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There is a general reluctance to confront the pervasive reality of anti-Black racism that further produces false narratives of inequities in the healthcare system relative to Black communities, especially in Western countries, including Canada. Despite Canada’s orientation towards an anti-Black racist agenda that aims to acknowledge the social determinants of health (SDOH) disparities experienced by the Black community during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a greater robust discussion is warranted to address this longstanding discourse. In this conceptual paper, we draw upon intersectionality theory to shed light on the social determinants and inequities in health for Black Canadians. Informed by the literature, the authors discuss the historical context of systemic barriers and social injustices Black people face that are uniquely rooted in systems of oppression and anti-Black racism. Additionally, the importance of collecting and analyzing race-based data to prioritize the health concerns of Black people is emphasized. The article also espoused the need for healthcare service providers to advocate for culturally responsive and appropriate interventions like the Africentric model to inform policies, practices, and programs that promote the wellness of Black populations in Canada and beyond. Implications for healthcare service providers are highlighted with emphasis placed on a commitment to cultural humility in the support delivered within this diverse community. The paper concludes with a higher level of consideration to be given to the structural challenges experienced by Black Canadians in the healthcare system as we move towards a collective understanding to better serve this racialized group.

OBJECTIVES: Immigration enforcement policies are associated with immigrants barriers to health care. Current evidence suggests that enforcement creates a chilling effect in which immigrants avoid care due to fear of encountering enforcement. Yet, there has been little examination of the impact of immigrants direct encounters with enforcement on health care access. We examined some of the first population-level data on Asian and Latinx immigrants encounters with law and immigration enforcement and assessed associations with health care access. METHODS: We analyzed the 2018 and 2019 Research on Immigrant Health and State Policy survey in which Asian and Latinx immigrants in California (n=1681) reported on 7 enforcement experiences (eg, racial profiling and deportation). We examined the associations between measures of individual and cumulative enforcement experiences and the usual sources of care and delay in care. RESULTS: Latinx, compared with Asian respondents, reported the highest levels of enforcement experiences. Almost all individual enforcement experiences were associated with delaying care for both groups. Each additional cumulative experience was associated with a delay in care for both groups (OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.10-1.50). There were no associations with the usual source of care. CONCLUSION: Findings confirm that Latinx immigrants experience high levels of encounters with the enforcement system and highlight new data on Asian immigrants enforcement encounters. Direct experiences with enforcement have a negative relationship with health care access. Findings have implications for health systems to address the needs of immigrants affected by enforcement and for changes to health and immigration policy to ensure immigrants access to care.

BACKGROUND: The association of historical redlining policies, a marker of structural racism, with contemporary heart failure (HF) risk among White and Black individuals is not well established. METHODS: We aimed to evaluate the association of redlining with the risk of HF among White and Black Medicare beneficiaries. Zip code-level redlining was determined by the proportion of historically redlined areas using the Mapping Inequality Project within each zip code. The association between higher zip code redlining proportion (quartile 4 versus quartiles 1-3) and HF risk were assessed separately among White and Black Medicare beneficiaries using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for potential confounders, including measures of the zip code-level Social Deprivation Index. RESULTS: A total of 2 388 955 Medicare beneficiaries (Black n=801 452; White n=1 587 503; mean age, 71 years; men, 44.6%) were included. Among Black beneficiaries, living in zip codes with higher redlining proportion (quartile 4 versus quartiles 1-3) was associated with increased risk of HF after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities (risk ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.04-1.12]; P<0.001). This association remained significant after further adjustment for area-level Social Deprivation Index (risk ratio, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.002-1.08]; P=0.04). A significant interaction was observed between redlining proportion and Social Deprivation Index (Pinteraction<0.01) such that higher redlining proportion was significantly associated with HF risk only among socioeconomically distressed regions (above the median Social Deprivation Index). Among White beneficiaries, redlining was associated with a lower risk of HF after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities (risk ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.89-0.99]; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Historical redlining is associated with an increased risk of HF among Black patients. Contemporary zip code-level social determinants of health modify the relationship between redlining and HF

There is a dearth of research on incarceration among young Black sexual minority men (SMM). The current study aimed to assess the prevalence and association between unmet socioeconomic and structural needs and history of incarceration among young Black SMM. Between 2009 and 2015, young Black SMM (N = 1,774) in Dallas and Houston Texas were recruited to participate in an annual, venue-based, cross-sectional survey. We found that 26% of the sample reported any lifetime history of incarceration. Additionally, participants with unmet socioeconomic and structural needs (unemployment, homelessness, financial insecurity and limited educational attainment) were more likely to have a history of incarceration. It is imperative that interventions are developed to address the basic, social, and economic needs of young Black SMM with a history of incarceration or who are at risk for incarceration.

Communities of color and poor neighborhoods are disproportionately exposed to more air pollution-a pattern known as environmental injustices. Environmental injustices increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes among residents in affected communities. The structural mechanisms distributing environmental injustices in the USA are understudied. Bridging the literatures on the social determinants of health and environmental justice highlights the importance of the environmental conditions for health inequalities and sheds light on the institutional mechanisms driving environmental health inequalities. Employing a critical quantitative methods approach, we use data from an innovative state racism index to argue that systematic racialized inequalities in areas from housing to employment increase outdoor airborne environmental health risks in neighborhoods. Results of a multilevel analysis in over 65,000 census tracts demonstrate that tracts in states with higher levels of state-level Black-white gaps report greater environmental health risk exposure to outdoor air pollution. The state racism index explains four-to-ten percent of county- and state-level variation in carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic respiratory system risks from outdoor air toxics. The findings suggest that the disproportional exposure across communities is tied to systematic inequalities in environmental regulation and other structural elements such as housing and incarceration. Structural racism is an environmental justice issue.

The mass incarceration of Black people in the United States is gaining attention as a public-health crisis with extreme mental-health implications. Although it is well documented that historical efforts to oppress and control Black people in the United States helped shape definitions of mental illness and crime, many psychologists are unaware of the ways the field has contributed to the conception and perpetuation of anti-Blackness and, consequently, the mass incarceration of Black people. In this article, we draw from existing theory and empirical evidence to demonstrate historical and contemporary examples of psychology's oppression of Black people through research and clinical practices and consider how this history directly contradicts the American Psychological Association's ethics code. First, we outline how anti-Blackness informed the history of psychological diagnoses and research. Next, we discuss how contemporary systems of forensic practice and police involvement in mental-health-crisis response maintain historical harm. Specific recommendations highlight strategies for interrupting the criminalization of Blackness and offer example steps psychologists can take to redefine psychology's relationship with justice. We conclude by calling on psychologists to recognize their unique power and responsibility to interrupt the criminalization and pathologizing of Blackness as researchers and mental-health providers.

