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The complex topography in mountainous regions, exemplified by factors like slope aspect, leads to noticeable variations in vegetation patterns, which are fundamental for understanding mountain ecosystems. However, a consistent global-scale quantification of topography's influence on vegetation patterns is still lacking. Here, we utilize two phenological metrics as proxies for vegetation-maximum vegetation greenness and seasonal greenness amplitude-computed from Sentinel-2 images, to quantify differences across three topographic factors: slope aspect, steepness, and elevation within each 0.15°×0.15° mountain grid. Our mapping reveals clear geographic patterns indicating that topography strongly influences vegetation in arid and polar ecosystems, with an influence approximately 1.9 times higher than in temperate ecosystems. Topography is also important in humid regions, as demonstrated by diverse vegetation types growing on different slope aspects, steepness levels, and elevations. Additionally, the impacts of slope aspect, steepness, and elevation vary within the same region. In 25.9% of mountain grids, slope aspect causes the largest difference in vegetation patterns, while elevation and steepness account for 43.1% and 31%, respectively. Our study highlights the hotspot areas where topographic effects on vegetation patterns are most pronounced, enabling researchers to focus on these regions for better parameterization of Earth system models.

Tropical biodiversity is undergoing unprecedented changes due to the hydrological cycle intensification, characterized by more intense droughts and wet seasons. This raises concerns about the resilience of animal and plant communities to such extremes and the existence of potential refugia—areas theorized to safeguard biological communities from adverse climate impacts. Over 20 years of monitoring in Central Amazonia, we investigated the short-term and long-term effects of hydrological cycle intensification on bird, fish, ant, and palm communities. We explored whether the ‘insurance effect’ of climate trends (droughts buffered by preceded wet seasons) or ‘environmental refugia’ (droughts or floods buffered by topographic features) could lessen the impact of climate events on community composition, richness, evenness, and species rank. Pronounced abundance changes were observed among animal species, whereas palm species showed relative temporal stability. Birds and fish were more affected by the immediate and long-term severity of droughts and wet periods, while ants responded primarily to short-term drought impacts. Conversely, palm communities exhibited delayed responses to climate extremes, primarily in long-term comparisons. As expected, the proposed ‘insurance effect’ mitigates the long-term impacts of extreme climate events on animal and plant community trends. However, less extreme hydrological conditions linked to topographic features did not provide effective ‘environmental refugia’ for animals or plants during adverse climate conditions. These outcomes underscore the complex and varied biological responses to ongoing climate change, challenging the prevailing assumptions about the efficacy of environmental refugia and highlighting the nuanced resilience of biodiversity in Central Amazonia.

The significant impacts of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) on riverine ecosystems underscores the critical need to identify the primary nutrient source areas in watersheds. This study aims to unravel the influences of terrain and land use types on mean monthly TN (TNM) and mean monthly TP (TPM) export across varying catchment resolutions in the Qiantang River Watershed of China. The findings of this study illuminated the critical role of topography in understanding nutrient dynamics, wielding a profound influence over water flow patterns and nutrient dispersion. Both land slope and Stream Power Index (SPI) displayed substantial negative correlations (r < −0.6) with TNM and TPM concentrations, whereas the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) showed positive correlations with the nutrient indexes. In addition to terrain characteristics, impervious land surfaces had a positive correlation with nutrient concentrations, while grassland and forest areas exhibited negative correlations. Results further underscored the substantial influence of catchment resolution on correlations between watershed properties and riverine nutrient concentrations. It was imperative to choose an effective catchment resolution in watershed delineation – not too coarse, nor too fine – to accurately capture the topographic and land use impacts on nutrient dynamics. With the most appropriate catchment size (Catchment 700 km2), the critical pollution source areas for TN and TP pollution were identified, and thus could be used to guide future pollution reduction efforts. The study not only highlights the importance of identifying an appropriate catchment size for water pollution, but also emphasizes the necessity of effectively extracting critical pollution source areas to mitigate water nutrient pollution and increase the ecological integrity of the Qiantang River Watershed. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

The complex topography in mountainous regions, exemplified by factors like slope aspect, leads to noticeable variations in vegetation patterns, which are fundamental for understanding mountain ecosystems. However, a consistent global-scale quantification of topography's influence on vegetation patterns is still lacking. Here, we utilize two phenological metrics as proxies for vegetation-maximum vegetation greenness and seasonal greenness amplitude-computed from Sentinel-2 images, to quantify differences across three topographic factors: slope aspect, steepness, and elevation within each 0.15°×0.15° mountain grid. Our mapping reveals clear geographic patterns indicating that topography strongly influences vegetation in arid and polar ecosystems, with an influence approximately 1.9 times higher than in temperate ecosystems. Topography is also important in humid regions, as demonstrated by diverse vegetation types growing on different slope aspects, steepness levels, and elevations. Additionally, the impacts of slope aspect, steepness, and elevation vary within the same region. In 25.9% of mountain grids, slope aspect causes the largest difference in vegetation patterns, while elevation and steepness account for 43.1% and 31%, respectively. Our study highlights the hotspot areas where topographic effects on vegetation patterns are most pronounced, enabling researchers to focus on these regions for better parameterization of Earth system models.

This thesis explores an approach to analyzing wildfire risk in forests, with a focus on Mount Rainier National Park. Monte Carlo simulations utilize terrain and elevation data, point process methods, and existing wildfire spread knowledge to generate risk heatmaps at a fine-grained scale. The research is driven by the following questions: How can we accurately and efficiently simulate wildfire start points and spread using terrain and elevation data and various statistical methods? What can we learn about risk factors, drawing from the simulation results in conjunction with existing wildfire knowledge?The study aims to capture the inherent uncertainties and complexities associated with wildfire behavior. Grounded in the relationship between topographical features, forest density, and climatic conditions, the simulation model effectively integrates the key factors contributing to wildfire ignition and spread. The probabilistic nature of the Monte Carlo method allows for the exploration of a wide range of wildfire scenarios, providing a nuanced understanding of risk and potential impacts. Results from the simulation identified areas of increased wildfire susceptibility and gave rise to Bayesian conclusions about risk in variables such as seasonality, moisture levels, and terrain.

(CoCrFeNi)1−xMox thin films with various Mo content (0–10 at.%) were grown by magnetron sputtering on a stainless steel substrate. The films with 0–2 at.% presented two crystal structures: one FCC phase and one sigma phase, while films with higher Mo content only had the FCC structure. All films have a (111) texture and follow the topography of the substrate. The corrosion resistance of the films was evaluated in 0.05 M H2SO4 at room temperature and at 80 °C. It was observed that the corrosion current densities considerably decreased for Mo > 2 at%, and that the current densities were higher at the elevated temperature. Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy showed a large potential difference between the main FCC phase and sigma phase for the Mo0–2 films. This would suggest that preferential dissolution of the FCC phase occurs over the sigma and reduces the corrosion resistance. Such preferential dissolution does not occur for the higher Mo content films with only the FCC phase. The high corrosion resistance was also attributed to the inhibition of Fe and Cr dissolution by Mo and the stabilisation of the Cr enriched oxide by incorporating Mo oxides into the passive film, identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The low corrosion current densities (below 1 µA/cm2) make these thin films possible candidates for protective coatings of bipolar plates in PEM fuel cells., This study was performed within the Competence Centre FunMat-II and was funded by the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA, grant no 2016–05156, and grant no 2019–04881). The authors would also like to acknowledge the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU No. 2009 00971)

