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An illicit trade in rhino horn from Africa, particularly South Africa, to Vietnam is threatening the survival of the species. This thesis has explored the news framing of the rhino horn trade as a criminal issue in Vietnam, a major trafficking hub and market country since 2008. It focuses on an important time when Vietnam faced and responded to international pressure - from a series of global Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) conferences and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) - to take greater action to combat this trade. Using a qualitative approach, derived though a constructivist epistemology, this study employs news framing theory as a tool to explore the news media stories of rhino horn trade in Vietnamese digital newspapers from 2016 - when Vietnam signalled its political will to fight the trade - to 2020. The sources linked to particular frames within these texts were analysed and semi-structured interviews with the framers of these texts - Vietnamese journalists, personnel from environmental non-government organisations (ENGOs) and an expert in Vietnamese journalism - were conducted. The study finds that framing indicates a 'war on the rhino horn trade' approach that is reminiscent of other 'war on crime' strategies applied, for instance, in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. With this 'war' approach, the accent in Vietnam tends to be on tougher sentences for rhino horn couriers, which is quite unhelpful at reducing the crime, rather than finding solutions to underlying issues and bolstering investigations into rhino horn trade 'kingpins'. It was found that Vietnamese officials, ENGOs and international sources - including the United Nations, foreign embassies and security actors - were included in deliberations in the news. Indeed, framing around Serious Crime and Compliance owes much to the strong reliance of Vietnamese journalists on press releases from official and ENGO sources. Despite demonstrating that such, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy, School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc, Arts, Education and Law Group

We explore the potential of enhancing LLM performance in astronomy-focused question-answering through targeted, continual pre-training. By employing a compact 7B-parameter LLaMA-2 model and focusing exclusively on a curated set of astronomy corpora -- comprising abstracts, introductions, and conclusions -- we achieve notable improvements in specialized topic comprehension. While general LLMs like GPT-4 excel in broader question-answering scenarios due to superior reasoning capabilities, our findings suggest that continual pre-training with limited resources can still enhance model performance on specialized topics. Additionally, we present an extension of AstroLLaMA: the fine-tuning of the 7B LLaMA model on a domain-specific conversational dataset, culminating in the release of the chat-enabled AstroLLaMA for community use. Comprehensive quantitative benchmarking is currently in progress and will be detailed in an upcoming full paper. The model, AstroLLaMA-Chat, is now available at https://huggingface.co/universeTBD, providing the first open-source conversational AI tool tailored for the astronomy community., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, model is available at https://huggingface.co/universeTBD, published in RNAAS

We explore the potential of enhancing LLM performance in astronomy-focused question-answering through targeted, continual pre-training. By employing a compact 7B-parameter LLaMA-2 model and focusing exclusively on a curated set of astronomy corpora -- comprising abstracts, introductions, and conclusions -- we achieve notable improvements in specialized topic comprehension. While general LLMs like GPT-4 excel in broader question-answering scenarios due to superior reasoning capabilities, our findings suggest that continual pre-training with limited resources can still enhance model performance on specialized topics. Additionally, we present an extension of AstroLLaMA: the fine-tuning of the 7B LLaMA model on a domain-specific conversational dataset, culminating in the release of the chat-enabled AstroLLaMA for community use. Comprehensive quantitative benchmarking is currently in progress and will be detailed in an upcoming full paper. The model, AstroLLaMA-Chat, is now available at https://huggingface.co/universeTBD, providing the first open-source conversational AI tool tailored for the astronomy community., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, model is available at https://huggingface.co/universeTBD, published in RNAAS

This work presents AstroPT, an autoregressive pretrained transformer developed with astronomical use-cases in mind. The AstroPT models presented here have been pretrained on 8.6 million $512 \times 512$ pixel $grz$-band galaxy postage stamp observations from the DESI Legacy Survey DR8. We train a selection of foundation models of increasing size from 1 million to 2.1 billion parameters, and find that AstroPT follows a similar saturating log-log scaling law to textual models. We also find that the models' performances on downstream tasks as measured by linear probing improves with model size up to the model parameter saturation point. We believe that collaborative community development paves the best route towards realising an open source `Large Observation Model' -- a model trained on data taken from the observational sciences at the scale seen in natural language processing. To this end, we release the source code, weights, and dataset for AstroPT under the MIT license, and invite potential collaborators to join us in collectively building and researching these models., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Code available at https://github.com/Smith42/astroPT

ObjectivesWe sought to investigate how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status relate to tracheostomy insertion and post-tracheostomy mortality among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).MethodsThe Vizient Clinical Database/Resource Manager was queried to identify infants born ≤32 weeks with BPD admitted to US hospitals from January 2012 to December 2020. Markers of socioeconomic status were linked to patient records from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Social Determinants of Health Database. Regression models were used to assess trends in annual tracheostomy insertion rate and odds of tracheostomy insertion and post-tracheostomy mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors.ResultsThere were 40,021 ex-premature infants included in the study, 1614 (4.0%) of whom received a tracheostomy. Tracheostomy insertion increased from 2012 to 2017 (3.1%-4.1%), but decreased from 2018 to 2020 (3.3%-1.6%). Non-Hispanic Black infants demonstrated a 25% higher odds (aOR 1.25, 1.09-1.43) and Hispanic infants demonstrated a 20% lower odds (aOR 0.80, 0.65-0.96) of tracheostomy insertion compared with non-Hispanic White infants. Patients receiving public insurance had increased odds of tracheostomy insertion (aOR 1.15, 1.03-1.30), but there was no relation between other metrics of socioeconomic status and tracheostomy insertion within our cohort. In-hospital mortality among the tracheostomy-dependent was 14.1% and was not associated with sociodemographic factors.ConclusionsDisparities in tracheostomy insertion are not accounted for by differences in socioeconomic status or the presence of additional neonatal morbidities. Post-tracheostomy mortality does not demonstrate the same relationships. Further investigation is needed to explore the source and potential mitigators of the identified disparities.

