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Jugular foramen syndrome (JFS) is a lower cranial neuropathy syndrome characterized by dysphonia and dysphagia. The syndrome is caused by dysfunction of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerves at the level of the pars nervosa and pars vascularis within the jugular foramen. There are numerous etiologies for JFS, including malignancy, trauma, vascular, and infection. Here, we present the case of a healthy adult man who developed JFS secondary to an atypical presentation of Varicella Zoster meningitis, and was promptly diagnosed and treated with rapid symptom resolution. We diagnosed the patient using specialized skull-based imaging which detailed the jugular foramen, as well as CSF analysis. This case highlights the clinical value of detailed structural evaluation, consideration for infection in the absence of systemic symptoms, and favorable outcomes following early identification and treatment.

There are currently two authorized vaccines against herpes zoster (HZ) that have been shown to be safe and effective in its prevention: Zostavax, a zoster vaccine live (ZVL), and Shingrix, a recombinant zoster Vaccine (RZV). Because ophthalmologists work with vision-threatening complications of zoster, such as herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), they are in a good position to advocate for vaccination. Our aim was to determine the current knowledge among Spanish ophthalmologists about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against HZ. A Google Forms questionnaire was created and used as the survey platform for this study. It was an anonymous online survey of 16 questions, which was shared among Spanish ophthalmologists in-training and consultants from 27 April 2022 to 25 May 2022. The survey was completed by a total of 206 ophthalmologists of all subspecialties. We obtained responses from 17 of the 19 regions of Spain. Fifty-five percent of the respondents agreed that HZ is a frequent cause of vision loss. However, 27% of the professionals were unaware of the existence of vaccines against HZ and 71% of them did not know in which cases it could be indicated. Only nine ophthalmologists (4%) had ever suggested vaccination against HZ to their patients. Despite this, 93% considered it important to recommend vaccination against HZ if it proved to be safe and effective. Considering the sequelae, complications, and the existence of safe and effective vaccines against HZ, vaccination of the target population could be considered an important public health measure. We are convinced that it is time for ophthalmologists to take an active role in HZO prevention.

Background Kidney transplant recipients receive maintenance immunosuppressive therapy to avoid allograft rejection resulting in increased risk of infections and infection-related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 98% of adults are infected with varicella zoster virus, which upon reactivation causes herpes zoster. The incidence of herpes zoster is higher in kidney transplant recipients than in immunocompetent individuals, and kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of severe herpes zoster-associated disease. Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant glycoprotein E subunit herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) prevents herpes zoster in older adults with excellent efficacy (90%), and vaccination of kidney transplant candidates is recommended in Danish and international guidelines. However, the robustness and duration of immune responses after RZV vaccination, as well as the optimal timing of vaccination in relation to transplantation remain unanswered questions. Thus, the aim of this study is to characterize the immune response to RZV vaccination in kidney transplant candidates and recipients at different timepoints before and after transplantation. Methods The Herpes Virus Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients (HINT) study is a prospective observational cohort study. The study will include kidney transplant candidates on the waiting list for transplantation (n = 375) and kidney transplant recipients transplanted since January 1, 2019 (n = 500) from all Danish kidney transplant centers who are offered a RZV vaccine as routine care. Participants are followed with repeated blood sampling until 12 months after inclusion. In the case of transplantation or herpes zoster disease, additional blood samples will be collected until 12 months after transplantation. The immune response will be characterized by immunophenotyping and functional characterization of varicella zoster virus-specific T cells, by detection of anti-glycoprotein E antibodies