(CoCrFeNi)1−xMox thin films with various Mo content (0–10 at.%) were grown by magnetron sputtering on a stainless steel substrate. The films with 0–2 at.% presented two crystal structures: one FCC phase and one sigma phase, while films with higher Mo content only had the FCC structure. All films have a (111) texture and follow the topography of the substrate. The corrosion resistance of the films was evaluated in 0.05 M H2SO4 at room temperature and at 80 °C. It was observed that the corrosion current densities considerably decreased for Mo > 2 at%, and that the current densities were higher at the elevated temperature. Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy showed a large potential difference between the main FCC phase and sigma phase for the Mo0–2 films. This would suggest that preferential dissolution of the FCC phase occurs over the sigma and reduces the corrosion resistance. Such preferential dissolution does not occur for the higher Mo content films with only the FCC phase. The high corrosion resistance was also attributed to the inhibition of Fe and Cr dissolution by Mo and the stabilisation of the Cr enriched oxide by incorporating Mo oxides into the passive film, identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The low corrosion current densities (below 1 µA/cm2) make these thin films possible candidates for protective coatings of bipolar plates in PEM fuel cells., This study was performed within the Competence Centre FunMat-II and was funded by the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA, grant no 2016–05156, and grant no 2019–04881). The authors would also like to acknowledge the Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU No. 2009 00971)

Purpose: To assess the impact of 3 months of orthokeratology (ortho-k) contact lenses (CLs) for myopia correction on the corneoscleral profile, as changes in scleral geometry could serve as indirect evidence of alteration in the corneal biomechanical properties. Methods: Twenty subjects (40 eyes) were recruited to wear ortho-k lenses overnight; however, after discontinuation (two CL fractures, one under-correction and two non-serious adverse events), 16 subjects (31 eyes) finished a 3-month follow-up. Corneoscleral topographies were acquired using the Eye Surface Profiler (ESP) system before and after 3 months of lens wear. Steep (SimKs) and flat (SimKf) simulated keratometry and scleral sagittal height measurements for 13-, 14- and 15-mm chord lengths were automatically calculated by the ESP software. Additionally, sagittal height and slope were calculated in polar format from 21 radii (0–10 mm from the corneal apex) at 12 angles (0–330°). Linear mixed models were fitted to determine the differences between visits. Results: SimKs and SimKf were increased significantly (p ≤ 0.02). The sagittal height in polar format increased significantly (p = 0.046) at a radius of 2.5 mm for 150°, 180°, 210° and 240° orientations and at a radius of 3.0 mm for 210°. Additionally, the slope in polar format significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.04) at radii ranges of 0.0–0.5, 0.5–1.0 and 1.0–1.5 mm for multiple angles and at a radii range of 5.0–5.5 mm for 90°. It also increased significantly (p ≤ 0.045) at a radii range of 1.5–2.0 mm for 30° and at radii ranges of 2.0–2.5, 2.5–3.0 and 3.0–3.5 mm for multiple angles. No significant changes were found for any parameter measured from the scleral area. Conclusions: Three months of overnight ortho-k lens wear changed the central and mid-peripheral corneal geometry as expected, maintaining the peripheral cornea and the surrounding sclera stability.

Climate change is altering interactions among plants and pollinators. In alpine ecosystems, where snowmelt timing is a key driver of phenology, earlier snowmelt may generate shifts in plant and pollinator phenology that vary across the landscape, potentially disrupting interactions. Here we ask how experimental advancement of snowmelt timing in a topographically heterogeneous alpine-subalpine landscape impacts flowering, insect pollinator visitation, and pathways connecting key predictors of plant-pollinator interaction. Snowmelt was advanced by an average of 13.5 days in three sites via the application of black sand over snow in manipulated plots, which were paired with control plots. For each forb species, we documented flowering onset and counted flowers throughout the season. We also performed pollinator observations to measure visitation rates. The majority (79.3%) of flower visits were made by dipteran insects. We found that plants flowered earlier in advanced snowmelt plots, with the largest advances in later-flowering species, but flowering duration and visitation rate did not differ between advanced snowmelt and control plots. Using piecewise structural equation models, we assessed the interactive effects of topography on snowmelt timing, flowering phenology, floral abundance, and pollinator visitation. We found that these factors interacted to predict visitation rate in control plots. However, in plots with experimentally advanced snowmelt, none of these predictors explained a significant amount of variation in visitation rate, indicating that different predictors are needed to understand the processes that directly influence pollinator visitation to flowers under future climate conditions. Our findings demonstrate that climate change-induced early snowmelt may fundamentally disrupt the predictive relationships among abiotic and biotic drivers of plant-pollinator interactions in subalpine-alpine environments.

Fine‐scale microclimate variation due to complex topography can shape both current vegetation distributional patterns and how vegetation responds to changing climate. Topographic heterogeneity in mountains is hypothesized to mediate responses to regional climate change at the scale of metres. For alpine vegetation especially, the interplay between changing temperatures and topographically mediated variation in snow accumulation will determine the overall impact of climate change on vegetation dynamics. We combined 30 years of co‐located measurements of temperature, snow and alpine plant community composition in Colorado, USA, to investigate vegetation community trajectories across a snow depth gradient. Our analysis of long‐term trends in plant community composition revealed notable directional change in the alpine vegetation with warming temperatures. Furthermore, community trajectories are divergent across the snow depth gradient, with exposed parts of the landscape that experience little snow accumulation shifting towards stress‐tolerant, cold‐ and drought‐adapted communities, while snowier areas shifted towards more warm‐adapted communities. Synthesis: Our findings demonstrate that fine‐scale topography can mediate both the magnitude and direction of vegetation responses to climate change. We documented notable shifts in plant community composition over a 30‐year period even though alpine vegetation is known for slow dynamics that often lag behind environmental change. These results suggest that the processes driving alpine plant population and community dynamics at this site are strong and highly heterogeneous across the complex topography that is characteristic of high‐elevation mountain systems.

L'estudi dels sistemes sensorials, particularment en el domini auditiu, té una importància primordial en neurociència. Comprendre la tonotopia (la disposició espacial de la representació de les freqüències) i la propagació topogràfica (la distribució espacial de l'activitat neural) en el sistema auditiu és essencial per entendre els mecanismes subjacents a la percepció del so. En aquest treball, presentem un model matemàtic i computacional per a modelar aquestes propietats espaials. El nostre model estableix un vincle entre la tonotopia i la topografia mitjançant la noció topològica de continuïtat. Mitjançant simulacions computacionals, demostrem com aquest model replica amb precisió alguns comportaments coneguts observats en el còrtex auditiu primari, aprofundint en la nostra comprensió de com es representa la tonotopia. En proporcionar tant una base teòrica com simulacions pràctiques, el nostre estudi contribueix a una comprensió més profunda de les característiques espacials del processament auditiu en el cervell., El estudio de los sistemas sensoriales, especialmente en el dominio auditivo, tiene una importancia primordial en neurociencia. Comprender la tonotopía (la disposición espacial de la representación de las frecuencias) y la propagación topográfica (la distribución espacial de la actividad neuronal) en el sistema auditivo es esencial para desentrañar los mecanismos subyacentes a la percepción del sonido. En este trabajo, presentamos un modelo matemático y computacional para modelar estas propiedades espaciales. Nuestro modelo establece un vínculo entre la tonotopía y la topografía utilizando el concepto topológico de continuidad. Mediante simulaciones computacionales, demostramos cómo este marco replica con precisión algunos comportamientos conocidos observados en el córtex auditivo primario, profundizando en nuestra comprensión de cómo se representa la tonotopía. Al proporcionar tanto una base teórica como simulaciones prácticas, nuestro estudio contribuye a una comprensión más profunda de las características espaciales del procesamiento auditivo en el cerebro., The study of sensory pathways, particularly in the auditory domain, holds paramount importance in neuroscience. Understanding tonotopy (the spatial arrangement of frequency representation) and topographical propagation (the spatial distribution of neural activity) within the auditory pathway is essential for unravelling the mechanisms underlying sound perception. In this work, we present a mathematical and computational framework aimed at modelling these spatial properties. Our model establishes a link between tonotopy and topography using the topological concept of continuity. Through computational simulations, we demonstrate how this framework accurately replicates some known behaviours observed in the primary auditory cortex, furthering our understanding of how tonotopy is represented. By providing both a theoretical foundation and practical simulations, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of the spatial characteristics of auditory processing in the brain., Outgoing

