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More than a half of the world’s human population is located in urban areas, and the urbanization process has a positive trend nowadays. Urban ecosystems significantly alter surface temperatures and generally microclimate due to massive replacements of natural vegetation by man-made constructions. In addition to climate change negative impact, these factors enforce extreme heat effects; heat waves and heat islands have recently been characterized as record-breaking in terms of occurrence and frequency in cities of Eastern Europe and Ukraine in particular. That is why an importance of data-driven and research-based sustainable management of urban vegetation cannot be overestimated, as well as a proper systemic monitoring of city green areas, its sufficiency in mitigating extreme heat events, and other related climate change impacts. A participatory, transparent, interactive, inclusive, and accessible complex inventory system for urban vegetation is crucially needed in every municipality. In this paper, two research-based case studies are analyzed that illustrate a mitigating potential of urban vegetation toward heat waves in Kyiv City, as well as the crucial role of urban greening of courtyards in high-rise residential districts in forming a comfortable living environment for Kyiv citizens. The presented case studies illustrate a possibility of community-driven research that can serve as a scientific basis for strategic adaptation planning of urban population and green areas to climate change in Ukraine. The examples of recently developed municipal initiatives of interactive urban vegetation inventories are described also, as an attempt to set up a community-based approach to urban green infrastructure management in some Ukrainian cities, using open-access satellite imagery, thermal mapping, and UAV mapping methods.

We identify areas near the East Antarctic ice divide where <−90 °C surface snow temperatures are observed in wintertime satellite thermal-band data under clear-sky conditions. The lowest temperatures are found in small (<200 km2) topographic basins of ~2 m depth above 3,800 m elevation. Approximately 100 sites have observed minimum surface temperatures of ~−98 °C during the winters of 2004–2016. Comparisons of surface snow temperatures with near-surface air temperatures at nearby weather stations indicate that ~−98 °C surfaces imply ~−94 ± 4 °C 2-m air temperatures. Landsat 8 thermal band data and elevation data show gradients near the topographic depressions of ~6 °C km−1 horizontally and ~4 °C m−1 vertically. Ultralow temperature occurrences correlate with strong polar vortex circulation. We discuss a conceptual model of radiative surface cooling that produces an extreme inversion layer. Further cooling occurs as near-surface cold air pools in shallow high-elevation topographic basins, moderated by clear-air downwelling radiation and heat from subsurface snow.

Práce popisuje a hledá další možnosti optimalizace dávkování chemických posypových materiálů při provádění zimní údržby silnic zavedením a použitím nových technologií (měření teploty povrchu vozovky termokamerou, bezkontaktními teploměry a využití matematických modelů zaměřených na výpočet předpovědi teploty povrchu vozovky). V práci je na základě vlastních termálních měření zpracován výpočet a kalkulace možných úspor posypu na konkrétním úseku silnice za jedno zimní období při respektování a využití zjištěných termálních diferencí povrchu komunikace jednotlivých dílčích úseků od průměrné referenční hodnoty v rámci údržbového okruhu (oblasti). Návrh optimalizace posypových dávek chemických rozmrazovacích prostředků zimní údržby silnic není cílen pouze na ekonomický a kvalitativní přínos, ale významnou měrou také na hledisko environmentální. Pro reálné využití v praxi je výsledný návrh zpracován nejen v tabulkové databázi, ale i v geografickém informačním systému (GIS) v podobě mapového výstupu, za použití GPS lokalizace a liniového provozního staničení příslušné komunikace., The work describes and looking for other options to optimize the dosing of chemical spreading materials in the implementation of winter maintenance of roads, the introduction and using of new technologies (measurement of the temperature of the road surface by thermovision, non-contact thermometers and use mathematical models of calculation of temperature forecasts aimed at the surface of the ground). The work is based on its own calculation of thermal measurement and calculation of possible processed savings gritting on the particular stretch of road for one winter when respect for and using of thermal difference of surface sections from the average of the reference value in the framework of maintenance circuit (area). Design optimization of spreading doses of chemical means of winter maintenance of roads gritting is not targeted only at the economic and qualitative benefits, but also to a significant degree on the environmental aspect. For real use in practice, the resulting proposal is processed not only in the product database, but also in the geographic information system (GIS) in the form of the output of the map using GPS location and appropriate communication of the liner service station., Katedra dopravních prostředků a diagnostiky, Student zaujal komisi pečlivě zpracovanou prezentací své diplomové práce, ve které se zabýval možnostmi optimalizace dávkování chemických posypových materiálů při provádění zimní údržby silnic zavedením a použitím nových technologií - měření teploty povrchu vozovky termokamerou, bezkontaktními teploměry a využití matematických modelů zaměřených na výpočet předpovědi teploty povrchu vozovky. Na všechny dotazy členů komise odpověděl bez zaváhání a vyčerpávajícím způsobem a prokázal výbornou znalost dané problematiky.

