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Background One’s physical function and physical activity levels can predispose or protect from the development of respiratory infections. We aimed to explore the associations between pre-pandemic levels of physical function and physical activity and the development of COVID-19-like symptoms in Swedish older adults. Methods We analyzed data from 904 individuals aged ≥ 68 years from the population-based Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen. COVID-19-like symptoms were assessed by phone interview (March–June 2020) and included fever, cough, sore throat and/or a cold, headache, pain in muscles, legs and joints, loss of taste and/or odor, breathing difficulties, chest pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, and eye inflammation. Muscle strength, mobility, and physical activity were examined in 2016–2018 by objective testing. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models in the total sample and stratifying by age. Results During the first outbreak of the pandemic, 325 (36%) individuals from our sample developed COVID-19-like symptoms. Those with slower performance in the chair stand test had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.1) for presenting with COVID-19-like symptoms compared to better performers, after adjusting for potential confounders. The association was even higher among people aged ≥ 80 years (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.5–4.7). No significant associations were found between walking speed or engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and the likelihood to develop COVID-19-like symptoms. Conclusion Poor muscle strength, a possible indicator of frailty, may predispose older adults to higher odds of developing COVID-19-like symptoms, especially among the oldest-old.

Ziel dieses Beitrags ist, unterschiedliche qualitative Erhebungsformen (Präsenz-, Telefon- und Videotelefonie-Interviews) für die Forschung mit vulnerablen Gruppen methodologisch zu reflektieren. Im Beitrag adressieren wir die Leitfrage, wie sich Personen, die von starker Angst oder Angsterkrankungen betroffen sind, in qualitative Forschungsprojekte einbinden lassen und welche Vorteile und Herausforderungen mit den unterschiedlichen (analogen und digitalen) Erhebungsformen verbunden sind. Die Basis dafür bilden 12 qualitative Leitfadeninterviews (KRUSE 2015), die im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes "Angstfrei mobil" während der Covid-19-Pandemie in den unterschiedlichen Modi durchgeführt wurden. Der Vergleich der Erhebungsformen erfolgt in Hinblick auf Vorabsprache, Gesprächsführung, Verzerrungen und Validität sowie Darstellungstiefe und Zeit- und Dokumentationsaufwand. Die jeweiligen Vorteile und Herausforderungen werden sowohl für die interviewten als auch für die interviewenden Personen dargestellt. Wir beschreiben darüber hinaus, welche forschungsethischen Maßnahmen bei Interviewplanung, Rekrutierung und Kommunikation zum Schutz vulnerabler Zielgruppen zu treffen sind und geben konkrete Empfehlungen für die Durchführung von qualitativen Interviews mit Menschen, die von Angsterkrankungen betroffen sind., Our aim in this article is to methodologically reflect on different qualitative forms of face-to-face, telephone, and video interviews for research with vulnerable groups. We address the key question of how people with anxiety disorders can be involved in qualitative research projects and what advantages and challenges are associated with the different (analogue and digital) forms of data collection. The basis for the comparison is formed by 12 semi-structured interviews (KRUSE, 2015), which were carried out in different modes as part of the research project "Mobility Without Fear" during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our comparison of the qualitative instruments is carried out with regard to planning interviews, interview practice, distortions, and validity and in terms of depth of content (from superficial to profound) and time and documentation efforts. Advantages and challenges are presented for both the interviewees and the interviewers. Moreover, we describe research-ethical considerations, which are to be taken in the course of interview planning, recruiting, and communicating, in order to protect vulnerable target groups, and we give specific recommendations for conducting qualitative interviews with people affected by anxiety disorders.

Between April 2019 and September 2020, 23,001 people aged 15 or over responded to questions about their health and living conditions for the German Health Update (GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS). The results are representative of the German resident population aged 15 or above. The response rate was 21.6%. The study used a questionnaire based on the third wave of the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), which was carried out in all EU member states. EHIS consists of four modules on health status, health care provision, health determinants, and socioeconomic variables. The data are collected in a harmonised manner and therefore have a high degree of international comparability. They constitute an important source of information for European health policy and health reporting and are made available by the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat). They also form the basis of the Federal Health Reporting undertaken in Germany. Data collection began in April 2019, just under a year before the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and continued into its initial phase, as of March 2020. As such, data from the current GEDA wave can also be used to conduct research into the health impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

In der Studie Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS) beantworteten 23.001 Menschen im Alter ab 15 Jahren zwischen April 2019 und September 2020 Fragen zur Gesundheit und zur Lebenssituation. Die Ergebnisse sind repräsentativ für die in Deutschland lebende Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren. Die Responserate lag bei 21,6 %. Die Fragebogeninhalte basieren auf der dritten Welle der Europäischen Gesundheitsbefragung (European Health Interview Survey, EHIS), die in allen EU-Mitgliedstaaten durchgeführt wurde. Sie umfasst die vier Module Gesundheitszustand, Gesundheitsversorgung, Gesundheitsdeterminanten und sozioökonomische Variablen. Die harmonisiert erhobenen EHIS-Daten besitzen ein hohes Maß an internationaler Vergleichbarkeit. Sie stellen eine wichtige Informationsgrundlage für die europäische Gesundheitspolitik und -berichterstattung dar und werden vom Statistischen Amt der Europäischen Union (Eurostat) zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Daten sind Grundlage für die Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. Der Zeitraum der Datenerhebung ab April 2019 berücksichtigte knapp ein Jahr vor der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und fiel dann ab März 2020 in die Anfangsphase der Pandemie. Somit stehen mit der aktuellen GEDA-Welle Daten für die Erforschung von gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen im zeitlichen Zusammenhang mit der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie zur Verfügung.

In cross-sectional surveys, as well as in longitudinal panel studies, systematic gender dif­ferences in survey participation are routinely observed. Since there has been little research on this issue, this study seeks to reveal this association for web-based online surveys and computer-assisted telephone interviews in the context of a sequential mixed-mode design with a push-to-web method. Based on diverse versions of benefit-cost theories relating to deliberative and heuristic decision-making, several hypotheses are deduced and then tested by longitudinal data in the context of a multi-wave panel study on the educational and occu­pational trajectories of juveniles. Employing event history data on the survey participation of young panelists living in German-speaking cantons in Switzerland and matching them with geographical data at the macro level and panel characteristics at the meso level, none of the hypotheses is confirmed empirically. It is concluded that indirect measures of an individual’s perceptions of a situation, and of the benefits and costs as well as the process and mechanisms of the decision relating to survey participation, are insufficient to explain this gender difference. Direct tests of these theoretical approaches are needed in future.

