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In the last couple of decades, there has been an increasing trend of sports psychology research studies drawing on theoretical models from the realm of work and organizational psychology. These models have been either directly applied or adapted to fit the sports context. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the advantages and potential drawbacks of using models rooted in work and organizational psychology in sports psychology. We will first examine the similarities between the two contexts, followed by an in-depth analysis of theoretical models that have been successfully or unsuccessfully transferred to sports psychology, such as the Goal Setting Theory, the Theory of Transformational Leadership, the Conservation of Resources Theory, and the Demand-Induced Strain Compensation-Recovery Model. Ultimately, this review will provide a comprehensive overview of the benefits and pitfalls associated with applying work and organizational psychology theoretical models to sports psychology.

The study of Emotional Intelligence and Conflict Management has become increasingly relevant in the training of athletes, and Emotional Intelligence has been defined by the ability that a subject has to understand, express, understand and perceive emotions. Since these young athletes experience different emotions on the field during the game, as well as all the sports agents involved in it, it becomes important to understand their skills to deal with the emotions of themselves, their peers, but also other agents. sports. In this way, this work was developed with the objective of evaluating Emotional Intelligence and the way in which it relates to conflict management on the part of training athletes, in the football, taking into account their educational qualifications, from 15 to 19 years old, in a competitive context. The investigation involved 56 subjects aged between 15 and 19 years (M = 17.09 ; SD = 1.269). Data collection was carried out by completing three attempts: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Emotional Competence Questionnaire (ESQC) adapted for the Portuguese population by Faria and Lima Santos (2005) and Brief Questionnaire on Constructive Conflict Management. As for the results, athletes with secondary education have greater emotional competences and more effective conflict resolution strategies than athletes with primary education. We also found that Social Skills (Ability to Deal with Emotion, Emotional Perception, Emotional Expression) correlated positively and significantly with Conflict Management (Agreeableness, Dominance, Compromise)., O estudo da Inteligência Emocional e da Gestão de Conflitos tem vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais relevante na formação de atletas, sendo que a Inteligência emocional tem vindo a ser definida pela habilidade que um sujeito tem de compreender, expressar, gerir e perceber emoções. Sendo que estes jovens atletas experienciam diversas emoções em campo no decorrer do jogo, assim como todos os agentes desportivos intervenientes no mesmo, torna-se importante compreender as competências destes para lidar com as emoções dos próprios, dos seus pares, mas também de outros agentes desportivos. Desta forma este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a Inteligência Emocional e a forma como esta se relaciona com a gestão de conflitos por parte dos atletas de formação, na modalidade futebol, considerando as habilitações literárias, com idades entre os 15 aos 19 anos, em contexto competitivo. Na investigação participaram 56 sujeitos com idades compreendidas entre os 15 e os 19 anos (M = 17,09 ; Dp = 1,269). A recolha de dados foi efetuada através do preenchimento de três questionários: Questionário Sociodemográfico, Questionário de Competências Emocionais (ESQC) adaptado para a população portuguesa por Faria e Lima Santos (2005) e Questionário Breve de Gestão Construtiva de Conflitos. Quanto aos resultados os atletas com o ensino secundário apresentam maiores competências emocionais e estratégias de resolução de conflitos mais eficazes que os atletas com o ensino básico. Também verificámos que as Competências Sociais (Capacidade de Lidar com a Emoção, Perceção Emocional, Expressão Emocional ) se correlacionam positiva e significativamente com a Gestão de Conflitos (Anuência, Dominância, Compromisso).

Practicing a sport generates multiple benefits among human organism and at an emotional level; the same way those individuals who develop passion for a sport, take that sport to a higher level, in a competitive way or even to dedicate their lives to the field, however when sports are in practice at a competitive level, emotions control and coping strategies are required to help athletes manage difficulties and also achievements appropriately and without affecting their psychological and mental health. This research aimed to analyze the influences generated by coping strategies over psychological wellness in a group of Costa Rican athletes in a range of ages of 18-25. In relation to the methodology, in the study and quantitative approach 110 competition athletes participated in this research. Instruments used for measuring of variables were Spanish Scale of Psychological Adaptation from Ryff de Diaz et al. (2006); second instrument was Spanish adaptation of Coping Strategies Inventory from Cano et al. (2007). The results indicate that the correlations point out that as more social support received, better capability of emotional expression with a (rho = 0.552). Using cognitive restructuring as EA better capability for problem resolution with (rho = 0.526), looking for social support (rho = 0.482) and better emotional expression (rho = 0.493). Conclusion: Costa Rican athletes from metropolitan area use more frequently coping strategies and they feel more protected with those strategies focusing on the problem and the emotion; this choice of coping strategies influence their psychological wellness, to face their daily life, their success and challenges., Practicar un deporte genera múltiples beneficios en el organismo y a nivel emocional, de igual manera, quienes encuentran la pasión en algún deporte lo llevan a otro nivel, de manera competitiva o incluso hasta llegan a dedicarse por completo a esa disciplina, pero es importante cuando se practican deportes a nivel competitivo poder controlar emociones y tener estrategias de afrontamiento que ayuden a estos deportistas a manejar las dificultades y también los logros de manera adecuada y sin ver afectado su bienestar psicológico y por ende su salud mental. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la influencia que ejercen las estrategias de afrontamiento sobre el bienestar psicológico en un grupo de deportistas costarricenses de 18 a 25 años. En relación con la metodología, en el estudio de tipo correlacional y enfoque tipo cuantitativo, participaron 110 deportistas de competencia. Los instrumentos utilizados para la medición de las variables correspondieron la Adaptación española de la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff de Díaz et al. (2006); el segundo instrumento utilizado fue la adaptación española del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento de Cano et al. (2007). Los resultados indican que las correlaciones más significativas señalan que a mayor Apoyo Social, mayor capacidad de expresarse a nivel emocional (rho= 0.552) con un valor p < .001. De igual manera, al utilizar la Reestructuración Cognitiva como EA, mayor es la capacidad de resolver problemas (rho= 0.526) con un valor p < .001, de buscar Apoyo Social (rho= 0.482) con valor p < .001 y de expresarse mejor emocionalmente (rho= 0.493) con un valor p < .001. Se concluyó que los deportistas que conformaron la muestra utilizan con mayor frecuencia y se sienten mayormente respaldados con las estrategias de afrontamiento enfocadas en el problema y en la emoción; esta elección de estrategias de afrontamiento influye en su bienestar psicológico con la que se enfrentan en su vida cotidiana a los

This research explores the relationship between narcissistic tendencies and the performance of German Bundesliga teams from 2019 to 2023, focusing on both team captains and the overall squad. It tests the hypothesis that narcissism and performance metrics have a curvilinear, invert-ed U-shaped relationship, suggesting that moderate levels of narcissism enhance performance while high levels diminish it. Narcissistic traits are assessed using modified Chatterjee and Hambrick's measures adapted for social media. The findings suggest that balancing narcissistic traits within teams can maximize performance and cohesion. This study provides insights within a broader framework of organizational psychology, leadership studies, corporate social respon-sibility, and sports psychology. The ultimate goal is to offer empirical evidence to guide within the process of hiring and strategic decision-making in sports organizations, with potential appli-cations in corporate management., Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2024

The aim of the present study was to review the elite Crossfit athletes’ opinions of the importance of mental toughness to achieve optimal performance. A number of other research studies looking at psychological factors such as grit and mental toughness supports the idea that elite athletes should develop their mental capacity to improve their individual performance. The method and research design consists of a qualitative interview study where four elite crossfit athletes have been interviewed. The athletes participated in a semi-structured interview about mental toughness, the attributes of what it means to be a mentally tough athlete and if it is important to be mentally tough to become successful in the sport of Crossfit. A semi-structured interview is where a list of questions are prepared at the same time as giving the interviewee room to elaborate and raise issues that the researcher may have missed (Clarke & Braun, 2013). The interviews where then analysed through a thematic analysis. The participants that were included in this study consistedof Swedish elite Crossfit athletes. The results were divided into four themes which were: control commitment, challenge and confidence. These themes are from the 4 C model which is the definition of mental toughness by Clough et al. (2002). Challenge seems to be something that motivates the athletes to reach higher and something they also seek out. All the athletes agreed that commitment and confidence was crucial for having success in the sport and they also mentioned that mental toughness was important to be able to perform at your absolute best. The feeling of being in control was also mentioned as something that they strived for in the competition environment. The interview results together with the presented existing research indicates that according to elite Crossfit athletes, mental toughness is very valuable for a professional Crossfit athlete to both develop and maintain to become and stay successful in t, Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att granska Crossfit-elitidrottares åsikter om vikten av mental toughness för att uppnå optimal prestation. Ett antal andra olika forskningsstudier som tittar på psykologiska faktorer som grit och mental toughness stödjer tanken att elitidrottare bör utveckla sin mentala förmåga för att förbättra sin individuella prestation. Metoden och forskningsdesignen består av en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fyra elit Crossfit atleter har intervjuats. Atleterna deltog i en semistrukturerad intervju om mental tuffhet, egenskaperna för vad det innebär att vara en mentalt tuff idrottare och om det är viktigt att vara mentalt tuff för att bli framgångsrik i sporten Crossfit. En semistrukturerad intervju är där en intervjuguide förbereds samtidigt som intervjupersonen får utrymme att utveckla sina svar och lyfta frågor som forskaren kan ha missat (Clarke & Braun, 2013). Intervjuerna analyserades sedan genom en tematisk analys. Deltagarna som ingick i denna studie bestod av fyra svenska elit Crossfit atleter. Resultaten delades sedan in i fyra teman: kontroll, engagemang, utmaning och självförtroende. Dessa teman är enligt 4 C-modellen vilket är Clough et al., (2002) definition av mental toughness. Utmaningar verkar vara något som motiverar idrottarna att sträva högre och något de också söker sig till. Alla idrottare var överens om att engagemang och självförtroende var avgörande för att nå framgång i sporten och de nämnde också att mental toughness var viktigt för att kunna prestera på topp som atlet. Känslan av att vara i kontroll nämndes också som något man strävade efter i tävlingssammanhang. Intervjuresultaten tillsammans med den befintliga forskningen indikerar att mental toughness enligt elit Crossfit atleter, är mycket värdefullt för en elit Crossfit-atlet att både utveckla och bibehålla för att både bli och förbli framgångsrik inom sporten. Detta kan vara värdefull information för både coacher och atleter i sporten.

