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Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) have a lowered threshold for seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) and focal seizures (FS). In some breeds, like Labrador Retrievers (LR), paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD) causes episodes which may resemble FS. Despite the genetic susceptibility of IE in many breeds, the contributing variants remain largely unknown. We aimed to identify the major loci and common variants associated with the risk of IE and PD in dogs by performing large-scale GWAS in two cohorts. The first cohort included 280 LR categorized based on their diagnoses (IE vs PD) and episode types (GTC vs non-GTC) and 460 controls. The second multi-breed cohort included ~5,000 dogs with reported seizures and 10,000 controls from > 100 breeds. Analyses in both cohorts revealed a 27.8 kb risk haplotype overlapping ADAM23 on CFA 37. The risk haplotype was associated with non-GTC seizures and PD in LR, but not with GTC seizures. WGS analyses revealed two non-synonymous exonic variants in ADAM23 within the same coding triplet in exon 12. Preliminary functional studies in cell cultures suggest an effect of these variants on ADAM23 interaction with LGI1, previously implicated in epilepsy. We also continue Bayesian analyses, which suggest additional associated loci and candidate genes. This is the largest GWAS of canine epilepsy, which will help us better understand the genetic background of the most common neurological disease in dogs.

There is a paucity of information on the clinical course and outcome of young cats with polyneuropathy. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical features, diagnostic investigations, and outcome of a large cohort of cats with inflammatory polyneuropathy from several European countries. Seventy cats with inflammatory infiltrates in intramuscular nerves and/or peripheral nerve biopsies were retrospectively included. Information from medical records and follow up were acquired via questionnaires filled by veterinary neurologists who had submitted muscle and nerve biopsies (2011–2019). Median age at onset was 10 months (range: 4–120 months). The most common breed was British short hair (25.7%), followed by Domestic short hair (24.3%), Bengal cat (11.4%), Maine Coon (8.6%) and Persian cat (5.7%), and 14 other breeds. Male cats were predominantly affected (64.3%). Clinical signs were weakness (98.6%) and tetraparesis (75.7%) in association with decreased withdrawal reflexes (83.6%) and, less commonly, cranial nerve signs (17.1%), spinal pain/hyperesthesia (12.9%), and micturition/defecation problems (14.3%). Onset was sudden (30.1%) or insidious (69.1%), and an initial progressive phase was reported in 74.3%. Characteristic findings on electrodiagnostic examination were presence of generalized spontaneous electric muscle activity (89.6%), decreased motor nerve conduction velocity (52.3%), abnormal F-wave studies (72.4%), pattern of temporal dispersion (26.1%) and unremarkable sensory tests. The clinical course was mainly described as remittent (49.2%) or remittent-relapsing (34.9%), while stagnation, progressive course or waxing and waning were less frequently reported. Relapses were common and occurred in 35.7% of the cats' population. An overall favorable outcome was reported in 79.4% of patients. In conclusion, young age at the time of diagnosis and sudden onset of clinical signs were significantly associated with recovery (p < 0.05). Clinical and electrodia

The term “meningoencephalitis of unknown origin” (MUO) describes a group of different encephalitides in dogs in which no infectious agent can be identified and a multifactorial etiology is suspected. Among others, genetic factors and unknown triggers seem to be involved. Included are necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE), necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), and granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME). In this case series, we describe the histopathological findings of four toy breed dogs with focal or multifocal necrotizing encephalitis and mainly lymphocytic perivascular infiltrates on histopathological examination. At the same time, however, in all dogs, focal or multifocal high-grade angiocentric granulomatous inflammatory lesions were evident with focal histiocytic perivascular infiltrates in the brain. The former changes are typical for NLE and NME. In contrast, the latter changes are indicative of GME. This case series shows that the boundaries between the necrotizing and granulomatous variants of MUO might be smooth and suggests that NLE, NME, and GME are not as distinct as previously described. This finding could be a crucial piece of the puzzle in the study of the pathogenesis of MUO as individual susceptibility and specific triggers could be responsible for the manifestation of the different MUO subtypes.

Inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (IMPN) is one of the causes of sudden onset of neuromuscular signs such as para-/tetraparesis in young cats. Even though most cases have a favorable outcome, persistent deficits, relapses, and progressive courses are occasionally seen. As clinical presentation does not always appear to predict outcome and risk of recurrence, this study was initiated to screen for prognostic biopsy findings in a large cohort of histologically confirmed IMPN cases with clinical follow-up. In total, nerve and muscle specimens of 107 cats with biopsy diagnosis of presumed autoreactive inflammatory polyneuropathy and 22 control cases were reviewed by two blinded raters for a set of 36 histological parameters. To identify patterns and subtypes of IMPN, hierarchical k-means clustering of 33 histologic variables was performed. Then, the impact of histological parameters on IMPN outcome was evaluated via an univariate analysis to identify variables for the final multivariate model. The data on immediate outcome and follow-up were collected from submitting neurologists using a purpose-designed questionnaire. Hierarchical k-means clustering sorted the tissues into 4 main categories: cluster 1 (44/129) represents a purely inflammatory IMPN picture, whereas cluster 2 (47/129) was accompanied by demyelinating features and cluster 3 (16/129) by Wallerian degeneration. Cluster 4 (22/129) reflects normal tissues from non-neuropathic control cats. Returned questionnaires provided detailed information on outcome in 63 animals. They were categorized into recovered and non-recovered. Thereby, fiber-invasive infiltrates by mononuclear cells and mild fiber loss in intramuscular nerve branches correlated with higher probabilities of recovery. Remyelination in semithin sections, on the other hand, is correlated with a less favorable outcome. Animals grouping in cluster 1 had a tendency to a higher probability of recovery compared to other clusters. In conclusion, diagnosi

Objective: The aim of the project is to teach clinical practical and communication skills in the Clinical Skills Lab (CSL) of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation (TiHo) during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodology: As a measure to limit potential SARS-CoV2 infections, the CSL learning stations were digitised and made available on the Moodle learning platform of the TiHo. Online quiz stations were also developed, as well as improvisations that allowed students to practise practical skills at home using everyday materials. Courses for Practical Year (PY) students were digitised and again combined with classroom exercises throughout the year. The teaching formats could be evaluated by the students by means of a questionnaire using a Likert scale (1=agree; 4=disagree).Results: A total of 24.92% of students (n=1272) completed the learning stations with improvisations. The quiz stations were completed with a percentage of 75.08%. Students indicated that the improvisations were easily implementable from home (M=1.33) and assisted in learning the practical skills in question (M=1.89). The quiz stations were considered helpful (M=1.40) and complementary to previous CSL offers (M=1.13). The PY students found the amount of teaching materials adequate (M=1.76) and described communication with the lecturers as problem-free (compulsory electives=1.24).Conclusions: Digital teaching is suitable as a supplement to existing face-to-face courses at the CSL, but cannot replace on-site training under the guidance of trained personnel. The CSL will continue to strive for a combination of online and face-to-face courses for some learning stations in the future., Zielsetzung: Ziel des Projekts ist die Vermittlung klinisch-praktischer und kommunikativer Fertigkeiten im Clinical Skills Lab (CSL) der Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (TiHo) während der COVID-19-Pandemie.Methodik: Als Maßnahme zur Einschränkung möglicher Infektionen durch SARS-CoV2 wurden die Lernstationen des CSL digitalisiert und auf der Lernplattform Moodle bereit gestellt. Außerdem wurden Online-Quizstationen sowie Improvisationen entwickelt, bei denen Studierende praktische Fertigkeiten zu Hause mit alltäglichen Materialien trainieren konnten. Kurse für Studierende des Praktischen Jahres (PJ) wurden digitalisiert und im Verlauf des Jahres wieder mit Präsenz-Übungen kombiniert. Die Lehrformate konnten von den Studierenden mittels Fragebogen anhand einer Likert-Skala (1= trifft zu bis 4= trifft nicht zu) evaluiert werden.Ergebnisse: 24,92% der Studierenden (n=1272) führten die Lernstationen mit Improvisationen durch. Die Quizstationen wurden mit einem Anteil von 75,08 % absolviert. Die Studierenden gaben an, dass die Improvisationen problemlos von zu Hause aus umsetzbar waren (MW=1,33) und dabei unterstützten, die betreffenden praktischen Fertigkeiten zu erlernen (MW: 1,89). Die Quizstationen wurden als hilfreich (MW=1,40) und als Ergänzung zu den bisherigen Angeboten des CSL (MW=1,13) angesehen. Die PJ-Studierenden fanden den Umfang der Lehrmaterialien angemessen (MW=1,76) und beschrieben die Kommunikation mit den Dozierenden als problemlos (WP=1,24).Schlussfolgerungen: Digitale Lehre eignet sich als Ergänzung zu bestehenden Präsenzkursen des CSL, kann das Training vor Ort unter Anleitung von geschultem Personal aber nicht ersetzen. Eine Kombination aus Online-und Präsenzveranstaltungen wird vom CSL auch in Zukunft für einige Lernstationen angestrebt.

The collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of central nervous system diseases. Prior training in this invasive procedure is essential to minimize the risk of harming animals. Because of this risk, stress and anxiety can influence the learning process. Simulators can be used to teach and learn invasive procedures.The aim of this mixed-methods study was to validate a CSF collection simulator and investigate students' perceptions of the simulator as an educational tool.The quantitative approach validated the simulator for face and content validity, and students provided a general evaluation of the simulator using surveys.The simulator's construct validity was measured by means of a global rating scale. Students' perceptions were investigated qualitatively using semi-structured interviews. Experts (n = 13) confirmed the simulator's face and content validity. Students (n = 16) evaluated the simulator as supportive of their learning. Results for construct validity demonstrated higher global rating scores from experts than from students. The scores for procedural performance and procedural knowledge and flow showed significant differences (p ≤.05).Analysis of interviews with students (n = 10) revealed four main themes: emotions, learning process, evaluation of the model, and CSF collection procedure. In conclusion, this study validated the use of the CSF simulator as an educational tool that can help students overcome some of their anxiety in relation to performing an invasive procedure.

Four female Shetland Sheepdogs with hypertonic paroxysmal dyskinesia, mainly triggered by exercise and stress, were investigated in a retrospective multi-center investigation aiming to characterize the clinical phenotype and its underlying molecular etiology. Three dogs were closely related and their pedigree suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. Laboratory diagnostic findings included mild lactic acidosis and lactaturia, mild intermittent serum creatine kinase (CK) elevation and hypoglycemia. Electrophysiological tests and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were unremarkable. A muscle/nerve biopsy revealed a mild type II fiber predominant muscle atrophy. While treatment with phenobarbital, diazepam or levetiracetam did not alter the clinical course, treatment with a gluten-free, home-made fresh meat diet in three dogs or a tryptophan-rich, gluten-free, seafood-based diet, stress-reduction, and acetazolamide or zonisamide in the fourth dog correlated with a partial reduction in, or even a complete absence of, dystonic episodes. The genomes of two cases were sequenced and compared to 654 control genomes. The analysis revealed a case-specific missense variant, c.1658G>A or p.Arg553Gln, in the PCK2 gene encoding the mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2. Sanger sequencing confirmed that all four cases carried the mutant allele in a heterozygous state. The mutant allele was not found in 117 Shetland Sheepdog controls and more than 500 additionally genotyped dogs from various other breeds. The p.Arg553Gln substitution affects a highly conserved residue in close proximity to the GTP-binding site of PCK2. Taken together, we describe a new form of paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia (PED) in dogs. The genetic findings suggest that PCK2:p.Arg553Gln should be further investigated as putative candidate causal variant.

Politische Korrektheit ist kein Rechtsbegriff, der in irgendeiner gesetzlichen Regelung definiert wird. Primär geht es – und dieses Verständnis wird den folgenden Überlegungen zugrunde gelegt – darum, Ausdrücke und Handlungen zu vermeiden, die Gruppen von Menschen kränken oder beleidigen können, vor allem bezogen auf Geschlecht oder Herkunft. Ebenso soll eine Diskriminierung hintangehalten werden. Der Begriff ist zweifellos vielschichtiger, als er hier kurz zunächst als Ausgangspunkt für die folgenden Überlegungen beschrieben wurde. Folgt man dieser oberflächlichen Begriffsbestimmung, dann stehen Formen des Zusammenlebens von Menschen im Vordergrund. Mitmenschen nicht zu beleidigen oder zu kränken, ist für das Zusammenleben zweifellos von Wert. Auch das Strafrecht betrifft das Zusammenleben von Menschen, indem Rechtsgüter durch Einwirkung auf menschliches Verhalten geschützt werden. Gerade hinsichtlich des Beleidigens gibt es mehrere in Betracht kommende Strafnormen. Kränkungen können auf vielerlei Weise entstehen, einzelne Formen sind strafrechtlich verboten. Da das Strafrecht wohl die schärfste Waffe des Staates ist, um ein Zusammenleben von Menschen durch Verhaltensregeln zu ermöglichen oder zu erleichtern, wird diese Waffe nur rudimentär eingesetzt, um ihre (theoretische) Wirkung nicht zu vermindern. Strafrecht soll daher nicht zu oft eingesetzt werden, sondern nur, wenn es keine andere Möglichkeit gibt ("ultima ratio"). Die Anforderungen an das Verhalten sollen dabei klar und eindeutig sein, strafrechtliche Normen müssen dementsprechend sehr bestimmt sein.