Background & aimsThere are limited data regarding fibrosis progression in biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared with people without T2DM. We assessed the time to fibrosis progression in people with T2DM compared with people without T2DM in a large, multicenter, study of people with NAFLD who had paired liver biopsies.MethodsThis study included 447 adult participants (64% were female) with NAFLD who had paired liver biopsies more than 1 year apart. Liver histology was systematically assessed by a central pathology committee blinded to clinical data. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of a ≥1-stage increase in fibrosis in participants with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM.ResultsThe mean (SD) age and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) were 50.9 (11.5) years and 34.7 (6.3), respectively. The median time between biopsies was 3.3 years (interquartile range, 1.8-6.1 years). Participants with T2DM had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of fibrosis progression at 4 years (24% vs 20%), 8 years (60% vs 50%), and 12 years (93% vs 76%) (P = .005). Using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for multiple confounders, T2DM remained an independent predictor of fibrosis progression (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.17-2.43; P = .005). The cumulative incidence of fibrosis regression by ≥1 stage was similar in participants with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM (P = .24).ConclusionsIn this large, multicenter cohort study of well-characterized participants with NAFLD and paired liver biopsies, we found that fibrosis progressed faster in participants with T2DM compared with participants without T2DM. These data have important implications for clinical practice and trial design.

NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both combined and simultaneous, unveil the diversity of processes driving change on today’s Martian surface at Jezero crater., This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the projects no. ESP2014-54256-C4- 1-R (also -2-R, -3-R and -4-R); Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, projects no. ESP2016-79612-C3-1-R (also -2-R and -3-R); Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research (10.13039/501100011033), projects no. ESP2016-80320-C2-1-R, RTI2018-098728-B-C31 (also -C32 and -C33), RTI2018-099825-B-C31, PID2019-109467GB-I00 and PRE2020-092562; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial; Ministry of Science and Innovation’s Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology; Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) Project MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”—Centro de Astrobiología; Grupos Gobierno Vasco IT1366- 19; and European Research Council Consolidator Grant no 818602. The US co-authors performed their work under sponsorship from NASA’s Mars 2020 project, from the Game Changing Development programme within the Space Technology Mission Directorate and from the Human Exploration and Operations Directorate. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). G.M. acknowledges JPL funding from USRA Contract Number 1638782. A.G.F. is supported by the European Research Council, Consolidator Grant no. 818602., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationships between serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (sUCHL1), tau (sTau) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) levels and disease activity/disability in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and the effects of inebilizumab on these biomarkers in N-MOmentum. METHODS: N-MOmentum randomised participants to receive inebilizumab or placebo with a randomised controlled period (RCP) of 28 weeks and an open-label follow-up period of ≥2 years. The sNfL, sUCHL1, sTau and sGFAP were measured using single-molecule arrays in 1260 scheduled and attack-related samples from N-MOmentum participants (immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies to aquaporin-4-positive, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-positive or double autoantibody-negative) and two control groups (healthy donors and patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis). RESULTS: The concentration of all four biomarkers increased during NMOSD attacks. At attack, sNfL had the strongest correlation with disability worsening during attacks (Spearman R2=0.40; p=0.01) and prediction of disability worsening after attacks (sNfL cut-off 32 pg/mL; area under the curve 0.71 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.89); p=0.02), but only sGFAP predicted upcoming attacks. At RCP end, fewer inebilizumab-treated than placebo-treated participants had sNfL>16 pg/mL (22% vs 45%; OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.76); p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with sGFAP, sTau and sUCHL1, sNfL at attack was the strongest predictor of disability worsening at attack and follow-up, suggesting a role for identifying participants with NMOSD at risk of limited post-relapse recovery. Treatment with inebilizumab was associated with lower levels of sGFAP and sNfL than placebo. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02200770.

Vaccine protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection wanes over time, requiring updated boosters. In a phase 2, open-label, randomized clinical trial with sequentially enrolled stages at 22 US sites, we assessed safety and immunogenicity of a second boost with monovalent or bivalent variant vaccines from mRNA and protein-based platforms targeting wild-type, Beta, Delta and Omicron BA.1 spike antigens. The primary outcome was pseudovirus neutralization titers at 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50 titers) with 95% confidence intervals against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. The secondary outcome assessed safety by solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs), unsolicited AEs, serious AEs and AEs of special interest. Boosting with prototype/wild-type vaccines produced numerically lower ID50 titers than any variant-containing vaccine against all variants. Conversely, boosting with a variant vaccine excluding prototype was not associated with decreased neutralization against D614G. Omicron BA.1 or Beta monovalent vaccines were nearly equivalent to Omicron BA.1 + prototype or Beta + prototype bivalent vaccines for neutralization of Beta, Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BA.4/5, although they were lower for contemporaneous Omicron subvariants. Safety was similar across arms and stages and comparable to previous reports. Our study shows that updated vaccines targeting Beta or Omicron BA.1 provide broadly crossprotective neutralizing antibody responses against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants without sacrificing immunity to the ancestral strain. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05289037 .