This cross-sectional study is based on quantitative method with the aim to investigate how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect psychological well-being in youth football players, and how well the different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates predict young football players' psychological well-being. The current study had 95 participants aged 16 to 19 years old (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The participants self-rated their experiences of coaching behaviors, motivational climates and psychological well-being based on the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sports, Percieved Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the coaching behavior competion/match strategy had the greatest postive effect on psychological well-being. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the coaching behavior negative personal contact had a negative effect on psychological well-being. The simple regression analysis also showed a positive effect on psychological well-being of task-oriented motivational climate, and a negative effect on psychological well-being of results-oriented motivational climate The results of the study are considered to be used to facilitate psychological well-being of youth football players through appropriate coaching bahviors and task-oriented motivational climates., Föreliggande tvärsnittsstudie är av kvantitativ design med syftet att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och olika typer av motivationsklimat påverkar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbollsspelare, samt hur väl de olika typerna av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat predicerar ungdomsfotbollsspelares psykologiska välbefinnande. Den aktuella studien hade 95 deltagare i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M=16.97, SD=2.6). Deltagarna självskattade sina upplevelser av tränarbeteenden, motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande utifrån frågeformulären Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 och Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being scales. Resultatet av en enkel regressionsanalys visade att tränarbeteendet tävling-/matchstrategi hade störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visade analysen att tränarbeteenden negativ personlig kontakt hade en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Den enkla regressionsanalysen visade även på en positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat, och en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat anses kunna användas för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande för ungdomsfotbollsspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftorienterade motivationsklimat

Föreliggande tvärsnittsstudie är av kvantitativ design med syftet att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och olika typer av motivationsklimat påverkar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbollsspelare, samt hur väl de olika typerna av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat predicerar ungdomsfotbollspelares psykologiska välbefinnande. Den aktuella studien hade 95 deltagare i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M= 16.97, SD= 2.6). Deltagarna självskattade sina upplevelser av tränarbeteenden, motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande utifrån frågeformulären Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 och Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. Resultatet av en enkel regressionsanalys visade att tränarbeteendet tävling/-matchstrategi hade störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visade analysen att tränarbeteendet negativ personlig kontakt hade en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Den enkla regressionsanalysen visade även på en positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat, och en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat anses kunna användas för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande för ungdomsfotbollspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftsorienterade motivationsklimat, This cross-sectional study is based on a quantitative method with the aim to investigate how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect psychological well-being in young football players, and how well the different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates predict young football players’ psychological wellbeing. The current study had 95 participants aged 16 to 19 years (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The participants self-rated their experiences of coaching behaviors, motivational climate and psychological well-being based on the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the coaching behavior competition/match strategy had the greatest positive effect on psychological well-being. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the coaching behavior negative personal contact had a negative effect on psychological well-being. The simple regression analysis also showed a positive effect on psychological well-being of task-oriented motivational climate, and a negative effect on psychological well-being of results-oriented motivational climate. The results of the study are considered to be used to facilitate psychological well-being of youth football players through appropriate coaching behaviors and task-oriented motivational climates.

The aim of the present study was to review the elite Crossfit athletes’ opinions of the importance of mental toughness to achieve optimal performance. A number of other research studies looking at psychological factors such as grit and mental toughness supports the idea that elite athletes should develop their mental capacity to improve their individual performance. The method and research design consists of a qualitative interview study where four elite crossfit athletes have been interviewed. The athletes participated in a semi-structured interview about mental toughness, the attributes of what it means to be a mentally tough athlete and if it is important to be mentally tough to become successful in the sport of Crossfit. A semi-structured interview is where a list of questions are prepared at the same time as giving the interviewee room to elaborate and raise issues that the researcher may have missed (Clarke & Braun, 2013). The interviews where then analysed through a thematic analysis. The participants that were included in this study consistedof Swedish elite Crossfit athletes. The results were divided into four themes which were: control commitment, challenge and confidence. These themes are from the 4 C model which is the definition of mental toughness by Clough et al. (2002). Challenge seems to be something that motivates the athletes to reach higher and something they also seek out. All the athletes agreed that commitment and confidence was crucial for having success in the sport and they also mentioned that mental toughness was important to be able to perform at your absolute best. The feeling of being in control was also mentioned as something that they strived for in the competition environment. The interview results together with the presented existing research indicates that according to elite Crossfit athletes, mental toughness is very valuable for a professional Crossfit athlete to both develop and maintain to become and stay successful in t, Det övergripande syftet med denna studie var att granska Crossfit-elitidrottares åsikter om vikten av mental toughness för att uppnå optimal prestation. Ett antal andra olika forskningsstudier som tittar på psykologiska faktorer som grit och mental toughness stödjer tanken att elitidrottare bör utveckla sin mentala förmåga för att förbättra sin individuella prestation. Metoden och forskningsdesignen består av en kvalitativ intervjustudie där fyra elit Crossfit atleter har intervjuats. Atleterna deltog i en semistrukturerad intervju om mental tuffhet, egenskaperna för vad det innebär att vara en mentalt tuff idrottare och om det är viktigt att vara mentalt tuff för att bli framgångsrik i sporten Crossfit. En semistrukturerad intervju är där en intervjuguide förbereds samtidigt som intervjupersonen får utrymme att utveckla sina svar och lyfta frågor som forskaren kan ha missat (Clarke & Braun, 2013). Intervjuerna analyserades sedan genom en tematisk analys. Deltagarna som ingick i denna studie bestod av fyra svenska elit Crossfit atleter. Resultaten delades sedan in i fyra teman: kontroll, engagemang, utmaning och självförtroende. Dessa teman är enligt 4 C-modellen vilket är Clough et al., (2002) definition av mental toughness. Utmaningar verkar vara något som motiverar idrottarna att sträva högre och något de också söker sig till. Alla idrottare var överens om att engagemang och självförtroende var avgörande för att nå framgång i sporten och de nämnde också att mental toughness var viktigt för att kunna prestera på topp som atlet. Känslan av att vara i kontroll nämndes också som något man strävade efter i tävlingssammanhang. Intervjuresultaten tillsammans med den befintliga forskningen indikerar att mental toughness enligt elit Crossfit atleter, är mycket värdefullt för en elit Crossfit-atlet att både utveckla och bibehålla för att både bli och förbli framgångsrik inom sporten. Detta kan vara värdefull information för både coacher och atleter i sporten.