Einleitung: Der Verdacht, dass Hunde mit einem Bandscheibenvorfall eine Prädisposition für die Entstehung einer Pankreatitis haben könnten, wurde in der Veterinärmedizin bereits in den frühen 1980er Jahren diskutiert. Trotz dieser bereits vor vielen Jahren erhobenen Vermutungen, wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Entstehung einer Pankreatitis und einem zeitgleich vorliegenden Bandscheibenvorfall auch im Hinblick auf mögliche Risikofaktoren wie dem Einfluss der Narkose oder dem Einsatz von Medikamenten (v. a. Glukokortikoide und nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika) bisher nicht näher untersucht. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden prospektiven Studie sollte untersucht werden, ob Bandscheibenvorfälle ein Risikofaktor für die Entstehung einer Pankreatitis beim Hund darstellen. Ferner sollte geklärt werden, ob die Narkose und die Gabe von Glukokortikoiden und/oder nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika zusätzlich das Risiko der Entstehung einer Pankreatitis bei Hunden mit einem Bandscheibenvorfall erhöhen. Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden 106 Hunde, bei denen aufgrund der klinischen Symptome der Verdacht einer Rückenmarksläsion bestand, an fünf aufeinander folgenden Tagen klinisch untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde hierbei auf Symptome gelegt, welche typischerweise bei Pankreatitiden zu beobachten sind (reduziertes Allgemeinbefinden, Schwäche, Anorexie, dolentes Abdomen, Vomitus, Regurgitieren, Diarrhoe, Fieber, Dehydratation). Ferner wurde am Tag 0 und Tag 4 der stationären Aufnahme die Konzentration der caninen pankreasspezifischen Lipase im Serum gemessen (Spec cPL und Snap cPL). Am Tag 0 wurde von dem Vorliegen einer Pankreatitis ausgegangen, wenn klinische Befunde im Sinne einer Pankreatitis sowie eine abnorm erhöhte Konzentration der caninen pankreasspezifischen Lipase im Serum (>400 μg/L) auffällig waren. Am Tag 4 erfolgte zudem eine sonographische Untersuchung des Abdomens. Somit basierte die Diagnosestellung einer Pankreatitis an diesem Tag a, Objective: The suspicion that dogs with intervertebral disc disease are at greater risk of developing pancreatitis is being discussed in veterinary medicine since the early 1980s. So far no study has been published examining the correlation between intervertebral disk disease and the development of pancreatitis in dogs, especially in combination with general anaesthesia and anti-inflammatory medication (glucocorticoids and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The aim of this study was therefore 1) to evaluate intervertebral disk disease as possible risk factor of pancreatitis and 2) to ascertain if general anaesthesia and the administration of glucocorticoids and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs further increase the risk of pancreatitis in dogs with intervertebral disk disease. Material and methods: One hundred and six dogs with symptoms associated with spinal cord injury were clinically examined over a period of five days. Special attention was payed to symptoms usually seen with pancreatitis such as anorexia, vomitus and abdominal pain. Furthermore the concentration of canine pancreatic lipase in the blood serum was measured with Spec cPL and Snap cPL at day 0 and day 4 after admission. At day 0 the diagnosis of pancreatitis was based on clinical symptoms associated with pancreatitis in combination with an increased concentration of canine pancreatic lipase in the blood serum (>400 μg/L). A sonography of the pancreas was performed at day 4 to evaluate the organ itself and the surrounding tissue for lesions associated with pancreatitis. Therefore the diagnosis of pancreatitis at day 4 was based on positive results in at least two of the three following criteria: symptoms associated with pancreatitis, elevation of the concentration of canine pancreatic lipase in the blood serum, sonographic changes of the pancreas parenchyma and the surrounding tissue associated with pancreatitis. For statistical analysis questionable results in one or more of these crit