Depression, one of the most common diseases in older adults, carries significant risk for morbidity and mortality. Because of the burgeoning population of older adults, the enormous burden of late-life depression, and the limited efficacy of current antidepressants in older adults, biologically plausible models that translate into selective depression prevention strategies are needed. Insomnia predicts depression recurrence and is a modifiable target to prevent incident and recurrent depression in older adults. Yet, it is not known how insomnia gets converted into biological- and affective risk for depression, which is critical for identification of molecular targets for pharmacologic interventions, and for refinement of insomnia treatments that target affective responding to improve efficacy. Sleep disturbance activates inflammatory signaling and primes immune responses to subsequent inflammatory challenge. In turn, inflammatory challenge induces depressive symptoms, which correlate with activation of brain regions implicated in depression. This study hypothesizes that insomnia serves as a vulnerability factor for inflammation-related depression; older adults with insomnia will show heightened inflammatory- and affective responding to inflammatory challenge as compared to those without insomnia. To test this hypothesis, this protocol paper describes a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of low dose endotoxin in older adults (n = 160; 60-80 y) with insomnia vs. comparison controls without insomnia. The aims of this study are to examine differences in depressive symptoms, measures of negative affective responding, and measures of positive affective responding as a function of insomnia and inflammatory challenge. If the hypotheses are confirmed, older adults with two "hits", insomnia and inflammatory activation, would represent a high risk group to be prioritized for monitoring and for depression prevention efforts using treatments that t

Here the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium presents a first draft of the human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals1. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence in each genome and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generate a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes and reveals new alleles at structurally complex loci. We also add 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,115 gene duplications relative to the existing reference GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs are derived from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyse short-read data reduced small variant discovery errors by 34% and increased the number of structural variants detected per haplotype by 104% compared with GRCh38-based workflows, which enabled the typing of the vast majority of structural variant alleles per sample.

The following project was developed to enhance the materials used in the Jumpstart program by implementing a daily journal that incorporates spiritual disciplines, S.M.A.R.T Goals, and relational accountability while augmenting spiritual growth that will help reduce recidivism. This professional dissertation provides a compelling theological and theoretical justification for implementing the daily journal, along with the project's details, processes, and outcomes.

Here the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium presents a first draft of the human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals 1. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence in each genome and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generate a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes and reveals new alleles at structurally complex loci. We also add 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,115 gene duplications relative to the existing reference GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs are derived from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyse short-read data reduced small variant discovery errors by 34% and increased the number of structural variants detected per haplotype by 104% compared with GRCh38-based workflows, which enabled the typing of the vast majority of structural variant alleles per sample.

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument, on board NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, includes a number of sensors to characterize the Martian atmosphere. One of these sensors is the Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS) that measures the solar irradiance at different wavelengths and geometries. We analyzed the RDS observations made during twilight for the period between sol 71 and 492 of the mission (Ls 39°–262°, Mars Year 36) to characterize the clouds over the Perseverance rover site. Using the ratio between the irradiance at zenith at 450 and 750 nm, we inferred that the main constituent of the detected high-altitude aerosol layers was ice from Ls = 39°–150° (cloudy period), and dust from Ls 150°–262°. A total of 161 twilights were analyzed in the cloudy period using a radiative transfer code and we found: (a) signatures of clouds/hazes in the signals in 58% of the twilights; (b) most of the clouds had altitudes between 40 and 50 km, suggesting water ice composition, and had particle sizes between 0.6 and 2 µm; (c) the cloud activity at sunrise is slightly higher that at sunset, likely due to the differences in temperature; (d) the time period with more cloud detections and with the greatest cloud opacities is during Ls 120°–150°; and (e) a notable decrease in the cloud activity around aphelion, along with lower cloud altitudes and opacities. This decrease in cloud activity indicates lower concentrations of water vapor or cloud condensation nuclei (dust) around this period in the Martian mesosphere.

Planets grow in rotating disks of dust and gas around forming stars, some of which can subsequently collide in giant impacts after the gas component is removed from the disk. Monitoring programs with the warm Spitzer mission have recorded significant and rapid changes in mid-infrared output for several stars, interpreted as variations in the surface area of warm dusty material ejected by planetary-scale collisions and heated by the central star: e.g., NGC 2354-ID8, HD 166191 and V844 Persei. Here we report combined observations of the young (about 300 Myr), solar-like star ASASSN-21qj: an infrared brightening consistent with a blackbody temperature of 1000 K and a luminosity of 4 percent of that of the star lasting for about 1000 days, partially overlapping in time with a complex and deep wavelength-dependent optical eclipse that lasted for about 500 days. The optical eclipse started 2.5 years after the infrared brightening, implying an orbital period of at least that duration. These observations are consistent with a collision between two exoplanets of several to tens of Earth masses at 2 to 16 au from the central star. Such an impact produces a hot, highly-extended post-impact remnant with sufficient luminosity to explain the infrared observations. Transit of the impact debris, sheared by orbital motion into a long cloud, causes the subsequent complex eclipse of the host star., Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, author's Accepted Manuscript version, reproducible workflow built with showyourwork; open-source code can be found at https://github.com/mkenworthy/ASASSN-21qj-collision

In May 2023, Liverpool hosted the Eurovision Song Contest on behalf of Ukraine, involving 37 competing nations. With over 12,000 accredited staff involved in the planning and delivery of Eurovision, it is the largest and most complex multi-agency event that Liverpool has ever hosted. The organisations involved included Culture Liverpool, Merseyside Police, Liverpool City Council, North West Ambulance Service, Liverpool One, BBC, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Camp and Furnace, Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service, and many more. This presented an exciting opportunity to explore multi-agency working for a major live event. The research will identify the key themes associated with a multi-agency approach, around relationship building, consistency, longevity, and trust. It will also investigate the ways in which multi-agency information sharing takes place in the preparation and delivery of a large-scale live event, informing a UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship on law enforcement information exchange. To understand how agencies work together and share information for Eurovision 2023, the following data is collected: i.) field observations during multi-agency meetings, the multi-agency tabletop exercise, and the live events (i.e. opening ceremony, semi-finals, final); ii.) policy documents; iii.) post-event online surveys; and iv.) post-event semi-structured interviews. Participants include practitioners from a range of the organisations involved. Quantitative (descriptives) and qualitative (content, thematic) analyses will be conducted. As a ‘work-in-progress’, an overview of the research and headline findings will be presented.