Measuring change over time is one of the main purposes of longitudinal surveys. With an increase in the use of web as a mode of data collection it is important to assess whether the web mode differs from other modes with respect to the number of changes and events that are captured. We examine whether telephone and web data collection modes are compara­ble with respect to measuring changes over time or experiencing events. Using experimen­tal data from a two-wave pilot of the Swiss Household Panel, we investigate this question for several variables in the domain of work and family. We find differences for the work-related variables, with web respondents more likely to re­port changes. These differences do not disappear once the socio-demographic composition of the sample is taken into consideration. This suggests that these differences are not driven by observed different characteristics of the respondents who may have self-selected into one or the other mode. Contrary to work-related variables, a termination of a relationship was more common in the telephone group. This shows that one mode does not necessarily measure more change or events than another; it may depend on the variable in question. In addition, the difference in the protocol mattered: a web respondent in a household that participated fully by web sometimes differed from a web respondent in a household that had a household interview by phone. Nonetheless, the telephone group differed more from the various web protocols that the web protocols among themselves. With more household panel surveys introducing web questionnaires in combination with more traditional face-to-face and telephone interviews, this study adds to our understand­ing of the potential consequences of mixing modes with respect to longitudinal data analy­sis.

In Deutschland sind Kopfschmerzerkrankungen sowohl unter Frauen als auch unter Männern weit verbreitet und führen meist zu Einschränkungen der Lebensqualität. Die häufigsten Kopfschmerzerkrankungen sind Migräne und Spannungskopfschmerz. Zum Zweck einer validen Schätzung der Prävalenzen wurde zwischen Oktober 2019 und März 2020 eine telefonische Querschnittbefragung unter Erwachsenen in Deutschland (N = 5.009) durchgeführt. Anhand der diagnostischen Kriterien der International Classification of Headache Disorders wurden Häufigkeit, Dauer, Eigenschaften und Begleiterscheinungen der Kopfschmerzen erfragt. 57,5 % der Frauen und 44,4 % der Männer in Deutschland berichten, binnen eines Jahres mindestens einmal von Kopfschmerzen betroffen zu sein. 14,8 % der Frauen und 6,0 % der Männer erfüllen die kompletten Kriterien für Migräne. 10,3 % der Frauen und 6,5 % der Männer sind von Spannungskopfschmerzen betroffen. Migräne und Spannungskopfschmerzen treten vorwiegend im erwerbsfähigen Alter auf und nehmen im Altersverlauf stetig ab. Migräne geht häufig mit Begleiterkrankungen wie depressiven Symptomen und Angststörungen einher. Der Versorgungsgrad bei Kopfschmerzerkrankungen ist gering. Nur eine Minderheit der Betroffenen sucht binnen eines Jahres ärztliche Hilfe. Die Ergebnisse geben ein umfangreiches Bild zu den bevölkerungsbezogenen Beeinträchtigungen durch Kopfschmerzerkrankungen. Sie werden im Rahmen der Studie BURDEN 2020 genutzt, um zentrale Indikatoren der Krankheitslastrechnung zu quantifizieren.

Freiwilliges Engagement dient nicht nur der sozialen Teilhabe der Menschen, sondern ist zugleich Ausdruck einer starken Zivilgesellschaft und einer stabilen Demokratie. Wie der Freiwilligensurvey 2019 zeigt, engagieren sich 28,8 Millionen Menschen ab 14 Jahren in Deutschland freiwillig, das sind 39,9 Prozent dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe. Freiwilliges Engagement ist dann eine Ressource für demokratische Prozesse, wenn sie auf demokratischen Prinzipien beruht und demokratische Ziele verfolgt. Die Ergebnisse des Freiwilligensurveys 2019 zeigen: Die große Mehrheit der Bevölkerung in Deutschland steht der Demokratie als Regierungsform positiv gegenüber. Freiwillig engagierte Personen bewerten dabei mit 95,0 Prozent die Demokratie als gute Regierungsform zu höheren Anteilen als nicht freiwillig engagierte Personen mit 87,8 Prozent. Auch auf die Frage, wie zufrieden man mit dem Funktionieren der Demokratie in Deutschland ist, fällt die Bewertung engagierter Personen positiver aus als die der nicht engagierten Personen: Während 72,2 Prozent der engagierten Personen mit dem Funktionieren der Demokratie in Deutschland zufrieden sind, sind es bei nicht engagierten Personen 65,8 Prozent. Freiwillig engagierte Personen weisen darüber hinaus höheres Vertrauen in grundlegende gesellschaftliche und demokratische Institutionen auf (Polizei, Justiz, Bundestag, Bundesregierung, Europäisches Parlament, Parteien) als nicht engagierte Personen. Diese Ergebnisse aus dem Hauptbericht des Deutschen Freiwilligensurveys 2019 weisen darauf hin, dass freiwilliges Engagement zu einer demokratischen und solidarischen Gesellschaft beitragen kann. Allerdings muss zur Kenntnis genommen werden, dass es auch im freiwilligen Engagement Menschen gibt, die wenig Vertrauen in demokratische Institutionen haben sowie der Demokratie - generell oder in Hinblick auf ihr Funktionieren in Deutschland - kritisch gegenüberstehen. Hierauf sollten politische und gesellschaftliche Akteure mit geeigneten Maßnahmen der De