Child protective services (CPS) contact occurs at substantially higher rates among Black than White families. The present study considers systemic racism as a central driver of this disparity and emphasizes racialized poverty as a possible mechanism. We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and logistic regression analyses to assess the associations between income poverty, a racialized experience, and CPS contact, separately among Black and White families. Results indicated that income poverty was a significant predictor of CPS contact among White families, who were protected by higher income. In contrast, income per se was not a significant predictor of CPS contact among Black families, who were instead impacted by racialized family regulation and consequences of poverty, such as poor health and depression. Refundable state Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) policies were protective for Black families, and more expansive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs decreased CPS contact for Black and White families. Implications include centering systemic racism and specifically racialized poverty as causes of racial inequities in CPS contact and rethinking the role of CPS in protecting children.

BACKGROUND: Historical mortgage redlining, a racially discriminatory policy designed to uphold structural racism, may have played a role in producing the persistently elevated rate of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) among racialised birthing people. OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations between Home-Owner Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining grades and SMM in a racially and ethnically diverse birth cohort in California. METHODS: We leveraged a population-based cohort of all live hospital births at ≥20 weeks of gestation between 1997 and 2017 in California. SMM was defined as having one of 21 procedures and diagnoses, per an index developed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We characterised census tract-level redlining using HOLCs security maps for eight California cities. We assessed bivariate associations between HOLC grades and participant characteristics. Race and ethnicity-stratified mixed effects logistic regression models assessed the risk of SMM associated with HOLC grades within non-Hispanic Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native and Hispanic groups, adjusting for sociodemographic information, pregnancy-related factors, co-morbidities and neighbourhood deprivation index. RESULTS: The study sample included 2,020,194 births, with 24,579 cases of SMM (1.2%). Living in a census tract that was graded as Hazardous, compared to census tracts graded Best and Still Desirable, was associated with 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03, 1.29) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.09, 1.25) times the risk of SMM among Black and Hispanic birthing people, respectively, independent of sociodemographic factors. These associations persisted after adjusting for pregnancy-related factors and neighbourhood deprivation index. CONCLUSIONS: Historical redlining, a tool of structural racism that influenced the trajectory of neighbourhood social and material conditions, is associated with increased risk of experiencing SMM among Black and Hispanic birthing

Racist systems, policies, and institutions subvert the quality of life for minoritized individuals and groups, across all indicators, from education and employment, to health, to community safety. Reforms to address systemic racism may be accelerated with greater support from allies who identify with the dominant groups that derive advantage from such systems. Although enhancing empathy and compassion for impacted individuals and groups may foster greater allyship with and support of minoritized communities, little work to date has assessed the relationships among compassion, empathy, and allyship. After reviewing current work in the area, this perspective offers insights into the utility and specific components of a compassion-based framework that can be used to combat racism, using findings from a survey study in which we investigated the relationship between validated psychometric measures of compassion and allyship with minoritized communities. Several subdomains of compassion, as measured among individuals identifying as non-Black, correlate significantly with levels of felt allyship with Black or African American communities. These findings inform recommendations for compassion-focused research, including development and testing of interventions to promote allyship, advocacy, and solidarity with minoritized groups, and support efforts to undo longstanding structural racisms that have patterned inequality in the United States.

BackgroundStructural racism contributes to racial disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes. We sought to determine if structural racism is associated with adverse outcomes among Black preterm infants postnatally.MethodsObservational cohort study of 13,321 Black birthing people who delivered preterm (gestational age 22-36 weeks) in California in 2011-2017 using a statewide birth cohort database and the American Community Survey. Racial and income segregation was quantified by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) scores. Multivariable generalized estimating equations regression models were fit to test the association between ICE scores and adverse postnatal outcomes: frequent acute care visits, readmissions, and pre- and post-discharge death, adjusting for infant and birthing person characteristics and social factors.ResultsBlack birthing people who delivered preterm in the least privileged ICE tertiles were more likely to have infants who experienced frequent acute care visits (crude risk ratio [cRR] 1.3 95% CI 1.2-1.4), readmissions (cRR 1.1 95% CI 1.0-1.2), and post-discharge death (cRR 1.9 95% CI 1.2-3.1) in their first year compared to those in the privileged tertile. Results did not differ significantly after adjusting for infant or birthing person characteristics.ConclusionStructural racism contributes to adverse outcomes for Black preterm infants after hospital discharge.Impact statementStructural racism, measured by racial and income segregation, was associated with adverse postnatal outcomes among Black preterm infants including frequent acute care visits, rehospitalizations, and death after hospital discharge. This study extends our understanding of the impact of structural racism on the health of Black preterm infants beyond the perinatal period and provides reinforcement to the concept of structural racism contributing to racial disparities in poor postnatal outcomes for preterm infants. Identifying structural racism as a primary cause of rac

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are a significant and necessary component of American higher education and should be treated and perceived as such. However, this has not been the case. Despite their lengthy track record of making significant contributions toward the advancement of Black people, HBCUs have faced discrimination. Additionally, despite their accomplishments, they have been subjected to heavy criticism in the media, suggesting there are some misconceptions about their value and relevance. This study investigates the beliefs people hold about colleges, how systemic racism and social pressure affect those beliefs, and the effects those beliefs have on social and educational outcomes.Using a bio-demographic questionnaire, individual semi-structured interviews, and two activities that resulted in files for document analysis, this study explored how systemic racism and social pressure influenced how 20 Black students (10 who attended predominantly white institutions and 10 who attended HBCUs) were socialized to perceive HBCUs compared to predominantly white institutions (PWIs). It also investigated where these beliefs came from and their social and educational effects. To ground the research, the study used The Cycle of Socialization, two tenets of Critical Race Theory (CRT), and introduced and applied a new theory, "The Cycle of Perception Formation." Several significant findings emerged. First, results indicated very different perceptions of HBCUs compared to PWIs among the participants. Although individuals were socialized to regard PWIs as discriminatory and unconcerned about the well-being of their students, they were instructed to see HBCUs as welcoming environments where they could connect with others, receive care, and feel included regardless of their race. Furthermore, people regarded HBCUs as challenging settings regarding finances, facilities, and academic standards, while they saw PWIs as establishments with superior financia

White people dominated North American society from the first settlement of North America through the twentieth century and their own cultural norms dictated their actions, both good and bad. The Texas Rangers and other police officers in Texas played a major role in the discrimination of people of color, particularly the Hispanic population. Systemic racism is found in the militarizing of the police and how they interacted with people of color.