There are currently two authorized vaccines against herpes zoster (HZ) that have been shown to be safe and effective in its prevention: Zostavax, a zoster vaccine live (ZVL), and Shingrix, a recombinant zoster Vaccine (RZV). Because ophthalmologists work with vision-threatening complications of zoster, such as herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), they are in a good position to advocate for vaccination. Our aim was to determine the current knowledge among Spanish ophthalmologists about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against HZ. A Google Forms questionnaire was created and used as the survey platform for this study. It was an anonymous online survey of 16 questions, which was shared among Spanish ophthalmologists in-training and consultants from 27 April 2022 to 25 May 2022. The survey was completed by a total of 206 ophthalmologists of all subspecialties. We obtained responses from 17 of the 19 regions of Spain. Fifty-five percent of the respondents agreed that HZ is a frequent cause of vision loss. However, 27% of the professionals were unaware of the existence of vaccines against HZ and 71% of them did not know in which cases it could be indicated. Only nine ophthalmologists (4%) had ever suggested vaccination against HZ to their patients. Despite this, 93% considered it important to recommend vaccination against HZ if it proved to be safe and effective. Considering the sequelae, complications, and the existence of safe and effective vaccines against HZ, vaccination of the target population could be considered an important public health measure. We are convinced that it is time for ophthalmologists to take an active role in HZO prevention.

Background Kidney transplant recipients receive maintenance immunosuppressive therapy to avoid allograft rejection resulting in increased risk of infections and infection-related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 98% of adults are infected with varicella zoster virus, which upon reactivation causes herpes zoster. The incidence of herpes zoster is higher in kidney transplant recipients than in immunocompetent individuals, and kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of severe herpes zoster-associated disease. Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant glycoprotein E subunit herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) prevents herpes zoster in older adults with excellent efficacy (90%), and vaccination of kidney transplant candidates is recommended in Danish and international guidelines. However, the robustness and duration of immune responses after RZV vaccination, as well as the optimal timing of vaccination in relation to transplantation remain unanswered questions. Thus, the aim of this study is to characterize the immune response to RZV vaccination in kidney transplant candidates and recipients at different timepoints before and after transplantation. Methods The Herpes Virus Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients (HINT) study is a prospective observational cohort study. The study will include kidney transplant candidates on the waiting list for transplantation (n = 375) and kidney transplant recipients transplanted since January 1, 2019 (n = 500) from all Danish kidney transplant centers who are offered a RZV vaccine as routine care. Participants are followed with repeated blood sampling until 12 months after inclusion. In the case of transplantation or herpes zoster disease, additional blood samples will be collected until 12 months after transplantation. The immune response will be characterized by immunophenotyping and functional characterization of varicella zoster virus-specific T cells, by detection of anti-glycoprotein E antibodies, and by, Background: Kidney transplant recipients receive maintenance immunosuppressive therapy to avoid allograft rejection resulting in increased risk of infections and infection-related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 98% of adults are infected with varicella zoster virus, which upon reactivation causes herpes zoster. The incidence of herpes zoster is higher in kidney transplant recipients than in immunocompetent individuals, and kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of severe herpes zoster-associated disease. Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant glycoprotein E subunit herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) prevents herpes zoster in older adults with excellent efficacy (90%), and vaccination of kidney transplant candidates is recommended in Danish and international guidelines. However, the robustness and duration of immune responses after RZV vaccination, as well as the optimal timing of vaccination in relation to transplantation remain unanswered questions. Thus, the aim of this study is to characterize the immune response to RZV vaccination in kidney transplant candidates and recipients at different timepoints before and after transplantation. Methods: The Herpes Virus Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients (HINT) study is a prospective observational cohort study. The study will include kidney transplant candidates on the waiting list for transplantation (n = 375) and kidney transplant recipients transplanted since January 1, 2019 (n = 500) from all Danish kidney transplant centers who are offered a RZV vaccine as routine care. Participants are followed with repeated blood sampling until 12 months after inclusion. In the case of transplantation or herpes zoster disease, additional blood samples will be collected until 12 months after transplantation. The immune response will be characterized by immunophenotyping and functional characterization of varicella zoster virus-specific T cells, by detection of anti-glycoprotein E antibodies, and by measuring cy