In Oregon, asphalt cracking is the primary distress mode, necessitating costly rehabilitation and maintenance. Cracking failures around longitudinal joints (especially on roadway sections with centerline rumble strips) have been an important issue in Oregon, affecting the overall long-term performance of the Oregon roadway network. Longitudinal joint construction in asphalt pavements is the most critical phase of the construction process, as it is difficult to achieve a consistently high density of longitudinal joints similar to the mat density. This issue often affects the structural integrity and results in premature failure of the asphalt pavements. The primary objective of this research study was to determine the most effective longitudinal joint construction strategies for Oregon. Based on the findings from all components of this study, high tack coat application (at rates ranging from 0.14gal/yd2 to 0.18gal/yd2) on the longitudinal joint and the hot pinch methods were recommended to be used together to improve the density and the cracking resistance along the longitudinal joints. The proprietary Void Reducer product was also determined to improve the density and cracking resistance of the longitudinal joints. However, the cost of this strategy is higher than that of the other strategies. For this reason, for a limited paving budget, its use can be limited to applications in critical locations such as colder regions, mountainous areas, and critical highways with heavy truck traffic. This strategy is recommended for use in several additional constructions if funding is available.

During the glacial cycles of the past 800 000 years, Eurasia and North America were periodically covered by large ice sheets, causing up to 100 m of sea-level change. While Late Pleistocene glacial cycles typically lasted 80 000-120 000 years, the termination phases were completed in only 10 000 years. During these glacial terminations, the North American and Eurasian ice sheets retreated, which created large proglacial lakes in front of the ice-sheet margin. Proglacial lakes accelerate deglaciation as they facilitate the formation of ice shelves at the southern margins of the North American and Eurasian ice sheets. These ice shelves are characterized by basal melting, low surface elevations, and negligible friction at the base. Here, we use an ice-sheet model to quantify the (combined) effects of proglacial lakes on Late Pleistocene glacial terminations by examining their interplay with glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and basal sliding. We find that proglacial lakes accelerate the deglaciation of ice sheets mainly because there is an absence of basal friction underneath ice shelves. If friction underneath grounded ice is applied to floating ice, full deglaciation is postponed by a few millennia, resulting in more ice remaining during interglacial periods and no extensive ice shelves forming. Additionally, the large uncertainty in melt rates underneath lacustrine ice shelves translates to an uncertainty in the timing of the termination of up to a millennium.Proglacial lakes are created by depressions in the landscape that remain after an ice sheet has retreated. The depth, size, and timing of proglacial lakes depend on the rate of bedrock rebound. We find that if bedrock rebounds within a few centuries (rather than a few millennia), the mass loss rate of the ice sheet is substantially reduced. This is because fast bedrock rebound prevents the formation of extensive proglacial lakes. Additionally, a decrease in ice thickness is partly compensated for by faster bed

Questions: Agricultural expansion is one of the dominant drivers of forest and biodiversity loss, and shifting cultivation is the most widely used form of agriculture in many tropical forest regions. Where forests have been cleared, they have the potential to recover once the land is abandoned. However, legacies of land use are often overlooked in successional studies, and a deeper understanding of this legacy effect is needed to define efficient restoration practices using natural or assisted regeneration. Here, we analysed how land-use history affects soil properties and early succession on abandoned agricultural fields in two contrasting Mexican socio-ecological systems. Location: Mexico, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Methods: We sampled soil and monitored vegetation for 2 years after agricultural abandonment, and interviewed landowners about their land-use practices. Results: Land-use practices were clearly influenced by landowners’ social context (residence time, rural or urban origin), and topography and soil type also constrained or facilitated land-use practices. Soil characteristics were strongly affected by three land-use practices: mechanical tillage decreased soil N and K; frequent herbicide and pesticide use increased N and K; and for pasture systems, stocking density increased soil bulk density and decreased pH and N. High-intensity land management practices, specifically use of machinery, had the highest impact on early forest succession. When machinery was not used, the frequency of land-use practices, particularly weeding frequency, is the main factor influencing tree cover and sapling diversity. Conclusions: To facilitate post-agricultural forest recovery, we recommend restoration efforts using natural regeneration in areas with low previous land-use intensity and frequency.

Accurate air quality forecasting is crucial for public health, environmental monitoring and protection, and urban planning. However, existing methods fail to effectively utilize multi-scale information, both spatially and temporally. There is a lack of integration between individual monitoring stations and city-wide scales. Temporally, the periodic nature of air quality variations is often overlooked or inadequately considered. To overcome these limitations, we conduct a thorough analysis of the data and tasks, integrating spatio-temporal multi-scale domain knowledge. We present a novel Multi-spatial Multi-temporal air quality forecasting method based on Graph Convolutional Networks and Gated Recurrent Units (M2G2), bridging the gap in air quality forecasting across spatial and temporal scales. The proposed framework consists of two modules: Multi-scale Spatial GCN (MS-GCN) for spatial information fusion and Multi-scale Temporal GRU (MT-GRU) for temporal information integration. In the spatial dimension, the MS-GCN module employs a bidirectional learnable structure and a residual structure, enabling comprehensive information exchange between individual monitoring stations and the city-scale graph. Regarding the temporal dimension, the MT-GRU module adaptively combines information from different temporal scales through parallel hidden states. Leveraging meteorological indicators and four air quality indicators, we present comprehensive comparative analyses and ablation experiments, showcasing the higher accuracy of M2G2 in comparison to nine currently available advanced approaches across all aspects. The improvements of M2G2 over the second-best method on RMSE of 72-h future predictions are as follows: PM2.5: 6%∼10%; PM10: 5%∼7%; NO2: 5%∼16%; O3: 6%∼9%. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of each module of M2G2 by ablation study. We conduct a sensitivity analysis of air quality and meteorological data, finding that the introduction of O3 adversely impacts t

Potensi kesuburan lahan dan topografi di Desa Arjasa, Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur sangat mendukung sebagai lokasi pertanian berupa lahan singkong. Agroindustri pertanian yang dikembangkan berupa pengolahan produk pangan lokal yang dinaungi oleh UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah). UMKM di Desa Arjasa ini sebagian besar mengolah singkong menjadi produk tape. Pengolahan tape menyisakan kulit ari sebagai limbah singkong yang bernilai jual rendah karena hanya dibeli sebagai pakan ternak. Selain itu, sisa kulit saat produksi melimpah terkadang juga menjadi limbah yang dibuang di sungai yang menyebabkan pencemaran air. Melalui Program Mahasiswa Berdesa (PROMAHADESA) ini dilakukan inovasi untuk mengefisiensi limbah kulit singkong menjadi produk tepung kulit ari singkong. Hasil dari kegiatan ini berupa produk tepung yang telah teruji memiliki kandungan proksimat. Kegiatan ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk lebih peduli terhadap pengolahan limbah serta meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam efesiensi keuntungan melalui produk samping., Potensi kesuburan lahan dan topografi di Desa Arjasa, Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur sangat mendukung sebagai lokasi pertanian berupa lahan singkong. Agroindustri pertanian yang dikembangkan berupa pengolahan produk pangan lokal yang dinaungi oleh UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah). UMKM di Desa Arjasa ini sebagian besar mengolah singkong menjadi produk tape. Pengolahan tape menyisakan kulit ari sebagai limbah singkong yang bernilai jual rendah karena hanya dibeli sebagai pakan ternak. Selain itu, sisa kulit saat produksi melimpah terkadang juga menjadi limbah yang dibuang di sungai yang menyebabkan pencemaran air. Melalui Program Mahasiswa Berdesa (PROMAHADESA) ini dilakukan inovasi untuk mengefisiensi limbah kulit singkong menjadi produk tepung kulit ari singkong. Hasil dari kegiatan ini berupa produk tepung yang telah teruji memiliki kandungan proksimat. Kegiatan ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk lebih peduli terhadap pengolahan limbah serta meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam efesiensi keuntungan melalui produk samping.