Einleitung: Der Verdacht, dass Hunde mit einem Bandscheibenvorfall eine Prädisposition für die Entstehung einer Pankreatitis haben könnten, wurde in der Veterinärmedizin bereits in den frühen 1980er Jahren diskutiert. Trotz dieser bereits vor vielen Jahren erhobenen Vermutungen, wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Entstehung einer Pankreatitis und einem zeitgleich vorliegenden Bandscheibenvorfall auch im Hinblick auf mögliche Risikofaktoren wie dem Einfluss der Narkose oder dem Einsatz von Medikamenten (v. a. Glukokortikoide und nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika) bisher nicht näher untersucht. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Im Rahmen der vorliegenden prospektiven Studie sollte untersucht werden, ob Bandscheibenvorfälle ein Risikofaktor für die Entstehung einer Pankreatitis beim Hund darstellen. Ferner sollte geklärt werden, ob die Narkose und die Gabe von Glukokortikoiden und/oder nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika zusätzlich das Risiko der Entstehung einer Pankreatitis bei Hunden mit einem Bandscheibenvorfall erhöhen. Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden 106 Hunde, bei denen aufgrund der klinischen Symptome der Verdacht einer Rückenmarksläsion bestand, an fünf aufeinander folgenden Tagen klinisch untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde hierbei auf Symptome gelegt, welche typischerweise bei Pankreatitiden zu beobachten sind (reduziertes Allgemeinbefinden, Schwäche, Anorexie, dolentes Abdomen, Vomitus, Regurgitieren, Diarrhoe, Fieber, Dehydratation). Ferner wurde am Tag 0 und Tag 4 der stationären Aufnahme die Konzentration der caninen pankreasspezifischen Lipase im Serum gemessen (Spec cPL und Snap cPL). Am Tag 0 wurde von dem Vorliegen einer Pankreatitis ausgegangen, wenn klinische Befunde im Sinne einer Pankreatitis sowie eine abnorm erhöhte Konzentration der caninen pankreasspezifischen Lipase im Serum (>400 μg/L) auffällig waren. Am Tag 4 erfolgte zudem eine sonographische Untersuchung des Abdomens. Somit basierte die Diagnosestellung einer Pankreatitis an diesem Tag a, Objective: The suspicion that dogs with intervertebral disc disease are at greater risk of developing pancreatitis is being discussed in veterinary medicine since the early 1980s. So far no study has been published examining the correlation between intervertebral disk disease and the development of pancreatitis in dogs, especially in combination with general anaesthesia and anti-inflammatory medication (glucocorticoids and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The aim of this study was therefore 1) to evaluate intervertebral disk disease as possible risk factor of pancreatitis and 2) to ascertain if general anaesthesia and the administration of glucocorticoids and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs further increase the risk of pancreatitis in dogs with intervertebral disk disease. Material and methods: One hundred and six dogs with symptoms associated with spinal cord injury were clinically examined over a period of five days. Special attention was payed to symptoms usually seen with pancreatitis such as anorexia, vomitus and abdominal pain. Furthermore the concentration of canine pancreatic lipase in the blood serum was measured with Spec cPL and Snap cPL at day 0 and day 4 after admission. At day 0 the diagnosis of pancreatitis was based on clinical symptoms associated with pancreatitis in combination with an increased concentration of canine pancreatic lipase in the blood serum (>400 μg/L). A sonography of the pancreas was performed at day 4 to evaluate the organ itself and the surrounding tissue for lesions associated with pancreatitis. Therefore the diagnosis of pancreatitis at day 4 was based on positive results in at least two of the three following criteria: symptoms associated with pancreatitis, elevation of the concentration of canine pancreatic lipase in the blood serum, sonographic changes of the pancreas parenchyma and the surrounding tissue associated with pancreatitis. For statistical analysis questionable results in one or more of these crit

Context: In medical and veterinary medical education the use of problem-based and cased-based learning has steadily increased over time. At veterinary faculties, this development has mainly been evident in the clinical phase of the veterinary education. Therefore, a consortium of teachers of biochemistry and physiology together with technical and didactical experts launched the EU-funded project "vetVIP", to create and implement veterinary virtual patients and problems for basic science instruction. In this study the implementation and utilization of virtual patients occurred at the veterinary faculties in Budapest, Hannover and Lublin.Methods: This report describes the investigation of the utilization and acceptance of students studying veterinary basic sciences using optional online learning material concurrently to regular biochemistry and physiology didactic instruction. The reaction of students towards this offer of clinical case-based learning in basic sciences was analysed using quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were collected automatically within the chosen software-system CASUS as user-log-files. Responses regarding the quality of the virtual patients were obtained using an online questionnaire. Furthermore, subjective evaluation by authors was performed using a focus group discussion and an online questionnaire.Results: Implementation as well as usage and acceptance varied between the three participating locations. High approval was documented in Hannover and Lublin based upon the high proportion of voluntary students (>70%) using optional virtual patients. However, in Budapest the participation rate was below 1%. Due to utilization, students seem to prefer virtual patients and problems created in their native language and developed at their own university. In addition, the statement that assessment drives learning was supported by the observation that peak utilization was just prior to summative examinations.Conclusion: Veterinary virtu, Hintergrund: Die Anwendung von problembasierter und fallbasierter Lehre ist in der medizinischen sowie tiermedizinischen Ausbildung in den letzten Jahren angestiegen. An einigen tiermedizinischen Einrichtungen zeigt sich diese Entwicklung vornehmlich im klinischen Teil der veterinärmedizinischen Ausbildung. Daher hat eine Arbeitsgruppe, bestehend aus Dozierenden der Biochemie und Physiologie zusammen mit technischen und didaktischen Experten das EU-finanzierte Projekt "vetVIP" ins Leben gerufen, um tiermedizinische virtuelle Patienten und Probleme für die Lehre der Grundlagenfächer zu erstellen und zu implementieren. In dieser Projektstudie wurden sowohl die Implementierung, als auch die Nutzung und Anwendung von virtuellen Patienten an den tierärztlichen Fakultäten in Budapest, Hannover und Lublin untersucht.Material und Methoden: Dieser Artikel beschreibt Untersuchungen zur Nutzung und Akzeptanz eines optionalen Zusatzangebotes in Form von online Lernmaterialen an Studierenden im tiermedizinischen Grundlagenstudium, welches begleitend zu den regulären Lehrveranstaltungen in den Fächern der Biochemie und Physiologie angeboten wurde.Die Reaktion der Studierenden auf dieses Angebot von klinisch fallbasierter Lehre in den Grundlagenwissenschaften wurde anhand quantitativer und qualitativer Daten analysiert. Zum einen wurden quantitative Daten innerhalb des gewählten Software-Systems CASUS als Nutzer-Logbuch-Dateien automatisch gesammelt. Zum anderen wurden Rückmeldungen in Bezug auf die Qualität der virtuellen Patienten mit Hilfe eines Online-Fragebogens erhoben. Darüber hinaus wurde die subjektive Bewertung durch die Fallautoren anhand einer Fokusgruppendiskussion sowie anschließenden Online-Befragung durchgeführt.Ergebnisse: Sowohl die Implementierung, als auch die Nutzung und Akzeptanz variierte an den beteiligten drei Standorten. Eine hohe Zustimmung wurde in Hannover und Lublin anhand der hohen freiwilligen Beteiligung von Studierenden (>70%), welche die optional