Background Kidney transplant recipients receive maintenance immunosuppressive therapy to avoid allograft rejection resulting in increased risk of infections and infection-related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 98% of adults are infected with varicella zoster virus, which upon reactivation causes herpes zoster. The incidence of herpes zoster is higher in kidney transplant recipients than in immunocompetent individuals, and kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of severe herpes zoster-associated disease. Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant glycoprotein E subunit herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) prevents herpes zoster in older adults with excellent efficacy (90%), and vaccination of kidney transplant candidates is recommended in Danish and international guidelines. However, the robustness and duration of immune responses after RZV vaccination, as well as the optimal timing of vaccination in relation to transplantation remain unanswered questions. Thus, the aim of this study is to characterize the immune response to RZV vaccination in kidney transplant candidates and recipients at different timepoints before and after transplantation. Methods The Herpes Virus Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients (HINT) study is a prospective observational cohort study. The study will include kidney transplant candidates on the waiting list for transplantation (n = 375) and kidney transplant recipients transplanted since January 1, 2019 (n = 500) from all Danish kidney transplant centers who are offered a RZV vaccine as routine care. Participants are followed with repeated blood sampling until 12 months after inclusion. In the case of transplantation or herpes zoster disease, additional blood samples will be collected until 12 months after transplantation. The immune response will be characterized by immunophenotyping and functional characterization of varicella zoster virus-specific T cells, by detection of anti-glycoprotein E antibodies, and by, Background: Kidney transplant recipients receive maintenance immunosuppressive therapy to avoid allograft rejection resulting in increased risk of infections and infection-related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 98% of adults are infected with varicella zoster virus, which upon reactivation causes herpes zoster. The incidence of herpes zoster is higher in kidney transplant recipients than in immunocompetent individuals, and kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of severe herpes zoster-associated disease. Vaccination with adjuvanted recombinant glycoprotein E subunit herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) prevents herpes zoster in older adults with excellent efficacy (90%), and vaccination of kidney transplant candidates is recommended in Danish and international guidelines. However, the robustness and duration of immune responses after RZV vaccination, as well as the optimal timing of vaccination in relation to transplantation remain unanswered questions. Thus, the aim of this study is to characterize the immune response to RZV vaccination in kidney transplant candidates and recipients at different timepoints before and after transplantation. Methods: The Herpes Virus Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients (HINT) study is a prospective observational cohort study. The study will include kidney transplant candidates on the waiting list for transplantation (n = 375) and kidney transplant recipients transplanted since January 1, 2019 (n = 500) from all Danish kidney transplant centers who are offered a RZV vaccine as routine care. Participants are followed with repeated blood sampling until 12 months after inclusion. In the case of transplantation or herpes zoster disease, additional blood samples will be collected until 12 months after transplantation. The immune response will be characterized by immunophenotyping and functional characterization of varicella zoster virus-specific T cells, by detection of anti-glycoprotein E antibodies, and by measuring cy

Varicella zoster virus reactivation after COVID-19 vaccination has been reported in older or immunocompromised adults. We report zoster meningitis from live-attenuated varicella vaccine reactivation in an immunocompetent child after COVID-19 vaccination. This type of case is rare; COVID-19 and varicella vaccines remain safe and effective for appropriate recipients in the pediatric population.

Varicella zoster virus reactivation after COVID-19 vaccination has been reported in older or immunocompromised adults. We report zoster meningitis from live-attenuated varicella vaccine reactivation in an immunocompetent child after COVID-19 vaccination. This type of case is rare; COVID-19 and varicella vaccines remain safe and effective for appropriate recipients in the pediatric population.