The present study seeks to know how psychosocial coping are experienced at international matches in professional volleyball players of the Peruvian national team. A qualitative methodology with phenomenological-hermeneutic design was used. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with professional volleyball players belonging to the Peruvian women's team in the senior category. From the analysis, three categories, nine subcategories and seven codes were identified, which comprise the 189 units of analysis. The results showed that the main coping strategies used by the athletes are personal logical analysis and the analysis of the opposing team, the use of effort, the search for professional support and mental imagery. It is concluded that professional volleyball players in Peru mainly use task-oriented coping, carried out activities that allow them to feel capable and play an essential role in decision-making during competitions., ODS 3: Salud y bienestar, ODS 5: Igualdad de género, ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico

Med den ökande konkurrensen bland idrottare får mentala skillnader en allt större betydelse. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka om personlighet kan ha samband till prestation inom sporten bowling. För att undersöka detta fick svenska bowlingspelare besvara en enkät som inkluderade frågor om olika prestationsmått inom bowling samt personlighesformulär. Totalt inkom 121 svar vilka inkluderades i analyserna. Deltagarna hade ett åldersspann på 18 till 74 år (M = 41,89, SD = 14,24), samt en könsfördelning på 39 kvinnor (≈ 32,2 %) och 82 män (≈ 67,8 %). Personlighet har i denna studie utgått från The five-factor model of personality, även kallad femfaktormodellen, samt Grit. Resultaten från korrelations- och regressionsanalyser visade att spelare med höga värden på Grit generellt spelade i högre divisioner, medan personer med låga värden på neuroticism generellt sett hade högre snitt, vilket är ett mått på hur många poäng/serie spelaren har i genomsnitt. Resultaten visar därmed att vissa personlighetsdrag kan spela en roll för prestation inom bowling. Dock var resultaten inte helt entydiga då dessa personlighetsfaktorer endast var relaterade till specifika prestationsmått. Övriga personlighetsfaktorer kunde inte signifikant associeras med prestation inom bowling. Framtida studier bör undersöka om andra personlighetsfaktorer än de som inkluderades i denna studie, såväl som kognitiva aspekter som perception och beslutsfattande, kan relateras till prestation inom bowling., With the intensifying competition among athletes', individual differences in mental attributes have a greater impact. This study aimed to investigate if personality traits have a relationship with performance in the sport of bowling. To investigate this, Swedish bowlers responded to a questionnaire that included questions about their their history as bowlers and as well questions about their personality. In total, 121 responses were received and included in the analyses. The participants had an age range of 18 to 74 years (M = 41,89, SD = 14,24), and a gender distribution of 39 women (≈32,2 %) and 82 men (≈ 67,8 %). In this study, personality was conceptualized accordning to The five-factor model of personality and Grit. Results from the correlation- and regression analysis overall showed that players with high levels of Grit played in higher divisions, while individuals with low levels of neuroticism generally had a higher series average, which is a measure on how many points the player has as an average taking all games into account. The results thus show that personality can have an impact on performance in bowling. However, the results were unequivocal because these personality traits were only related to specific performance outcomes.No other personality traits were significantly associated with performance within bowling. Future studies should investigate if other personality factors than those included in the present study, and as well as cognitive aspects such as perception and decision making, can be related to performance in bowling.

Das Mountainbiken hat sich neben den traditionellen Bergsportarten etabliert (DAV, 2023). Dennoch bleibt die Frage: "Welche Motive liegen hinter der Ausübung dieser Sportart?" Diese Fragestellung birgt großes Interesse für die Forschung und praktische Anwendungen. Das Verständnis der Motive könnte maßgeschneiderte Marketingstrategien, Trainingsprogramme und neue Produkte für die Mountainbike-Community ermöglichen. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Motive von Mountainbiker*innen und betrachtet die vielfältigen Faktoren und Motivationslevel, die diese Sportart fördern. Eine Online-Befragung wurde durchgeführt, um die maßgeblichen Faktoren zur Entscheidung für das Mountainbiken aufzuzeigen. Die Motivation von Mountainbike-Fahrer*innen im alpinen Raum wurde mithilfe eines standardisierten Fragebogens und Clusteranalysen untersucht. Die Methodik orientierte sich an etablierten Ansätzen aus der Sportpsychologie (Gabler, 2002; Lehnert et al., 2011) und zielte auf die Identifizierung von Motivprofilen ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen vielschichtige Motive zum Mountainbiken, darunter die Bedeutung von Naturerlebnis, Entspannung, Herausforderung und sportlichem Erfolg. Soziale Interaktion und der Wettbewerbsaspekt sind weniger ausgeprägt. Typische Mountainbikefahrer*innen sind enthusiastische Personen im Durchschnittsalter von 33,88 Jahren, angetrieben von der Freude an der Natur und dem Outdoor-Erlebnis., Mountain Biking has established itself as a distinct discipline alongside traditional mountain sports such as mountaineering, hiking, and climbing (DAV, 2023). However, the question remains: "What motives underlie the practice of this sport?" This inquiry holds significant interest for both research and practical applications. Understanding the motives behind mountain biking could facilitate tailored marketing strategies, training programs, and the development of new products for the mountain biking community. This study examines the motives of mountain bikers and considers the diverse factors and levels of motivation that drive individuals to engage in this sport. An online survey was conducted to identify the key factors contributing to the decision to pursue mountain biking. The motivation of mountainbike riders in the alpine region was investigated using a standardized questionnaire and cluster analyses. The methodology was based on established approaches in sports psychology (Gabler, 2002; Lehnert et al., 2011) and aimed to identify motivation profiles. The results reveal multifaceted motives for mountain biking, including the importance of nature appreciation, relaxation, challenge, and athletic achievement. Social interaction and the competitive aspect are less pronounced. Typical mountainbikers are enthusiastic individuals with an average age of 33.88 years, primarily driven by a passion for nature and the outdoor experience., Marie-Christin Repp, Ein Abstract in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

The behavior of the subjects who follow high-performance sports disciplines, particularly team sports such as soccer, basketball, baseball, rugby, among others, stands out for being a model of aggressiveness, violence, offense, contempt for opponents both in times of competition and outside her. When there are sports matches whose objective is to surpass the other, situations arise that influence the behavior of the fan-follower, which can lead to affect both his life and the lives of others. Frequent attacks, with an aspect of violence, show a lack of consciousness regarding the conception of sport as a means of preserving and maintaining health to such an extent that one's life is put at risk. This article aims to show the existing need to psychologically train high-performance athletes, specifically soccer players, so that they have a positive performance on the playing fields for health and the preservation of life. The content of the article is developed by revealing some conceptualizations from different disciplinary points of view- related to sports, high performance sports, sports psychology and related factors such as aggression, violence, self-esteem, among others. Some suggestions of soccer as a high-performance sports discipline towards the practitioner and possible interventions from sports psychology with a view to reducing the different types of injury are analyzed., El comportamiento de los practicantes de las diferentes disciplinas deportivas de alto rendimiento, particularmente de deportes de equipo como el fútbol, se destaca por ser modelo de agresividad, violencia, ofensa, desprecio hacia los jugadores de los equipos contrarios durante la competencia. Cuando hay encuentros futbolísticos, cuyo objetivo es superar al otro se presentan situaciones que influyen en el comportamiento propio y del jugador oponente. Las agresiones frecuentes muestran una concepción de deporte diferente a aquella que lo promueve como medio de preservación y mantenimiento de la salud hasta tal punto que se llega a poner en riesgo la propia vida. El contenido del artículo se desarrolla dando a conocer algunas conceptualizaciones desde diferentes puntos de vista disciplinario- relacionadas con deporte tales como deporte de alto rendimiento, psicología del deporte y factores relacionados como la agresión, violencia, autoestima, entre otros. Se analizan algunas implicaciones del futbol como disciplina deportiva de alto rendimiento hacia el practicante y posibles intervenciones desde la psicología deportiva con miras a la disminución de los diferentes tipos de agresión y lesión.

Med den ökande konkurrensen bland idrottare får mentala skillnader en allt större betydelse. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka om personlighet kan ha samband till prestation inom sporten bowling. För att undersöka detta fick svenska bowlingspelare besvara en enkät som inkluderade frågor om olika prestationsmått inom bowling samt personlighesformulär. Totalt inkom 121 svar vilka inkluderades i analyserna. Deltagarna hade ett åldersspann på 18 till 74 år (M = 41,89, SD = 14,24), samt en könsfördelning på 39 kvinnor (≈ 32,2 %) och 82 män (≈ 67,8 %). Personlighet har i denna studie utgått från The five-factor model of personality, även kallad femfaktormodellen, samt Grit. Resultaten från korrelations- och regressionsanalyser visade att spelare med höga värden på Grit generellt spelade i högre divisioner, medan personer med låga värden på neuroticism generellt sett hade högre snitt, vilket är ett mått på hur många poäng/serie spelaren har i genomsnitt. Resultaten visar därmed att vissa personlighetsdrag kan spela en roll för prestation inom bowling. Dock var resultaten inte helt entydiga då dessa personlighetsfaktorer endast var relaterade till specifika prestationsmått. Övriga personlighetsfaktorer kunde inte signifikant associeras med prestation inom bowling. Framtida studier bör undersöka om andra personlighetsfaktorer än de som inkluderades i denna studie, såväl som kognitiva aspekter som perception och beslutsfattande, kan relateras till prestation inom bowling., With the intensifying competition among athletes', individual differences in mental attributes have a greater impact. This study aimed to investigate if personality traits have a relationship with performance in the sport of bowling. To investigate this, Swedish bowlers responded to a questionnaire that included questions about their their history as bowlers and as well questions about their personality. In total, 121 responses were received and included in the analyses. The participants had an age range of 18 to 74 years (M = 41,89, SD = 14,24), and a gender distribution of 39 women (≈32,2 %) and 82 men (≈ 67,8 %). In this study, personality was conceptualized accordning to The five-factor model of personality and Grit. Results from the correlation- and regression analysis overall showed that players with high levels of Grit played in higher divisions, while individuals with low levels of neuroticism generally had a higher series average, which is a measure on how many points the player has as an average taking all games into account. The results thus show that personality can have an impact on performance in bowling. However, the results were unequivocal because these personality traits were only related to specific performance outcomes.No other personality traits were significantly associated with performance within bowling. Future studies should investigate if other personality factors than those included in the present study, and as well as cognitive aspects such as perception and decision making, can be related to performance in bowling.