Racial disparities in maternal health are alarming and persistent. Use of electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) to understand the maternal brain can improve our knowledge of maternal health by providing insight into mechanisms underlying maternal well-being, including implications for child development. However, systematic racial bias exists in EEG methodology—particularly for Black individuals—and in psychological and health research broadly. This paper discusses these biases in the context of EEG/ERP research on the maternal brain. First, we assess the racial/ethnic diversity of existing ERP studies of maternal neural responding to infant/child emotional expressions, using papers from a recent meta-analysis, finding that the majority of mothers represented in this research are of White/European ancestry and that the racially and ethnically diverse samples that are present are limited in terms of geography. Therefore, our current knowledge base in this area may be biased and not generalizable across racially diverse mothers. We outline factors underlying this problem, beginning with the racial bias in EEG equipment that systematically excludes individuals of African descent, and also considering factors specific to research with mothers. Finally, we highlight recent innovations to EEG hardware to better accommodate diverse hairstyles and textures, and other important steps to increase racial and ethnic representativeness in EEG/ERP research with mothers. We urge EEG/ERP researchers who study the maternal brain—including our own research group—to take action to increase racial diversity so that this research area can confidently inform understanding of maternal health and contribute to minimizing maternal health disparities., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.

The US is the world leader in imprisoning immigrants. Its mass immigration detention system emerged as an extension of mass incarceration, rooted in a legacy of racist US immigration and criminal laws. Immigration policy is a structural determinant of health that negatively affects the health of imprisoned immigrants, their families, and their communities. The systemic harms of detention facilities, which we refer to as immigration prisons, have been extensively documented, yet incrementalist reforms have failed to result in improved outcomes for immigrants. We argue that ending the practice of immigrant imprisonment is the most effective solution to mitigating its harms. Community-based programs are safer and less expensive than imprisonment, while also being effective at ensuring compliance with government requirements. We identify several priorities for researchers and policy makers to tackle the health inequities resulting from this structurally racist system. These include applying a critical, intersectional lens to studying the policies and practices that drive imprisonment, engaging affected communities in research and policy development, and creating an accountable and transparent system of data collection and release to inform health interventions. The reliance of the US on immigrant imprisonment is a policy choice with immense social and economic costs; dismantling it is critical to advancing health equity.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in physical and mental health among Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) are well-documented and mirrored in the Veteran population. Chronic stress due to racism and discrimination is one possible mechanism driving these negative health outcomes. The Race-Based Stress and Trauma Empowerment (RBSTE) group is a novel, manualized, health promotion intervention designed to address the direct and indirect impacts of racism among Veterans of Color. This paper describes the protocol of the first pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of RBSTE. This study will examine the feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of RBSTE compared to an active control (an adaptation of Present-Centered Therapy; PCT) in a Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare setting. A secondary aim is to identify and optimize strategies for holistic evaluation. METHODS: Veterans of Color (N = 48) endorsing perceived discrimination and stress will be randomized to RBSTE or PCT; both groups will be delivered in 8 weekly, 90-min virtual group sessions. Outcomes will include measures of psychological distress, discrimination and ethnoracial identity, holistic wellness, and allostatic load. Measures will be administered at baseline and post-intervention. CONCLUSION: This study will inform future interventions targeting identity-based stressors and represents an important step in advancing equity for BIPOC in medicine and research. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05422638.

There is a general reluctance to confront the pervasive reality of anti-Black racism that further produces false narratives of inequities in the healthcare system relative to Black communities, especially in Western countries, including Canada. Despite Canada’s orientation towards an anti-Black racist agenda that aims to acknowledge the social determinants of health (SDOH) disparities experienced by the Black community during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a greater robust discussion is warranted to address this longstanding discourse. In this conceptual paper, we draw upon intersectionality theory to shed light on the social determinants and inequities in health for Black Canadians. Informed by the literature, the authors discuss the historical context of systemic barriers and social injustices Black people face that are uniquely rooted in systems of oppression and anti-Black racism. Additionally, the importance of collecting and analyzing race-based data to prioritize the health concerns of Black people is emphasized. The article also espoused the need for healthcare service providers to advocate for culturally responsive and appropriate interventions like the Africentric model to inform policies, practices, and programs that promote the wellness of Black populations in Canada and beyond. Implications for healthcare service providers are highlighted with emphasis placed on a commitment to cultural humility in the support delivered within this diverse community. The paper concludes with a higher level of consideration to be given to the structural challenges experienced by Black Canadians in the healthcare system as we move towards a collective understanding to better serve this racialized group.

In the United States, racial disparities in adverse maternal health outcomes remain a pressing issue, with Black women experiencing a 3-4 times higher risk of maternal mortality and a 2-3 times higher risk of severe maternal morbidity. Despite recent encouraging efforts, fundamental determinants of these alarming inequities (e.g. structural racism) remain understudied. Approaches that address these structural drivers are needed to then intervene upon root causes of adverse maternal outcomes and their disparities and to ultimately improve maternal health across the U.S. In this paper, we offer a conceptual framework for studies of structural racism and maternal health disparities and systematically synthesize the current empirical epidemiologic literature on the links between structural racism measures and adverse maternal health outcomes. For the systematic review, we searched electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, and EMBASE) to identify peer-reviewed U.S. based quantitative articles published between 1990 and 2021 that assessed the link between measures of structural racism and indicators of maternal morbidity/mortality. Our search yielded 2394 studies and after removing duplicates, 1408 were included in the title and abstract screening, of which 18 were included in the full text screening. Only 6 studies met all the specified inclusion criteria for this review. Results revealed that depending on population sub-group analyzed, measures used, and covariates considered, there was evidence that structural racism may increase the risk of adverse maternal health outcomes. This review also highlighted several areas for methodological and theoretical development in this body of work. Future work should more comprehensively assess structural racism in a way that informs policy and interventions, which can ameliorate its negative consequences on racial/ethnic disparities in maternal morbidity/mortality.

