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While the intestinal microbiome seems a major driver of persistent immune defects in people with HIV (PWH), little is known about its fungal component, the mycobiome. We assessed the inter-kingdom mycobiome–bacteriome interactions, the impact of diet, and the association with the innate and adaptive immunity in PWH on antiretroviral therapy. We included 24 PWH individuals and 12 healthy controls. We sequenced the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 amplicons, determined amplicon sequence variants, measured biomarkers of the innate and adaptive immunity in blood and relations with diet. Compared to healthy controls, PWH subjects exhibited a distinct and richer mycobiome and an enrichment for Debaryomyces hansenii, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. In PWH, Candida and Pichia species were strongly correlated with several bacterial genera, including Faecalibacterium genus. Regarding the links between the mycobiome and systemic immunology, we found a positive correlation between Candida species and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (sTNF-R2 and IL-17), interleukin 22 (a cytokine implicated in the regulation of mucosal immunity), and CD8+ T cell counts. This suggests an important role of the yeasts in systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, we identified inter-kingdom interactions implicated in fiber degradation, short-chain fatty acid production, and lipid metabolism, and an effect of vegetable and fiber intake on the mycobiome. Therefore, despite the great differences in abundance and diversity between the bacterial and fungal communities of the gut, we defined the changes associated with HIV, determined several different inter-kingdom associations, and found links between the mycobiome, nutrient metabolism, and systemic immunity, European Development Regional Found "A way to achieve Europe" (ERDF), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Depto. de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The overweight and obesity of the child population is considered a global health epidemic. Low levels of physical activity along with sedentary behaviors are two of the triggers. In this sense, it is interesting to develop programs to promote physical activity in healthy parameters from schools. In addition to the Physical Education sessions, recesses are an ideal time to carry out physical activity. The objective of this study is to know the effects that a program based on active breaks has on the level of physical condition of Primary Education students. The sample consisted of two groups, an experimental group with 22 participants (13 boys and 9 girls) and a control group with 20 subjects (8 boys and 12 girls) aged between 10 and 12 years. The experimental group took active breaks for 8 weeks, three times a week, making a total of 24 sessions. The active recess program consisted of playing one of the five scheduled games for 20 minutes (mate, 3 in a row, pichi, handkerchief and cops and robbers). The level of physical condition was measured by means of the Alpha Fitness battery, at the beginning and at the end of the program. The results show a better level of physical condition in boys compared to girls, as well as a significant improvement in the dynamometry, agility and endurance tests of the experimental group. It is concluded that the realization of active breaks improved the levels of physical fitness levels of the participants., El sobrepeso y obesidad de la población infantil es considerado como una epidemia de salud a nivel mundial. Los bajos niveles de actividad física junto con las conductas sedentarias son dos de los factores desencadenantes. En este sentido, es interesante desarrollar programas para el fomento y la mejora de la actividad física en parámetros saludables desde las escuelas. Además de las sesiones de Educación Física, los recreos son un momento idóneo para la realización de actividad física. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los efectos que un programa basado en los recreos activos tiene sobre el nivel de condición física de estudiantes de Educación Primaria. La muestra se compuso por dos grupos, uno experimental con 22 participantes (13 niños y 9 niñas) y uno grupo control con 20 sujetos (8 niños y 12 niñas) con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 12 años. El grupo experimental realizó recreos activos durante 8 semanas, tres veces a la semana, haciendo un total de 24 sesiones. El programa de recreos activos consistía en realizar durante 20 minutos uno de los cinco juegos programados (mate, 3 en raya, pichi, pañuelo y polis y cacos). Se midió el nivel de condición física mediante la batería Alpha Fitness, al inicio y al final del programa. Los resultados muestran un nivel de condición física mejor en los niños frente a las niñas, así como una mejora significativa en las pruebas de dinamometría, agilidad y resistencia del grupo experimental. Se concluye que la realización de recreos activos mejoró los niveles de niveles de condición física de los participantes.

[EN] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection impairs mucosal immunity and leads to bacterial translocation, fueling chronic inflammation and disease progression. While this is well established, questions remain about the compositional profile of the translocated bacteria, and to what extent it is influenced by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Using 16S ribosomal DNA targeted sequencing and shotgun proteomics, we showed that HIV increases bacterial translocation from the gut to the blood. HIV increased alpha diversity in the blood, which was dominated by aerobic bacteria belonging to Micrococcaceae (Actinobacteria) and Pseudomonadaceae (Proteobacteria) families, and the number of circulating bacterial proteins was also increased. Forty-eight weeks of ART attenuated this phenomenon. We found that enrichment with Lactobacillales order, and depletion of Actinobacteria class and Moraxellaceae and Corynebacteriacae families, were significantly associated with greater immune recovery and correlated with several inflammatory markers. Our findings suggest that the molecular cross talk between the host and the translocated bacterial products could influence ART-mediated immune recovery.