Das therapeutische Management der kaninen Epilepsie muss an die individuellen Bedürfnisse des Hundes und seines Besitzers angepasst werden. 2015 hat die International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) die Konsensempfehlungen „Therapeutisches Management der kaninen Epilepsie in Europa“ veröffentlicht. In diesen Empfehlungen wird eine systematische therapeutische Vorgehensweise bei Hunden mit idiopathischer oder struktureller Epilepsie vorgeschlagen. Das Konsenspapier gibt außerdem einen Überblick über die in Europa zur Anwendung beim Hund zugelassenen Antiepileptika (AE) und empfiehlt Protokolle für die Arzneimitteltherapie. Der Konsensvorschlag basiert auf der aktuellen evidenzbasierten Literatur, berücksichtigt die aktuellen gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen in Europa und gibt die Erfahrungen der Autoren wieder. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird der Inhalt der Konsensusempfehlungen in deutscher Sprache zusammengefasst.

In 2015, the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) published the “Consensus Proposal: Diagnostic Approach to Epilepsy in Dogs“, proposing the basis for a standardized method of diagnostic procedures in patients suffering from seizures. The recommended modus operandi comprises two fundamental steps to clarify if the patient is truly suffering from epilepsy and to determine its underlying cause. The authors suggest a tier system of three confidence levels describing the reliability of the diagnosis “idiopathic epilepsy”. The authors of the consensus proposal emphasize that these recommendations will evolve over time with advances in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular genetics of canine epilepsy. In this article, the contents of the consensus proposal are summarized in German language.

Veterinary studies in Germany are regulated by the Veterinary Certification Act (TAppV). The practical part of the education consists of 1,170 hours, whereby up to 850 hours can be spent on the curative work placement. A curative work placement can result in physical and psychological stress in the sense of a professional overload. It is the aim of this study to find out in what areas and to what extent competence is acquired and psychological stress exists in students during their work placement. Veterinary students (n=142) from all German education institutes participated in a voluntary online-study based on Burnout Screening Scales (BOSS) as well as a questionnaire regarding the acquisition of competence and excessive stress during the work placement (FKÜP). The distribution of values for work placement related stress show that such work placement related stress is generally slightly increased (T=60) and lies above that of occupational stresses within the normal population. Work placement related physical complaints also show a significant slight increase (T=61). A value (T=42) within the normal range was determined for the resource values. Few of the students questioned considered themselves to be excessively stressed in favour of a high subjective acquisition of competences. The largest increase regarding the acquisition of competence was noted for the areas of animal handling/restraint and application and injection techniques. In the sense of a perceived excessive demand regarding practical capabilities the areas of emergency management, surgery and medication dispensation were mentioned. With regard to the load structure and the acquisition of competence by veterinary students during their work placement, more support of the individual and a balancing of teaching/learning goals would be desirable and represents a promising approach., In Deutschland ist das Tiermedizinstudium durch die Tierärztliche Approbationsverordnung (TAppV) geregelt. Der praktische Anteil der Ausbildung beträgt 1.170 Stunden, wobei bis zu 850 Stunden in kurativen Praktika absolviert werden. In kurativen Praktika kann es zu physischen und psychischen Belastungen im Sinne einer Arbeitsüberforderung kommen. Ziel dieser Studie soll es sein herauszufinden, in welchen Bereichen und in welchem Umfang Kompetenzen erworben und psychische Belastungen bei Studierenden im Praktikum vorhanden sind. An einer freiwilligen Online-Umfrage, basierend auf Burnout-Screening-Skalen (BOSS) sowie einem Fragebogen zum Kompetenzerwerb und Überforderungen im Praktikum (FKÜP), nahmen Tiermedizinstudierende (n=142) aller deutschen Bildungsstätten teil. Die Verteilung der Werte für praktikumsbezogene Belastungen zeigen, dass praktikumsbezogene Belastungen im Mittel signifikant leicht erhöht (T=60) sind und oberhalb der beruflichen Belastungen der Normalpopulation liegen. Ebenfalls sind die praktikumsbezogenen Beschwerden auf körperlichen Ebene signifikant leicht erhöht (T=61). Für die Ressourcenwerte wurde ein Wert (T=42) innerhalb des Normalbereiches ermittelt. Dabei schildern die befragten Studierenden wenige Überforderungsgefühle zu Gunsten eines hohen subjektiven Kompetenzerwerbs. Für die Bereiche Umgang mit Tieren, Zwangsmaßnahmen sowie Applikations- und Injektionstechniken konnten die größten Zuwächse beim Kompetenzerwerb ermittelt werden. Im Sinne eines Überforderungsgefühls bei praktischen Fertigkeiten wurden die Bereiche Notfallmanagement, Chirurgie und Medikamentenabgabe genannt. Bezogen auf die Belastungsstruktur und den Kompetenzerwerb von Studierenden der Tiermedizin im Praktikum ist mehr Förderung der einzelnen Person und ein Abgleich von Lehr-/Lernzielen wünschenswert und ein vielversprechender Ansatz.