To provide California with recommendations for how to advance transportation equity, this study examines how state DOTs and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are implementing equity-based planning. The research team conducted a content analysis on the long-range transportation plans (LRTPs) and active transportation plans of six state DOTs, and the LRTPs and federal transportation improvement documents of six California MPOs to identify equity practices and performance measures in those plans. They also interviewed representatives from five state DOTs to identify methods the organizations are using to advance equity. Every organization acknowledged the importance of considering equity, but the nature and degree with which equity practices were implemented varied considerably. Outreach and engagement were the most common equity practices. Many DOTs had developed or were developing performance metrics for equity, but several lacked appropriate disaggregate data to identify effects on people of color or other marginalized population groups. Few organizations explicitly identified how equity was guiding decision-making in their plans. Innovative practices included establishing listening sessions to define transportation equity, centering public health in decision-making, developing creative ways to direct funding to the neediest communities, and institutionalizing equity through leadership positions or bottom-up decision-making within functional areas.

After the 2020 Twin Cities Uprising, the term “ACAB” (All Cops Are Bastards) surged in popularity though it has been in circulation for nearly a century. Applying an ACAB lens to films suggests an intentional approach to spectatorship by integrating a critical consciousness about the systemic racism that the police embody. Portrayals of police are an omnipresent occurrence in media of all kinds and often function to cultivate trust in their authority. Brian DePalma’s 1973 slasher Sisters and Robin Hardy’s 1973 cult classic The Wicker Man exhibit notable anti-police sentiment that may feel unexpectedly radical for a pre-Uprising world. Using a framework grounded in cultivation theory, discourse analysis, and abolitionist ideologies, I analyze these two 70s horror films to determine what has and has not changed in police terror and anti-police discourse in the US, almost 50 years later. This project interrogates how anti-police messaging can affect spectators’ beliefs and may help to build a world that is free of police and other white supremacist institutions. Film can generate communities that are aligned through both spectatorship and antiracist values and can be used as a tool to achieve an abolitionist future.

Vi växer alla upp med olika förutsättningar, differentierandeerfarenheter och i ett samhälle som är upprättatoch upprätthåller riktlinjer, regler och standarder som vimer eller mindre tvingas leva utefter. Med samhälleligastrukturer så hårt bundna till dessa ramar kan det iblandvara svårt att veta hur en ska förhålla sig när de ramarsom är skapta för att vara till fördel för somliga bevisasvara skadliga och förstörande för andra.Detta var något jag själv inte riktigt hade lagt märke tillförrän Black Lives Matter-rörelsen uppmärksammadesoch krävde rättvisa till följd av mordet på George Floydsommaren 2020. BLM-rörelsen spreds, demonstrationergenomfördes världen runt och sociala medier fylldes avsvarta fyrkanter och människor som uttryckte sig angåendeden rasism som pågått för länge och som fortfarandepågår.Mitt arbete har riktats mot att titta på den roll grafiskdesign spelar i den fortsatta etableringen av de ramar ochregler som gör det omöjligt för rasism att elimineras, i enansats att samtidigt visa hur det inte räcker att enbartsäga: "jag är inte rasist"., We all grow up in different conditions, with differentiatingexperiences in a society founded upon the samerules, guidelines, and standards that are still exercised todayand which we as people are more or less forced to liveby. With social structures so tightly wound around theseguidelines it can sometimes be difficult to know how onemight behave and relate when those same guidelines onone hand serve as an advantage for some while beingdetrimental and harmful to others.This was something I was not fully aware of until the BlackLives Matter movement called for justice following themurder of George Floyd during the summer of 2020. TheBLM-movement spread, protests ensued on a global scale,and social media exploded showcasing black squaresand people expressing themselves regarding both pastand ongoing racism.My work has focused on observing the role graphic designplays in the continued establishment of the guidelinesand rules making the elimination of racism impossible.In an attempt to also demonstrate it’s no longerenough to say: "I am not racist".

While initially a legal concept, discrimination has attracted the attention of social scientists, in particular sociologists, social psychologists, and economists. Each discipline has brought its own perspective on the phenomenon, enriching and complexifying its understanding. Intense debates have arisen on the meaning, causes and impact of discrimination as well as on which policies are adequate to combat it.

To provide California with recommendations for how to advance transportation equity, this study examines how state DOTs and metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) are implementing equity-based planning. The research team conducted a content analysis on the long-range transportation plans (LRTPs) and active transportation plans of six state DOTs, and the LRTPs and federal transportation improvement documents of six California MPOs to identify equity practices and performance measures in those plans. They also interviewed representatives from five state DOTs to identify methods the organizations are using to advance equity. Every organization acknowledged the importance of considering equity, but the nature and degree with which equity practices were implemented varied considerably. Outreach and engagement were the most common equity practices. Many DOTs had developed or were developing performance metrics for equity, but several lacked appropriate disaggregate data to identify effects on people of color or other marginalized population groups. Few organizations explicitly identified how equity was guiding decision-making in their plans. Innovative practices included establishing listening sessions to define transportation equity, centering public health in decision-making, developing creative ways to direct funding to the neediest communities, and institutionalizing equity through leadership positions or bottom-up decision-making within functional areas.

Data on the health and social determinants for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) in the United States are hidden, because data are often not collected or are reported in aggregate with other racial/ethnic groups despite decades of calls to disaggregate NHPI data. As a form of structural racism, data omissions contribute to systemic problems such as inability to advocate, lack of resources, and limitations on political power. The authors conducted a data audit to determine how US federal agencies are collecting and reporting disaggregated NHPI data. Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, they reviewed how states are reporting NHPI cases and deaths. They then used California's neighborhood equity metric-the California Healthy Places Index (HPI)-to calculate the extent of NHPI underrepresentation in communities targeted for COVID-19 resources in that state. Their analysis shows that while collection and reporting of NHPI data nationally has improved, federal data gaps remain. States are vastly underreporting: more than half of states are not reporting NHPI COVID-19 case and death data. The HPI, used to inform political decisions about allocation of resources to combat COVID-19 in at-risk neighborhoods, underrepresents NHPIs. The authors make recommendations for improving NHPI data equity to achieve health equity and social justice.