Varicella Zoster Virus and Acute Retinal Necrosis

Introduction: The complexity of the MS patient's management is constantly growing. Consequently, the MS care unit requires a multidisciplinary approach, including an infectious disease specialist to minimise the risk of infectious complications related both to the disease and DMTs. Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated the infectious disease consultations performed from 2015 to 2019 in our MS centre. Results: We identified 107 patients with at least one infectious disease consultation out of 1088 patients. We found a progressive increase in the number of consultations from 2015 to 2019. Nearly half of the consultations were requested at the time of starting MS treatment. The most frequent requests were represented by chronic or acute infections. The most prevalent infectious agents were Herpesviridae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotic or antiviral treatment and prophylactic treatment or vaccination represented together the most frequent outcomes of the consultations. Finally, a treatment delay was significantly associated with the advice of a prophylactic treatment or of a vaccination. Conclusion: There is an increasing awareness of the potential infectious complications of MS and of exposure to DMTs. The interaction between the MS neurologist and infectious disease specialist is fundamental to minimise the infectious risk related to the disease and to the DMTs, with a progressive shift from complication management to a broader prevention workup at the time of MS diagnosis, including both vaccination and prophylactic treatments.

PURPOSE: Tacrolimus is a commonly used immunosuppressant medication after lung transplantation. In rare cases, tacrolimus causes a medication-induced optic neuropathy (TON) that can lead to significant vision loss. OBSERVATIONS: In this series, we describe three cases of TON, 1-10 years after medication use. Two patients were young (22yr and 33yr) females with cystic fibrosis. The last case was a 65yr male with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In 2/3 cases tacrolimus serum levels were normal. Visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/300, and vision loss occurred acutely to sub-acutely, over a span of 2-3 months. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: As presented here, TON can be highly variable. MRI findings are often non-specific, from normal brain findings to extensive white matter changes. There remains an unclear association with graft-versus-host disease and reduced kidney function. Visual findings are often subtle, including color vision aberration and peripheral visual field deficits, both of which usually require an ophthalmologic evaluation. When diagnosed in a timely fashion, TON is at least partially reversible in up to half of all cases. While rare, the cases described here support post-lung transplant ophthalmologic evaluation in those taking high-risk medications.

Background and Aim: Active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and inducing remission in this setting is imperative. However, management of IBD in pregnancy remains challenging due to concerns about the effects of therapies on the neonate and its development. In recent years, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNFalpha) therapies have been shown to be safe when used for maintenance therapy during pregnancy; however, data are limited for their use as induction treatment.We aimed to report the outcomes of induction therapy with anti-TNFalpha agents during pregnancy. Method(s): Cases were reported from two prospective studies involving pregnant women with active IBD who required induction treatment with anti-TNFalpha therapy (either adalimumab or infliximab). Eleven cases were obtained from the ERA study (Julsgaard et al.), which recruited women from Denmark, Australia, and New Zealand between 2012 and 2014, and seven cases were obtained from the PICCOLO study (Flanagan et al.), which recruited Australian women between 2017 and 2019. Data were collected on disease activity (as per Physician Global Assessment [PGA] and fecal calprotectin level); treatment before conception, during pregnancy, and postpartum; and infant outcomes to 6 weeks for the PICCOLO study and 1 year for the ERA study. The primary outcomes were the number of live births and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Secondary outcomes included the mothers' response to induction therapy and infant infection in the follow-up period. Result(s): We examined 18 cases of anti-TNFalpha induction during pregnancy. Of these women, 72% were multiparous, most had ulcerative colitis (56%), and their median duration of IBD before pregnancy was 3.25 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.0-7.8). The median maternal age at time of giving birth was 31 years (IQR, 29.3-34.5). Sixteen women had active disease during pregnancy, as determined by PGA. Nine of these had activ