Bu araştırmada, profesyonel futbol müsabakalarında erken ofansif oyuncu değişikliğinin müsabaka sonucu ve oyuncu psikolojisi üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın yöntemi, nicel ve nitel yöntemlerin bir arada kullanıldığı eş zamanlı karma yöntemler araştırması desenidir. Nicel kısımda, TFF 1. Lig’de 2017-2018 ve 2018-2019 sezonlarındaki toplam 612 maçta, takımların beraberlik veya mağlubiyet esnasında, erken evrede (ilk devre içerisinde ve devre arasında) gerçekleştirdikleri 345 ofansif oyuncu değişikliği incelenmiştir. Nitel kısımda; aynı sezonlarda, beraberlik veya mağlubiyet durumlarında erken evre ofansif oyuncu değişikliği gerçekleştiren dört teknik direktör, oyuna giren dört ofansif oyuncu ve oyundan çıkan dört oyuncu ile görüşülmüştür. Nicel kısmın verilerinin istatistiksel analizinde ki-kare testi kullanılmış, nitel kısımda ise ‘Yarı Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Formu’ verilerinin içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, teknik direktörler gerçekleştirdikleri erken evre ofansif oyuncu değişikliklerini genel olarak maçın skoru ile ilişkilendirmiş ve ofansif oyuncuların oyuna dahil edilmesini skor üretebilme çabası olarak görmüşlerdir. Ancak ilgili sezonlarda beraberlik veya mağlubiyet durumlarında gerçekleştirilen oyuncu değişikleri sonrasında, oyuncuların %15,07’sinin katkı (gol ve/veya asist) sağladığı, %84,93’ünün ise katkı sağlamadığı belirlenmiştir. Oyuna giren ofansif oyuncular ideal performanslarını olumsuz yönde etkileyen faktörleri; motivasyon eksikliği, konsantre olamama, hissedilen baskı, yetersiz ısınma, oyunun temposuna uyum sağlayamama olarak ifade etmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte, oyuna giren ofansif oyuncuların katkı sağladığı müsabakalarda takımın puan kazanmasının, katkı sağlamadığı müsabakalarda ise takımın aldığı puanda bir değişiklik olmamasının anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Erken evre ofansif oyuncu değişiklikleri ile oyundan çıkartılan oyuncular ise hem psikolo, This study aims to examine the effects of early offensive player substitution on the outcome of the match and player psychology in professional football matches. The method of the research is the simultaneous mixed methods research design in which quantitative and qualitative methods are used together. In the quantitative part, 345 offensive substitutions made by the teams in the early phase (during the first half or the halftime), given that the match was a draw or a loss for their side, in a total of 612 games played in the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons at the TFF 1st League were examined. In the qualitative part four coaches who made early-stage offensive substitutions in case of a draw or loss, four offensive players entering the game and four players leaving the game during the same seasons were interviewed. The data gathered for the quantitative part was analysed using chi-square test and a content analysis was performed for the qualitative part using a semi-structured interview form. As a result of the research, it was determined that the coaches generally associated early stage offensive substitutions they made with the score of the match and saw the inclusion of offensive players in the game as an effort to produce a score. However, it has been determined that 15.07% of the players contribute (goals and/or assists) and 84.93% do not contribute after substitutions made in case of draw or loss in the relevant seasons. Offensive players entering the game listed the factors that negatively affect their ideal performance as lack of motivation, inability to concentrate, pressure felt, insufficient warm-up, inability to adapt to the pace of the game. In addition to this, it was determined that the team gained points in the competitions in which the players contributed, and there was no change in the team’s score in the competitions in which the players did not contribute was statistically significant (p<0.05). Players who were removed from the game with early

The present study seeks to know how psychosocial coping are experienced at international matches in professional volleyball players of the Peruvian national team. A qualitative methodology with phenomenological-hermeneutic design was used. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with professional volleyball players belonging to the Peruvian women's team in the senior category. From the analysis, three categories, nine subcategories and seven codes were identified, which comprise the 189 units of analysis. The results showed that the main coping strategies used by the athletes are personal logical analysis and the analysis of the opposing team, the use of effort, the search for professional support and mental imagery. It is concluded that professional volleyball players in Peru mainly use task-oriented coping, carried out activities that allow them to feel capable and play an essential role in decision-making during competitions., ODS 3: Salud y bienestar, ODS 5: Igualdad de género, ODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico

Föreliggande tvärsnittsstudie är av kvantitativ design med syftet att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och olika typer av motivationsklimat påverkar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbollsspelare, samt hur väl de olika typerna av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat predicerar ungdomsfotbollspelares psykologiska välbefinnande. Den aktuella studien hade 95 deltagare i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M= 16.97, SD= 2.6). Deltagarna självskattade sina upplevelser av tränarbeteenden, motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande utifrån frågeformulären Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 och Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. Resultatet av en enkel regressionsanalys visade att tränarbeteendet tävling/-matchstrategi hade störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visade analysen att tränarbeteendet negativ personlig kontakt hade en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Den enkla regressionsanalysen visade även på en positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat, och en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat anses kunna användas för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande för ungdomsfotbollspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftsorienterade motivationsklimat, This cross-sectional study is based on a quantitative method with the aim to investigate how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect psychological well-being in young football players, and how well the different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates predict young football players’ psychological wellbeing. The current study had 95 participants aged 16 to 19 years (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The participants self-rated their experiences of coaching behaviors, motivational climate and psychological well-being based on the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the coaching behavior competition/match strategy had the greatest positive effect on psychological well-being. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the coaching behavior negative personal contact had a negative effect on psychological well-being. The simple regression analysis also showed a positive effect on psychological well-being of task-oriented motivational climate, and a negative effect on psychological well-being of results-oriented motivational climate. The results of the study are considered to be used to facilitate psychological well-being of youth football players through appropriate coaching behaviors and task-oriented motivational climates.

This cross-sectional study is based on quantitative method with the aim to investigate how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect psychological well-being in youth football players, and how well the different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates predict young football players' psychological well-being. The current study had 95 participants aged 16 to 19 years old (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The participants self-rated their experiences of coaching behaviors, motivational climates and psychological well-being based on the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sports, Percieved Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the coaching behavior competion/match strategy had the greatest postive effect on psychological well-being. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the coaching behavior negative personal contact had a negative effect on psychological well-being. The simple regression analysis also showed a positive effect on psychological well-being of task-oriented motivational climate, and a negative effect on psychological well-being of results-oriented motivational climate The results of the study are considered to be used to facilitate psychological well-being of youth football players through appropriate coaching bahviors and task-oriented motivational climates., Föreliggande tvärsnittsstudie är av kvantitativ design med syftet att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och olika typer av motivationsklimat påverkar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbollsspelare, samt hur väl de olika typerna av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat predicerar ungdomsfotbollsspelares psykologiska välbefinnande. Den aktuella studien hade 95 deltagare i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M=16.97, SD=2.6). Deltagarna självskattade sina upplevelser av tränarbeteenden, motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande utifrån frågeformulären Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 och Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being scales. Resultatet av en enkel regressionsanalys visade att tränarbeteendet tävling-/matchstrategi hade störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visade analysen att tränarbeteenden negativ personlig kontakt hade en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Den enkla regressionsanalysen visade även på en positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat, och en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat anses kunna användas för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande för ungdomsfotbollsspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftorienterade motivationsklimat

The authors were operating in professional roles related to preparations for Tokyo 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world. The purpose of the article is to share applied experiences and personal reflections from different parts of the world of psychological challenges and support strategies adopted in elite sports during the first phase of the pandemic. The article focuses on the period between March–August 2020. Common themes experienced across countries included motivational issues, stress and anxiety, loss of routine, life balance challenges, but also benefits for some athletes of extended preparation time and recovery. Variations in support strategies and consequences from the effects of COVID-19 occurred across countries, sports, and staff and athlete roles in elite sports.

