotá hacia los centros mineros. Las largas jornadas de viaje y las complicaciones geográficas de la zona llevaron a que los encomenderos y los clérigos, encargados del traslado de los nativos, se quejaran ante las autoridades coloniales. Para mitigar estas demandas, se estableció el pago de “ida y vuelta” como una forma de garantizar que se incrementase el “salario” percibido por el año de servicio en las minas, y mejorar sus condiciones de traslado, The exploitation of silver in Mariquita through the “mita” drove the movement of native labors indigenous from Tunja and Bogota to the mining centers. Because of the extend distances and the geographical problems in the region, encomenderos and clerics, who translate the natives to the mine, reject the conditions of the journey. To avoid the complains, colonial authorities establishment the pay of “ida y vuelta” as a way of ensuring that the “salary” will increase perceived by the year of service in the mines, and improve their conditions of transfer

La mina de plata de Guadalcanal (Sevilla) es una de las principales minas históricas españolas. Su riqueza hizo pensar que este yacimiento era el Potosí español, por eso, en 1555, el Estado se hizo cargo del mismo. Por ella pasaron importantes personajes, tales como Francisco Mendoza, Antonio Boteller, Juanelo Turriano, Jerónimo de Ayanz, los Fúcares, Lieberto Wolters, María Teresa Herbert, Thomas Sutton, Louis Le Camus, Guillermo Bowles, Cristóbal Störr, Juan Martín Hoppensak, Zacarías Helms, Fausto Elhuyar, Francisco de la Garza, el Marqués de la Remisa, Duncan Saw, etc. Este trabajo es una síntesis histórica de las minas. En ella podemos ver las innovaciones y la evolución de las técnicas productivas., The silver mine of Guadalcanal (Seville) has historically been one of the most important mines in Spain. The enormous wealth of the mine led to it being known as the “Spanish Potosi”, after the fabled silver mines of the town of Potosi, in Bolivia, and was the reason why it was taken over by the State in 1555. Many prominent people have been associated with it over the ages, including Francisco Mendoza, Antonio Boteller, Juanelo Turriano, Jerónimo de Ayanz, the Fúcares, Lieberto Wolters, María Teresa Herbert, Thomas Sutton, Louis Le Camus, William Bowles, Cristóbal Störr, Juan Martín Hoppensak, Zacarías Helms, Fausto Elhuyar, Francisco de la Garza, the Marquis of Remisa, and Duncan Saw, among others. This paper provides a historical summary of the mines, and examines the evolution of the mining production techniques and innovations.

Early explorations of Juan de Oñate after the founding of New Mexico.

Early explorations of Juan de Oñate after the founding of New Mexico.

The Madrid province has suffered constant and ever increasing impacts on its natural and agricultural ecosystems. This has led to soils with problems of erosion, compacting, salinization and po11ution by organic compounds and heavy metals. A report by the Madrid Autonomous Community identifies Zn and Cu as the main metal po11utants affecting the soils of Madrid. Thus, to obtain information for future revegetation and remediation plans for these regions, we collected some 600 specimens of grass species representing over 20 genera. Samples were also 75 Botánica obtained of the soils in which these species grow both from different degraded ecosystems and from seminatural pastures. These last samples will be used as references for our study. In this paper, we report the results obtained for 50 Graminaceae in relation to the Cu and Zn levels detected in the above-ground parts ofthese plants

The discovery of native silver deposits at Kongsberg, Norway, in 1623 created interest for silver specimens and mineral collecting, also among mining officers. Large collections were donated by J. Hiort, M.T. Brünnich and J. Esmark to the Mining Academy at Kongsberg. The Academy’s collections were in 1814 transferred to the University of Oslo. From 1841 The Kongsberg Silver Mines built up their own collections.

The discovery of native silver deposits at Kongsberg, Norway, in 1623 created interest for silver specimens and mineral collecting, also among mining officers. Large collections were donated by J. Hiort, M.T. Brünnich and J. Esmark to the Mining Academy at Kongsberg. The Academy’s collections were in 1814 transferred to the University of Oslo. From 1841 The Kongsberg Silver Mines built up their own collections.