Der Deutsche Freiwilligensurvey (FWS) ist eine repräsentative telefonische Befragung zum freiwilligen Engagement in Deutschland. Der Freiwilligensurvey wurde bislang fünfmal durchgeführt (1999: n = 14.922, 2004: n = 15.000, 2009: n = 20.005, 2014: n = 28.690 und 2019: n = 27.762). Grundgesamtheit ist die Wohnbevölkerung Deutschlands in Privathaushalten im Alter ab 14 Jahren. Die Telefoninterviews für den Freiwilligensurvey 2019 wurden wie bereits 2014 über Festnetz und über Mobilfunk geführt. Insgesamt wurden 19.498 Interviews über das Festnetz (70,2 Prozent) und 8.264 Interviews über Mobiltelefone geführt (29,8 Prozent). Neben Interviews in Deutsch waren im Freiwilligensurvey 2019 wie bereits 2014 auch Interviews in weiteren Sprachen möglich. Die Befragten hatten neben Deutsch die Auswahl zwischen Englisch, Arabisch, Russisch, Türkisch und Polnisch. Insgesamt wurden 608 nicht deutschsprachige Interviews geführt. Alle Angaben zum freiwilligen Engagement wurden 2019 wie 2014 anhand eines Kriterienkatalogs geprüft. Ziel dieser Prüfung war es, diejenigen Tätigkeiten zu identifizieren, die den Kriterien für freiwilliges Engagement eindeutig widersprechen. Im Falle eines solchen Widerspruchs wurde eine Tätigkeit nicht als freiwilliges Engagement gewertet und entsprechend recodiert. Im Freiwilligensurvey 2019 wurden 2,6 Prozent der Personen, die sich selbst zunächst als engagiert eingeschätzt haben, als nicht-engagiert gewertet. Das Gewichtungskonzept wurde für den Freiwilligensurvey 2019 angepasst, indem zusätzlich die Bildungsinformation einbezogen wird. Die Gewichtung inklusive Bildung wird durchgängig für die Analysen des Berichts verwendet, im Zeitvergleich auch rückwirkend für die bisherigen Erhebungswellen. Dadurch ergeben sich für alle Erhebungswellen niedrigere Engagementquoten als bisher berichtet, und zwar um jeweils drei bis vier Prozentpunkte. Es ändert sich somit insgesamt das Niveau der Engagementquoten, der Trend bleibt jedoch im Wesentlichen bestehen.

Healthy Male [formerly Andrology Australia] was created in 2000 to improve community and professional awareness and education in male reproductive health [MRH]. Supported by the Federal Government, this national 'virtual centre' brings together experts to implement a collaborative strategy. Initially focussing on MRH issues [androgen use/ abuse, infertility, ED, testis cancer, prostate disease] HM recognised the linkages to chronic disease [cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health] and expanded its focus. The overall approach has been to first understand consumer needs, then assess the evidence, educate and upskill health professionals and finally "close the loop" through community education of what and how help can be accessed. Although not resourced as a research organisation the longitudinal "Men in Australia telephone survey" [MATeS, Lancet 2006] identified knowledge gaps for future attention. Core material was generated by expert advisory groups and collaborative programs developed with primary health practitioners and disadvantaged groups, such as indigenous people. Strong demand from grassroots organisations for evidence-based information has occurred for local and national use. Rebranding to "Healthy Male" in 2018, a new website and social media engagement expanded its profile. Most effort has been given to the primary care workforce, but specialist issues are being addressed e.g. IVF gynaecologists in male fertility care, the Endocrine Society re androgen guidelines, and HM trainee fellowships. A close relationship has been forged with the Federal Health Department with HM as a trusted resource for policy development, notably overseeing National Men's Health Strategy 2020-2030. Recognizing the need to better support young men from preconception though their first year of fatherhood, the "Plus Paternal Project" is currently developing a roadmap for action. HM is now well-recognized as a trusted resource in all sectors: its innovative, responsive and f

Rationale: Swallow may be compromised in COPD leading to aspiration and adverse respiratory consequences. However, prevalence and consequences of detectable aspiration in stable COPD are not known. Objective(s): We tested the hypothesis that a significant number of patients with stable COPD will have detectable aspiration during swallow (prandial aspiration) and that they would experience more frequent severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) over the subsequent 12 months. Method(s): Patients (n=151) with verified and stable COPD of all severities were recruited at a tertiary care hospital. Videofluoroscopy was conducted to evaluate aspiration using Rosenbek's scale for penetration-aspiration during 100-mL cup drinking. AECOPD was documented as moderate (antibiotics and/or corticosteroid treatment) or severe (emergency department admission or hospitalisation) over the ensuing 12 months. Measurements and Main Results: Aspiration was observed in 30 out of 151 patients (19.9%, 18 males, 12 females; mean age 72.4 years). Patients with aspiration had more overall AECOPD events (3.03 versus 2 per patient; p=0.022) and severe AECOPD episodes (0.87 versus 0.39; p=0.032). Severe AECOPD occurred in more patients with aspiration (50% of patients versus 18.2%; OR 4.5, CI 1.9-10.5; p=0.001) and with silent aspiration (36.7% versus 18.2%; OR 2.6, CI 1.1-6.2; p=0.045). Aspiration was related to a shorter exacerbation-free period during the 12-month follow-up period (p=0.038). Conclusion(s): Prandial aspiration is detectable in a subset of patients with COPD and was predictive of subsequent severe AECOPD. Studies to examine if the association is causal are essential to direct strategies aimed at prevention of aspiration and AECOPD.Copyright © ERS 2021.

Healthy Male [formerly Andrology Australia] was created in 2000 to improve community and professional awareness and education in male reproductive health [MRH]. Supported by the Federal Government, this national 'virtual centre' brings together experts to implement a collaborative strategy. Initially focussing on MRH issues [androgen use/ abuse, infertility, ED, testis cancer, prostate disease] HM recognised the linkages to chronic disease [cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health] and expanded its focus. The overall approach has been to first understand consumer needs, then assess the evidence, educate and upskill health professionals and finally "close the loop" through community education of what and how help can be accessed. Although not resourced as a research organisation the longitudinal "Men in Australia telephone survey" [MATeS, Lancet 2006] identified knowledge gaps for future attention. Core material was generated by expert advisory groups and collaborative programs developed with primary health practitioners and disadvantaged groups, such as indigenous people. Strong demand from grassroots organisations for evidence-based information has occurred for local and national use. Rebranding to "Healthy Male" in 2018, a new website and social media engagement expanded its profile. Most effort has been given to the primary care workforce, but specialist issues are being addressed e.g. IVF gynaecologists in male fertility care, the Endocrine Society re androgen guidelines, and HM trainee fellowships. A close relationship has been forged with the Federal Health Department with HM as a trusted resource for policy development, notably overseeing National Men's Health Strategy 2020-2030. Recognizing the need to better support young men from preconception though their first year of fatherhood, the "Plus Paternal Project" is currently developing a roadmap for action. HM is now well-recognized as a trusted resource in all sectors: its innovative, responsive and f

