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Carcharodontosauria is a group of medium to large-sized predatory theropods, distributed worldwide during the Cretaceous. These theropods were probably the apex predators of Asiamerica in the early Late Cretaceous prior to the ascent of tyrannosaurids, although few Laurasian species are known from this time due to a poor rock record. Here, we describe Ulughbegsaurus uzbekistanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the early Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Central Asia, which represents the first record of a Late Cretaceous carcharodontosaurian from the region. This new taxon is represented by a large, isolated maxilla from the Bissekty Formation of the Kyzylkum Desert, the Republic of Uzbekistan, a formation yielding a rich and diverse assemblage of dinosaurs and other vertebrates from fragmentary remains. Comparison of the maxilla with that of other allosauroids indicates Ulughbegsaurus was 7.5-8 m in body length and greater than 1000 kg in body mass, suggesting it was the previously unrecognized apex predator of the Bissekty ecosystem while smaller known tryannosauroids and dromaeosaurids were probable mesopredators. The discovery of Ulughbegsaurus records the geologically latest stratigraphic co-occurrence of carcharodontosaurid and tyrannosauroid dinosaurs from Laurasia, and evidence indicates carcharodontosaurians remained the dominant predators relative to tyrannosauroids, at least in Asia, as late as the Turonian.

Carcharodontosauria is a group of medium to large-sized predatory theropods, distributed worldwide during the Cretaceous. These theropods were probably the apex predators of Asiamerica in the early Late Cretaceous prior to the ascent of tyrannosaurids, although few Laurasian species are known from this time due to a poor rock record. Here, we describe Ulughbegsaurus uzbekistanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the early Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Central Asia, which represents the first record of a Late Cretaceous carcharodontosaurian from the region. This new taxon is represented by a large, isolated maxilla from the Bissekty Formation of the Kyzylkum Desert, the Republic of Uzbekistan, a formation yielding a rich and diverse assemblage of dinosaurs and other vertebrates from fragmentary remains. Comparison of the maxilla with that of other allosauroids indicates Ulughbegsaurus was 7.5-8 m in body length and greater than 1000 kg in body mass, suggesting it was the previously unrecognized apex predator of the Bissekty ecosystem while smaller known tryannosauroids and dromaeosaurids were probable mesopredators. The discovery of Ulughbegsaurus records the geologically latest stratigraphic co-occurrence of carcharodontosaurid and tyrannosauroid dinosaurs from Laurasia, and evidence indicates carcharodontosaurians remained the dominant predators relative to tyrannosauroids, at least in Asia, as late as the Turonian.

Carcharodontosauria is a group of medium to large-sized predatory theropods, distributed worldwide during the Cretaceous. These theropods were probably the apex predators of Asiamerica in the early Late Cretaceous prior to the ascent of tyrannosaurids, although few Laurasian species are known from this time due to a poor rock record. Here, we describe Ulughbegsaurus uzbekistanensis gen. et sp. nov. from the early Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Central Asia, which represents the first record of a Late Cretaceous carcharodontosaurian from the region. This new taxon is represented by a large, isolated maxilla from the Bissekty Formation of the Kyzylkum Desert, the Republic of Uzbekistan, a formation yielding a rich and diverse assemblage of dinosaurs and other vertebrates from fragmentary remains. Comparison of the maxilla with that of other allosauroids indicates Ulughbegsaurus was 7.5-8 m in body length and greater than 1000 kg in body mass, suggesting it was the previously unrecognized apex predator of the Bissekty ecosystem while smaller known tryannosauroids and dromaeosaurids were probable mesopredators. The discovery of Ulughbegsaurus records the geologically latest stratigraphic co-occurrence of carcharodontosaurid and tyrannosauroid dinosaurs from Laurasia, and evidence indicates carcharodontosaurians remained the dominant predators relative to tyrannosauroids, at least in Asia, as late as the Turonian.

A nearly complete skeleton of a new hadrosaurid, Kamuysaurus japonicus gen. et sp. nov., was discovered from the outer shelf deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation of theYezo Group in Hobetsu area of Mukawa town in Hokkaido, Japan. Kamuysaurus belongs to the sub-Glade of Hadrosaurinae, Edmontosaurini, and forms a monophyly with Laiyangosaurus and Kerberosaurus from the northern Far East. Kamuysaurus has a long anterior platform for the nasofrontal sutural surface, which may indicate the presence of a small supracrania I crest, similar to a sub-adult form of Brachylophosaurus based on the extension of the nasofrontal sutural surface. The Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis analysis with the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree suggests that the Glade of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus may have dispersed into Asia prior to the late Campanian and the potential endemism of this Glade during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian in the northern Far East. The results of both Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis and Ancestral State Reconstruction analyses imply that the marine-influenced environment in North America during the Campanian may have played an important role for the hadrosaurid diversification in its early evolutionary history.

A nearly complete skeleton of a new hadrosaurid, Kamuysaurus japonicus gen. et sp. nov., was discovered from the outer shelf deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation of theYezo Group in Hobetsu area of Mukawa town in Hokkaido, Japan. Kamuysaurus belongs to the sub-Glade of Hadrosaurinae, Edmontosaurini, and forms a monophyly with Laiyangosaurus and Kerberosaurus from the northern Far East. Kamuysaurus has a long anterior platform for the nasofrontal sutural surface, which may indicate the presence of a small supracrania I crest, similar to a sub-adult form of Brachylophosaurus based on the extension of the nasofrontal sutural surface. The Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis analysis with the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree suggests that the Glade of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus may have dispersed into Asia prior to the late Campanian and the potential endemism of this Glade during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian in the northern Far East. The results of both Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis and Ancestral State Reconstruction analyses imply that the marine-influenced environment in North America during the Campanian may have played an important role for the hadrosaurid diversification in its early evolutionary history.