Potensi kesuburan lahan dan topografi di Desa Arjasa, Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur sangat mendukung sebagai lokasi pertanian berupa lahan singkong. Agroindustri pertanian yang dikembangkan berupa pengolahan produk pangan lokal yang dinaungi oleh UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah). UMKM di Desa Arjasa ini sebagian besar mengolah singkong menjadi produk tape. Pengolahan tape menyisakan kulit ari sebagai limbah singkong yang bernilai jual rendah karena hanya dibeli sebagai pakan ternak. Selain itu, sisa kulit saat produksi melimpah terkadang juga menjadi limbah yang dibuang di sungai yang menyebabkan pencemaran air. Melalui Program Mahasiswa Berdesa (PROMAHADESA) ini dilakukan inovasi untuk mengefisiensi limbah kulit singkong menjadi produk tepung kulit ari singkong. Hasil dari kegiatan ini berupa produk tepung yang telah teruji memiliki kandungan proksimat. Kegiatan ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk lebih peduli terhadap pengolahan limbah serta meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam efesiensi keuntungan melalui produk samping., Potensi kesuburan lahan dan topografi di Desa Arjasa, Kabupaten Jember Jawa Timur sangat mendukung sebagai lokasi pertanian berupa lahan singkong. Agroindustri pertanian yang dikembangkan berupa pengolahan produk pangan lokal yang dinaungi oleh UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah). UMKM di Desa Arjasa ini sebagian besar mengolah singkong menjadi produk tape. Pengolahan tape menyisakan kulit ari sebagai limbah singkong yang bernilai jual rendah karena hanya dibeli sebagai pakan ternak. Selain itu, sisa kulit saat produksi melimpah terkadang juga menjadi limbah yang dibuang di sungai yang menyebabkan pencemaran air. Melalui Program Mahasiswa Berdesa (PROMAHADESA) ini dilakukan inovasi untuk mengefisiensi limbah kulit singkong menjadi produk tepung kulit ari singkong. Hasil dari kegiatan ini berupa produk tepung yang telah teruji memiliki kandungan proksimat. Kegiatan ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan motivasi kepada masyarakat untuk lebih peduli terhadap pengolahan limbah serta meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam efesiensi keuntungan melalui produk samping.

Eutrophication is a global problem that has a major impact on aquatic ecosystems. Over the past 50 years, the nutrient content of lakes and streams has increased as a result of urban development and agricultural sources. It can cause health problems for both humans and animals through direct contact or when consumed. In addition, it can result in the extinction of aquatic organisms. By studying the topography, soil chemistry, hydrology and human impact of areas, we can understand how nutrients are transported from their sources of origin to surface water, where they increase nutrient content. Understanding this is crucial to identify and prioritise areas that require action to reduce the effects of eutrophication. The purpose of this study was to trace potential sources of dispersion of nutrients to the surface water through analysis of these. The site chosen for the study was the area of Tvärålund where the stream Sjöbäcken and lake Tväråträsket are located, where 11 sampling points were also placed. These had the purpose of proving any emissions from ancillary activities. The results indicate that only one of the selected sampling points was contaminated from active point sources (individual sewers) while the remaining points showed a constant increase supported by a linear relationship between distance from the reference point and measured concentration.

This article focuses on the role of contemporary Polish literature in bringing back that which has been repressed under communism: the Germanness of the so-called “regained territories”, i.e. territories that became Polish due to the changes of national borders after the Second World War, as well as the marginalized queer life. I discuss two novels that feature the city of Wrocław, formerly German Breslau: Marek Krajewski’s Death in Breslau (1999) and Michał Witkowski’s Lovetown (2004). My analysis draws parallels between bringing back the German past of the city and remembering queer life during communism in fiction. Marek Krajewski situates the plot of his highly popular crime novel in Breslau in the 1930s. By doing so, he fictionally recreates the former German city which allows the reader to rediscover its past and foreign layer. Michał Witkowski’s prose performs a similar task by describing parts of the city that were central to queer culture but hidden from the experience of the “general public” under communism. I argue that remembering takes effect through remapping and that this literary remapping destabilizes the narrative about Polish culture as a homogeneous block of monolingualism, Catholicism, and heteronormativity. Furthermore, the fictional topographies of the German Breslau and the queer Wrocław alter the existing geospace by overlaying a suppressed otherness onto it.

Owing to the dependence of algorithms on the measurement of ship soundings and geophysical parameters, the accuracy and coverage of topography still need to be improved. Previous studies have mostly predicted topography using gravity or gravity gradient, However, there is a relative lack of integrated research combining or comparing gravity and gravity gradient. In this study, we develop observation equations to predict topography based on vertical gravity anomalies (VG; also called gravity anomalies) and vertical gravity gradient (VGG) anomalies generated by a rectangular prism. The sources of interference are divided into medium- to high-frequency errors and low-frequency errors, and these new methods reduce these errors through regularization and error equations. We also use numerical simulations to test the efficiency of the algorithm and error-reduction method. Statistics show that VGG anomalies are more sensitive to topographic fluctuations; however, the linear correlation between VG anomalies and topography is stronger. Additionally, we use the EIGEN-6C4 model of VG and VGG anomalies to predict topography in shallow and deep-sea areas, with maximum depths of 2 km and 5 km, respectively. In the shallow and deep-sea areas, the root mean square (RMS) errors of VGG anomalies prediction are 93.8 m and 233.8 m, and the corresponding accuracies improved by 7.3% and 2.3% compared with those of VG anomaly prediction, respectively. Furthermore, we use cubic spline interpolation to fuse ship soundings and improve the accuracy of the final topography results. We develop a novel analytical algorithm by constructing an observation equation system applicable to VG and VGG anomalies. This will provide new insights and directions to refine topography prediction based on VG and VGG anomalies.

The Earth's surface is a complex landscape that is essential for a wide range of applications, from urban planning to environmental monitoring. Digital models of the Earth's surface are generated through mathematical calculations using elevation data collected from various sources and the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) which captures the bare earth's surface topography in 2.5D. The creation of DTM is an approximation of terrain in unsample locations, by using x-y coordinates and one z value. Traditionally, terrain interpolation uses deterministic or geo-statistical methods to calculate elevation. This research would use random forest regression as an alternative method and to compare the results against traditional interpolation. Comparing different locations against traditional interpolation yields similar results overall. Feature importance, within the the points that are closest to the sampled ICESat-2 data point are more significant than other features used in Random Forest model. The correlation between these datasets and the spatial relationship established would impact on the results of the elevation. The improvement overall of using traditional interpolation compared to random forest regression is limited depending on the location and using model trained with local datasets. For model trained on other geographical locations, which shows similar differences., Geomatics

Internal tides and currents interacting with sub-surface topography such as continental slopes, islands and seamounts give rise to turbulent processes. The subsequent mixing of waters of different densities is important for maintaining the global overturning circulation. This thesis investigates the turbulent processes occurring at two different topographic features; a steep headland in the eastern Pacific and a continental slope canyon in the north-west Atlantic. Tidal currents and mean-flows interacting with headlands and islands give rice to turbulent wakes. In Chapter 1, surveys in the wake of a steep headland in both tidal and mean flow regimes reveal turbulent wakes driven by shear and vorticity in the flow. Recent theoretical literature has suggested that turbulence at steep topographic features may drive upwelling necessary to close the abyssal overturning circulation. In Chapter 2, a novel near-bottom dye release provides the first direct evidence of upwelling within a steep canyon and suggests that current 1-d models of near-bottom processes are insufficient to understand the importance of bottom boundary upwelling processes. In Chapter 3, this work is extended using a suite of moorings which observe convergence and divergence in the along-canyon direction indicative of exchange between the boundary and interior, a process that is not included in 1-d models.