Changes in the microbiota have been linked to persistent inflammation during treated HIV infection. In this pilot double-blind study, we study 30 HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a CD4/CD8 ratio < 1 randomized to either weekly fecal microbiota capsules or placebo for 8 weeks. Stool donors were rationally selected based on their microbiota signatures. We report that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is safe, not related to severe adverse events, and attenuates HIV-associated dysbiosis. FMT elicits changes in gut microbiota structure, including significant increases in alpha diversity, and a mild and transient engraftment of donor’s microbiota during the treatment period. The greater engraftment seems to be achieved by recent antibiotic use before FMT. The Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families, which are typically depleted in people with HIV, are the taxa more robustly engrafted across time-points. In exploratory analyses, we describe a significant amelioration in the FMT group in intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP), a biomarker of intestinal damage that independently predicts mortality. Gut microbiota manipulation using a non-invasive and safe strategy of FMT delivery is feasible and deserves further investigation. Trial number: NCT03008941.

Up to 40% of newly diagnosed cases of HIV-1 infection are late diagnoses, with a profound decrease in CD4 cell counts in many cases. One-third of these individuals do not achieve optimal CD4 cell recovery (OR) after suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART). This retrospective/longitudinal study of poor recovery (PR) included 79 HIV-1-infected individuals with CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 (25 PR and 54 OR) before ART. After suppressive ART, 21 PR and 24 OR individuals were further analysed, including paired samples. Selected miRs and plasma inflammatory markers were determined to investigate their potential predictive/diagnostic value for poor recovery. miR-192, IL-6 and sCD14 were independently associated with CD4 recovery before ART (p = 0.031, p = 0.007, and p = 0.008, respectively). The combination of these three factors returned a good discrimination (predictive value for PR) value of 0.841 (AUC, p < 0.001). After suppressive ART, miR-144 was independently associated with CD4 recovery (p = 0.017), showing a moderate discrimination value of 0.730 (AUC, p = 0.008) for PR. Our study provides new evidence on the relationship between miRs and HIV-1 infection that could help improve the management of individuals at HIV-1 diagnosis. These miRs and cytokines signature sets provide novel tools to predict CD4 cell recovery and its progression after ART.

Up to 40% of newly diagnosed cases of HIV-1 infection are late diagnoses, with a profound decrease in CD4 cell counts in many cases. One-third of these individuals do not achieve optimal CD4 cell recovery (OR) after suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART). This retrospective/longitudinal study of poor recovery (PR) included 79 HIV-1-infected individuals with CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3) (25 PR and 54 OR) before ART. After suppressive ART, 21 PR and 24 OR individuals were further analysed, including paired samples. Selected miRs and plasma inflammatory markers were determined to investigate their potential predictive/diagnostic value for poor recovery. miR-192, IL-6 and sCD14 were independently associated with CD4 recovery before ART (p=0.031, p=0.007, and p=0.008, respectively). The combination of these three factors returned a good discrimination (predictive value for PR) value of 0.841 (AUC, p<0.001). After suppressive ART, miR-144 was independently associated with CD4 recovery (p=0.017), showing a moderate discrimination value of 0.730 (AUC, p=0.008) for PR. Our study provides new evidence on the relationship between miRs and HIV-1 infection that could help improve the management of individuals at HIV-1 diagnosis. These miRs and cytokines signature sets provide novel tools to predict CD4 cell recovery and its progression after ART.

Exosome-derived miR-21 was independently associated with CD4 T cell decline in HIV-1-infected elite controllers (OR 0.369, 95% CI 0.137–0.994, p = 0.049). Also, a negative correlation between miR-21 expression and MCP-1 level was found (r = −0.649, p = 0.020), while no correlation between soluble biomarkers or cellular immune activation was found.