The COVID-19 pandemic shut down undergraduate research programs across the United States. A group of 23 colleges, universities, and research institutes hosted remote undergraduate research programs in the life sciences during Summer 2020. Given the unprecedented offering of remote programs, we carried out a study to describe and evaluate them. Using structured templates, we documented how programs were designed and implemented, including who participated. Through focus groups and surveys, we identified programmatic strengths and shortcomings as well as recommendations for improvements from students' perspectives. Strengths included the quality of mentorship, opportunities for learning and professional development, and a feeling of connection with a larger community. Weaknesses included limited cohort building, challenges with insufficient structure, and issues with technology. Although all programs had one or more activities related to diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice, these topics were largely absent from student reports even though programs coincided with a peak in national consciousness about racial inequities and structural racism. Our results provide evidence for designing remote Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REUs) that are experienced favorably by students. Our results also indicate that remote REUs are sufficiently positive to further investigate their affordances and constraints, including the potential to scale up offerings, with minimal concern about disenfranchising students.

Based upon a series of ethnographic vignettes, interviews, participant observation, and archival research, this article profiles public chess playing in Greenwich Village, New York City.  I focus upon the famed public spaces for chess players like Washington Square Park and Union Square, and the atmosphere of anxiety and unrest due to the Covid-19 Pandemic and systemic racism surrounding the protests of the summer of 2020.  The long artistic and revolutionary history of Greenwich Village provides an intriguing context for public chess playing and the informal economy of hustling.  As the majority of the chess enthusiasts and table hosts are African American men and, given the metaphoric explanations of “chess as life,” sociopolitical context is critical.  In particular, political artistic displays and protests against police violence and systemic racism are no mere backdrop for chess playing, but intimately felt and entangled within the sense of place and public participation in downtown Manhattan.As New York City, during 2020 and throughout the Covid-19 Pandemic era, faced multiple crises along with their sociopolitical responses; iconic staples of Greenwich Village life embodied by the area’s chess enthusiasts persist.  In order to illuminate the everyday life of chess playing in public, I focus on two players: Mr. Black in Washington Square Park and Alfred in Union Square.  These ethnographic vignettes reveal downtown chess playing as an activity inseparable from its urban context – uniquely and importantly a New Yorkers’ pastime and entangled within the socioeconomic, political, and artistic landscapes that color downtown New York City.&nbsp

Differences in health outcomes across racial groups are among the most commonly reported findings in health disparities research. Often, these studies do not explicitly connect observed disparities to mechanisms of systemic racism that drive adverse health outcomes among racialized and other marginalized groups in the United States. Without this connection, investigators inadvertently support harmful narratives of biologic essentialism or cultural inferiority that pathologize racial identities and inhibit health equity. This paper outlines pitfalls in the conceptualization, contextualization, and operationalization of race in quantitative population health research and provides recommendations on how to appropriately engage in scientific inquiry aimed at understanding racial health inequities. Race should not be used as a measure of biologic difference, but rather as a proxy for exposure to systemic racism. Future studies should go beyond this proxy use and directly measure racism and its health impacts.VISUAL ABSTRACTAppeared as Annals "Online First" article.

Vi växer alla upp med olika förutsättningar, differentierandeerfarenheter och i ett samhälle som är upprättatoch upprätthåller riktlinjer, regler och standarder som vimer eller mindre tvingas leva utefter. Med samhälleligastrukturer så hårt bundna till dessa ramar kan det iblandvara svårt att veta hur en ska förhålla sig när de ramarsom är skapta för att vara till fördel för somliga bevisasvara skadliga och förstörande för andra.Detta var något jag själv inte riktigt hade lagt märke tillförrän Black Lives Matter-rörelsen uppmärksammadesoch krävde rättvisa till följd av mordet på George Floydsommaren 2020. BLM-rörelsen spreds, demonstrationergenomfördes världen runt och sociala medier fylldes avsvarta fyrkanter och människor som uttryckte sig angåendeden rasism som pågått för länge och som fortfarandepågår.Mitt arbete har riktats mot att titta på den roll grafiskdesign spelar i den fortsatta etableringen av de ramar ochregler som gör det omöjligt för rasism att elimineras, i enansats att samtidigt visa hur det inte räcker att enbartsäga: "jag är inte rasist"., We all grow up in different conditions, with differentiatingexperiences in a society founded upon the samerules, guidelines, and standards that are still exercised todayand which we as people are more or less forced to liveby. With social structures so tightly wound around theseguidelines it can sometimes be difficult to know how onemight behave and relate when those same guidelines onone hand serve as an advantage for some while beingdetrimental and harmful to others.This was something I was not fully aware of until the BlackLives Matter movement called for justice following themurder of George Floyd during the summer of 2020. TheBLM-movement spread, protests ensued on a global scale,and social media exploded showcasing black squaresand people expressing themselves regarding both pastand ongoing racism.My work has focused on observing the role graphic designplays in the continued establishment of the guidelinesand rules making the elimination of racism impossible.In an attempt to also demonstrate it’s no longerenough to say: "I am not racist".

Prejudice toward Indigenous Peoples in Canada is a pressing issue with often violent consequences. Education, including historical education, is one common strategy to challenge anti-Indigenous racism. Despite the existence of multiple education-based training programs designed to address racism, there is limited evidence that education can reduce prejudice. In this dissertation, I report the results of three studies that make up a mixed methods program of research. In Study 1, I interviewed eight Indigenous students at the University of Manitoba to understand their experiences with racism. Participants were most concerned with addressing ignorance and stereotypes about Indigenous people. In Study 2, I surveyed 3,011 students at the University of Manitoba to learn about Indigenous students’ experiences with racism on a broader scale and to learn about non-Indigenous students’ attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding learning about Indigenous issues. The results conceptually replicated those of Study 1 for Indigenous participants and indicated that non-Indigenous participants were interested in brief and interesting video-based learning opportunities. Based on these first two studies, I developed an educational intervention that addressed Indigenous and non-Indigenous students’ needs and interests. In Study 3, I experimentally assessed the effectiveness of this intervention through five conditions on non-Indigenous undergraduate participants’ Indigenous-related thoughts, feelings, knowledge, behavioral intentions, and behaviors over three time points. In the first condition, participants proceeded to the next part of the study with no intervention. In the second condition, participants viewed a brief educational video about historical and current injustices toward Indigenous people. In the third condition, participants viewed the same educational video as in the second condition and an individual racism video. In the fourth condition, parti

There have been over 100 years of literature discussing the deleterious influence of racism on health. Much of the literature describes racism as a driver of social determinants of health, such as housing, employment, income, and education. More recently, increased attention has been given to measuring the structural nature of a system that advantages one racialized group over others rather than solely relying on individual acknowledgement of racism. Despite these advances, there is still a need for methodological and analytical approaches to complement the aforementioned. This commentary calls on epidemiologists and other health researchers at large to engage the discourse on measuring structural racism. First, we address the conflation between race and racism in epidemiologic research. Next, we offer methodological recommendations (linking of interdisciplinary variables and data sets and leveraging mixed-method and life-course approaches) and analytical recommendations (integration of mixed data, use of multidimensional models) that epidemiologists and other health researchers may consider in health equity research. The goal of this commentary is to inspire the use of up-to-date and theoretically driven approaches to increase discourse among public health researchers on capturing racism as well as to improve evidence of its role as the fundamental cause of racial health inequities.