Thin films of zinc sulfide (ZnS) with varying thicknesses have been successfully fabricated using radio frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates at a temperature of 300 K. Structural analysis via X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction confirmed the presence of nanocrystalline cubic ZnS phases in the films. The crystallite size, determined from X-ray diffraction lines, ranged between 42 and 55 nm. We also explored the morphological attributes of these surfaces and observed significant changes in both grain shape and size. Our atomic force microscopy analyses revealed that the thinner film displayed a topography marked by thinner, elongated rough peaks. As the film thickness increased, these rough peaks gradually transformed into wider, flatter features. Additionally, the films exhibited distinct percolation properties, which were undeniably tied to the alterations in the shape and size of the ZnS grains on their surfaces. Thinner samples demonstrated more pronounced surface percolation (FS > 0.5) compared to thicker samples, which displayed reduced surface percolation. Furthermore, we noted that the 250 nm film predominantly showcased strongly multifractal 3D spatial patterns in contrast to the other films. Spectroscopic measurements in the UV–visible-near infrared region revealed high transparency across the 350–850 nm spectra, with a noticeable blue shift in the absorption edge. Calculations yielded direct allowed band gaps within the range of 3.69–3.85 eV. These results indicate that the optical properties of films can be tailored by their structural and morphological characteristics, thereby offering valuable guidance for their appropriate applications.

This dataset contains 206 spatially explicit environmental variables, also termed covariates, at 25m resolution that cover the entire Netherlands (national scale). The raster data are comprised of covariates related to the soil-forming factors (climate, organism/land use/land cover, relief/topography, parent material/geology) for the purpose of using them for digital soil mapping. However, since the covariates cover a wide range of environmental variables, they can potentially be used for spatial modelling in the Netherlands also outside the field of soil science. All covariates can also be found from the original source, but the potential strength and practicality of this dataset lies in the broad range of readily available, collected, prepared and harmonized raster data. The metadata of all the covariates in this dataset can be found in the "00_covariates_metadata.csv" file, including information about the names, category, value types, specific value types, type of geospatial data, file type, whether its static or dynamic, temporal coverage, date/version, resolution (all 25m), origin, source, access/license, description, processing steps and comments. The dataset includes 3 different types of files: GeoTIFF (.tif): the covariates as raster data at 25m resolution in the EPSG:28992 (Amersfoort / RD New) spatial projection Text (.txt): README files for each covariate with additional metadata information (filename ending in "_readme.txt") Tabular data (.csv): Classification and re-classification table for categorical covariates (filename ending in "_reclassify.csv") Note that the reclassification tables contain potential ways to reclassify the data provided, but can be altered by the user. Reclassification may be useful for categorical covariates with a large number of classes/categories. Note that covariates with CC BY-ND 4.0 licenses, covariates that are not open data or for which the license was unknown are not shared in this dataset. More information about these c

Groundwater is a crucial resource, as approximately 45% of irrigation and around 80% of domestic water needs in India are fulfilled by groundwater reservoirs. Therefore, it is essential to determine where the probability of groundwater availability is high and where it is low. In areas with low probability, there is a need for the rapid development of recharge structures. GIS and remote sensing technology is a crucial tool for obtaining information about availability of ground water potential as well as finding suitable site for recharge structures. The investigation will involve geological surveys to understand the hydrogeological characteristics of the region, including aquifer properties, recharge mechanisms, and groundwater quality. Additionally, environmental impact assessments will be conducted to evaluate the sustainability of groundwater extraction and its potential implications on the surrounding ecosystems. Furthermore, socio-economic analyses will explore the existing water usage patterns, community needs, and stakeholders' perspectives to develop inclusive and equitable groundwater management plans. "This study focuses on the Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh, India. There are different factors affecting groundwater recharge, including topography, slope, land use and land cover, drainage density, geology, soil distribution, rainfall, lineament, etc. Satellite images provide information about land use/land cover, geomorphology, and DEM delineate slope, drainage, and lineament. They are classified into different classes and assigned weights. ArcGIS software was used for data integration and weighted overlay analysis to create a groundwater potential map for the Dindori district. The groundwater potential map is categorized into five classes: 'Excellent' (0.01%), 'Good' (9.78%), 'Moderate' (70.04%), 'Poor' (19.97%), and 'Very Poor/Nil' (0.17%)."

Groundwater is a crucial resource, as approximately 45% of irrigation and around 80% of domestic water needs in India are fulfilled by groundwater reservoirs. Therefore, it is essential to determine where the probability of groundwater availability is high and where it is low. In areas with low probability, there is a need for the rapid development of recharge structures. GIS and remote sensing technology is a crucial tool for obtaining information about availability of ground water potential as well as finding suitable site for recharge structures. The investigation will involve geological surveys to understand the hydrogeological characteristics of the region, including aquifer properties, recharge mechanisms, and groundwater quality. Additionally, environmental impact assessments will be conducted to evaluate the sustainability of groundwater extraction and its potential implications on the surrounding ecosystems. Furthermore, socio-economic analyses will explore the existing water usage patterns, community needs, and stakeholders' perspectives to develop inclusive and equitable groundwater management plans. "This study focuses on the Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh, India. There are different factors affecting groundwater recharge, including topography, slope, land use and land cover, drainage density, geology, soil distribution, rainfall, lineament, etc. Satellite images provide information about land use/land cover, geomorphology, and DEM delineate slope, drainage, and lineament. They are classified into different classes and assigned weights. ArcGIS software was used for data integration and weighted overlay analysis to create a groundwater potential map for the Dindori district. The groundwater potential map is categorized into five classes: 'Excellent' (0.01%), 'Good' (9.78%), 'Moderate' (70.04%), 'Poor' (19.97%), and 'Very Poor/Nil' (0.17%)."

The article presents the results of studies of the structure and physical and mechanical characteristics of vacuum intermetallic coatings formed from magnetically controlled flows of a multicomponent reaction medium on metal substrates using the methods of atomic force and electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and physical and mechanical analysis. The surface roughness of vacuum coatings, metal substrates, was evaluated using the profilometry method. The study of the morphology of the surface layers of TiAlSi (N,C) coatings formed on substrates of different nature by the methods of atomic force and optical microscopy made it possible to establish the dependence of the morphological parameters of the coatings on the chemical composition of the substrate.

By means of a “live-cell” template strategy, silica replicas displaying the same morphology and topography of the mammalian cells used as templates are fabricated. The replicas are used as substrates to direct the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to predefined cell lineages. Upregulation of specific genes shows how the silica replica-based substrates have the ability to induce the molecular characteristics of the mature cell types from which they have been derived from. Thus, MSCs cultured in the presence of silica replicas of human osteoblasts (HObs) differentiate into HObs-like cells, as shown by the upregulation of specific osteogenic genes. Likewise, when MSCs are incubated with silica replicas derived from human chondrocytes, an enhanced expression of chondrogenic markers is observed. Importantly, the effects of the silica replicas are cell type-specific since the incubation of MSCs with HObs silica replicas does not result in upregulation of chondrogenic markers and vice versa. What is more, for both cases, the differentiation rate is enhanced when the silica replicas are used in combination with growth factors, suggesting a potential synergistic effect. These results demonstrate the potential of this innovative method as an efficient and cheap approach with the potential to eliminate, or at least reduce, the use of biochemically soluble compounds in stem cells research.