Rationale: Swallow may be compromised in COPD leading to aspiration and adverse respiratory consequences. However, prevalence and consequences of detectable aspiration in stable COPD are not known. Objective(s): We tested the hypothesis that a significant number of patients with stable COPD will have detectable aspiration during swallow (prandial aspiration) and that they would experience more frequent severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) over the subsequent 12 months. Method(s): Patients (n=151) with verified and stable COPD of all severities were recruited at a tertiary care hospital. Videofluoroscopy was conducted to evaluate aspiration using Rosenbek's scale for penetration-aspiration during 100-mL cup drinking. AECOPD was documented as moderate (antibiotics and/or corticosteroid treatment) or severe (emergency department admission or hospitalisation) over the ensuing 12 months. Measurements and Main Results: Aspiration was observed in 30 out of 151 patients (19.9%, 18 males, 12 females; mean age 72.4 years). Patients with aspiration had more overall AECOPD events (3.03 versus 2 per patient; p=0.022) and severe AECOPD episodes (0.87 versus 0.39; p=0.032). Severe AECOPD occurred in more patients with aspiration (50% of patients versus 18.2%; OR 4.5, CI 1.9-10.5; p=0.001) and with silent aspiration (36.7% versus 18.2%; OR 2.6, CI 1.1-6.2; p=0.045). Aspiration was related to a shorter exacerbation-free period during the 12-month follow-up period (p=0.038). Conclusion(s): Prandial aspiration is detectable in a subset of patients with COPD and was predictive of subsequent severe AECOPD. Studies to examine if the association is causal are essential to direct strategies aimed at prevention of aspiration and AECOPD.Copyright © ERS 2021.

Qualitative interviews are generally conducted in person. As the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) prevents in-person interviews, methodological studies which investigate the use of the telephone for persons with different illness experiences are needed. The aim was to explore experiences of the use of telephone during semi-structured research interviews, from the perspective of participants and researchers. Data were collected from mobile phone interviews with 32 individuals who had common mental disorders or multimorbidity which were analyzed thematically, as well as field notes reflecting researchers' experiences. The findings reveal several advantages of conducting interviews using mobile phones: flexibility, balanced anonymity and power relations, as well as a positive effect on self-disclosure and emotional display (leading to less emotional work and social responsibility). Challenges included the loss of human encounter, intense listening, and worries about technology, as well as sounds or disturbances in the environment. However, the positive aspects of not seeing each other were regarded as more important. In addition, we present some strategies before, during, and after conducting telephone interviews. Telephone interviews can be a valuable first option for data collection, allowing more individuals to be given a fair opportunity to share their experiences.

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care.

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care.

Dieses Open Access Buch ist eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme zum freiwilligen Engagement. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf dem Deutschen Freiwilligensurvey, der 2019 im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ) durchgeführt wurde. Die Autor/innen klären die Fragen: Wer engagiert sich aus welchen Beweggründen? Wie ist freiwilliges Engagement ausgestaltet und an welche Ressourcen und Rahmenbedingungen ist es geknüpft? Wie hat sich freiwilliges Engagement gewandelt?

Der Deutsche Freiwilligensurvey (FWS) ist eine repräsentative telefonische Befragung zum freiwilligen Engagement in Deutschland. Der Freiwilligensurvey wurde bislang fünfmal durchgeführt (1999: n = 14.922, 2004: n = 15.000, 2009: n = 20.005, 2014: n = 28.690 und 2019: n = 27.762). Grundgesamtheit ist die Wohnbevölkerung Deutschlands in Privathaushalten im Alter ab 14 Jahren. Die Telefoninterviews für den Freiwilligensurvey 2019 wurden wie bereits 2014 über Festnetz und über Mobilfunk geführt. Insgesamt wurden 19.498 Interviews über das Festnetz (70,2 Prozent) und 8.264 Interviews über Mobiltelefone geführt (29,8 Prozent). Neben Interviews in Deutsch waren im Freiwilligensurvey 2019 wie bereits 2014 auch Interviews in weiteren Sprachen möglich. Die Befragten hatten neben Deutsch die Auswahl zwischen Englisch, Arabisch, Russisch, Türkisch und Polnisch. Insgesamt wurden 608 nicht deutschsprachige Interviews geführt. Alle Angaben zum freiwilligen Engagement wurden 2019 wie 2014 anhand eines Kriterienkatalogs geprüft. Ziel dieser Prüfung war es, diejenigen Tätigkeiten zu identifizieren, die den Kriterien für freiwilliges Engagement eindeutig widersprechen. Im Falle eines solchen Widerspruchs wurde eine Tätigkeit nicht als freiwilliges Engagement gewertet und entsprechend recodiert. Im Freiwilligensurvey 2019 wurden 2,6 Prozent der Personen, die sich selbst zunächst als engagiert eingeschätzt haben, als nicht-engagiert gewertet.

Der Deutsche Freiwilligensurvey (FWS) ist seit zwei Jahrzehnten die Basis für die Berichterstattung zum freiwilligen Engagement in Deutschland. Er wird seit 1999 alle fünf Jahre als telefonische, bevölkerungsrepräsentative Studie durchgeführt. Aktuell liegen die Daten der fünften Erhebung aus dem Jahr 2019 vor. Als freiwilliges Engagement werden Tätigkeiten gefasst, die freiwillig und gemeinschaftsbezogen ausgeübt werden, im öffentlichen Raum stattfinden und nicht auf materiellen Gewinn gerichtet sind.

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care., CC BY 4.0© 2021 The Author(s)Corresponding author: jenny.hallgren@his.se (J. Hallgren)

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care., CC BY 4.0© 2021 The Author(s)Corresponding author: jenny.hallgren@his.se (J. Hallgren)

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care., CC BY 4.0© 2021 The Author(s)Corresponding author: jenny.hallgren@his.se (J. Hallgren)

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care., CC BY 4.0© 2021 The Author(s)Corresponding author: jenny.hallgren@his.se (J. Hallgren)

Background: Collaborative Health Care (CHC) is a unique model in which ambulance services, home health care, hospital care and the national telephone helpline for healthcare in Sweden – Swedish health care direct (SHD1177) collaborate to provide the fastest possible health care for inhabitants living in eleven municipalities in western region of Sweden. Aim: To explore how patients experience and perceive health care received in the CHC. Method: Qualitative descriptive study using open-ended individual telephone interviews with fifteen community dwelling persons with experiences of care throughthe model CHC were conducted. Results: Two main categories and six subcategories were identified. The category “Thoughts of time in regard to acute health care” include “CHC leads to shorter waiting time for health care”, “Knowledge about the staff working hours” and “To alert or not alert”. The category “Thoughts on unplanned health care from CHC” involved “Receiving health care in my home”, ”Coordination from SHD1177 surprises” and “Accessibility of health care values higher than continuity”. Conclusion: Integrated health care models such as CHC are time saving and highly appreciated by community dwelling persons. The benefits of provision of coherent health care like in CHC, addresses the need to implement innovative integrated healthcare models in today's health care., CC BY 4.0© 2021 The Author(s)Corresponding author: jenny.hallgren@his.se (J. Hallgren)