Condensation and sublimation of ices at the surface of the planet is a key part of both the Martian H$_2$O and CO$_2$ cycles, either from a seasonal or diurnal aspect. While most of the ice is located within the polar caps, surface frost is known to be formed during nighttime down to equatorial latitudes. Here, we use data from the Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIRS) onboard the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) to monitor the diurnal and seasonal evolution of the ices at the surface of Mars over almost one Martian year. The unique local time coverage provided by the instrument allows us to observe the apparition of equatorial CO$_2$ frost in the second half of the Martian night around the equinoxes, to its sublimation at sunrise.

In May 2023, Liverpool hosted the Eurovision Song Contest on behalf of Ukraine, involving 37 competing nations. With over 12,000 accredited staff involved in the planning and delivery of Eurovision, it is the largest and most complex multi-agency event that Liverpool has ever hosted. The organisations involved included Culture Liverpool, Merseyside Police, Liverpool City Council, North West Ambulance Service, Liverpool One, BBC, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Camp and Furnace, Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service, and many more. This presented an exciting opportunity to explore multi-agency working for a major live event. The research will identify the key themes associated with a multi-agency approach, around relationship building, consistency, longevity, and trust. It will also investigate the ways in which multi-agency information sharing takes place in the preparation and delivery of a large-scale live event, informing a UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship on law enforcement information exchange. To understand how agencies work together and share information for Eurovision 2023, the following data is collected: i.) field observations during multi-agency meetings, the multi-agency tabletop exercise, and the live events (i.e. opening ceremony, semi-finals, final); ii.) policy documents; iii.) post-event online surveys; and iv.) post-event semi-structured interviews. Participants include practitioners from a range of the organisations involved. Quantitative (descriptives) and qualitative (content, thematic) analyses will be conducted. As a ‘work-in-progress’, an overview of the research and headline findings will be presented.

In May 2023, Liverpool hosted the Eurovision Song Contest on behalf of Ukraine, involving 37 competing nations. With over 12,000 accredited staff involved in the planning and delivery of Eurovision, it is the largest and most complex multi-agency event that Liverpool has ever hosted. The organisations involved included Culture Liverpool, Merseyside Police, Liverpool City Council, North West Ambulance Service, Liverpool One, BBC, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Camp and Furnace, Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service, and many more. This presented an exciting opportunity to explore multi-agency working for a major live event. The research will identify the key themes associated with a multi-agency approach, around relationship building, consistency, longevity, and trust. It will also investigate the ways in which multi-agency information sharing takes place in the preparation and delivery of a large-scale live event, informing a UK Research and Innovation Future Leaders Fellowship on law enforcement information exchange. To understand how agencies work together and share information for Eurovision 2023, the following data is collected: i.) field observations during multi-agency meetings, the multi-agency tabletop exercise, and the live events (i.e. opening ceremony, semi-finals, final); ii.) policy documents; iii.) post-event online surveys; and iv.) post-event semi-structured interviews. Participants include practitioners from a range of the organisations involved. Quantitative (descriptives) and qualitative (content, thematic) analyses will be conducted. As a ‘work-in-progress’, an overview of the research and headline findings will be presented.

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument on Mars 2020 has five Atmospheric Temperature Sensors at two altitudes (0.84 and 1.45 m) plus a Thermal InfraRed Sensor that measures temperatures on the surface and at ∼40 m. We analyze the measurements from these sensors to describe the evolution of temperatures in Jezero up to mission sol 400 (solar longitude LS = 13°–203°). The diurnal thermal cycle is characterized by a daytime convective period and a nocturnal stable atmosphere with a variable thermal inversion. We find a linear relationship between the daytime temperature fluctuations and the vertical thermal gradient with temperature fluctuations that peak at noon with typical values of 2.5 K at 1.45 m. In the late afternoon (∼17:00 Local True Solar Time), the atmosphere becomes vertically isothermal with vanishing fluctuations. We observe very small seasonal changes in air temperatures during the period analyzed. This is related to small changes in solar irradiation and dust opacity. However, we find significant changes in surface temperatures that are related to the variety of thermal inertias of the terrains explored along the traverse of Perseverance. These changes strongly influence the vertical thermal gradient, breaking the nighttime thermal inversion over terrains of high thermal inertia. We explore possible detections of atmospheric tides on near-surface temperatures and we examine variations in temperatures over timescales of a few sols that could be indicative of atmospheric waves affecting near-surface temperatures. We also discuss temperatures during a regional dust storm at LS = 153°–156° that simultaneously warmed the near surface atmosphere while cooling the surface.

Stochastic models with global parameters $\bm{\theta}$ and latent variables $\bm{z}$ are common, and variational inference (VI) is popular for their estimation. This paper uses a variational approximation (VA) that comprises a Gaussian with factor covariance matrix for the marginal of $\bm{\theta}$, and the exact conditional posterior of $\bm{z}|\bm{\theta}$. Stochastic optimization for learning the VA only requires generation of $\bm{z}$ from its conditional posterior, while $\bm{\theta}$ is updated using the natural gradient, producing a hybrid VI method. We show that this is a well-defined natural gradient optimization algorithm for the joint posterior of $(\bm{z},\bm{\theta})$. Fast to compute expressions for the Tikhonov damped Fisher information matrix required to compute a stable natural gradient update are derived. We use the approach to estimate probabilistic Bayesian neural networks with random output layer coefficients to allow for heterogeneity. Simulations show that using the natural gradient is more efficient than using the ordinary gradient, and that the approach is faster and more accurate than two leading benchmark natural gradient VI methods. In a financial application we show that accounting for industry level heterogeneity using the deep model improves the accuracy of probabilistic prediction of asset pricing models.