This essay is an excerpt from Jumana Emil Abboud’s ongoing journal, which she started keeping in 2010. With the help of photographer Issa Freij, the artist identified spirited water spots in the topography of Palestine, based on her childhood memories and a 1922 study on Haunted Springs and Water Demons in Palestine. The text was written as part of a performance by Abboud at the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center in 2016.

Mats Jansson, Department of Literature, History of Ideas, and Religion, University of Gothenburg Narrating Landscape. On Form, Place, and Space in Folke Dahlberg’s Landscape Writings (Att berätta landskap. Om form, plats och rum i Folke Dahlbergs landskapsböcker) This article deals with four prose works by Folke Dahlberg (1912–1966)—Vättern (1949), Tiveden (1952), Göta kanal (1954), Leva vid Vättern (1958)—focusing the relationship between landscape and literature. Generically difficult to pinpoint, these works transgress literary boundaries by incorporating an array of literary discourses. The question of literary form becomes central and is discussed from a narratological point of view, leading to an assessment of the predominantly intertextual narrative. Furthermore, landscape is tied to the concept of regionalism, epitomizing its basic characteristics. Dahlberg re-presents the stories carried by the landscape, whereby he treats it as a “storied matter” in an ecocritical sense. To further the understanding of landscape, the analysis seeks support also from cultural geography and phenomenology. From the latter point of view landscape comes forth as a bodily experience. Since Dahlberg inserts maps in his discourse, this calls for an investigation of how cartography and topography intersect in his writings.

Mats Jansson, Department of Literature, History of Ideas, and Religion, University of Gothenburg Narrating Landscape. On Form, Place, and Space in Folke Dahlberg’s Landscape Writings (Att berätta landskap. Om form, plats och rum i Folke Dahlbergs landskapsböcker) This article deals with four prose works by Folke Dahlberg (1912–1966)—Vättern (1949), Tiveden (1952), Göta kanal (1954), Leva vid Vättern (1958)—focusing the relationship between landscape and literature. Generically difficult to pinpoint, these works transgress literary boundaries by incorporating an array of literary discourses. The question of literary form becomes central and is discussed from a narratological point of view, leading to an assessment of the predominantly intertextual narrative. Furthermore, landscape is tied to the concept of regionalism, epitomizing its basic characteristics. Dahlberg re-presents the stories carried by the landscape, whereby he treats it as a “storied matter” in an ecocritical sense. To further the understanding of landscape, the analysis seeks support also from cultural geography and phenomenology. From the latter point of view landscape comes forth as a bodily experience. Since Dahlberg inserts maps in his discourse, this calls for an investigation of how cartography and topography intersect in his writings.

Mats Jansson, Department of Literature, History of Ideas, and Religion, University of Gothenburg Narrating Landscape. On Form, Place, and Space in Folke Dahlberg’s Landscape Writings (Att berätta landskap. Om form, plats och rum i Folke Dahlbergs landskapsböcker) This article deals with four prose works by Folke Dahlberg (1912–1966)—Vättern (1949), Tiveden (1952), Göta kanal (1954), Leva vid Vättern (1958)—focusing the relationship between landscape and literature. Generically difficult to pinpoint, these works transgress literary boundaries by incorporating an array of literary discourses. The question of literary form becomes central and is discussed from a narratological point of view, leading to an assessment of the predominantly intertextual narrative. Furthermore, landscape is tied to the concept of regionalism, epitomizing its basic characteristics. Dahlberg re-presents the stories carried by the landscape, whereby he treats it as a “storied matter” in an ecocritical sense. To further the understanding of landscape, the analysis seeks support also from cultural geography and phenomenology. From the latter point of view landscape comes forth as a bodily experience. Since Dahlberg inserts maps in his discourse, this calls for an investigation of how cartography and topography intersect in his writings.

Mats Jansson, Department of Literature, History of Ideas, and Religion, University of Gothenburg Narrating Landscape. On Form, Place, and Space in Folke Dahlberg’s Landscape Writings (Att berätta landskap. Om form, plats och rum i Folke Dahlbergs landskapsböcker) This article deals with four prose works by Folke Dahlberg (1912–1966)—Vättern (1949), Tiveden (1952), Göta kanal (1954), Leva vid Vättern (1958)—focusing the relationship between landscape and literature. Generically difficult to pinpoint, these works transgress literary boundaries by incorporating an array of literary discourses. The question of literary form becomes central and is discussed from a narratological point of view, leading to an assessment of the predominantly intertextual narrative. Furthermore, landscape is tied to the concept of regionalism, epitomizing its basic characteristics. Dahlberg re-presents the stories carried by the landscape, whereby he treats it as a “storied matter” in an ecocritical sense. To further the understanding of landscape, the analysis seeks support also from cultural geography and phenomenology. From the latter point of view landscape comes forth as a bodily experience. Since Dahlberg inserts maps in his discourse, this calls for an investigation of how cartography and topography intersect in his writings.

Computational three-dimensional modelling can be used to reconstruct real-world objects with all their details and conservation conditions. Photogrammetry offers products with accuracy, in addition to the flexibility of execution of simple and complex projects, according to the simplicity and speed in data acquisition. The three-dimensional (3D) and georeferenced modelling allows the documentation of the object that was mapped by means of the location. This paper presents a methodology based on topographic and geodetic techniques with georeferencing applied to three-dimensional modelling of architectural forms with the use of digital close-range photogrammetry. The measurements made on the digital product obtained and the same measurements made using precision topography were compared considering the conversion of coordinates to the same projection and reference systems. Finally, the statistical validation and quantification in terms of the positional accuracy of the final product were performed., A modelagem tridimensional computacional pode ser utilizada para a reconstrução de objetos do mundo real com todos seus detalhes e estado de conservação. A Fotogrametria oferece produtos com acurácia, além da flexibilidade na execução de projetos simples ou complexos, de acordo com a facilidade e a rapidez na aquisição dos dados. Os modelos tridimensionais (3D) georreferenciados permitem uma documentação do objeto mapeado, através de sua localização. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia baseada em técnicas topográficas e geodésicas para o georreferenciamento aplicado na modelagem tridimensional de formas arquitetônicas com o emprego da Fotogrametria Terrestre Digital. Posteriormente, foi realizada a comparação de medidas realizadas no produto obtido em ambiente computacional e de medidas realizadas com uso de topografia de precisão, considerando-se a conversão de coordenadas para os mesmos sistemas de projeção e referência. Finalmente, aplicou-se a análise estatística para a validação e a definição quantitativa em termos posicionais da qualidade do produto final., El modelado tridimensional computacional se puede utilizar para la reconstrucción de los objetos del mundo real con todos sus detalles y condición de conservación. La fotogrametría ofrece productos con exactitud, además de la flexibilidad de ejecución de los proyectos simples o complejos, de acuerdo con la simplicidad y rapidez en la adquisición de los datos. Los modelados tridimensionales (3D) y georreferenciados permiten la documentación del objeto que fue mapeado por medio de la ubicación. Este trabajo presenta una metodología basada en técnicas topográficas y geodésicas con georreferenciación, a partir de las cuales se ha aplicado el modelado tridimensional de la arquitectura basada en el empleo de la fotogrametría terrestre digital. Se ha realizado la comparación de las mediciones hechas sobre el producto digital obtenido y las mismas mediciones hechas mediante topografía de precisión, contexto en el que se tuvo en cuenta la conversión de las coordenadas hasta los mismos sistemas de proyección y referencia. Al final, se hizo la validación y la cuantificación estadísticos en términos posicionales de exactitud del producto final.