Objective: Delirium is common in intensive care patients and is associated with short- and long-term adverse outcomes. We investigated the long-term risk of cognitive impairment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in intensive care patients with and without delirium. Method(s): This is a prospective cohort study in ICUs in two Australian university-affiliated hospitals. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years, mechanically ventilated for more than 24 h and did not meet exclusion criteria. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit. Variables assessing cognitive function and PTSD symptoms were collected at ICU discharge, after 6 and 12 months: Mini-Mental State Examination, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, Impact of Events Scale-Revised and Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline (caregiver). Result(s): 103 participants were included of which 36% developed delirium in ICU. Patients with delirium were sicker and had longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay. After 12 months, 41/60 (68.3%) evaluable patients were cognitively impaired, with 11.6% representing the presence of symptoms consistent with dementia. When evaluated by the patient's caregiver, the patient's cognitive function was found to be severely impaired in a larger proportion of patients (14/60, 23.3%). Delirium was associated with worse cognitive function at ICU discharge, but not with long-term cognitive function. IES-R scores, measuring PTSD symptoms, were significantly higher in patients who had delirium compared to patients without delirium. In regression analysis, delirium was independently associated with cognitive function at ICU discharge and PTSD symptoms at 12 months. Conclusion(s): Intensive care survivors have significant rates of long-term cognitive decline and PTSD symptoms. Delirium in ICU was independently associated with short-term but not long-term cognitive function, and with long-term P

Aim: To characterise the causes, clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of neonates who presented to paediatric emergency departments with a head injury. Method(s): Secondary analysis of a prospective data set of paediatric head injuries at 10 emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand. Patients without neuroimaging were followed up by telephone call. We extracted epidemiological information, clinical findings and outcomes in neonates (<=28 days). Result(s): Of 20 137 children with head injuries, 93 (0.5%) occurred in neonates. These were mostly fall-related (75.2%), commonly from a care giver's arms, or due to being accidentally struck by a person/object (20.4%). There were three cases of non-accidental head injuries (3.2%). Most neonates were asymptomatic (67.7%) and many had no findings on examination (47.3%). Most neonates had a Glasgow Coma Scale 15 (89.2%) or 14 (7.5%). A total of 15.1% presented with vomiting and 5.4% were abnormally drowsy. None had experienced a loss of consciousness. The most common findings on examination were scalp haematoma (28.0%) and possible palpable skull fracture (6.5%); 8.6% underwent computed tomography brain scan and 4.3% received an ultrasound. Five of eight computed tomography scan (5.4% of neonates overall) showed traumatic brain injury and two of four (2.2% overall) had traumatic brain injury on ultrasound. Thirty-seven percent were admitted, one patient was intubated and none had neurosurgery or died. Conclusion(s): Neonatal head injuries are rare with a mostly benign short-term outcome and are appropriate for observation. However, non-accidental injuries need to be considered.Copyright © 2019 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians)

Background: The relations between diet, chronic inflammation, and musculoskeletal health are unclear, especially among older men. Objective(s): This study aimed to determine associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) with inflammatory biomarkers, musculoskeletal health, and falls risk in community-dwelling older men. Method(s): The cross-sectional analysis included 794 community-dwelling men, mean age 81.1 +/- 4.5 y, who participated in the 5-y follow-up of the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. Of these, 616 were seen again 3 y later for the longitudinal analysis. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was calculated from a validated diet history questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA. Twenty-four inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed. Incident falls over 3 y were determined through telephone interviews every 4 mo. Multiple regression, linear mixed effects models, negative binomial regression, and mediation analysis were utilized in this study. Result(s): A higher E-DII score (indicating a more proinflammatory diet) was associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 (beta: 0.028 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.053), IL-7 (beta: 0.020 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.037), and TNF-alpha (beta: 0.027 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.051). A higher E-DII score was also associated with lower appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (ALMBMI) (beta: -0.006 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.010, -0.001). For every unit increase in E-DII (range: -4.91 to +3.66 units), incident falls rates increased by 13% (incidence rate ratio: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.21) over 3 y. Mediation analysis showed that the association between E-DII and 3-y incident falls was influenced by the concentrations of IL-7 by 24%. There was no association between E-DII and BMD. Conclusion(s): Consumption of a proinflammatory diet was associated with increased concentrations of IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-alpha; increased falls risk; and lower ALMBMI in community-dwelling older men. The association between incident falls and E

Objective: Delirium is common in intensive care patients and is associated with short- and long-term adverse outcomes. We investigated the long-term risk of cognitive impairment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in intensive care patients with and without delirium. Method(s): This is a prospective cohort study in ICUs in two Australian university-affiliated hospitals. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years, mechanically ventilated for more than 24 h and did not meet exclusion criteria. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit. Variables assessing cognitive function and PTSD symptoms were collected at ICU discharge, after 6 and 12 months: Mini-Mental State Examination, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, Impact of Events Scale-Revised and Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline (caregiver). Result(s): 103 participants were included of which 36% developed delirium in ICU. Patients with delirium were sicker and had longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay. After 12 months, 41/60 (68.3%) evaluable patients were cognitively impaired, with 11.6% representing the presence of symptoms consistent with dementia. When evaluated by the patient's caregiver, the patient's cognitive function was found to be severely impaired in a larger proportion of patients (14/60, 23.3%). Delirium was associated with worse cognitive function at ICU discharge, but not with long-term cognitive function. IES-R scores, measuring PTSD symptoms, were significantly higher in patients who had delirium compared to patients without delirium. In regression analysis, delirium was independently associated with cognitive function at ICU discharge and PTSD symptoms at 12 months. Conclusion(s): Intensive care survivors have significant rates of long-term cognitive decline and PTSD symptoms. Delirium in ICU was independently associated with short-term but not long-term cognitive function, and with long-term P