HTLV-2/HIV-1-coinfected patients and HIV-infected patients with natural HIV-1 control show an immune capacity that allows some control of viral infections. These two groups of patients have showed an immune capacity that allows them to have some control over viral infections, very strong control of HIV-1 replication in the case of HIV-1 controllers. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to compare viral and immunologic parameters between three cohorts of Caucasian adult HIV-1-infected patients, including HIV-1 controllers (29 patients), HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors (56 patients), and HIV-1 chronic progressors (101 patients), followed in two different tertiary University Hospitals in Spain. Demographic parameters, nadir CD4 T cell count, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and percentage, anti-HCV antibodies, HCV RNA load, HCV genotype, HIV-1 RNA loads, and anti-HTLV-2 antibodies were analyzed. HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors were younger and with shorter time since HIV-1 diagnosis compared to HIV-1 chronic progressors. HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors had significantly higher CD8 T cell percentage (p = 0.002 and p = 0.016, respectively) and lower levels of HCV RNA loads (0.015 and 0.007, respectively) compared to that of HIV-1 chronic progressors. Multivariate analyses showed that gender and HTLV-2 infection were independently associated to HCV RNA load, while only HTLV-2 infection was independently associated to CD8 T cell percentage. The implication of HTLV-2 infection in the control of HIV-1 and HCV infections is worth being further analyze.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde la perspectiva de los principales banqueros, las consecuencias y el origen de la crisis del 29. Para ello hemos tomado como referencia el escrito los Señores de las fianzas del autor Liaquat Ahamed, este libro comenzó examinando los hechos que provocaron la crisis del 29 a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914 donde se destaparon las tensiones económicas entre los principales países. El autor recoge los testimonios de los banqueros más influyentes del siglo XX y como sus decisiones afectaron a la economía mundial., The objective of this work is to analyze from the perspective of the principal bankers, the consequences and the origin of the crisis of the 29. For this we have taken as reference the writing the Lords of the bonds of the author Ahamed, this book began examining the events that provoked the crisis of 29 from the First World War in 1914 where the economic tensions were uncovered between the Major countries. The author gathers the testimonies of the most influential bankers of the twentieth century and how his decisions affected the world Economy., Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico e Historia e Instituciones Económicas, Grado en Economía

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde la perspectiva de los principales banqueros, las consecuencias y el origen de la crisis del 29. Para ello hemos tomado como referencia el escrito los Señores de las fianzas del autor Liaquat Ahamed, este libro comenzó examinando los hechos que provocaron la crisis del 29 a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914 donde se destaparon las tensiones económicas entre los principales países. El autor recoge los testimonios de los banqueros más influyentes del siglo XX y como sus decisiones afectaron a la economía mundial., The objective of this work is to analyze from the perspective of the principal bankers, the consequences and the origin of the crisis of the 29. For this we have taken as reference the writing the Lords of the bonds of the author Ahamed, this book began examining the events that provoked the crisis of 29 from the First World War in 1914 where the economic tensions were uncovered between the Major countries. The author gathers the testimonies of the most influential bankers of the twentieth century and how his decisions affected the world Economy., Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico e Historia e Instituciones Económicas, Grado en Economía

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde la perspectiva de los principales banqueros, las consecuencias y el origen de la crisis del 29. Para ello hemos tomado como referencia el escrito los Señores de las fianzas del autor Liaquat Ahamed, este libro comenzó examinando los hechos que provocaron la crisis del 29 a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914 donde se destaparon las tensiones económicas entre los principales países. El autor recoge los testimonios de los banqueros más influyentes del siglo XX y como sus decisiones afectaron a la economía mundial., The objective of this work is to analyze from the perspective of the principal bankers, the consequences and the origin of the crisis of the 29. For this we have taken as reference the writing the Lords of the bonds of the author Ahamed, this book began examining the events that provoked the crisis of 29 from the First World War in 1914 where the economic tensions were uncovered between the Major countries. The author gathers the testimonies of the most influential bankers of the twentieth century and how his decisions affected the world Economy., Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico e Historia e Instituciones Económicas, Grado en Economía

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar desde la perspectiva de los principales banqueros, las consecuencias y el origen de la crisis del 29. Para ello hemos tomado como referencia el escrito los Señores de las fianzas del autor Liaquat Ahamed, este libro comenzó examinando los hechos que provocaron la crisis del 29 a partir de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914 donde se destaparon las tensiones económicas entre los principales países. El autor recoge los testimonios de los banqueros más influyentes del siglo XX y como sus decisiones afectaron a la economía mundial., The objective of this work is to analyze from the perspective of the principal bankers, the consequences and the origin of the crisis of the 29. For this we have taken as reference the writing the Lords of the bonds of the author Ahamed, this book began examining the events that provoked the crisis of 29 from the First World War in 1914 where the economic tensions were uncovered between the Major countries. The author gathers the testimonies of the most influential bankers of the twentieth century and how his decisions affected the world Economy., Departamento de Fundamentos del Análisis Económico e Historia e Instituciones Económicas, Grado en Economía

En portada: Sevilla, Paz, Teatro (2ª ed.), Iglesias de Souza, Teatro lírico español, Pues el caso es peliagudo (h. 2)... mejoro yo (h. 24v), Aprobada