Background and Aim: Active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during pregnancy is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and inducing remission in this setting is imperative. However, management of IBD in pregnancy remains challenging due to concerns about the effects of therapies on the neonate and its development. In recent years, anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNFalpha) therapies have been shown to be safe when used for maintenance therapy during pregnancy; however, data are limited for their use as induction treatment.We aimed to report the outcomes of induction therapy with anti-TNFalpha agents during pregnancy. Method(s): Cases were reported from two prospective studies involving pregnant women with active IBD who required induction treatment with anti-TNFalpha therapy (either adalimumab or infliximab). Eleven cases were obtained from the ERA study (Julsgaard et al.), which recruited women from Denmark, Australia, and New Zealand between 2012 and 2014, and seven cases were obtained from the PICCOLO study (Flanagan et al.), which recruited Australian women between 2017 and 2019. Data were collected on disease activity (as per Physician Global Assessment [PGA] and fecal calprotectin level); treatment before conception, during pregnancy, and postpartum; and infant outcomes to 6 weeks for the PICCOLO study and 1 year for the ERA study. The primary outcomes were the number of live births and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Secondary outcomes included the mothers' response to induction therapy and infant infection in the follow-up period. Result(s): We examined 18 cases of anti-TNFalpha induction during pregnancy. Of these women, 72% were multiparous, most had ulcerative colitis (56%), and their median duration of IBD before pregnancy was 3.25 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.0-7.8). The median maternal age at time of giving birth was 31 years (IQR, 29.3-34.5). Sixteen women had active disease during pregnancy, as determined by PGA. Nine of these had activ

BackgroundThe incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) has been increasing in recent decades. Although 2 vaccines for HZ are available, there have been few studies on the incidence rates of HZ and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) since their introduction. This study examined the incidence rates of HZ and PHN from 1994 to 2018 in the United States to determine if they have continued to increase since introduction of the HZ vaccines.MethodsA de-identified longitudinal administrative claims database, the OptumLabs Data Warehouse, was used to assess incidence rates among individuals continuously enrolled in the database for ≥365 days with no prior history of HZ or PHN. Unstandardized and standardized incidence rates were calculated by year, 10-year age groups, sex, and race/ethnicity.ResultsThere were 610 766 individuals with HZ (median age, 56.3; interquartile range, 43.0-68.7 years; 59.8% women; 70.6% white). From 1994 to 2018, the incidence of HZ increased from 286.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 259.1-312.8) to 579.6 (95% CI, 554.2-605.0) cases per 100 000 person-years, an annual increase of 3.1% (95% CI, 2.5-3.6%). Since 2007, annual HZ incidence rates have decreased in individuals ≤20 and >60 years old. The overall incidence rate of PHN was 57.5 (95% CI, 56.0-59.0) cases per 100 000 person-years. The proportion of individuals with HZ who developed PHN was higher from 2007 to 2018 than from 1994 to 2006.ConclusionsHZ incidence rates have continued to increase in age groups for which HZ vaccines are not currently recommended, warranting a review of current vaccine recommendations.

Deterministic SIR models were applied to simulate Susceptible-Infected-Removed and to estimate the threshold condition for varicella outbreaks in children, reported in Medellin, Colombia. The expected numbers of susceptible, infected and removed individuals were compared with observed cases from notification of varicella outbreaks to the local Board of Health and from survey data. The threshold condition was estimated by the basic reproductive ratio and by the relative removal rate, through which measures for preventing and curtailing the outbreaks were identified. The model demonstrated a reasonable fit to the observations, except in two of the six outbreaks which probably reflected under-registration of cases. In order to have prevented these outbreaks, between 4.4% and 52.9% of the susceptible population should have been vaccinated assuming an 85% vaccine effectiveness. Similarly, isolation of affected children should have been increased to between 4.3% and 44.8% per week.