Background: The purpose of this paper was to explore maladaptive behaviors among physically active individuals, including exercise dependence and use of anabolic steroids. Both exercise addiction (EA) and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) correlate to high amounts of exercise and EA have been linked to eating disorders and other mental health problems. Methods: An internet survey was spread through fitness-related social media. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 15 years and exercise frequency ≥ thrice weekly. Exercise addiction inventory identified those at-risk of EA (rEA). Characteristics of rEA were compared to those not at risk. In a separate analysis, AAS users were compared to AAS-naïve individuals. Results: In total, 3,029 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these, 11% screened positive for being rEA, and 23% for ED. Factors associated with EA included daily exercise, social phobia, eating disorders and OCD. Risk consumption of alcohol was a negative predictor. Thirty seven participants had taken AAS the last year. These were mainly men, bodybuilders/powerlifters and more often used amphetamines and opioids. Discussion: This exploratory study supports EA being strongly associated with eating disorders. Identified associations between EA and compulsive or anxiety disorders warrant further research to clarify if these associations arise prior to, together with, or secondary to EA.

Background: The purpose of this paper was to explore maladaptive behaviors among physically active individuals, including exercise dependence and use of anabolic steroids. Both exercise addiction (EA) and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) correlate to high amounts of exercise and EA have been linked to eating disorders and other mental health problems. Methods: An internet survey was spread through fitness-related social media. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 15 years and exercise frequency ≥ thrice weekly. Exercise addiction inventory identified those at-risk of EA (rEA). Characteristics of rEA were compared to those not at risk. In a separate analysis, AAS users were compared to AAS-naïve individuals. Results: In total, 3,029 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these, 11% screened positive for being rEA, and 23% for ED. Factors associated with EA included daily exercise, social phobia, eating disorders and OCD. Risk consumption of alcohol was a negative predictor. Thirty seven participants had taken AAS the last year. These were mainly men, bodybuilders/powerlifters and more often used amphetamines and opioids. Discussion: This exploratory study supports EA being strongly associated with eating disorders. Identified associations between EA and compulsive or anxiety disorders warrant further research to clarify if these associations arise prior to, together with, or secondary to EA.

The authors were operating in professional roles related to preparations for Tokyo 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world. The purpose of the article is to share applied experiences and personal reflections from different parts of the world of psychological challenges and support strategies adopted in elite sports during the first phase of the pandemic. The article focuses on the period between March–August 2020. Common themes experienced across countries included motivational issues, stress and anxiety, loss of routine, life balance challenges, but also benefits for some athletes of extended preparation time and recovery. Variations in support strategies and consequences from the effects of COVID-19 occurred across countries, sports, and staff and athlete roles in elite sports.

Accurate baseline data are essential for researchers to determine an intervention’s effects yet may be affected by anticipatory anxiety and assessment familiarity. Familiarization sessions help establish accurate baseline data. High-intensity functional training (HIFT) elicits performance outcomes based on constantly varied workouts. It is unclear how familiarization affects anticipatory anxiety and workout performance among HIFT novices. Familiarization was hypothesized to decrease anxiety and improve workout performance. Sixteen college-aged subjects (62.5% women, 20.2 ± 1.14 years) completed one introductory and four sessions of the same workout. All subjects were recreationally trained with no HIFT experience. State and trait anxiety were assessed at the first session. During the workout sessions, state anxiety (SQALS) was assessed upon arrival at the gym (SQALS 1), after learning the workout protocol (SQALS 2), and when the workout concluded (SQALS 3). A significant main effect of the number of previous sessions on workout performance was observed (p = 0.011). A repeated-measures ANOVA showed a main effect of time on SQALS 1 (p < 0.001), SQALS 2 (p < 0.001), and SQALS 3 (p < 0.001). Our results suggest implementing two familiarization sessions for our HIFT-based workout was sufficient to decrease anxiety and establish a baseline measurement. Future research should examine if this remains true for other types of HIFT-based workouts.

The objective of this research was to know the relationship of the predictive variables of stress and commitment in the sports and academic context of adolescent judokas based on different personal characteristics, such as sex and sports level. Material and methods: A selective research methodology was used, with a retrospective ex-post-facto design. The sample consisted of 111 competing judokas (59 men and 52 women) aged between 11 and 19 years, all of them students of regulated secondary education. Results: In general, the sample effect size was large in variables like Sport Task Coping; medium in Sport Distancing Coping and short in Sport Emotion Coping. The correlational analysis between the variables of interest showed the existence of a negative relationship of stress with resilience and commitment, both in the academic and sports fields. Second, two clusters were extracted from the sample using the Ward's method and taking into account the interval provided by the squared Euclidean distance standardized by Z scores and generating a dendrogram. The analyses carried out show the existence of two large groups of judokas with similar characteristics to each other and different from the rest. The results verified the relationship between stress variables and the commitment between the academic and sports context, therefore, the sports practice could be used as a means to improve stress coping strategies and to improve commitment in the academic field. Conclusions: Sports stress predicts academic stress, and sports stress and resilience predict academic engagement., El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la relación de las variables predictoras del estrés y el compromiso en el contexto deportivo y académico de adolescentes judokas en función de distintas características personales, como el sexo y el nivel deportivo. Material y métodos: Se empleó una metodología de investigación selectiva, con un diseño ex-post-facto retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo formada por 111 judokas competidores (59 hombres y 52 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 19 años, todos ellos estudiantes de enseñanzas secundarias regladas. Resultados: En general, el tamaño del efecto de la muestra fue grande en variables como el afrontamiento deportivo de tarea; medio en el afrontamiento deportivo de distanciamiento y pequeño compromiso deportivo de emoción. El análisis correlacional entre las variables de interés mostró la existencia de una relación negativa del estrés con la resiliencia y el compromiso, tanto en el ámbito académico como deportivo. En segundo lugar, se extrajeron dos clústeres de la muestra mediante el método de Ward empleando el intervalo proporcionado por la distancia euclidea al cuadrado estandarizada mediante puntuaciones Z y generando un dendograma. Los análisis realizados muestran la existencia de dos grandes grupos de judokas con características semejantes entre ellos y distintas respecto al otro. Los resultados verificaron la relación entre las variables del estrés y el compromiso entre el contexto académico y deportivo, por lo que la práctica deportiva podría ser empleada como un medio para la mejora de las estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés y para la mejora del compromiso en el ámbito académico. Conclusiones: El estrés deportivo predice el estrés académico, y el estrés y la resiliencia deportivos predicen el compromiso académico.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is a psychological skill that aids athletes in the control of emotions and optimization of sports performance. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) in 508 Brazilian youth and adult athletes (mean age 18.55±4.68 years). Data analysis was conducted through Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory (CFA) Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and Pearson's Correlation (p<0.05). EFA revealed the one-factor model with 26 items with the best adjustment. CFA confirmed the one-factor model with 26 items with best greater fit. No evidence of invariance was found, suggesting that the SSEIT must be used with caution when comparing gender and age groups. The external validity was found in the correlation of EI and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. It is concluded that the Brazilian version of SSEIT for the sports context presented acceptable psychometric properties, however, showed limitations that should be explored in the future., Resumen La inteligencia emocional (IE) es una habilidad psicológica que ayuda a los atletas a controlar las emociones y optimizar el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio investigó las propiedades psicométricas de la Prueba de Inteligencia Emocional de Autoinforme (SSEIT) en 508 atletas jóvenes y adultos brasileños (edad media 18.55 ± 4.68 años). El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del análisis factorial exploratorio (EFA) y confirmatorio (CFA), alfa de Cronbach, fiabilidad compuesta y correlación de Pearson (p <.05). EFA reveló el modelo de un factor con 26 artículos con el mejor ajuste. CFA confirmó el modelo de un factor con 26 ítems con el mejor ajuste mayor. No se encontró evidencia de invariancia, lo que sugiere que el SSEIT debe usarse con precaución al comparar grupos de genero y edad. La validez externa se encontró en la correlación de la IE y la ansiedad cognitiva y la autoconfianza. Se concluye que la versión brasileña de SSEIT para el contexto deportivo presentó propiedades psicométricas aceptables, sin embargo, mostró limitaciones que deberían explorarse en el futuro.

The authors were operating in professional roles related to preparations for Tokyo 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world. The purpose of the article is to share applied experiences and personal reflections from different parts of the world of psychological challenges and support strategies adopted in elite sports during the first phase of the pandemic. The article focuses on the period between March–August 2020. Common themes experienced across countries included motivational issues, stress and anxiety, loss of routine, life balance challenges, but also benefits for some athletes of extended preparation time and recovery. Variations in support strategies and consequences from the effects of COVID-19 occurred across countries, sports, and staff and athlete roles in elite sports.

Background: The purpose of this paper was to explore maladaptive behaviors among physically active individuals, including exercise dependence and use of anabolic steroids. Both exercise addiction (EA) and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) correlate to high amounts of exercise and EA have been linked to eating disorders and other mental health problems. Methods: An internet survey was spread through fitness-related social media. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 15 years and exercise frequency ≥ thrice weekly. Exercise addiction inventory identified those at-risk of EA (rEA). Characteristics of rEA were compared to those not at risk. In a separate analysis, AAS users were compared to AAS-naïve individuals. Results: In total, 3,029 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these, 11% screened positive for being rEA, and 23% for ED. Factors associated with EA included daily exercise, social phobia, eating disorders and OCD. Risk consumption of alcohol was a negative predictor. Thirty seven participants had taken AAS the last year. These were mainly men, bodybuilders/powerlifters and more often used amphetamines and opioids. Discussion: This exploratory study supports EA being strongly associated with eating disorders. Identified associations between EA and compulsive or anxiety disorders warrant further research to clarify if these associations arise prior to, together with, or secondary to EA.