U.S. non-citizen residents are burdened by inequitable access to socioeconomic resources, potentially placing them at heightened risk of COVID-19-related disparities. However, COVID-19 impacts on non-citizens are not well understood. Accordingly, the current study investigated COVID-19 mortality disparities within New York (NYC) and Los Angeles (LAC) to test our hypothesis that areas with large proportions of non-citizens will have disproportionately high COVID-19 mortality rates. We examined ecological associations between March 2020-January 2021 COVID-19 mortality rates (per 100,000 residents) and percent non-citizens (using ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTA) for NYC and City/Community units of analysis for LAC) while controlling for sociodemographic factors. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed significant positive associations between the percentage of non-citizen residents and COVID-19 mortality rates in NYC (95% CI 0.309, 5.181) and LAC (95% CI 0.498, 8.720). Despite NYC and LAC policies intended to provide sanctuary and improve healthcare access for non-citizen residents, communities with larger proportions of non-citizens appear to endure higher COVID-19 mortality rates. The challenges that non-citizens endure-e.g., inequitable access to public benefits-may discourage help-seeking behaviors. Thus, improved health surveillance, public health messaging, and sanctuary policies will be essential for reducing COVID-19 mortality disparities in communities with large shares of non-citizens.

In the wake of the racial injustices laid bare in 2020, on top of centuries of systemic racism, it is clear we need actionable strategies to fundamentally restructure health care systems to achieve racial/ethnic health equity. This paper outlines the pillars of a health equity framework from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, overlaying a concrete example of telemedicine equity. Telemedicine is a particularly relevant and important topic, given the growing evidence of disparities in uptake by racial/ethnic, linguistic, and socioeconomic groups in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the new standard of care that telemedicine represents post-pandemic. We present approaches for telemedicine equity across the domains of: (1) strategic priorities of a health care organization, (2) structures and processes to advance equity, (3) strategies to address multiple determinants of health, (4) elimination of institutional racism and oppression, and (5) meaningful partnerships with patients and communities.

Concerns about systemic racism at academic and research institutions have increased over the past decade. Here, we investigate data from the National Science Foundation (NSF), a major funder of research in the United States, and find evidence for pervasive racial disparities. In particular, white principal investigators (PIs) are consistently funded at higher rates than most non-white PIs. Funding rates for white PIs have also been increasing relative to annual overall rates with time. Moreover, disparities occur across all disciplinary directorates within the NSF and are greater for research proposals. The distributions of average external review scores also exhibit systematic offsets based on PI race. Similar patterns have been described in other research funding bodies, suggesting that racial disparities are widespread. The prevalence and persistence of these racial disparities in funding have cascading impacts that perpetuate a cumulative advantage to white PIs across all of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

BackgroundSepsis affects 1.7 million patients in the US annually, is one of the leading causes of mortality, and is a major driver of US healthcare costs. African American/Black and LatinX populations experience higher rates of sepsis complications, deviations from standard care, and readmissions compared with Non-Hispanic White populations. Despite clear evidence of structural racism in sepsis care and outcomes, there are no prospective interventions to mitigate structural racism in sepsis care, nor are we aware of studies that report reductions in racial inequities in sepsis care as an outcome. Therefore, we will deliver and evaluate a coalition-based intervention to equip health systems and their surrounding communities to mitigate structural racism, driving measurable reductions in inequities in sepsis outcomes. This paper presents the theoretical foundation for the study, summarizes key elements of the intervention, and describes the methodology to evaluate the intervention.MethodsOur aims are to: (1) deliver a coalition-based leadership intervention in eight U.S. health systems and their surrounding communities; (2) evaluate the impact of the intervention on organizational culture using a longitudinal, convergent mixed methods approach, and (3) evaluate the impact of the intervention on reduction of racial inequities in three clinical outcomes: a) early identification (time to antibiotic), b) clinical management (in-hospital sepsis mortality) and c) standards-based follow up (same-hospital, all-cause sepsis readmissions) using interrupted time series analysis.DiscussionThis study is aligned with calls to action by the NIH and the Sepsis Alliance to address inequities in sepsis care and outcomes. It is the first to intervene to mitigate effects of structural racism by developing the domains of organizational culture that are required for anti-racist action, with implications for inequities in complex health outcomes beyond sepsis.

Prejudice toward Indigenous Peoples in Canada is a pressing issue with often violent consequences. Education, including historical education, is one common strategy to challenge anti-Indigenous racism. Despite the existence of multiple education-based training programs designed to address racism, there is limited evidence that education can reduce prejudice. In this dissertation, I report the results of three studies that make up a mixed methods program of research. In Study 1, I interviewed eight Indigenous students at the University of Manitoba to understand their experiences with racism. Participants were most concerned with addressing ignorance and stereotypes about Indigenous people. In Study 2, I surveyed 3,011 students at the University of Manitoba to learn about Indigenous students’ experiences with racism on a broader scale and to learn about non-Indigenous students’ attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding learning about Indigenous issues. The results conceptually replicated those of Study 1 for Indigenous participants and indicated that non-Indigenous participants were interested in brief and interesting video-based learning opportunities. Based on these first two studies, I developed an educational intervention that addressed Indigenous and non-Indigenous students’ needs and interests. In Study 3, I experimentally assessed the effectiveness of this intervention through five conditions on non-Indigenous undergraduate participants’ Indigenous-related thoughts, feelings, knowledge, behavioral intentions, and behaviors over three time points. In the first condition, participants proceeded to the next part of the study with no intervention. In the second condition, participants viewed a brief educational video about historical and current injustices toward Indigenous people. In the third condition, participants viewed the same educational video as in the second condition and an individual racism video. In the fourth condition, parti

Depression among individuals who have been racially and ethnically minoritized in the United States can be vastly different from that of non-Hispanic White Americans. For example, African American adults who have depression rate their symptoms as more severe, have a longer course of illness, and experience more depression-associated disability. The purpose of this review was to conceptualize how structural racism and cumulative trauma can be fundamental drivers of the intergenerational transmission of depression. The authors propose that understanding risk factors for depression, particularly its intergenerational reach, requires accounting for structural racism. In light of the profoundly different experiences of African Americans who experience depression (i.e., a more persistent course of illness and greater disability), it is critical to examine whether an emerging explanation for some of these differences is the intergenerational transmission of this disorder due to structural racism.