Aim: To characterise the causes, clinical characteristics and short-term outcomes of neonates who presented to paediatric emergency departments with a head injury. Method(s): Secondary analysis of a prospective data set of paediatric head injuries at 10 emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand. Patients without neuroimaging were followed up by telephone call. We extracted epidemiological information, clinical findings and outcomes in neonates (<=28 days). Result(s): Of 20 137 children with head injuries, 93 (0.5%) occurred in neonates. These were mostly fall-related (75.2%), commonly from a care giver's arms, or due to being accidentally struck by a person/object (20.4%). There were three cases of non-accidental head injuries (3.2%). Most neonates were asymptomatic (67.7%) and many had no findings on examination (47.3%). Most neonates had a Glasgow Coma Scale 15 (89.2%) or 14 (7.5%). A total of 15.1% presented with vomiting and 5.4% were abnormally drowsy. None had experienced a loss of consciousness. The most common findings on examination were scalp haematoma (28.0%) and possible palpable skull fracture (6.5%); 8.6% underwent computed tomography brain scan and 4.3% received an ultrasound. Five of eight computed tomography scan (5.4% of neonates overall) showed traumatic brain injury and two of four (2.2% overall) had traumatic brain injury on ultrasound. Thirty-seven percent were admitted, one patient was intubated and none had neurosurgery or died. Conclusion(s): Neonatal head injuries are rare with a mostly benign short-term outcome and are appropriate for observation. However, non-accidental injuries need to be considered.Copyright © 2019 Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians)

Background: The relations between diet, chronic inflammation, and musculoskeletal health are unclear, especially among older men. Objective(s): This study aimed to determine associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) with inflammatory biomarkers, musculoskeletal health, and falls risk in community-dwelling older men. Method(s): The cross-sectional analysis included 794 community-dwelling men, mean age 81.1 +/- 4.5 y, who participated in the 5-y follow-up of the Concord Health and Aging in Men Project. Of these, 616 were seen again 3 y later for the longitudinal analysis. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was calculated from a validated diet history questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DXA. Twenty-four inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed. Incident falls over 3 y were determined through telephone interviews every 4 mo. Multiple regression, linear mixed effects models, negative binomial regression, and mediation analysis were utilized in this study. Result(s): A higher E-DII score (indicating a more proinflammatory diet) was associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 (beta: 0.028 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.053), IL-7 (beta: 0.020 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.037), and TNF-alpha (beta: 0.027 pg/mL; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.051). A higher E-DII score was also associated with lower appendicular lean mass adjusted for BMI (ALMBMI) (beta: -0.006 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.010, -0.001). For every unit increase in E-DII (range: -4.91 to +3.66 units), incident falls rates increased by 13% (incidence rate ratio: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.21) over 3 y. Mediation analysis showed that the association between E-DII and 3-y incident falls was influenced by the concentrations of IL-7 by 24%. There was no association between E-DII and BMD. Conclusion(s): Consumption of a proinflammatory diet was associated with increased concentrations of IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-alpha; increased falls risk; and lower ALMBMI in community-dwelling older men. The association between incident falls and E

Previous research shows that a high proportion of respondents engage in other activities while answering surveys. In this study, we examine the effect of multitasking in reporting sensitive information and socially undesirable behavior (e.g., substance use, mental health, gambling) along with reporting of knowledge/awareness of publicly funded programs. The dataset comes from a dual-frame random digit dial telephone survey of adults in a Midwestern state (N = 1,761) who were asked about their attitudes and behaviors toward gambling and health-related behaviors. The results of the study reveal that nearly half of the respondents engaged in multitasking activities (46.9%). In addition, it was found that multitaskers disclosed more socially undesirable information and reported lower levels of knowledge than non-multitaskers. The implications of these findings and how they fit in with previous work are discussed.

Digital libraries are nowadays expected to contain more than books and articles. All relevant sources of information for a scholar should be available, including research data. However, does literature retrieval work for data sets as well? In the context of a requirement analysis of a data catalogue for quantitative Social Science research data, we tried to find answers to this question. We conducted two user studies with a total of 53 participants and found similarities and important differences in the users’ needs when searching for data sets in comparison to those already known in literature search. In particular, quantity and quality of metadata are far more important in data set search than in literature search, where convenience is most important. In this paper, we present the methodology of these two user studies, their results and challenges for data set retrieval system that can be derived thereof. One of our key findings is that for empirical social scientists, the choice of research data is more relevant than the choice of literature; therefore they are willing to put more effort into the retrieval process. Due to our choice of use case, our initial findings are limited to the field of Social Sciences. However, because of the similar characteristics for data sets also in other research areas, such as Economics, we assume that our results are applicable for them as well.

Survey researchers are increasingly seeking opportunities to link interview data with administrative records. However, obtaining consent from all survey respondents (or certain subgroups) remains a barrier to performing record linkage in many studies. We experimentally investigated whether emphasizing different benefits of record linkage to respondents in a telephone survey of employee working conditions improves respondents' willingness to consent to linkage of employment administrative records relative to a neutral consent request. We found that emphasizing linkage benefits related to "time savings" yielded a small, albeit statistically significant, improvement in the overall linkage consent rate (86.0) relative to the neutral consent request (83.8 percent). The time savings argument was particularly effective among "busy" respondents. A second benefit argument related to "improved study value" did not yield a statistically significant improvement in the linkage consent rate (84.4 percent) relative to the neutral request. This benefit argument was also ineffective among the subgroup of respondents considered to be most likely to have a self-interest in the study outcomes. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the practical implications of these findings and offers suggestions for possible research extensions.

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the subsequent pandemic have impacted every aspect of oncology care worldwide. Healthcare systems have been forced to rapidly change practices in order to maximize the safety of patients and healthcare providers and preserve scare resources. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia are at increased risk of complications from SARS-CoV-2 not only due to immune compromise related to the malignancy but also due to the acuity of the disease and intensity of treatment. These issues have created unique challenges during this difficult time. In this article, we present the approaches taken by two groups of hematologist/oncologists, one in the United States and one in Italy, who have been caring for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients in the face of the pandemic.