Background: The purpose of this paper was to explore maladaptive behaviors among physically active individuals, including exercise dependence and use of anabolic steroids. Both exercise addiction (EA) and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) correlate to high amounts of exercise and EA have been linked to eating disorders and other mental health problems. Methods: An internet survey was spread through fitness-related social media. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 15 years and exercise frequency ≥ thrice weekly. Exercise addiction inventory identified those at-risk of EA (rEA). Characteristics of rEA were compared to those not at risk. In a separate analysis, AAS users were compared to AAS-naïve individuals. Results: In total, 3,029 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these, 11% screened positive for being rEA, and 23% for ED. Factors associated with EA included daily exercise, social phobia, eating disorders and OCD. Risk consumption of alcohol was a negative predictor. Thirty seven participants had taken AAS the last year. These were mainly men, bodybuilders/powerlifters and more often used amphetamines and opioids. Discussion: This exploratory study supports EA being strongly associated with eating disorders. Identified associations between EA and compulsive or anxiety disorders warrant further research to clarify if these associations arise prior to, together with, or secondary to EA.

Background: The purpose of this paper was to explore maladaptive behaviors among physically active individuals, including exercise dependence and use of anabolic steroids. Both exercise addiction (EA) and use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) correlate to high amounts of exercise and EA have been linked to eating disorders and other mental health problems. Methods: An internet survey was spread through fitness-related social media. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 15 years and exercise frequency ≥ thrice weekly. Exercise addiction inventory identified those at-risk of EA (rEA). Characteristics of rEA were compared to those not at risk. In a separate analysis, AAS users were compared to AAS-naïve individuals. Results: In total, 3,029 participants completed the questionnaire. Of these, 11% screened positive for being rEA, and 23% for ED. Factors associated with EA included daily exercise, social phobia, eating disorders and OCD. Risk consumption of alcohol was a negative predictor. Thirty seven participants had taken AAS the last year. These were mainly men, bodybuilders/powerlifters and more often used amphetamines and opioids. Discussion: This exploratory study supports EA being strongly associated with eating disorders. Identified associations between EA and compulsive or anxiety disorders warrant further research to clarify if these associations arise prior to, together with, or secondary to EA.

The authors were operating in professional roles related to preparations for Tokyo 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world. The purpose of the article is to share applied experiences and personal reflections from different parts of the world of psychological challenges and support strategies adopted in elite sports during the first phase of the pandemic. The article focuses on the period between March–August 2020. Common themes experienced across countries included motivational issues, stress and anxiety, loss of routine, life balance challenges, but also benefits for some athletes of extended preparation time and recovery. Variations in support strategies and consequences from the effects of COVID-19 occurred across countries, sports, and staff and athlete roles in elite sports.

The authors were operating in professional roles related to preparations for Tokyo 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic changed the world. The purpose of the article is to share applied experiences and personal reflections from different parts of the world of psychological challenges and support strategies adopted in elite sports during the first phase of the pandemic. The article focuses on the period between March–August 2020. Common themes experienced across countries included motivational issues, stress and anxiety, loss of routine, life balance challenges, but also benefits for some athletes of extended preparation time and recovery. Variations in support strategies and consequences from the effects of COVID-19 occurred across countries, sports, and staff and athlete roles in elite sports.

The aim of this article to observe a research area dedicated to identifying the psychological foundations of skills in sports. This direction is common for Russian and foreign studies, which include measurements of mental processes (attention, perception, thinking, etc.) in sports. Researches in this direction in Russian and foreign sports psychology goes with similar tools, but with some methodological differences, the analysis of which will allow better understanding psychological and psychophysiological patterns in sports activity., В статье рассматривается исследовательское направление, посвященное выявлению психологических основ мастерства в спорте. Это направление является общим для отечественных и зарубежных исследований, включающих в себя объективные измерения проявлений психических процессов внимания, восприятия, мышления и т. п. в спорте. Исследования в данном направлении осуществлялось и в отечественной, и зарубежной психологии спорта похожим инструментарием, но с некоторыми методологическими различиями, анализ которых позволит лучше понимать проявление психологических и психофизиологических закономерностей в спортивной деятельности.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