As deep learning-based computer vision algorithms continue to improve and advance the state of the art, their robustness to real-world data continues to lag their performance on datasets. This makes it difficult to bring an algorithm from the lab to the real world. Ensemble-based uncertainty estimation approaches such as Monte Carlo Dropout have been successfully used in many applications in an attempt to address this robustness issue. Unfortunately, it is not always clear if such ensemble-based approaches can be applied to a new problem domain. This is the case with panoptic segmentation, where the structure of the problem and architectures designed to solve it means that unlike image classification or even semantic segmentation, the typical solution of using a mean across samples cannot be directly applied. In this paper, we demonstrate how ensemble-based uncertainty estimation approaches such as Monte Carlo Dropout can be used in the panoptic segmentation domain with no changes to an existing network, providing both improved performance and more importantly a better measure of uncertainty for predictions made by the network. Results are demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively on the COCO, KITTI-STEP and VIPER datasets., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures

Contrary to Google Search's mission of delivering information from "many angles so you can form your own understanding of the world," we find that Google and its most prominent returned results - Wikipedia and YouTube - simply reflect a narrow set of culturally dominant views tied to the search language for complex topics like "Buddhism," "Liberalism," "colonization," "Iran" and "America." Simply stated, they present, to varying degrees, distinct information across the same search in different languages, a phenomenon we call language bias. This paper presents evidence and analysis of language bias and discusses its larger social implications. We find that our online searches and emerging tools like ChatGPT turn us into the proverbial blind person touching a small portion of an elephant, ignorant of the existence of other cultural perspectives. Language bias sets a strong yet invisible cultural barrier online, where each language group thinks they can see other groups through searches, but in fact, what they see is their own reflection.

Within the Horizon 2020 project LEON-T (Low particle Emissions and lOw Noise Tyres), one of the aims is to investigate the effect on cardiovascular health from the effect on sleep of noise from heavy vehicle (EU class N2 and N3) tyres. Effects of noise on sleep are investigated by performing sleep experiments in a controlled lab environment where participants sleep several nights subjected to different traffic noise scenarios. The traffic noise scenarios have been constructed using synthesized tyre noise allowing for variation in parameters such as tyre tread pattern design, tyre air cavity resonance, traffic flow properties and distance between traffic noise source and receiver. The synthesized scenarios have been designed in close cooperation with experts on health effects from noise in order to expose the participants to such stimuli that provide relevant and valid responses. For the initial sleep experiment properties such as high or low traffc flow, individual vehicle noise level and level of perceptually salient tonal components in the synthesized tyre sound are investigated. This paper describes the synthesized vehicle sounds and the traffic noise scenario design process for the scenario used in the first sleep experiment., LEON-T (Low particle Emissions and lOw Noise Tyres)

This article proposes a framework for content moderation based on a decentralized market where no one party, neither governments nor firms, controls the flow of information., Comment: 3 pages. This is published by CACM but the authors hold (c) and are happy to license under the listed Creative Commons CC:BY-SA license

We introduce EarthPT -- an Earth Observation (EO) pretrained transformer. EarthPT is a 700 million parameter decoding transformer foundation model trained in an autoregressive self-supervised manner and developed specifically with EO use-cases in mind. We demonstrate that EarthPT is an effective forecaster that can accurately predict future pixel-level surface reflectances across the 400-2300 nm range well into the future. For example, forecasts of the evolution of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) have a typical error of approximately 0.05 (over a natural range of -1 -> 1) at the pixel level over a five month test set horizon, out-performing simple phase-folded models based on historical averaging. We also demonstrate that embeddings learnt by EarthPT hold semantically meaningful information and could be exploited for downstream tasks such as highly granular, dynamic land use classification. Excitingly, we note that the abundance of EO data provides us with -- in theory -- quadrillions of training tokens. Therefore, if we assume that EarthPT follows neural scaling laws akin to those derived for Large Language Models (LLMs), there is currently no data-imposed limit to scaling EarthPT and other similar `Large Observation Models.', Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted to NeurIPS CCAI workshop at https://www.climatechange.ai/papers/neurips2023/2 . Code available at https://github.com/aspiaspace/EarthPT

Skew-t copula models are attractive for the modeling of financial data because they allow for asymmetric and extreme tail dependence. We show that the copula implicit in the skew-t distribution of Azzalini and Capitanio (2003) allows for a higher level of pairwise asymmetric dependence than two popular alternative skew-t copulas. Estimation of this copula in high dimensions is challenging, and we propose a fast and accurate Bayesian variational inference (VI) approach to do so. The method uses a generative representation of the skew-t distribution to define an augmented posterior that can be approximated accurately. A stochastic gradient ascent algorithm is used to solve the variational optimization. The methodology is used to estimate skew-t factor copula models with up to 15 factors for intraday returns from 2017 to 2021 on 93 U.S. equities. The copula captures substantial heterogeneity in asymmetric dependence over equity pairs, in addition to the variability in pairwise correlations. In a moving window study we show that the asymmetric dependencies also vary over time, and that intraday predictive densities from the skew-t copula are more accurate than those from benchmark copula models. Portfolio selection strategies based on the estimated pairwise asymmetric dependencies improve performance relative to the index.

Commentary on David Graeber and David Wengrow 2021. The Dawn of Everything. New York: Penguin.

Commentary on David Graeber and David Wengrow 2021. The Dawn of Everything. New York: Penguin.