Racism and other forms of bias in technology design have significant social ramifications. Decisions made, technology developed or not, the inclusion or exclusion of minoritized and marginalized voices in design and user testing – impact society and individuals. Understanding the impact of systemic racism and personal bias on decisions made by individuals with the knowledge and skills to create, manipulate, and control technology is imperative to the welfare of minoritized and marginalized individuals and the broader society. Ensuring that professionals are well-trained and understand their responsibilities and the power they wield is the purview of university Information Science programs.By creating and implementing a suite of course materials, this study seeks insight into student engagement with anti-racism instruction to understand better the efficacy of this type of instruction in practice. The study has the potential to identify new methods for the instruction of anti-racism and other anti-bias topics in technical courses. In doing so, we can combine the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) concept of “design for all” with the Critical Race Theory (CRT) idea that it is not enough to understand the social situation; we must strive to change it, to improve it. Keywords: anti-racism, critical race theory, embedded instruction, narrative, storytelling, systemic racism, technology design

À la suite de discussions publiques concernant les injustices, inégalités et violences dont sont victimes certaines personnes et certains groupes au Québec, la fréquence d’emploi de l’expression racisme systémique a fait un bond fulgurant, notamment dans l’espace médiatique. Devenue un objet discursif d’importance dans le discours public, l’expression peut être envisagée comme une formule discursive qui a fait l’objet de compréhensions plurielles et antagonistes et qui s’est retrouvée au coeur d’une polémique métalangagière. À partir d’un corpus constitué de textes publiés dans trois quotidiens québécois, Le Devoir, La Presse et Le Journal de Montréal, notre objectif est d’analyser cette polémique, qui s’est manifestée notamment par la confusion entre les termes systémique et systématique et par la contestation du référent, ce qui a donné lieu à de multiples tentatives de définitions de toutes parts, marquées par des réfutations et des exemplifications., Following public discussions about the injustices, inequalities and violence experienced by certain people and groups in Quebec, the frequency of use of the term systemic racism has increased significantly in 2020. Having become an important discursive object in public discourse, systemic racism can be seen as a discursive formula that has been the subject of plural and antagonistic understandings and that has found itself at the heart of a metalinguistic polemic. Based on a corpus of texts published in three Quebec newspapers, Le Devoir, La Presse and Le Journal de Montréal, the aim of this article is to analyze this polemic, which has manifested itself in the confusion between the terms systemic and systematic and in the contestation of the referent, giving rise to multiple attempts at definition marked by refutations and exemplifications.

After the 2020 Twin Cities Uprising, the term “ACAB” (All Cops Are Bastards) surged in popularity though it has been in circulation for nearly a century. Applying an ACAB lens to films suggests an intentional approach to spectatorship by integrating a critical consciousness about the systemic racism that the police embody. Portrayals of police are an omnipresent occurrence in media of all kinds and often function to cultivate trust in their authority. Brian DePalma’s 1973 slasher Sisters and Robin Hardy’s 1973 cult classic The Wicker Man exhibit notable anti-police sentiment that may feel unexpectedly radical for a pre-Uprising world. Using a framework grounded in cultivation theory, discourse analysis, and abolitionist ideologies, I analyze these two 70s horror films to determine what has and has not changed in police terror and anti-police discourse in the US, almost 50 years later. This project interrogates how anti-police messaging can affect spectators’ beliefs and may help to build a world that is free of police and other white supremacist institutions. Film can generate communities that are aligned through both spectatorship and antiracist values and can be used as a tool to achieve an abolitionist future.

Prejudice toward Indigenous Peoples in Canada is a pressing issue with often violent consequences. Education, including historical education, is one common strategy to challenge anti-Indigenous racism. Despite the existence of multiple education-based training programs designed to address racism, there is limited evidence that education can reduce prejudice. In this dissertation, I report the results of three studies that make up a mixed methods program of research. In Study 1, I interviewed eight Indigenous students at the University of Manitoba to understand their experiences with racism. Participants were most concerned with addressing ignorance and stereotypes about Indigenous people. In Study 2, I surveyed 3,011 students at the University of Manitoba to learn about Indigenous students’ experiences with racism on a broader scale and to learn about non-Indigenous students’ attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding learning about Indigenous issues. The results conceptually replicated those of Study 1 for Indigenous participants and indicated that non-Indigenous participants were interested in brief and interesting video-based learning opportunities. Based on these first two studies, I developed an educational intervention that addressed Indigenous and non-Indigenous students’ needs and interests. In Study 3, I experimentally assessed the effectiveness of this intervention through five conditions on non-Indigenous undergraduate participants’ Indigenous-related thoughts, feelings, knowledge, behavioral intentions, and behaviors over three time points. In the first condition, participants proceeded to the next part of the study with no intervention. In the second condition, participants viewed a brief educational video about historical and current injustices toward Indigenous people. In the third condition, participants viewed the same educational video as in the second condition and an individual racism video. In the fourth condition, parti

Prejudice toward Indigenous Peoples in Canada is a pressing issue with often violent consequences. Education, including historical education, is one common strategy to challenge anti-Indigenous racism. Despite the existence of multiple education-based training programs designed to address racism, there is limited evidence that education can reduce prejudice. In this dissertation, I report the results of three studies that make up a mixed methods program of research. In Study 1, I interviewed eight Indigenous students at the University of Manitoba to understand their experiences with racism. Participants were most concerned with addressing ignorance and stereotypes about Indigenous people. In Study 2, I surveyed 3,011 students at the University of Manitoba to learn about Indigenous students’ experiences with racism on a broader scale and to learn about non-Indigenous students’ attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioral control regarding learning about Indigenous issues. The results conceptually replicated those of Study 1 for Indigenous participants and indicated that non-Indigenous participants were interested in brief and interesting video-based learning opportunities. Based on these first two studies, I developed an educational intervention that addressed Indigenous and non-Indigenous students’ needs and interests. In Study 3, I experimentally assessed the effectiveness of this intervention through five conditions on non-Indigenous undergraduate participants’ Indigenous-related thoughts, feelings, knowledge, behavioral intentions, and behaviors over three time points. In the first condition, participants proceeded to the next part of the study with no intervention. In the second condition, participants viewed a brief educational video about historical and current injustices toward Indigenous people. In the third condition, participants viewed the same educational video as in the second condition and an individual racism video. In the fourth condition, parti

Public policies rooted in systemic racism and racialized violence have stripped wealth from Black Americans. Is this wealth disparity heightened in Tulsa, Oklahoma, home to one of the worst incidents of racial violence in America? I shed light on this question by analyzing local housing and economic development policies and supplemental census data in Tulsa and Oklahoma City. I find that the Race Massacre has lasting detrimental effects on the racial wealth gap in Tulsa, likely exacerbated by policies in the 1960s-70s and the 2000s. Local and federal reparations are necessary to address a century of racialized dispossession in Tulsa.