Problem Doctors experience a range of negative reactions when managing acutely unwell patients. These may manifest as emotions, such as low confidence or behaviors, such as tremors or fidgeting. Without appropriate coping strategies, such emotions and behaviors can impede optimal clinical performance, which directly affects patient care. Athletes use performance enhancing routines (PERs) to minimize the effect of their negative emotions and behaviors on competitive performance. The authors investigated whether PERs could similarly improve recently qualified doctors’ emotional and behavioral control while managing acutely unwell patients and whether the doctors perceived any effect on clinical performance. Approach Twelve doctors within 2 years of graduation from medical school recruited from 2 sites Sheffield and Chesterfield, United Kingdom implemented PERs using the PERFORM (Performance Enhancing Routines For Optimization of Readiness Using Metacognition) model over a 4-month period between April and December 2017. The doctors’ perceptions of PERFORM’s effect on their ability to manage patients was evaluated using self-reported mixed-methods data, including think aloud commentaries, semi-structured interviews, and self-efficacy scores. Outcomes Doctors reported that PERFORM improved their ability to control negative emotions or behaviors during an acutely unwell patient in situ simulation, showing a statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy scores (P = .003, effect size = 0.89). Qualitative data revealed perceived improvement in aspects of clinical performance such as enhanced knowledge recall and decision making. These performance attributes appeared to positively impact interprofessional relationships and patient care. Doctors individualized their PERs and supported the wider implementation of PERFORM in health care education, particularly during the transition from student to qualified physician.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue reducir en un futbolista senior la aparición de ciertas conductas disruptivas o consideradas hostiles ante situaciones de conflicto. Para ello, se ha implementado un diseño experimental A-B-A, observando en una primera fase (línea base) las conductas a modificar, interviniendo en la segunda mediante entrenamiento en técnicas de respiración y reforzamiento diferencial de conductas incompatibles y contemplando finalmente si los cambios experimentados se mantienen tras la retirada de la intervención. Los resultados revelan que la intervención ha producido cambios en el comportamiento del deportista, disminuyendo significativamente las conductas disruptivas y hostiles del mismo tales como protestas, insultos o amenazas, gestos de enfados y hostilidad o abandonar el campo. Se concluye que la intervención psicológica en el control de la respiración y el reforzamiento diferencial es eficaz para la mejora del autocontrol del deportista. De este modo, este gana un recurso para aumentar su rendimiento y, lo que, es más, la calidad de su relación con todo aquel que forme parte de su entorno deportivo., The objective of this study was to reduce the appearance of certain disruptive or hostile behaviors in conflict situations in a senior soccer player. For this purpose, an ABA experimental design was implemented, observing in the first phase (baseline) the behaviors to be modified, intervening in the second through training in breathing techniques and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors, and finally contemplating whether the changes observed are maintained after withdrawal of the intervention. The results revealed that the intervention produced changes in the athlete’s behavior, significantly reducing disruptive and hostile behaviors. Research in this line continues to improvements when working with psychological variables in athletes. In this case, the soccer player benefited from a psychological tool which he can turn to in order to manage his behavior in a more adapted way in situations of this kind. In this way, a resource is gained to increase his performance and, what is more, the quality of his relationship with everyone who is part of his sports environment is improved., O objetivo deste estudo foi reduzir o aparecimento de certos comportamentos disruptivos ou hostis em situações de conflito num jogador de futebol sénior. Para isso, foi implementado um desenho experimental A-B-A, observando numa primeira fase (linha de base) os comportamentos a serem modificados, intervindo na segunda através de treino em técnicas de respiração e reforço diferencial de comportamentos incompatíveis, e finalmente contemplando se as mudanças vivenciadas são mantidas após a retirada da intervenção. Os resultados revelam que a intervenção produziu mudanças no comportamento do atleta, reduzindo significativamente os comportamentos disruptivos e hostis tais como protestos, insultos ou ameaças, gestos de protesto e hostilidade ou abandonar o campo. Conclui-se que a intervenção psicológica no controlo da respiração e o reforço diferencial são eficazes para a melhoria do autocontrolo do atleta. Dessa forma, o jogador ganha um recurso para aumentar o seu rendimento e, mais ainda, a qualidade do seu relacionamento com todos que fazem parte de seu ambiente desportivo.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue reducir en un futbolista senior la aparición de ciertas conductas disruptivas o consideradas hostiles ante situaciones de conflicto. Para ello, se ha implementado un diseño experimental A-B-A, observando en una primera fase (línea base) las conductas a modificar, interviniendo en la segunda mediante entrenamiento en técnicas de respiración y reforzamiento diferencial de conductas incompatibles y contemplando finalmente si los cambios experimentados se mantienen tras la retirada de la intervención. Los resultados revelan que la intervención ha producido cambios en el comportamiento del deportista, disminuyendo significativamente las conductas disruptivas y hostiles del mismo tales como protestas, insultos o amenazas, gestos de enfados y hostilidad o abandonar el campo. Se concluye que la intervención psicológica en el control de la respiración y el reforzamiento diferencial es eficaz para la mejora del autocontrol del deportista. De este modo, este gana un recurso para aumentar su rendimiento y, lo que, es más, la calidad de su relación con todo aquel que forme parte de su entorno deportivo., The objective of this study was to reduce the appearance of certain disruptive or hostile behaviors in conflict situations in a senior soccer player. For this purpose, an ABA experimental design was implemented, observing in the first phase (baseline) the behaviors to be modified, intervening in the second through training in breathing techniques and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors, and finally contemplating whether the changes observed are maintained after withdrawal of the intervention. The results revealed that the intervention produced changes in the athlete’s behavior, significantly reducing disruptive and hostile behaviors. Research in this line continues to improvements when working with psychological variables in athletes. In this case, the soccer player benefited from a psychological tool which he can turn to in order to manage his behavior in a more adapted way in situations of this kind. In this way, a resource is gained to increase his performance and, what is more, the quality of his relationship with everyone who is part of his sports environment is improved., O objetivo deste estudo foi reduzir o aparecimento de certos comportamentos disruptivos ou hostis em situações de conflito num jogador de futebol sénior. Para isso, foi implementado um desenho experimental A-B-A, observando numa primeira fase (linha de base) os comportamentos a serem modificados, intervindo na segunda através de treino em técnicas de respiração e reforço diferencial de comportamentos incompatíveis, e finalmente contemplando se as mudanças vivenciadas são mantidas após a retirada da intervenção. Os resultados revelam que a intervenção produziu mudanças no comportamento do atleta, reduzindo significativamente os comportamentos disruptivos e hostis tais como protestos, insultos ou ameaças, gestos de protesto e hostilidade ou abandonar o campo. Conclui-se que a intervenção psicológica no controlo da respiração e o reforço diferencial são eficazes para a melhoria do autocontrolo do atleta. Dessa forma, o jogador ganha um recurso para aumentar o seu rendimento e, mais ainda, a qualidade do seu relacionamento com todos que fazem parte de seu ambiente desportivo.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue reducir en un futbolista senior la aparición de ciertas conductas disruptivas o consideradas hostiles ante situaciones de conflicto. Para ello, se ha implementado un diseño experimental A-B-A, observando en una primera fase (línea base) las conductas a modificar, interviniendo en la segunda mediante entrenamiento en técnicas de respiración y reforzamiento diferencial de conductas incompatibles y contemplando finalmente si los cambios experimentados se mantienen tras la retirada de la intervención. Los resultados revelan que la intervención ha producido cambios en el comportamiento del deportista, disminuyendo significativamente las conductas disruptivas y hostiles del mismo tales como protestas, insultos o amenazas, gestos de enfados y hostilidad o abandonar el campo. Se concluye que la intervención psicológica en el control de la respiración y el reforzamiento diferencial es eficaz para la mejora del autocontrol del deportista. De este modo, este gana un recurso para aumentar su rendimiento y, lo que, es más, la calidad de su relación con todo aquel que forme parte de su entorno deportivo., The objective of this study was to reduce the appearance of certain disruptive or hostile behaviors in conflict situations in a senior soccer player. For this purpose, an ABA experimental design was implemented, observing in the first phase (baseline) the behaviors to be modified, intervening in the second through training in breathing techniques and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors, and finally contemplating whether the changes observed are maintained after withdrawal of the intervention. The results revealed that the intervention produced changes in the athlete’s behavior, significantly reducing disruptive and hostile behaviors. Research in this line continues to improvements when working with psychological variables in athletes. In this case, the soccer player benefited from a psychological tool which he can turn to in order to manage his behavior in a more adapted way in situations of this kind. In this way, a resource is gained to increase his performance and, what is more, the quality of his relationship with everyone who is part of his sports environment is improved., O objetivo deste estudo foi reduzir o aparecimento de certos comportamentos disruptivos ou hostis em situações de conflito num jogador de futebol sénior. Para isso, foi implementado um desenho experimental A-B-A, observando numa primeira fase (linha de base) os comportamentos a serem modificados, intervindo na segunda através de treino em técnicas de respiração e reforço diferencial de comportamentos incompatíveis, e finalmente contemplando se as mudanças vivenciadas são mantidas após a retirada da intervenção. Os resultados revelam que a intervenção produziu mudanças no comportamento do atleta, reduzindo significativamente os comportamentos disruptivos e hostis tais como protestos, insultos ou ameaças, gestos de protesto e hostilidade ou abandonar o campo. Conclui-se que a intervenção psicológica no controlo da respiração e o reforço diferencial são eficazes para a melhoria do autocontrolo do atleta. Dessa forma, o jogador ganha um recurso para aumentar o seu rendimento e, mais ainda, a qualidade do seu relacionamento com todos que fazem parte de seu ambiente desportivo.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue reducir en un futbolista senior la aparición de ciertas conductas disruptivas o consideradas hostiles ante situaciones de conflicto. Para ello, se ha implementado un diseño experimental A-B-A, observando en una primera fase (línea base) las conductas a modificar, interviniendo en la segunda mediante entrenamiento en técnicas de respiración y reforzamiento diferencial de conductas incompatibles y contemplando finalmente si los cambios experimentados se mantienen tras la retirada de la intervención. Los resultados revelan que la intervención ha producido cambios en el comportamiento del deportista, disminuyendo significativamente las conductas disruptivas y hostiles del mismo tales como protestas, insultos o amenazas, gestos de enfados y hostilidad o abandonar el campo. Se concluye que la intervención psicológica en el control de la respiración y el reforzamiento diferencial es eficaz para la mejora del autocontrol del deportista. De este modo, este gana un recurso para aumentar su rendimiento y, lo que, es más, la calidad de su relación con todo aquel que forme parte de su entorno deportivo., The objective of this study was to reduce the appearance of certain disruptive or hostile behaviors in conflict situations in a senior soccer player. For this purpose, an ABA experimental design was implemented, observing in the first phase (baseline) the behaviors to be modified, intervening in the second through training in breathing techniques and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors, and finally contemplating whether the changes observed are maintained after withdrawal of the intervention. The results revealed that the intervention produced changes in the athlete’s behavior, significantly reducing disruptive and hostile behaviors. Research in this line continues to improvements when working with psychological variables in athletes. In this case, the soccer player benefited from a psychological tool which he can turn to in order to manage his behavior in a more adapted way in situations of this kind. In this way, a resource is gained to increase his performance and, what is more, the quality of his relationship with everyone who is part of his sports environment is improved., O objetivo deste estudo foi reduzir o aparecimento de certos comportamentos disruptivos ou hostis em situações de conflito num jogador de futebol sénior. Para isso, foi implementado um desenho experimental A-B-A, observando numa primeira fase (linha de base) os comportamentos a serem modificados, intervindo na segunda através de treino em técnicas de respiração e reforço diferencial de comportamentos incompatíveis, e finalmente contemplando se as mudanças vivenciadas são mantidas após a retirada da intervenção. Os resultados revelam que a intervenção produziu mudanças no comportamento do atleta, reduzindo significativamente os comportamentos disruptivos e hostis tais como protestos, insultos ou ameaças, gestos de protesto e hostilidade ou abandonar o campo. Conclui-se que a intervenção psicológica no controlo da respiração e o reforço diferencial são eficazes para a melhoria do autocontrolo do atleta. Dessa forma, o jogador ganha um recurso para aumentar o seu rendimento e, mais ainda, a qualidade do seu relacionamento com todos que fazem parte de seu ambiente desportivo.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

La inteligencia emocional (IE) es una habilidad psicológica que ayuda a los atletas a controlar las emociones y optimizar el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio investigó las propiedades psicométricas de la Prueba de Inteligencia Emocional de Autoinforme (SSEIT) en 508 atletas jóvenes y adultos brasileños (edad media 18.55 ± 4.68 años). El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del análisis factorial exploratorio (EFA) y confirmatorio (CFA), alfa de Cronbach, fiabilidad compuesta y correlación de Pearson (p <.05). EFA reveló el modelo de un factor con 26 artículos con el mejor ajuste. CFA confirmó el modelo de un factor con 26 ítems con el mejor ajuste mayor. No se encontró evidencia de invariancia, lo que sugiere que el SSEIT debe usarse con precaución al comparar grupos de genero y edad. La validez externa se encontró en la correlación de la IE y la ansiedad cognitiva y la autoconfianza. Se concluye que la versión brasileña de SSEIT para el contexto deportivo presentó propiedades psicométricas aceptables, sin embargo, mostró limitaciones que deberían explorarse en el futuro., Emotional intelligence (EI) is a psychological skill that aids athletes in the control of emotions and optimization of sports performance. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) in 508 Brazilian youth and adult athletes (mean age 18.55±4.68 years). Data analysis was conducted through Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory (CFA) Factor Analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and Pearson’s Correlation (p <.05). EFA revealed the one-factor model with 26 items with the best adjustment. CFA confirmed the one-factor model with 26 items with best greater fit. No evidence of invariance was found, suggesting that the SSEIT must be used with caution when comparing gender and age groups. The external validity was found in the correlation of EI and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. It is concluded that the Brazilian version of SSEIT for the sports context presented acceptable psychometric properties, however, showed limitations that should be explored in the future.