IntroductionOur objective was to provide expert consensus recommendations to improve treatment tolerability through dose adjustments of concomitant antiseizure medications (ASMs) during addition of cenobamate to existing ASM therapy in adult patients with uncontrolled focal seizures.MethodsA panel of seven epileptologists experienced in the use of ASMs, including cenobamate, used a modified Delphi process to reach consensus. The panelists discussed tolerability issues with concomitant ASMs during cenobamate titration and practical strategies for dose adjustments that may prevent or mitigate adverse effects. The resulting recommendations consider concomitant ASM dose level and specify proactive (prior to report of an adverse effect) and reactive (in response to report of an adverse effect) dose adjustment suggestions based on concomitant ASM pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with cenobamate. Specific dose adjustment recommendations are provided.ResultsWe recommend proactively lowering the dose of clobazam, phenytoin, and phenobarbital due to their known drug-drug interactions with cenobamate, and lacosamide due to a pharmacodynamic interaction with cenobamate, to prevent adverse effects during cenobamate titration. Reactive lowering of a concomitant ASM dose is sufficient for other ASMs at standard dosing owing to quick resolution of adverse effects. For carbamazepine and lamotrigine doses exceeding the upper end of standard dosing (e.g., carbamazepine, greater than 1200 mg/day; lamotrigine, greater than 500 mg/day), we encourage consideration of proactive dose reduction at cenobamate 200 mg/day to prevent potential adverse effects. All dose reductions for adverse effects can be repeated every 2 weeks as dictated by the adverse effects. At cenobamate 200 mg/day, we recommend that patients be evaluated for marked improvement of seizures and further dose reductions be considered to reduce potentially unnecessary polypharmacy.Conc

Preclinical studies demonstrate that sleep disruption diminishes morphine analgesia and modulates reward processing. We sought to translate these preclinical findings to humans by examining whether sleep disruption alters morphine's analgesic and hedonic properties. We randomized 100 healthy adults to receive morphine versus placebo after two nights of undisturbed sleep (US) and two nights of forced awakening (FA) sleep disruption. Sleep conditions were counterbalanced, separated by a two-week washout. The morning after both sleep conditions, we tested cold pressor pain tolerance before and 40-min after double-blind injection of .08 mg/kg morphine or placebo. The primary outcome was the analgesia index, calculated as the change in cold pressor hand withdrawal latency (HWL) before and after drug injection. Secondary outcomes were ratings of feeling "high," drug "liking," and negative drug effects. We found a significant sleep condition by drug interaction on the analgesia index (95% CI - 0.57, - 0.001). After US, subjects receiving morphine demonstrated significantly longer HWL compared to placebo (95% CI 0.23, 0.65), but not after FA (95% CI - 0.05, 0.38). Morphine analgesia was diminished threefold under FA, relative to US. After FA, females (95% CI - 0.88, - 0.05), but not males (95% CI - 0.23, 0.72), reported decreased subjective "high" effects compared to US. After FA, females (95% CI 0.05, 0.27), but not males (95% CI - 0.10, 0.11), administered morphine reported increased negative drug effects compared to US. These data demonstrate that sleep disruption attenuates morphine analgesia in humans and suggest that sleep disturbed males may be at greatest risk for problematic opioid use.

Preclinical studies demonstrate that sleep disruption diminishes morphine analgesia and modulates reward processing. We sought to translate these preclinical findings to humans by examining whether sleep disruption alters morphine's analgesic and hedonic properties. We randomized 100 healthy adults to receive morphine versus placebo after two nights of undisturbed sleep (US) and two nights of forced awakening (FA) sleep disruption. Sleep conditions were counterbalanced, separated by a two-week washout. The morning after both sleep conditions, we tested cold pressor pain tolerance before and 40-min after double-blind injection of .08 mg/kg morphine or placebo. The primary outcome was the analgesia index, calculated as the change in cold pressor hand withdrawal latency (HWL) before and after drug injection. Secondary outcomes were ratings of feeling "high," drug "liking," and negative drug effects. We found a significant sleep condition by drug interaction on the analgesia index (95% CI - 0.57, - 0.001). After US, subjects receiving morphine demonstrated significantly longer HWL compared to placebo (95% CI 0.23, 0.65), but not after FA (95% CI - 0.05, 0.38). Morphine analgesia was diminished threefold under FA, relative to US. After FA, females (95% CI - 0.88, - 0.05), but not males (95% CI - 0.23, 0.72), reported decreased subjective "high" effects compared to US. After FA, females (95% CI 0.05, 0.27), but not males (95% CI - 0.10, 0.11), administered morphine reported increased negative drug effects compared to US. These data demonstrate that sleep disruption attenuates morphine analgesia in humans and suggest that sleep disturbed males may be at greatest risk for problematic opioid use.

ObjectivesData on outcomes of children with cystic fibrosis admitted to PICUs are limited and outdated. Prior studies cite PICU mortality rates ranging from 37.5% to 100%. Given the advances made in cystic fibrosis care, we expect outcomes for these patients to have changed significantly since last studied. We provide an updated report on PICU mortality and the factors associated with death among critically ill children with cystic fibrosis.DesignRetrospective multicenter cohort analysis utilizing data from the Virtual Pediatric Systems database.SettingData were collected from 135 PICUs from January 1, 2009, to June 20, 2018.PatientsOne-thousand six-hundred thirty-three children with cystic fibrosis accounting for 2,893 PICU admissions were studied.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsThe primary outcome was mortality during PICU admission. Predictors included demographics, anthropometrics, diagnoses, clinical characteristics, and critical care interventions. Odds ratios of mortality were calculated in univariate and multivariable analyses to assess differences in mortality associated with predictor variables. Generalized estimating equation models were used to account for multiple admissions per patient. The overall PICU mortality rate was 6.6%. Factors associated with increased odds of mortality included hemoptysis/pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, gastrointestinal bleeding, bacterial/fungal infections, lower body mass index/malnutrition, and need for noninvasive or invasive respiratory support. Intubation/mechanical ventilation occurred in 26.4% of the 2,893 admissions and was associated with a 19.1% mortality rate. Of the nonsurvivors, 20.7% died without receiving mechanical ventilation.ConclusionsThe mortality rate during PICU admissions for patients with cystic fibrosis is lower than has been reported in prior studies, both in the overall cohort and in the subset requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. These data provide updated insight into the

The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.