Identification of ontogenetic age classes plays an important role in the fields of zoology, palaeontology and archaeology, where accurate age classifications of (sub)fossil remains are a crucial component for the reconstruction of past life. Textural ageing—the identification of age-related bone surface textures—provides a size-independent method for age assessment of vertebrate material. However, most of the work so far is limited to qualitative results. While qualitative approaches provide helpful insights on textural ageing patterns, they are heavily subject to observer bias and fall short of quantitative data relevant for detailed statistical analyses and cross-comparisons. Here, we present a pilot study on the application of 3D surface digital microscopy to quantify bone surface textures on the long bones of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) using internationally verified roughness parameters. Using a standardised measuring protocol, computed roughness values show a strong correlation with qualitative descriptions of textural patterns. Overall, higher roughness values correspond to increased numbers of grooves and pits and vice versa. Most of the roughness parameters allowed distinguishing between different ontogenetic classes and closely followed the typical sigmoidal animal growth curve. Our results show that bone texture quantification is a feasible approach to identifying ontogenetic age classes.

During the last glacial cycle (LGC), ice sheets covered large parts of Eurasia and North America, which resulted in ∼120 m of sea level change. Ice sheet-climate interactions have considerable influence on temperature and precipitation patterns and therefore need to be included when simulating this time period. Ideally, ice sheet-climate interactions are simulated by a high-resolution Earth system model. While these models are capable of simulating climates at a certain point in time, such as the pre-industrial (PI) or the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 years ago), a full transient glacial cycle is currently computationally unfeasible as it requires a too-large amount of computation time. Nevertheless, ice sheet models require forcing that captures the gradual change in climate over time to calculate the accumulation and melt of ice and its effect on ice sheet extent and volume changes. Here we simulate the LGC using an ice sheet model forced by LGM and PI climates. The gradual change in climate is modelled by transiently interpolating between pre-calculated results from a climate model for the LGM and the PI. To assess the influence of ice sheet-climate interactions, we use two different interpolation methods: the climate matrix method, which includes a temperature-albedo and precipitation-topography feedback, and the glacial index method, which does not. To investigate the sensitivity of the results to the prescribed climate forcing, we use the output of several models that are part of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III (PMIP3). In these simulations, ice volume is prescribed, and the climate is reconstructed with a general circulation model (GCM). Here we test those models by using their climate to drive an ice sheet model over the LGC. We find that the ice volume differences caused by the climate forcing exceed the differences caused by the interpolation method. Some GCMs produced unrealistic LGM volumes, and only four resulted in

Introduction— The construction of contour lines is a daily activity for topography, civil engineering and architecture, with these plans a survey of the information of the earth’s surface is carried out. For this process, theodolites are used, which manually go through a determined surface and take the different heights against a reference point. The introduction of electronic systems for data collection would allow this process to be carried out more quickly and efficiently. Objective— For this reason, the development of a topographic data collection system that allows the construction of contour lines from a GPS receiver module is proposed. Methodology— To achieve this goal, an experimental investigation was carried out that includes the theoretical review, followed by the design, the construction of the model, and the construction of the prototype with a validation of the results using descriptive statistics. Results— In this way, a device capable of carrying out the survey of the topographic information necessary for the construction of the contour lines was obtained with a fairly low error in the shots. Conclusions— The information from the global positioning system was obtained in NMEA0183 format from which the specific data necessary to store it was extracted and then delivered to the various software that is normally used for the construction of contour lines., Introducción— La construcción de curvas de nivel es una actividad diaria y cotidiana para la topografía, la ingeniería civil y la arquitectura, con estos planos se realiza un levantamiento de la información de la superficie terrestre. Para este proceso se usan teodolitos, que de manera manual van recorriendo una superficie determinada y tomando las diferentes alturas contra un punto de referencia. La introducción de sistemas electrónicos para la toma de datos permitiría realizar este proceso de manera más rápida y eficiente. Objetivo— Por esto se plantea el desarrollo de un sistema de recolección de datos topográficos que permita la construcción de curvas de nivel a partir de un módulo receptor GPS. Metodología— Para alcanzar esta meta, se realizó una investigación experimental que incluye la revisión teórica, seguida del diseño, la construcción del modelo y construcción del prototipo con una validación de resultados utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados— De esta manera, se obtuvo un dispositivo capaz de realizar el levantamiento de la información topográfica necesaria para la construcción de las curvas de nivel con un error en las tomas, bastante bajo. Conclusiones— La información del sistema de posicionamiento global se obtuvo en formato NMEA0183 de la cual se extrajo los datos específicos necesarios para almacenarlos y luego entregarlos a los diversos softwares que normalmente se usan para la construcción de las curvas de nivel.

The influence of the surface topography of dental implants has been studied to optimize titanium surfaces in order to improve osseointegration. Different techniques can be used to obtain rough titanium, however, their effect on wettability, surface energy, as well as bacterial and cell adhe sion and differentiation has not been studied deeply. Two-hundred disks made of grade 4 titanium were subjected to different treatments: machined titanium (MACH), acid-attacked titanium (AE), titanium sprayed with abrasive alumina particles under pressure (GBLAST), and titanium that has been treated with GBLAST and then subjected to AE (GBLAST + AE). The roughness of the different treatments was determined by confocal microscopy, and the wettability was determined by the sessile drop technique; then, the surface energy of each treatment was calculated. Osteoblast-like cells (SaOs-2) were cultured, and alkaline phosphatase was determined using a colorimetric test. Likewise, bacterial strains S. gordonii, S. oralis, A. viscosus, and E. faecalis were cultured, and proliferation on the different surfaces was determined. It could be observed that the roughness of the GBLAST and GBLAS + AE was higher, at 1.99 and 2.13 µm of Ra, with respect to the AE and MACH samples, which were 0.35 and 0.20 µm, respectively. The abrasive treated surfaces showed lower hydrophilicity but lower surface energy. Significant differences could be seen at 21 days between SaOS-2 osteoblastic cell adhesion for the blasted ones and higher osteocalcin levels. However, no significant differences in terms of bacterial proliferation were observed between the four surfaces studied, demonstrating the insensitivity of bacteria to topography. These results may help in the search for the best topographies for osteoblast behavior and for the inhibition of bacterial colonization.

The tropical Andes has been less studied in terms of erosion processes in comparison to other major mountain ranges in the world. Environmental gradients are steepest along the western flank of the Andes that is characterized by marked differences in vegetation, rough topography with deeply incised canyons, and highly variable and extreme precipitation patterns. Previous efforts mostly focused on sediment fluxes in large rivers draining to e.g. the Amazon basin while small to medium-sized rivers such as the ones flowing towards the Pacific Ocean have been relegated. They highlighted the link between sediment yield, anthropogenic and natural factors, e.g. climate, topography, river runoff, lithology and vegetation cover. In this study, we identified the spatial patterns of specific sediment yield along the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes between 3° and 13° S latitude for 21 catchments. We collected and analysed data from 22 environmental factors to elucidate their importance on spatially varying sediment yield. The sediment load was derived from gauging stations, reservoir sedimentation and water turbidity over a 30-yr period. The specific sediment yield varies strongly along the Peruvian western Andes as a consequence of the spatial variation in climate, topography and land cover controlling sediment production and transport. We reported higher-than-average specific sediment yields for the central part (6°-11°S) with values of 2130 and 2300 t km−2 yr−1 and low and uniform yields of 39 to 551 t km−2 yr−1 in the southern part (11° − 14.5° S). Given the scarcity of data on sediment yield, we included an uncertainty assessment based on bootstrapping approaches as to get a better grasp on the potential range of specific sediment yields in the study region. Using statistical techniques including Spearman correlation rank, univariate and multivariate regression analyses, we were able to determine the importance of the 22 environmental variables on the specific sedimen