La inteligencia emocional (IE) es una habilidad psicológica que ayuda a los atletas a controlar las emociones y optimizar el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio investigó las propiedades psicométricas de la Prueba de Inteligencia Emocional de Autoinforme (SSEIT) en 508 atletas jóvenes y adultos brasileños (edad media 18.55 ± 4.68 años). El análisis de los datos se realizó a través del análisis factorial exploratorio (EFA) y confirmatorio (CFA), alfa de Cronbach, fiabilidad compuesta y correlación de Pearson (p <.05). EFA reveló el modelo de un factor con 26 artículos con el mejor ajuste. CFA confirmó el modelo de un factor con 26 ítems con el mejor ajuste mayor. No se encontró evidencia de invariancia, lo que sugiere que el SSEIT debe usarse con precaución al comparar grupos de genero y edad. La validez externa se encontró en la correlación de la IE y la ansiedad cognitiva y la autoconfianza. Se concluye que la versión brasileña de SSEIT para el contexto deportivo presentó propiedades psicométricas aceptables, sin embargo, mostró limitaciones que deberían explorarse en el futuro., Emotional intelligence (EI) is a psychological skill that aids athletes in the control of emotions and optimization of sports performance. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) in 508 Brazilian youth and adult athletes (mean age 18.55±4.68 years). Data analysis was conducted through Exploratory (EFA) and Confirmatory (CFA) Factor Analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability and Pearson’s Correlation (p <.05). EFA revealed the one-factor model with 26 items with the best adjustment. CFA confirmed the one-factor model with 26 items with best greater fit. No evidence of invariance was found, suggesting that the SSEIT must be used with caution when comparing gender and age groups. The external validity was found in the correlation of EI and cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. It is concluded that the Brazilian version of SSEIT for the sports context presented acceptable psychometric properties, however, showed limitations that should be explored in the future.

Problem Doctors experience a range of negative reactions when managing acutely unwell patients. These may manifest as emotions, such as low confidence or behaviors, such as tremors or fidgeting. Without appropriate coping strategies, such emotions and behaviors can impede optimal clinical performance, which directly affects patient care. Athletes use performance enhancing routines (PERs) to minimize the effect of their negative emotions and behaviors on competitive performance. The authors investigated whether PERs could similarly improve recently qualified doctors’ emotional and behavioral control while managing acutely unwell patients and whether the doctors perceived any effect on clinical performance. Approach Twelve doctors within 2 years of graduation from medical school recruited from 2 sites Sheffield and Chesterfield, United Kingdom implemented PERs using the PERFORM (Performance Enhancing Routines For Optimization of Readiness Using Metacognition) model over a 4-month period between April and December 2017. The doctors’ perceptions of PERFORM’s effect on their ability to manage patients was evaluated using self-reported mixed-methods data, including think aloud commentaries, semi-structured interviews, and self-efficacy scores. Outcomes Doctors reported that PERFORM improved their ability to control negative emotions or behaviors during an acutely unwell patient in situ simulation, showing a statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy scores (P = .003, effect size = 0.89). Qualitative data revealed perceived improvement in aspects of clinical performance such as enhanced knowledge recall and decision making. These performance attributes appeared to positively impact interprofessional relationships and patient care. Doctors individualized their PERs and supported the wider implementation of PERFORM in health care education, particularly during the transition from student to qualified physician.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

The purpose of the study This study aims to determine how high the level of training motivation of athletes when carrying out training. The background of this research is the inconsistency level of achievement shown by the Basketball Student Activity Unit, Djuanda University, Bogor. Materials and methods. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach, through descriptive methods using a survey method of the basketball team members consisting of 20 people. Data in the form of questionnaire values ​​on the Likert scale were processed using simple statistics SPSS Version 26 to determine the value of descriptive statistics as the final result of the study. Results. The results showed that the level of motivation of athletes who took part in training at the basketball Student Activity Unit (UKM) at Djuanda University, Bogor was in the moderate majority. This result is based on the consideration that the highest frequency is in the medium criteria of 40%. Motivation of athletes in the criteria is very high by 5%, 20% high, 20% less and 15% very less. Conclusions. The percentage of motivation revealed from this study was dominated by the medium category, with a percentage that was less than the high percentage 25% <35%. This can be taken into consideration to be able to evaluate the psychological training program and mental training of the basketball club athletes for better achievement., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa tinggi tingkat motivasi latihan atlet ketika melaksanakan latihan. Latar belakang dari pada penelitian ini adalah adanya ketidak konsistenan tingkatan prestasi yang ditunjukkan oleh Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Bola Basket Universitas Djuanda Bogor.  Metode penelitian Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, melalui metode deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode survei terhadap anggota tim Bola Basket yang terdiri dari 20 orang. Data berupa nilai angket pada skala likert di olah menggunakan statistik sederhana SPSS Versi 26 untuk mengetahui nilai statistik deskriptif sebagai hasil akhir penelitian. Hasil dan pembahasan Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tingkatan motivasi atlet yang mengikuti latihan pada Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) bola basket di Universitas Djuanda Bogor berada pada mayoritas sedang. Hasil tersebut berdasarkan pertimbangan frekuensi terbanyak berada pada kriteria sedang 40%. Motivasi atlet pada kriteria sangat tinggi sebesar 5%, tinggi 20%, kurang 20% dan sangat kurang 15%. Kesimpulan Persentase motivasi yang terungkap dari penelitian ini memiliki di dominasi kategori sedang, dengan presentase yang kurang lebih besar presentase nya dibanding presentase tinggi 25% < 35%. Hal ini dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk dapat mengevaluasi program latihan psikologis dan mental training terhadap para atlit klub bola basket tersebut untuk pencapaian prestasi yang lebih baik lagi.

The purpose of the study This study aims to determine how high the level of training motivation of athletes when carrying out training. The background of this research is the inconsistency level of achievement shown by the Basketball Student Activity Unit, Djuanda University, Bogor. Materials and methods. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach, through descriptive methods using a survey method of the basketball team members consisting of 20 people. Data in the form of questionnaire values ​​on the Likert scale were processed using simple statistics SPSS Version 26 to determine the value of descriptive statistics as the final result of the study. Results. The results showed that the level of motivation of athletes who took part in training at the basketball Student Activity Unit (UKM) at Djuanda University, Bogor was in the moderate majority. This result is based on the consideration that the highest frequency is in the medium criteria of 40%. Motivation of athletes in the criteria is very high by 5%, 20% high, 20% less and 15% very less. Conclusions. The percentage of motivation revealed from this study was dominated by the medium category, with a percentage that was less than the high percentage 25% <35%. This can be taken into consideration to be able to evaluate the psychological training program and mental training of the basketball club athletes for better achievement., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa tinggi tingkat motivasi latihan atlet ketika melaksanakan latihan. Latar belakang dari pada penelitian ini adalah adanya ketidak konsistenan tingkatan prestasi yang ditunjukkan oleh Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Bola Basket Universitas Djuanda Bogor.  Metode penelitian Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, melalui metode deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode survei terhadap anggota tim Bola Basket yang terdiri dari 20 orang. Data berupa nilai angket pada skala likert di olah menggunakan statistik sederhana SPSS Versi 26 untuk mengetahui nilai statistik deskriptif sebagai hasil akhir penelitian. Hasil dan pembahasan Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tingkatan motivasi atlet yang mengikuti latihan pada Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) bola basket di Universitas Djuanda Bogor berada pada mayoritas sedang. Hasil tersebut berdasarkan pertimbangan frekuensi terbanyak berada pada kriteria sedang 40%. Motivasi atlet pada kriteria sangat tinggi sebesar 5%, tinggi 20%, kurang 20% dan sangat kurang 15%. Kesimpulan Persentase motivasi yang terungkap dari penelitian ini memiliki di dominasi kategori sedang, dengan presentase yang kurang lebih besar presentase nya dibanding presentase tinggi 25% < 35%. Hal ini dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk dapat mengevaluasi program latihan psikologis dan mental training terhadap para atlit klub bola basket tersebut untuk pencapaian prestasi yang lebih baik lagi.