We describe the optimum telescope focal ratio for a two-element, three surface, telecentric image-transfer microlens-to-fiber coupled integral field unit within the constraints imposed by micro-optics fabrication and optical aberrations. We create a generalized analytical description of the micro-optics optical parameters from first principals. We find that the optical performance, including all aberrations, of a design constrained by an analytic model considering only spherical aberration and diffraction matches within +/-4% of a design optimized by ray-tracing software such as Zemax. The analytical model does not require any compromise on the available clear aperture; about 90% mechanical aperture of a hexagonal microlens is available for light collection. The optimum telescope f-ratio for a 200{\mu}m core fiber fed at f/3.5 is between f/7 and f/12. We find the optimum telescope focal ratio changes as a function of fiber core diameter and fiber input beam speed. A telescope focal ratio of f/8 would support the largest range of fiber diameters (100 to 500{\mu}m) and fiber injection speeds (between f/3 and f/5). The optimization of telescope and lenslet-coupled fibers is relevant for the design of high-efficiency dedicated survey telescopes, and for retro-fitting existing facilities via introducing focal macro-optics to match the instrument input requirements., Comment: 25 Pages, 13 Figures

Background: People with hematological malignancies can deteriorate rapidly to a terminal event and have variable levels of engagement when transitioning to palliative and end-of-life care. Objectives: To describe end-of-life care values and preferences of people with hematological malignancies and explore whether these align with hematology clinicians' perceptions. Design: Two matched anonymous quantitative cross-sectional surveys explored: (1) patients' values and preferences around manner and timing of discussions regarding life expectancy and prognosis, involvement in decision making, and concurrent integration of palliative care with active treatment; and (2) clinicians' perceptions of their patients' values and preferences in relation to prognostic information. Settings/Participants: Concurrent online national surveys of people with hematological malignancies known to the Leukemia Foundation of Australia, and clinicians in Australia with membership to the Hematology Society of Australia and New Zealand. Results: Five hundred nine (38% response rate) patients (median age 64 [min 20, max 89, interquartile range 56-70]) and 272 clinicians (21% response rate) responded to the survey. If their health was deteriorating, most patients wanted honest prognostic and life expectancy information (87%); welcomed involvement in decision making (94%); felt they would be comfortable talking to the treating team about the possibility of death (86%); and would be comfortable seeing someone from a specialist palliative care team (74%). Clinicians generally underestimated most of these responses. Conclusion: Although our findings indicate that most people believe they would be comfortable discussing prognosis, life expectancy, and wishes at the end of life, clinicians were largely unaware of their preferences. This highlights the need to embed values clarification in routine care for each patient and family.

The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.

This article focuses on the links between transatlantic relations - a structured array of markets, hierarchies, networks, ideas, and institutions - and broader elements of international structure and world order. It argues that the changing state of transatlantic relations reflects changes in the structure of the relations themselves, but also structural change in the global and domestic arenas and how such change shapes or reflects the actions of a wide variety of agents. The first part of the article briefly explores the importance of international structure in order to identify the global forces that shape the context for transatlantic relations. The article then examines the key mechanisms in transatlantic relations which interact to create forms of transatlantic order; these create spaces for a wide variety of agents, operating within broader elements of international and domestic structure, and the article illustrates this through the ways in which the EU's "new agenda for EU-US relations" sought to shape transatlantic interactions during the first year of the Biden presidency. The article examines the implications of transatlantic responses to the Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022, and concludes that despite the move to enhanced EU-US cooperation in the short term, the interaction of structures, mechanisms, and actors will contribute to continuing differentiation of transatlantic relations, at least in the medium term, whatever the preferences of US and EU policy-makers.

This article explores the issues faced by the EU in developing its international roles post-Brexit, using a combination of discursive analysis and role theory to investigate the development and performance of roles in a number of linked arenas. Central to this analysis is the assumption that whatever form Brexit takes, the EU and the UK will remain closely entangled, and thus that the post-Brexit role assumed by the UK will shape the evolution of EU external action. But a key task for analysis is to place the impact of Brexit into the array of wider forces affecting EU external action, and this is a key aim of the article. The article begins by exploring the discourses of globalism characteristic of UK and EU foreign policies, as focused by the debates about 'global Britain' and EU global strategy since 2015. It then introduces a simple framework for considering the roles conceived and performed by the EU, and their potential impact in the post-Brexit world. The article then considers three areas of EU external action, and the ways in which they might be shaped by a post-Brexit world: trade and development, transatlantic relations and security and defence policy. The conclusion discusses the implications of the cases, especially in relation to the conversion of discursive role constructs into performable roles - a problem central to EU external action - and concludes that whilst the impact of Brexit will be significant, it is likely to be less fundamental than the impact of the challenges faced by the EU in the global arena more broadly.

The potential for misunderstanding is ever-present in interaction, making it necessary that interactants have means for identifying and remediating troubles in understanding should they appear. These include not only practices for remediating others misunderstandings, but also for remediating ones own misunderstandings. Using English and Dutch data, we analyse a practice that participants use for remediating misapprehensions on their part of some prior talk or given state-of-affairs, where the speaker first indexes a change-of-state and then explicates their misapprehension with "I thought (that) X" or "ik dacht dat X". In doing so the speakers disclose themselves to have misapprehended some talk or state-of-affairs and by so doing re-apprehended the actual talk or correct state-of-affairs, while also accounting for any action or conduct predicated on that misapprehension.