In 2015, the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) published seven consensus statements that outline a number of recommendations and classifications on all aspects of epilepsy in dogs and cats. The open access publication is written in English. This article presents a summary of the consensus statements “IVETF consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals” and “IVETF’s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs” in German language to inform German veterinarians and professional circles about new knowledge and innovations in these fields. In the first part of the article, it is explained, why a new classification system of epilepsy and a common language to describe the disease is necessary. The proposals of the IVETF regarding the classification system and the terminology are introduced. The second part of the article contains a short summary of the current knowledge regarding the genetic or suspected genetic origin of idiopathic epilepsy in purebred dogs. Die International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) hat 2015 sieben Veröffentlichungen mit einem Konsensus mit Richtlinien zur Klassifikation und Empfehlungen zu allen Aspekten der Epilepsie bei Hund und Katze in englischer Sprache publiziert (IVETF, 2015a, b). Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Inhalte der Konsenspapiere „IVETF consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals” und „IVETF’s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs” in deutscher Sprache zusammengefasst, um die deutsche Tierärzteschaft über aktuelle Erkenntnisse und Neuerungen auf diesen Gebieten zu informieren. Im ersten Teil des Artikels werden die Notwendigkeit eines neuen Klassifikationssystems und einer einheitlichen Sprachregelung bei Epilepsie erläutert und die Vorschläge der IVETF hierfür vorgestellt. Der zwe, Zusammenfassung: Die International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) hat 2015 sieben Veröffentlichungen mit einem Konsensus mit Richtlinien zur Klassifikation und Empfehlungen zu allen Aspekten der Epilepsie bei Hund und Katze in englischer Sprache publiziert (IVETF, 2015a, b). Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Inhalte der Konsenspapiere „IVETF consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals” und „IVETF’s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs” in deutscher Sprache zusammengefasst, um die deutsche Tierärzteschaft über aktuelle Erkenntnisse und Neuerungen auf diesen Gebieten zu informieren. Im ersten Teil des Artikels werden die Notwendigkeit eines neuen Klassifikationssystems und einer einheitlichen Sprachregelung bei Epilepsie erläutert und die Vorschläge der IVETF hierfür vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil enthält eine kurze Zusammenfassung des aktuellen Wissensstandes zum verifizierten oder vermuteten genetischen Ursprung der idiopathischen Epilepsie bei verschiedenen Hunderassen. Summary: In 2015, the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) published seven consensus statements that outline a number of recommendations and classifications on all aspects of epilepsy in dogs and cats. The open access publication is written in English. This article presents a summary of the consensus statements “IVETF consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals” and “IVETF’s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs” in German language to inform German veterinarians and professional circles about new knowledge and innovations in these fields. In the first part of the article, it is explained, why a new classification system of epilepsy and a common language to describe the disease is necessary. The proposals of the IVETF regarding the classi

This article outlines the consensus proposal on diagnosis of epilepsy in dogs by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force. The aim of this consensus proposal is to improve consistency in the diagnosis of epilepsy in the clinical and research settings. The diagnostic approach to the patient presenting with a history of suspected epileptic seizures incorporates two fundamental steps: to establish if the events the animal is demonstrating truly represent epileptic seizures and if so, to identify their underlying cause. Differentiation of epileptic seizures from other non-epileptic episodic paroxysmal events can be challenging. Criteria that can be used to make this differentiation are presented in detail and discussed. Criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) are described in a three-tier system. Tier I confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on a history of two or more unprovoked epileptic seizures occurring at least 24 h apart, age at epileptic seizure onset of between six months and six years, unremarkable inter-ictal physical and neurological examination, and no significant abnormalities on minimum data base blood tests and urinalysis. Tier II confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and unremarkable fasting and post-prandial bile acids, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (based on an epilepsy-specific brain MRI protocol) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Tier III confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and II and identification of electroencephalographic abnormalities characteristic for seizure disorders. The authors recommend performing MRI of the brain and routine CSF analysis, after exclusion of reactive seizures, in dogs with age at epileptic seizure onset <6 months or >6 years, inter-ictal neurological abnormalities consistent with intracranial neurolocalisation, status epilepticus or cluster seizure at epileptic seizure