A nearly complete skeleton of a new hadrosaurid, Kamuysaurus japonicus gen. et sp. nov., was discovered from the outer shelf deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Hakobuchi Formation of theYezo Group in Hobetsu area of Mukawa town in Hokkaido, Japan. Kamuysaurus belongs to the sub-Glade of Hadrosaurinae, Edmontosaurini, and forms a monophyly with Laiyangosaurus and Kerberosaurus from the northern Far East. Kamuysaurus has a long anterior platform for the nasofrontal sutural surface, which may indicate the presence of a small supracrania I crest, similar to a sub-adult form of Brachylophosaurus based on the extension of the nasofrontal sutural surface. The Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis analysis with the 50% Majority Rule consensus tree suggests that the Glade of Kamuysaurus, Laiyangosaurus, and Kerberosaurus may have dispersed into Asia prior to the late Campanian and the potential endemism of this Glade during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian in the northern Far East. The results of both Dispersal Extinction Cladogenesis and Ancestral State Reconstruction analyses imply that the marine-influenced environment in North America during the Campanian may have played an important role for the hadrosaurid diversification in its early evolutionary history.

The aim of this paper is to develop a refinement of Forman's discrete Morse theory. To an acyclic partial matching mu on a finite regular CW complex X, Forman introduced a discrete analogue of gradient flows. Although Forman's gradient flow has been proved to be useful in practical computations of homology groups, it is not sufficient to recover the homotopy type of X. Forman also proved the existence of a CW complex which is homotopy equivalent to X and whose cells are in one-to-one correspondence with the critical cells of mu but the construction is ad hoc and does not have a combinatorial description. By relaxing the definition of Forman's gradient flows, we introduce the notion of flow paths, which contains enough information to reconstruct the homotopy type of X, while retaining a combinatorial description. The critical difference from Forman's gradient flows is the existence of a partial order on the set of flow paths, from which a 2-category C(mu) is constructed. It is shown that the classifying space of C(mu) is homotopy equivalent to X by using homotopy theory of 2-categories. This result can be also regarded as a discrete analogue of the unpublished work of Cohen, Jones, and Segal on Morse theory in early 90's. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., Article, ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICS.340:723-790(2018)

Yuzuru Takahashi, Takuya Tominaga, Kohei Okawa, Kohei Tanaka Sannoh Orthopedic Clinic, Pain Clinic and Rehabilitation for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Sannoh Hospital, Chiba, Japan Background: Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) in children is a serious condition disrupting the family and school life of patients with the condition after it fully develops. It has been emphasized that early diagnosis is closely associated with earlier reduction of pain leading to preferable outcomes. Objectives: To report a case of acute CRPS I in a boy who was found to develop this condition by a routine visual analog scale (VAS) pain monitoring and who recovered from CRPS I at an early phase by prompt pharmacological, physical, and educational therapies. Study design: Case report. Case report: A 12-year-old boy sprained his left ankle while playing soccer and was referred to our clinic 4 days after the injury. At the first visit, he could walk, reporting motion pain with a VAS scale of 80 mm. On day 5, pain intensity increased to 100 mm, and a diagnosis of acute CRPS I was made. On day 7, he could not move the injured ankle; therefore celecoxib and pregabalin were administered, and physical and educational therapies started. On day 35, pain intensity was 0 mm and he could walk and run normally. Conclusion: Routine monitoring of VAS for every patient in pain is useful to discover an abnormal transition of VAS, enabling the early diagnosis of CRPS I. Inflammation and peripheral or central sensitization are postulated for early development of CRPS I. The present case suggested a combination of physical therapy and pharmacological intervention with celecoxib and pregabalin reduced peripheral and central sensitization. Keywords: pediatric complex regional pain syndrome type I, pediatric CRPS I, ankle sprain, visual analog scale, VAS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID, pregabalin, physical treatment, educational therapy

This research aims at the study of the occurrence of runoff phenomena and its characteristicsthrough the dynamic (in terms of time and space) behaviors of soil water flow in the mountainouswatershed.In this paper, the study of the runoff problems was carried out, mainly using the various soilmoisture suction data of sub-surface soil water observed at 3 points in a study watershed.After some careful examinations and study of these data, the results are summarized as follows.1) On the dynamic behaviors of soil water in the surface layer, there is a great difference betweenthe surface soil on the foot slope close by the mountain stream and the other points.2) It seems that when the surface soil of the slope is dry or in the initial stage of runoff, the wet soilof the slope in the proximity of a stream or the stream itself contribute considerably to the areaproducing runoff.It is infered that the area producing runoff expands in the direction of the slope as rainingprolonged.3) The results of this observation made in the study watershed proved the propriety of the model of"Partial Area Concept".4) In this watershed the flow in the surface layer can be divided into sub-surface flow and laminarsurface flow, by border of about 7 mm of storage depth.5) The parameters P and K in the storage function equation (1) are closely related to the behaviorsof the flow on the surface layer and the average scale of the area producing runoff for each occurrence.