The potential for misunderstanding is ever-present in interaction, making it necessary that interactants have means for identifying and remediating troubles in understanding should they appear. These include not only practices for remediating others misunderstandings, but also for remediating ones own misunderstandings. Using English and Dutch data, we analyse a practice that participants use for remediating misapprehensions on their part of some prior talk or given state-of-affairs, where the speaker first indexes a change-of-state and then explicates their misapprehension with "I thought (that) X" or "ik dacht dat X". In doing so the speakers disclose themselves to have misapprehended some talk or state-of-affairs and by so doing re-apprehended the actual talk or correct state-of-affairs, while also accounting for any action or conduct predicated on that misapprehension.

The mammalian lactoperoxidase system, consisting of lactoperoxidase and the H2O2-producing enzyme duox, is our first line of defence against airborne microbes. This system catalyses the production of hypoiodite and hypoiodous acid in the presence of sufficient iodine. These products are highly efficient at destroying the H1N1 virus and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Japan has not been affected as much as other nations during the COVID-19 pandemic (death rate about 10% of the United States), and we think this is due to a diet high in iodine. With this in mind, we suggest four actions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. First, health professionals should study the preventative effect of increasing iodine in the diets of the aged, institutionalized, diabetics andsmokers. Second, the recommended daily intake (RDI) for iodine should be significantly increased, to at least double, the current RDI. Governments should encourage the use and distribution of cheap iodized salts, kelp and seaweed. Third, more research should be done around the physiology and the protective effects of the lactoperoxidase system. Finally, the degradation products of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle by hypoiodite and hypoiodous acid should be characterized; portions of the damaged particle are likely to elicit stronger immunity and better vaccines.

The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.

The human reference genome is the most widely used resource in human genetics and is due for a major update. Its current structure is a linear composite of merged haplotypes from more than 20 people, with a single individual comprising most of the sequence. It contains biases and errors within a framework that does not represent global human genomic variation. A high-quality reference with global representation of common variants, including single-nucleotide variants, structural variants and functional elements, is needed. The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium aims to create a more sophisticated and complete human reference genome with a graph-based, telomere-to-telomere representation of global genomic diversity. Here we leverage innovations in technology, study design and global partnerships with the goal of constructing the highest-possible quality human pangenome reference. Our goal is to improve data representation and streamline analyses to enable routine assembly of complete diploid genomes. With attention to ethical frameworks, the human pangenome reference will contain a more accurate and diverse representation of global genomic variation, improve gene-disease association studies across populations, expand the scope of genomics research to the most repetitive and polymorphic regions of the genome, and serve as the ultimate genetic resource for future biomedical research and precision medicine.

Supersonic jets with excess gas pressure are associated with many phenomena including radio galaxies, protostars, volcanic plumes, rocket exhausts, and champagne cork popping. Some common properties are derived here based on steady uniform hydrodynamic flow from a circular orifice. We present a systematic numerical study over a wide range of parameters for Mach 2 jets, concentrating on simulations of jets with pressures exceeding the ambient pressure. With cylindrical symmetry, we show how the location of the stand-off and following downstream shocks depend not only on the overpressure but also on the density due to a feedback loop, which results in an oscillatory flow pattern. We conclude that rapidly varying and gradually evolving shock patterns arise even from steady uniform jets. This can take the form of turbulent plumes at high overpressures and regular oscillations at low overpressures. We identify where this screeching contributes to noise and sound wave generation, which may aid the regulation of star and galaxy formation. However, the main effect for such low Mach number jets is to drive a circulatory motion in which the ambient medium is driven out along the axial direction while mass and energy flow laterally inwards, setting up a large advection pattern. Once the initial bow shock has propagated out, the noise from the jet is insufficient to significantly alter the environment. High Mach number jets do not follow these conclusions and will be treated separately.

The potential for misunderstanding is ever-present in interaction, making it necessary that interactants have means for identifying and remediating troubles in understanding should they appear. These include not only practices for remediating others misunderstandings, but also for remediating ones own misunderstandings. Using English and Dutch data, we analyse a practice that participants use for remediating misapprehensions on their part of some prior talk or given state-of-affairs, where the speaker first indexes a change-of-state and then explicates their misapprehension with "I thought (that) X" or "ik dacht dat X". In doing so the speakers disclose themselves to have misapprehended some talk or state-of-affairs and by so doing re-apprehended the actual talk or correct state-of-affairs, while also accounting for any action or conduct predicated on that misapprehension.

Wind speeds measured by the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero crater were fitted as a Weibull distribution. InSight wind data acquired in Elysium Planitia were also used to contextualize observations. Jezero winds were found to be much calmer on average than in previous landing sites, despite the intense aeolian activity observed. However, a great influence of turbulence and wave activity was observed in the wind speed variations, thus driving the probability of reaching the highest wind speeds at Jezero, instead of sustained winds driven by local, regional, or large-scale circulation. The power spectral density of wind speed fluctuations follows a power-law, whose slope deviates depending on the time of day from that predicted considering homogeneous and isotropic turbulence. Daytime wave activity is related to convection cells and smaller eddies in the boundary layer, advected over the crater. The signature of convection cells was also found during dust storm conditions, when prevailing winds were consistent with a tidal drive. Nighttime fluctuations were also intense, suggesting strong mechanical turbulence. Convective vortices were usually involved in rapid wind fluctuations and extreme winds, with variations peaking at 9.2 times the background winds. Transient high wind events by vortex-passages, turbulence, and wave activity could be driving aeolian activity at Jezero. We report the detection of a strong dust cloud of 0.75–1.5 km in length passing over the rover. The observed aeolian activity had major implications for instrumentation, with the wind sensor suffering damage throughout the mission, probably due to flying debris advected by winds.

The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.