In drylands, water availability is the main limiting factor for plant growth. Topographic depressions in the Sahel that reveal a more favorable water balance display greater tree diversity compared to their surroundings. However, the environmental factors that drive differences in botanical composition between depressions remain unknown. Here, we investigated the depression features, and the landscape and connectivity metrics responsible for woody vegetation composition in a savanna of Senegal. We mapped depressions in a 700 km2 area and inventoried woody vegetation in 61 depressions varying in area. Simple linear models were applied between (i) indicators of richness and botanical composition and (ii) depression attributes, landscape and connectivity metrics. We found that the area of a depression increased species richness. The number of vegetation strata and the presence of a temporary pond also positively influenced species richness. Yet, while large depressions always had high richness, some small depressions did too. We were not able to identify additional factors to explain this diversity between small depressions. In the context of decreasing richness and composition shift observed in the Sahel over recent decades, depressions, as biodiversity hotspots, are key elements in ecosystem functioning. Further studies are needed to understand other potential drivers of species diversity, such as soil water availability.

Missoula, MT

La cristianización de la sociedad romana tardorromana trajo consigo diferentes cambios que tuvieron su plasmación en la ubicación de las necrópolis y en su propia distribución. Este cambio traerá consigo la concepción de los cementerios cristianos medievales. El presente artículo es la síntesis de un trabajo mayor que recoge varios ejemplos de este proceso de cambio en la Región de Murcia. Será este el ámbito de estudio en el que nos hemos ceñido. El análisis de estos cambios se acometerá mediante el estudio de la topografía funeraria de unos determinados yacimientos. Se analizarán los diferentes indicios de cristianización, tanto materiales como constructivos, en las necrópolis a través de la observación y valoración del fenómeno de la ‘’Tumulatio ad sanctos’’., The Christianization of late Roman society brought with it different changes that were reflected in the location of the necropolises and in their distribution. This change brought with it the conception of medieval Christian cemeteries. The present article is the synthesis of a larger work that brings together various examples of this process of change in the Region of Murcia. It will be this field of study to which we limit ourselves. The analysis of these changes will be undertaken through a study of the funerary topography of several specific sites. We will analyze the different indicators of Christanization, both material and constructive, in the necropolises through the observation and evaluation of the phenomenon of ‘’Tumulatio ad sanctos.’’

Coastal regions (including estuaries and deltas) are very complex environments with diverse hydrodynamic and bio-geomorphological contexts and with important socio-economic and ecological problems. These systems are among the most affected by human impact through urbanization and port activities, industrial and tourism activities. They are directly affected by the impact of climate change on sea level, storm surges frequency and strength, as well as recurrence of coastal river floods. A sustainable future for coastal zones depends on our capacity to implement systematic monitoring with focus on: (1) forcings affecting coastal zones at different spatio-temporal scales (sea level rise, winds and waves, offshore and coastal currents, tides, storm surges, river runoff in estuaries and deltas, sediment supply and transport, vertical land motions and land use); (2) morphological response (e.g., shoreline migration, topographical changes). Over the last decades, remote sensing observations have contributed to major advances in our understanding of coastal dynamics. This paper provides an overview of these major advances to measure the main physical parameters for monitoring the coastal, estuarine and delta environments and their evolution, such as the water level and hydrodynamics near the shoreline, water/sediment contact (i.e., shoreline), shoreline position, topography, bathymetry, vertical land motion, bio-physical characteristics of sediments, water content, suspended sediment, vegetation, and land use and land cover.

This doctoral thesis aims to review methods which use high-resolution remote sensing (RS) to evaluate the changes in degraded and restored northern peatlands and to test and develop these topo-hydrological methods. A significant share of peatlands worldwide is degraded and encountered subsidence due to land use and drainage. Recently, activities have been directed increasingly to mitigating environmental impacts and to restoration. Understanding the state and characteristics of degradation, as well as monitoring restoration success, is important in the sustainable management of peatlands. Conventionally, the state of peatlands has been monitored using laborious field surveys that are poorly suited for monitoring larger areas. Monitoring the internal heterogeneity of the site or larger regional, national or international areas requires more applicable methods. This thesis reviews the available remote sensing methods to observe the land cover, water flow routes, and surface soil moisture on peatlands. In addition, the magnitude and impacts of topographical changes on peatland hydrology were demonstrated at eight sites. The analysis showed the subsidence of cultivated peatlands, which have caused a spread of annual river floods by 101–194% over the last 24–51 years. On forestry-drained peatlands, topographic flow accumulation and wetness indices showed that restoration increased the site wetness by 2.9–6.9% and decreased its deviation by 13–15% 1–10 months after the restoration. The methods used emphasized the determinative role of topography in the hydrological conditions of peatlands. RS is well applicable in peatland monitoring, providing advanced large-coverage and/or high-detail monitoring data. Each method, however, includes specific technical challenges and development needs, and field measurements will also be needed in the future to support the remote sensing data and analysis. The production of the data might be laborious and require adjunct resource, Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoituksena on koota tarkan resolution kaukokartoitusmenetelmiä soiden kuivatuksesta ja ennallistamisesta aiheutuneiden muutosten arvioimiseen sekä testata ja kehittää valittuja topo-hydrologisia menetelmiä. Merkittävä osuus maailman soista on häiriintynyt, ja maa on painunut maankäytön ja kuivatuksen seurauksena. Toimintaa on alettu suunnata yhä enemmän ympäristövaikutusten lieventämiseen ja ennallistamiseen. Soiden muuttuneen hydrologian ymmärtäminen ja toisaalta toteutettujen toimenpiteiden onnistumisen arviointi ovat soiden tavoitteidenmukaisen ja kestävän käytön edellytys. Perinteisesti soita on seurattu työläillä kenttämenetelmillä. Suon sisäisen vaihtelun kattaviin sekä alueellisiin, kansallisiin ja kansainvälisiin seurantoihin tarvitaan soveltuvampia menetelmiä. Tässä väitöskirjassa kootaan kaukokartoitusmenetelmiä maanpinnan peitteen sekä veden kulkureittien ja suon pintakosteuden tarkastelemiseen. Lisäksi maanpinnan korkeusaseman muutosten vaikutuksia suon hydrologialle demonstroitiin kahdeksalla tutkimuskohteella. Turvepelloilla testattiin menetelmää, joka osoitti turvemaiden painumisen aiheuttaneen viereisen joen vuotuisen tulvan peittämän alueen laajentuneen 101–194 % kuluneiden 24–51 vuoden aikana. Metsätaloutta varten ojitetuilla soilla puolestaan todettiin topografisten virtauskertymien ja märkyysindeksien avulla ennallistamisen lisänneen tutkimusalueiden keskimääräistä märkyyttä 2.9–6.9 % sekä pienentäneen sen vaihteluväliä 13–15 % 1–10 kk aikana ennallistamisen jälkeen. Testatut menetelmät tähdensivät topografian merkitystä hydrologisten olosuhteiden määräytymisessä. Kaukokartoitus soveltuu hyvin soiden tilan seurantaan ja sillä saadaan tuotettua kattavia tarkan resoluution aineistoja. Kuhunkin menetelmään kuitenkin liittyy omat tekniset haasteensa ja kehitystarpeensa, ja kenttämittauksia tarvitaan myös jatkossa kaukokartoitusaineistojen ja -analyysien tukena. Aineistojen tuottaminen voi olla työlästä ja vaatia lisä