Introduction Maternal immunization (MI) with tetanus toxoid containing vaccine, is a safe and cost-effective way of preventing neonatal tetanus. Given the prospect of introducing new maternal vaccines in the near future, it is essential to identify and understand current policies, practices and unmet needs for introducing and/or scaling up MI in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods and analysis The Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis (MIACSA) is a mixed methods, cross-sectional study that will collect data in four phases: (1) a review of global databases for selected health indicators in 136 LMICs; (2) a structured online survey directed at Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Expanded Programme on Immunization focal points in all 136 LMICs; (3) semistructured telephone interviews of 30 selected LMICs and (4) 10 week-long country visits, including key informant interviews, health facility visits and focus group discussions. The principal analyses will assess correlations between the various aspects of MI delivery strategies and proxy measures of health systems performance related to vaccine-preventable disease control. The primary outcome will be a typology of existing MI delivery models, and secondary outcomes will include country profiles of child and maternal health indicators, and a MI gaps and needs analysis. Ethics and dissemination The protocol was approved by the WHO Ethics Review Committee (ERC.0002908). The results will be made available in a project report and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals that will be shared broadly among global health decision-makers, researchers, product developers and country-level stakeholders.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Background: Ageing populations and increasing survival following acute coronary syndrome has resulted in large numbers of people living with cardiovascular disease and at high risk of hospitalizations. Rising hospital admissions have a significant financial cost to the healthcare system. Aim(s): The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiac rehabilitation is protective against long-term hospital readmission (frequency and length) following acute coronary syndrome. Method(s): Data from 416 Australian patients with acute coronary syndrome enrolled in the Anxiety Depression and heart rate Variability in cardiac patients: Evaluating the impact of Negative emotions on functioning after Twenty four months (ADVENT) prospective cohort study between January 2013-June 2014 was analyzed secondarily. Participants self-reported cardiac rehabilitation attendance over the 12 months post-discharge. All-cause readmission data were extracted from hospital records 24 months post-index event. The association between cardiac rehabilitation and all-cause readmission, frequency of readmissions, and length of stay was assessed using three methods (a) regression analysis, (b) propensity score matching, and (c) inverse probability treatment weighting. Result(s): Overall, 416 patients consented (53% of eligible patients), of which 414 (99.5%) survived the first 30 days post-discharge and were included in the analysis. Medical records were located for 409 participants after 24 months (98% follow-up rate). In total, 267 (65%) reported attending cardiac rehabilitation; there were 392 readmissions by 239 patients. Cardiac rehabilitation attendance was not associated with all-cause hospital readmission; however, it was associated with lower frequency of hospital admissions (odds ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.31-0.91 p-value:0.022) and length of stay (coefficient -1.21 days, 95% confidence interval: -2.46-0.26; marginally significant p-value: 0.055) in adjusted models. Conclus

Background: Women who experience complications of pregnancy including pre-eclampsia, hypertension and diabetes are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Yet patients and their medical providers have low awareness of the significance of 'non-traditional' cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to determine the prevalence and awareness of pregnancy-related vascular complications in women with known CAD. Method(s): Women aged 18-75 years who underwent PCI at three hospitals were prospectively followed for 12-months. Telephone interview was used to determine past pregnancy-related complications. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed for documentation of pregnancy-related complications at the time of PCI admission or previous admissions. Result(s): A total of 725 women aged 18-75 (mean age 61.5 +/- 6.8 years) underwent PCI for CAD across the three centres. A total of 75 women completed the 12-month pregnancy history interview. Obstetric maternal-vascular complications had occurred in 25.3% (19/75) of women with past pregnancies, consisting of pre-eclampsia 31.5% (6/19), gestational diabetes 36.8% (7/19) and hypertension 73.6% (14/19). Women with gestational complications compared to those without had similar BMI (mean 30.3 +/- 9.9 kg/m2 versus 29.9 +/- 8.0 kg/m2, p = 0.860), rate of baseline diabetes (42.1% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.211), and hypertension (73.6% vs. 60.7%, p = 0.309). Of the women with pregnancy complications, none of the patients (0/19) had obstetric history documented during the PCI or any previous admissions. Conclusion(s): Women treated with PCI for CAD have a >25% prevalence of previous pregnancy-related vascular complications. Despite vascular complications of pregnancy predicting future CAD, medical providers are not obtaining a history of these 'non-traditional' cardiovascular risk factors.Copyright © 2019

The Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR) collects patient-reported outcomes at 90-180 days post-stroke. During telephone interviews, stroke survivors or their carers/family members often explain why they did not respond to a previously mailed survey. This feedback is useful to explore respondents' experiences of the follow-up process. Three main reasons for not returning surveys included: health-related time constraints, confusion about survey questions, and stroke denial. Such information is helpful in improving procedures for clinical quality disease registries and researchers using postal questionnaires.Copyright © 2018 World Stroke Organization.

Introduction Maternal immunization (MI) with tetanus toxoid containing vaccine, is a safe and cost-effective way of preventing neonatal tetanus. Given the prospect of introducing new maternal vaccines in the near future, it is essential to identify and understand current policies, practices and unmet needs for introducing and/or scaling up MI in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods and analysis The Maternal Immunization and Antenatal Care Situation Analysis (MIACSA) is a mixed methods, cross-sectional study that will collect data in four phases: (1) a review of global databases for selected health indicators in 136 LMICs; (2) a structured online survey directed at Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Expanded Programme on Immunization focal points in all 136 LMICs; (3) semistructured telephone interviews of 30 selected LMICs and (4) 10 week-long country visits, including key informant interviews, health facility visits and focus group discussions. The principal analyses will assess correlations between the various aspects of MI delivery strategies and proxy measures of health systems performance related to vaccine-preventable disease control. The primary outcome will be a typology of existing MI delivery models, and secondary outcomes will include country profiles of child and maternal health indicators, and a MI gaps and needs analysis. Ethics and dissemination The protocol was approved by the WHO Ethics Review Committee (ERC.0002908). The results will be made available in a project report and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals that will be shared broadly among global health decision-makers, researchers, product developers and country-level stakeholders.Copyright © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

Background: Ageing populations and increasing survival following acute coronary syndrome has resulted in large numbers of people living with cardiovascular disease and at high risk of hospitalizations. Rising hospital admissions have a significant financial cost to the healthcare system. Aim(s): The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiac rehabilitation is protective against long-term hospital readmission (frequency and length) following acute coronary syndrome. Method(s): Data from 416 Australian patients with acute coronary syndrome enrolled in the Anxiety Depression and heart rate Variability in cardiac patients: Evaluating the impact of Negative emotions on functioning after Twenty four months (ADVENT) prospective cohort study between January 2013-June 2014 was analyzed secondarily. Participants self-reported cardiac rehabilitation attendance over the 12 months post-discharge. All-cause readmission data were extracted from hospital records 24 months post-index event. The association between cardiac rehabilitation and all-cause readmission, frequency of readmissions, and length of stay was assessed using three methods (a) regression analysis, (b) propensity score matching, and (c) inverse probability treatment weighting. Result(s): Overall, 416 patients consented (53% of eligible patients), of which 414 (99.5%) survived the first 30 days post-discharge and were included in the analysis. Medical records were located for 409 participants after 24 months (98% follow-up rate). In total, 267 (65%) reported attending cardiac rehabilitation; there were 392 readmissions by 239 patients. Cardiac rehabilitation attendance was not associated with all-cause hospital readmission; however, it was associated with lower frequency of hospital admissions (odds ratio 0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.31-0.91 p-value:0.022) and length of stay (coefficient -1.21 days, 95% confidence interval: -2.46-0.26; marginally significant p-value: 0.055) in adjusted models. Conclus