Underserved low-income communities of color in the U.S. have endured an unequal burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. This pattern of pandemic-related health disparities has been pervasive throughout history. However, no known studies have simultaneously examined social and biological factors that contribute to these concerning health disparities. Therefore, this paper aims to bridge the gap by employing a scoping literature review of (1) the deleterious impacts of systemic racism on COVID-19-related outcomes; and (2) the cellular and molecular mechanisms connecting COVID-19 and hypertension (a comorbidity known to exacerbate COVID-19 severity). My findings indicate that systemic racism manifests in inequitable access to education, which is a significant driver of COVID-19-related racial and ethnic health disparities. Further, policies and practices stemming from systemic racism and associated allostatic load may contribute to the increase of hypertension among racial and ethnic minority communities, thus further contributing to COVID-19 severity within these populations. In addition, this scoping literature review revealed that common anti-hypertensive drugs (ACEI and ARBs) did not increase the chances of contracting COVID-19 or increase its severity. These drugs increase the amount and improve the efficiency of the ACE-2 receptor, the same receptor that COVID-19 uses to gain access into human cells. The drugs do not increase the efficiency of the receptors in the respiratory system where COVID-19 infects. It is concluded through this review that these health disparities do not stem from the connection between hypertension and increased risk of COVID-19 contraction for people of color; instead, racial and ethnic COVID-19 related mortality and morbidity disparities are a function of systemic racism. We must now shift our focus and research to the inequality that systemic racism has caused in this pandemic. Policies must be enacted that provide equitable access

Biomedical science and federal funding for scientific research are not immune to the systemic racism that pervades American society. A groundbreaking analysis of NIH grant success revealed in 2011 that grant applications submitted to the National Institutes of Health in the US by African-American or Black Principal Investigators (PIs) are less likely to be funded than applications submitted by white PIs, and efforts to narrow this funding gap have not been successful. A follow-up study in 2019 showed that this has not changed. Here, we review those original reports, as well as the response of the NIH to these issues, which we argue has been inadequate. We also make recommendations on how the NIH can address racial disparities in grant funding and call on scientists to advocate for equity in federal grant funding.

Europeans invented the concept of race to support their idea of racial superiority overall inhabitants of this continent. With this, there was also an invention of systems to police aesthetics, separating white from other. This system was expanded in the lead-up to the United States invasion of Mexico, so much so that the United States government was used as the model for Nazi Germany. These criminalized aesthetics remain to this day. Covering Chicano aesthetics and the relationship with state institutions allows for a reevaluation of cultural iconography along with the relationship between state institutions, educational and criminal, and the Chicano.

Europeans invented the concept of race to support their idea of racial superiority overall inhabitants of this continent. With this, there was also an invention of systems to police aesthetics, separating white from other. This system was expanded in the lead-up to the United States invasion of Mexico, so much so that the United States government was used as the model for Nazi Germany. These criminalized aesthetics remain to this day. Covering Chicano aesthetics and the relationship with state institutions allows for a reevaluation of cultural iconography along with the relationship between state institutions, educational and criminal, and the Chicano.

In the wake of a series of events, including the death of George Floyd last summer, the entire country yet again, started to discuss the challenges of racial justice in our communities. In response to this ongoing conversation was the decision by the UC Berkeley Library leadership to formally create a taskforce to look into the issue of racial justice in our Library environment, services and practices. The Task Force on Racial Justice is composed of 13 members of the UC Berkeley Library community, representing a wide range of departments, and inclusive of staff, librarians and a faculty member. The task force convenes this panel as an opportunity to share insights into the process, challenges and opportunities inherent in doing this sort of work in a Library organizational structure. We will provide staff and librarians to discuss the issues we identified in our work; the challenges we faced and the strategies we used in narrowing our focus with such a large and complicated topic. Given the novelty of returning to campus in-person and rebooting Library services, we will also discuss the impacts of general overcommitment to projects and the additional emotional labor of working on this sort of reform work amidst other competing obligations. We hope sharing our experiences can be educational to our fellow UC colleagues, and recommendations will inspire others to adopt similar approaches and continue the advance of racial justice work in their own communities; and/or partner with parallel efforts across campuses, and throughout the UC System.

This graduation project explores how white people can break their reproduction cycle of systemic racism. As a result this thesis proposes the final design REcolor, a consecutive three step process that visualizes employees’ apparent normal within work related situations. It appeals to the Dutch belief that manifestations of racism are wrong in order to adjust their behavior regarding reproduction of racism. Within the first phase of this project the context exploration has been examined through an exploration of the systemic level of racism revealing how it touches upon individuals, organizations and institutions. In which manifestations are embedded within cultural and institutional processes. The exploration continued with a focus on the reproduction of the individual within the context of Dutch society. While white Dutch citizens have no intention of executing manifestations of racism, they unconsciously continue to be reinforced and reproduce the cycle of racial injustice. In which white people behave according to the norm that is reinforced through social structures of the dominant culture. Allowing white Dutch people to remain ignorant towards their own manifestations of racism during social interactions. Continuous context exploration of institutional racism placed these individuals in the social structures of organizations and institutions. As such, decisions and products individuals make at work are influenced by their reinforced social structures. Via the distribution of these products like a meeting agenda or a policy within the social network of an organization they gain a power of influence. In other words, organizations hold power to influence the reproduction of during their social interactions via their created in/visible elements. Based on these insights a focus has been put on the individual with unintended racially unjust decisions during work situations. Combined with both the insights of white Dutch people that are unaware of, Design for Interaction