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1. Asia Pacific Association of Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology White Paper 2020 on climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity in Asia-Pacific and impact on allergic diseases

Author

Pawankar, Ruby, Wang, Jiu-yao, Wang, I-jen, Thien, Francis, Chang, Yoon-seok, Latiff, Amir Hamzah Abdul, Fujisawa, Takao, Zhang, Luo, Thong, Bernard Yu-hor, Chatchatee, Pantipa, Leung, Ting Fan, Kamchaisatian, Wasu, Rengganis, Iris, Yoon, Ho Joo, Munkhbayarlakh, Sonomjamts, Recto, Marysia T., Neo, Anne Goh Eng, Le Pham, Duy, Lan, Le Thi Tuyet, Davies, Janet Mary, Oh, Jae Won, Pawankar, Ruby, Wang, Jiu-yao, Wang, I-jen, Thien, Francis, Chang, Yoon-seok, Latiff, Amir Hamzah Abdul, Fujisawa, Takao, Zhang, Luo, Thong, Bernard Yu-hor, Chatchatee, Pantipa, Leung, Ting Fan, Kamchaisatian, Wasu, Rengganis, Iris, Yoon, Ho Joo, Munkhbayarlakh, Sonomjamts, Recto, Marysia T., Neo, Anne Goh Eng, Le Pham, Duy, Lan, Le Thi Tuyet, Davies, Janet Mary, and Oh, Jae Won

Abstract

Air pollution, climate change, and reduced biodiversity are major threats to human health with detrimental effects on a variety of chronic noncommunicable diseases in particular respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The extent of air pollution both outdoor and indoor air pollution and climate change including global warming is increasing-to alarming proportions particularly in the developing world especially rapidly industrializing countries worldwide. In recent years, Asia has experienced rapid economic growth and a deteriorating environment and increase in allergic diseases to epidemic proportions. Air pollutant levels in many Asian countries especially in China and India are substantially higher than are those in developed countries. Moreover, industrial, traffic-related, and household biomass combustion, indoor pollutants from chemicals and tobacco are major sources of air pollutants, with increasing burden on respiratory allergies. Here we highlight the major components of outdoor and indoor air pollutants and their impacts on respiratory allergies associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the Asia-Pacific region. With Asia-Pacific comprising more than half of the world's population there is an urgent need to increase public awareness, highlight targets for interventions, public advocacy and a call to action to policy makers to implement policy changes towards reducing air pollution with interventions at a population-based level.

Published
2020

2. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper

Author

Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., Zuberbier, Torsten, Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., and Zuberbier, Torsten

Abstract

Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.

Published
2020

3. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper

Author

Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., Zuberbier, Torsten, Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., and Zuberbier, Torsten

Abstract

Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.

Published
2020

4. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper

Author

Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., Zuberbier, Torsten, Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., and Zuberbier, Torsten

Abstract

Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.

Published
2020

5. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper

Author

Ansotegui, Ignacio J, Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis, Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, R Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J, Jensen-Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A, Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J, Cardona, Victoria, Demoly, Pascal M, DuBuske, Lawrence M, Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez-Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L, Ledford, Dennis K, Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mário, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K, Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E, Romano, Antonino G, Rosário Filho, Nelson A, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario A, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gian-Enrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L K, Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A, Zuberbier, Torsten, Ansotegui, Ignacio J, Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis, Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, R Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J, Jensen-Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A, Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J, Cardona, Victoria, Demoly, Pascal M, DuBuske, Lawrence M, Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez-Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L, Ledford, Dennis K, Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mário, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K, Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E, Romano, Antonino G, Rosário Filho, Nelson A, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario A, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gian-Enrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L K, Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A, and Zuberbier, Torsten

Abstract

Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.

Published
2020

6. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper

Author

Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., Zuberbier, Torsten, Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis R., Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, René Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J., Jensen Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A., Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J., Cardona, Victoria, Chiang, Wen Chin, Demoly, Pascal, Dubuske, Lawrence M., Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo José, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L., Ledford, Dennis K., Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mario, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K., Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E., Romano, Antonino G., Rosario Filho, Nelson Augusto, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gianenrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L.K., Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A., and Zuberbier, Torsten

Abstract

Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.

Published
2020

7. IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, a World Allergy Organization position paper

Author

Ansotegui, Ignacio J, Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis, Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, R Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J, Jensen-Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A, Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J, Cardona, Victoria, Demoly, Pascal M, DuBuske, Lawrence M, Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez-Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L, Ledford, Dennis K, Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mário, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K, Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E, Romano, Antonino G, Rosário Filho, Nelson A, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario A, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gian-Enrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L K, Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A, Zuberbier, Torsten, Ansotegui, Ignacio J, Melioli, Giovanni, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Caraballo, Luis, Villa, Elisa, Ebisawa, Motohiro, Passalacqua, Giovanni, Savi, Eleonora, Ebo, Didier, Gómez, R Maximiliano, Luengo Sánchez, Olga, Oppenheimer, John J, Jensen-Jarolim, Erika, Fischer, David A, Haahtela, Tari, Antila, Martti, Bousquet, Jean J, Cardona, Victoria, Demoly, Pascal M, DuBuske, Lawrence M, Ferrer Puga, Marta, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gonzalez-Estrada, Alexei, Jares, Edgardo, Kalpaklioğlu, Ayse Füsun, Kase Tanno, Luciana, Kowalski, Marek L, Ledford, Dennis K, Monge Ortega, Olga Patricia, Morais Almeida, Mário, Pfaar, Oliver, Poulsen, Lars K, Pawankar, Ruby, Renz, Harald E, Romano, Antonino G, Rosário Filho, Nelson A, Rosenwasser, Lanny, Sánchez Borges, Mario A, Scala, Enrico, Senna, Gian-Enrico, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tang, Mimi L K, Thong, Bernard Yu-Hor, Valenta, Rudolf, Wood, Robert A, and Zuberbier, Torsten

Abstract

Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.

Published
2020

8. Review of autoantigens in Sjögren’s syndrome: an update

Author

Tong,Louis, Koh,Vanessa, Thong,Bernard Yu-Hor, Tong,Louis, Koh,Vanessa, and Thong,Bernard Yu-Hor

Abstract

Louis Tong,1–4 Vanessa Koh,3 Bernard Yu-Hor Thong5 1Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2Corneal and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Centre, 3Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, 4Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 5Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore Abstract: Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in exocrine glands, resulting in reduced secretion of tears and saliva, manifesting as xerophthalmia and xerostomia, respectively. It is commonly associated with Sjögren’s syndrome type A (Ro) and Sjögren’s syndrome type B (La) antigens. However, in most patients, the identity of the triggering antigen is not known. Factors such as genetics of histocompatibility, dysregulation of T-cells, B-cells and viral infections have been implicated. Several important studies on autoantigens in pSS have been published since a review in 2012, and the aim of this review is to provide an update on further peer-reviewed original articles in this field. Oxidative damage of Ro60 antigen may explain the epitope spreading during the immune activation in pSS. Immune-mediated destruction of the muscarinic receptor-3-expressing cells has been associated with a reduction in parasympathetic function, which could cause reduced secretory function of exocrine glands. Such a process also activates reactive oxidative species and antioxidants, which are linked to the triggering of inflammatory responses. Elevated levels of kallikrein, yet another antigen present in the lacrimal gland and other tissues, are similarly involved in triggering an autoimmune T-cell response against target glands. Studying additional antigens, the platelet-selectin and vasoactive intestinal peptides, in patients with pSS can help to elucidate

Published
2017

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