Background: Women who experience complications of pregnancy including pre-eclampsia, hypertension and diabetes are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Yet patients and their medical providers have low awareness of the significance of 'non-traditional' cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to determine the prevalence and awareness of pregnancy-related vascular complications in women with known CAD. Method(s): Women aged 18-75 years who underwent PCI at three hospitals were prospectively followed for 12-months. Telephone interview was used to determine past pregnancy-related complications. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed for documentation of pregnancy-related complications at the time of PCI admission or previous admissions. Result(s): A total of 725 women aged 18-75 (mean age 61.5 +/- 6.8 years) underwent PCI for CAD across the three centres. A total of 75 women completed the 12-month pregnancy history interview. Obstetric maternal-vascular complications had occurred in 25.3% (19/75) of women with past pregnancies, consisting of pre-eclampsia 31.5% (6/19), gestational diabetes 36.8% (7/19) and hypertension 73.6% (14/19). Women with gestational complications compared to those without had similar BMI (mean 30.3 +/- 9.9 kg/m2 versus 29.9 +/- 8.0 kg/m2, p = 0.860), rate of baseline diabetes (42.1% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.211), and hypertension (73.6% vs. 60.7%, p = 0.309). Of the women with pregnancy complications, none of the patients (0/19) had obstetric history documented during the PCI or any previous admissions. Conclusion(s): Women treated with PCI for CAD have a >25% prevalence of previous pregnancy-related vascular complications. Despite vascular complications of pregnancy predicting future CAD, medical providers are not obtaining a history of these 'non-traditional' cardiovascular risk factors.Copyright © 2019

The Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR) collects patient-reported outcomes at 90-180 days post-stroke. During telephone interviews, stroke survivors or their carers/family members often explain why they did not respond to a previously mailed survey. This feedback is useful to explore respondents' experiences of the follow-up process. Three main reasons for not returning surveys included: health-related time constraints, confusion about survey questions, and stroke denial. Such information is helpful in improving procedures for clinical quality disease registries and researchers using postal questionnaires.Copyright © 2018 World Stroke Organization.

Context: Although the German dual system of vocational education and training makes a major contribution to securing the supply of skilled workers for trade and industry, its function has been under scrutiny for several years. Companies are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit trainees, and increasing numbers of training places are vacant. However, such recruitment problems tend to be concentrated in certain occupations rather than occurring across all sectors equally. This has led to a significant increase in competition among companies seeking to secure the services of trainees in various occupations and calls into question the extent to which such fierce rivalry is reflected in the type of training marketing they conduct. Approach: This paper investigates the training place characteristics companies communicate in their advertisements. Among these characteristics, differences exist in the general conditions of training, requirements for trainees and incentives the companies provide. Latent class analyses were used to investigate the patterns revealed in the training place characteristics and to examine if the frequency with which patterns occur correlates with whether a company is seeking trainees for an occupation with or without recruitment problems and with company size. The analyses were based on data collected from 1,939 small and medium-sized enterprises via standardised telephone interviews conducted at the beginning of 2016. The companies in question had offered training places in one of nine selected dual occupations. Four of the training occupations considered have recruitment problems. There are no recruitment difficulties in the other five. Findings: The single group latent class analysis initially conducted resulted in a model with three latent classes exhibiting clearly differentiated patterns of training place characteristics. As well as focusing on general conditions and the requirements for training, the “aggressive” pattern mainly emphas

Existing health survey data of individuals who are 65+ years of age is limited due to the exclusion of the oldest old and physically or cognitively impaired individuals. This study aimed to assess the effects of a sequential mixed-mode design on (1) contact and response rates, (2) sample composition and (3) non-response bias. A register-based random sample of 2,000 individuals 65+ years was initially contacted by mail to answer a health questionnaire. Random subgroups of initial non-responders were further contacted by telephone or home visits. Participation by interview or proxy was possible. After postal contact only, the initial contact and response rates were 51.7% and 37.8%, respectively. The contact and response rates increased to 71.1% and 44.6%, respectively, after all contact steps. A different sample composition regarding sociodemographic (i.e., older individuals) and health characteristics (i.e., worse self-rated health, more functional impairments) was achieved by the inclusion of those late participants. Ill health was the second most frequent reason for nonparticipation. Personal contact modes are important to increase contact and response rates in population-based health studies and to include hard-to-reach groups such as the oldest or physically impaired individuals. However, non-response bias still occurred.

Symptom and urgent review clinics (SURC) for patients receiving systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) have been demonstrated to improve patient knowledge, promote early detection and patient selfmanagement of toxicities. Addition of an expanded role oncology pharmacist for 8 h per week provides medication management expertise to complement the advanced practice nurse role within the SURC. The SURC pharmacist plays a critical role in the management of patients receiving oral SACTs by providing initial education, assessment of understanding and compliance, ongoing monitoring, adverse effect management, and supportive care. The SURCpharmacist also conducts dental, malnutrition, and supportive care screening to identify patients requiring extra supports and allied health referrals. Method(s): Patient interactions and pharmacist interventions were recorded in a Microsoft Access database and Excel spreadsheet respectively. Patient experience of the SURC pharmacist model was evaluated via a telephone survey using questions with 5-point Likert scale responses. Result(s): Over 6 months, the SURC pharmacist had 122 patient contacts. Of these, there were 19 (15.6%) planned education sessions, nine (7.4%) SURC attendances and 94 (77%) telephone calls. Of the 19 patients educated, 47.3% (9/19) had their malnutrition and supportive care screening completed by the SURC pharmacist. The SURC pharmacistmade 17 referrals to supportive services. The SURC pharmacist made 142 interventions relating to supportive care (46.5%), medications (33.8%), compliance (7%), complementary medicines (5.6%) and practicalmatters (7%). In the survey, patients agreed that the initial education with the SURC pharmacist was valuable (9/9, 100%). Patients also agreed that they felt more confident in managing adverse effects (10/10, 100%), and emotionally supported through their treatment (10/10, 100%) after speaking with the SURC pharmacist. Conclusion(s): The addition of an expanded role oncology pharmacist c