Tato bakalářská práce řeší návrh implementace nových podpůrných informačních systémů a technologií pro výkon zimní údržby silnic v Pardubickém kraji. Cílem práce je návrh k automatizaci a optimalizaci zimní údržby silnic s využitím výpočtů údržbového modulu (systém MDSS) a dat termálního mapování silnic, které je pro potřeby práce doplněno o vlastní měření pomocí infrateploměrů a infrakamery. Výsledky grafického řešení jsou zpracovány v geografickém informačním systému (GIS) v podobě map. Cílem návrhu je popis průběhu teploty povrchu silnic spravované silniční sítě se zjištěním diferencí na dílčích úsecích od průměrné hodnoty a výsledný návrh optimálních posypových dávek chemických rozmrazovacích prostředků. Výsledné hledisko návrhu optimalizace zimní údržby není cíleno pouze na ekonomický a kvalitativní přínos, ale také na hledisko environmentální., Implementation of road thermal mapping and maintenance module for forecast surface temperature and state prediction for winter road maintenance in the Pardubice region., Katedra dopravního stavitelství, Uchazeč prezentoval komisi hlavní výsledky a závěry své bakalářské práce. Po prezentaci bakalářské práce zodpověděl dotazy vedoucího a oponenta bakalářské práce. V diskusi o bakalářské práci podrobně zodpověděl všechny dotazy členů komise.

This report describes the ongoing work performed over the last 18 months on the investigation of the use of permanent-change thermal paints for mapping structural heating during hypersonic flight tests. This technique has a number of practical advantages of other established thermal mapping methods including the low cost and overhead associated with the application of these coatings to a flight vehicle and the ease of good spatial coverage. Techniques to identify the components and analyze the chemical behavior of these paints analyze and have been established and demonstrated and these are reported in detail. An investigation of the pressure dependence of the paint response is described but has to date been inconclusive and is ongoing. Numerically based techniques have been established and demonstrated to model the full transient heating of the vehicle across its trajectory. These methods can account for the fluid-thermal-structural interactions associated with the aerothermodynamics heating of the vehicle and its structural response. These simulations have successfully been applied to the critical portion of the atmospheric descent of the HIFiRE-0 payload. The numerical techniques and initial simulations are described. A practical laboratory-based method of reproducing the transient heating histories representative of flight has been developed and demonstrated. This incorporates a computer-controlled high-power TIG welder to heat the sample via an electric arc. This heating method can be applied to non-metallic samples via the use of a target heat sink placed in thermal contact with sample and this has been successfully demonstrated. Thermal paint coatings have been successfully applied to HIFiRE-0 vehicle and flown. Clear color change was evident in regions of high heating and this conforms well to initial estimates. This initial analysis of color change on the recently recovered HIFiRE-0 payload is described although this work is still at an early stage.

A low-cost, non-destructive and flexible technique based on thermoreflectometry is presented in this paper to map the temperature of running devices integrated on a silicon chip. The analysed device is a micromachined gas sensor using silicon-on-insulator technology (SOI). The interests and limitations of the proposed optical technique are described and compared with commonly used methods in microelectronics. Moreover, experimental results of thermal mapping for micromachined gas sensors are also compared with numerical simulations. From the measured temperature distribution over the entire active area of micromachined gas sensors, optimized designs can be proposed for avoiding hot spots that degrade the performance of the integrated gas sensors.

This document presents a review of the use of liquid crystals in nondestructive evaluation and provides an introduction to the literature. The text begins with an historical background and then discusses the three classes of liquid crystals: the smectic, nematic, a cholesteric or twisted nematic. The properties of liquid crystals are summarized, including optical, thermal, mixtures of different compounds, and dynamic properties. Applications presented include temperature measurement and mapping, thermal mapping, surface flaw and leak detection, bond and composite testing, flaw testing with nematics, liquid crystals in fatigue, flow, and fracture tests, fluid flow measurements, acoustic detection and imaging, electronics components and assemblies, RF, microwave, and infrared imaging. The book closes with a bibliography of 84 entries.

A uniform, effective and equitable system of quality control for pavements has been applied to road-building projects in the Netherlands since 1968.The system has been developed in consultation between the public authorities and the con tractors' organizations. The system is characterized by a distinction between regular, daily production control by the contractor and limited retrospective acceptance control by the public authority based on random samples. Under the existing non-statistical system, samples (one per 2000 m2) are examined to determine the layer thicknesses, sand cement strength and density and bitumen content of the asphalt. When the quality does not meet the specified values, financial penalties are applied the level of which depends on the extent of the deviation from the set standards. In the light of experience with over 300 major projects, the system has now been developed into an almost entirely statistical method of control which is ready for practical introduction.

A uniform, effective and equitable system of quality control for pavements has been applied to road-building projects in the Netherlands since 1968.The system has been developed in consultation between the public authorities and the con tractors' organizations. The system is characterized by a distinction between regular, daily production control by the contractor and limited retrospective acceptance control by the public authority based on random samples. Under the existing non-statistical system, samples (one per 2000 m2) are examined to determine the layer thicknesses, sand cement strength and density and bitumen content of the asphalt. When the quality does not meet the specified values, financial penalties are applied the level of which depends on the extent of the deviation from the set standards. In the light of experience with over 300 major projects, the system has now been developed into an almost entirely statistical method of control which is ready for practical introduction.

Liquid crystals, a material that exhibits brilliant changes in color over narrow temperature bands, have been successfully used to study the temperature field produced by spherical and cylindrical radio frequency surgical probes. An agar-water mixture was used to simulate tissue. Experimental temperature data were obtained by photographing the liquid crystal material through the clear agar. Comparison of experimental data with an existing theoretical solution was excellent, agreeing within 8% for the spherical probe. However, the cylindrical data and cylindrical theory agreed only to within 30%, the large discrepancy being attributed to edge effects., http://archive.org/details/experimentalinve1094516604, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.