In Europe, the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) licensed for dogs has grown considerably over the last years. Nevertheless, the same questions remain, which include, 1) when to start treatment, 2) which drug is best used initially, 3) which adjunctive AED can be advised if treatment with the initial drug is unsatisfactory, and 4) when treatment changes should be considered. In this consensus proposal, an overview is given on the aim of AED treatment, when to start long-term treatment in canine epilepsy and which veterinary AEDs are currently in use for dogs. The consensus proposal for drug treatment protocols, 1) is based on current published evidence-based literature, 2) considers the current legal framework of the cascade regulation for the prescription of veterinary drugs in Europe, and 3) reflects the authors' experience. With this paper it is aimed to provide a consensus for the management of canine idiopathic epilepsy. Furthermore, for the management of structural epilepsy AEDs are inevitable in addition to treating the underlying cause, if possible.

Dogs with epilepsy are among the commonest neurological patients in veterinary practice and therefore have historically attracted much attention with regard to definitions, clinical approach and management. A number of classification proposals for canine epilepsy have been published during the years reflecting always in parts the current proposals coming from the human epilepsy organisation the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). It has however not been possible to gain agreed consensus, "a common language", for the classification and terminology used between veterinary and human neurologists and neuroscientists, practitioners, neuropharmacologists and neuropathologists. This has led to an unfortunate situation where different veterinary publications and textbook chapters on epilepsy merely reflect individual author preferences with respect to terminology, which can be confusing to the readers and influence the definition and diagnosis of epilepsy in first line practice and research studies.In this document the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) discusses current understanding of canine epilepsy and presents our 2015 proposal for terminology and classification of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. We propose a classification system which reflects new thoughts from the human ILAE but also roots in former well accepted terminology. We think that this classification system can be used by all stakeholders.

Common criteria for the diagnosis of drug resistance and the assessment of outcome are needed urgently as a prerequisite for standardized evaluation and reporting of individual therapeutic responses in canine epilepsy. Thus, we provide a proposal for the definition of drug resistance and partial therapeutic success in canine patients with epilepsy. This consensus statement also suggests a list of factors and aspects of outcome, which should be considered in addition to the impact on seizures. Moreover, these expert recommendations discuss criteria which determine the validity and informative value of a therapeutic trial in an individual patient and also suggest the application of individual outcome criteria. Agreement on common guidelines does not only render a basis for future optimization of individual patient management, but is also a presupposition for the design and implementation of clinical studies with highly standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria. Respective standardization will improve the comparability of findings from different studies and renders an improved basis for multicenter studies. Therefore, this proposal provides an in-depth discussion of the implications of outcome criteria for clinical studies. In particular ethical aspects and the different options for study design and application of individual patient-centered outcome criteria are considered.

BACKGROUND: Advances in mobile technology mean vets are now commonly presented with videos of paroxysmal events by clients, but the consistency of the interpretation of these videos has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of agreement between vets (both neurology specialists and non-specialists) on the description and classification of videos depicting paroxysmal events, without knowing any results of diagnostic workup. An online questionnaire study was conducted, where participants watched 100 videos of dogs and cats exhibiting paroxysmal events and answered questions regarding: epileptic seizure presence (yes/no), seizure type, consciousness status, and the presence of motor, autonomic and neurobehavioural signs. Agreement statistics (percentage agreement and kappa) calculated for each variable, with prevalence indices calculated to aid their interpretation.RESULTS: Only a fair level of agreement (κ = 0.40) was found for epileptic seizure presence. Overall agreement of seizure type was moderate (κ = 0.44), with primary generalised seizures showing the highest level of agreement (κ = 0.60), and focal the lowest (κ =0.31). Fair agreement was found for consciousness status and the presence of autonomic signs (κ = 0.21-0.40), but poor agreement for neurobehavioral signs (κ = 0.16). Agreement for motor signs ranged from poor (κ = ≤ 0.20) to moderate (κ = 0.41-0.60). Differences between specialists and non-specialists were identified.CONCLUSIONS: The relatively low levels of agreement described here highlight the need for further discussions between neurology experts regarding classifying and describing epileptic seizures, and additional training of non-specialists to facilitate accurate diagnosis. There is a need for diagnostic tools (e.g. electroencephalogram) able to differentiate between epileptic and non-epileptic paroxysms.