This guideline is aimed at registrars and consultants in dermatology, ophthalmology, ENT, pediatrics, neurology, virology as well as infectiology, anaesthesia and generell medicine as well as policymakers and payers and purchasers of care. It was developed by dermatologists, virologists, ophthalmologists, ENT physicians, neurologists, pediatrician and anesthetists using a formal consensus process (S2k).The guideline provides an overview of clinical and molecular diagnostics as well as antigen detection, antibody culture and viral culture. Diagnostic special situations and complicated courses of the disease are also considered. The antiviral therapy of zoster and postzoster neuralgia is presented in general and for special situations. Detailed information on the treatment of pain is mentioned and presented in an overview. Likewise, the local therapeutic measures are discussed., Diese Leitlinie richtet sich an Dermatologen, Ophthalmologen, HNO-Ärzte, Pädiater, Neurologen, Virologen sowie Infektiologen, Anästhesisten und Allgemeinmediziner in Klinik und Praxis und dient zur Information für andere medizinische Fachrichtungen, die an der Behandlung des Zoster beteiligt sind. Darüber hinaus soll die Leitlinie Kostenträgern und politischen Entscheidungsträgern zur Orientierung dienen. Die Leitlinie wurde im formellen Konsensusverfahren (S2k) von Dermatologen, Virologen/Infektiologen, Ophthalmologen, HNO-Ärzten, Neurologen, Pädiatern und Anästhesisten/Schmerzmedizinern erstellt. Die Leitlinie stellt einen Überblick über die klinische und molekulare Diagnostik sowie den Antigennachweis, die Antikörperkultur und Viruskultur dar. Diagnostisch besondere Situationen und komplizierte Verläufe der Erkrankung finden ebenfalls Berücksichtigung. Die antivirale Therapie des Zoster und der Postzosterneuralgie wird im Allgemeinen und für besondere Situationen dargelegt. Detaillierte Angaben zur Schmerzbehandlung finden Erwähnung und sind in einer Übersicht dargestellt. Ebenso werden die lokaltherapeutischen Maßnahmen thematisiert.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have been used as an excellent therapeutic option in a variety of chronic inflammatory conditions. However, a recognized significant adverse effect of TNF inhibitor therapy is the increased risk of infections. The influence of TNF inhibitors on the course of coexisting or newly developed viral infections has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, we reviewed the recent publications to highlight the incidence, clinical features, management, and prevention of herpes zoster in patients who are receiving TNF inhibitors.

BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is rare following solid organ transplantation but is associated with high mortality. It has been most commonly reported following renal transplant but can occur with other solid organ transplantations. CASE REPORT A 46-year-old male who had an orthotopic heart transplant 6 months ago presented with a 3-week history of abdominal pain. The patient described it as intermittent, sharp, and stabbing, originating in the periumbilical area and radiating to the back. His lipase was elevated at 232 U/L. Given that the patient's symptoms and lipase were elevated to greater than three times the upper limit of normal, he patient was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. The patient also mentioned a diffuse itchy rash that started a few days prior to admission. Dermatology was consulted, and given the man's clinical presentation, there was concern for atypical reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). VZV polymerase chain reaction of the vesicles returned positive. The patient was started on acyclovir and his symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS This is the first reported case of VZV-associated pancreatitis in a heart transplant patient. Our patient presented with acute pancreatitis and was treated supportively. However, he did not receive antiviral treatment until his rash was discovered. Timely treatment of VZV resulted in resolution of both the rash and pancreatitis. Timely diagnosis of pancreatitis and VZV is important to prevent development of multiorgan failure and death.

HIV has long been associated with a number of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic skin conditions. In the era of anti-retroviral therapy, we have discovered even more about the relationship between skin disease and chronic immunosuppression. In particular, clinicians still face the propensity of persons living with HIV to develop difficult-to-control viral infections, chronic skin inflammation, and pruritus and-particularly as patients age-various types of skin cancers. Here, we summarize recent updates in the field of HIV dermatology and make recommendations to providers caring for these patients.

Tofacitinib is a targeted inhibitor of janus kinase (JAK), currently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We present a patient on treatment withtofacitinib who had an episode of classic dermatomal herpes zoster followed months later by atypical chronic cutaneous ulcers also caused by herpes zoster.

We describe the frequency, clinical features, and electrophysiological and immunological phenotypes of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) patients treated at a single institution in Bangladesh who had preceding chicken pox (primary Varicella-zoster virus [VZV] infection) within 4 weeks of GBS onset. A literature review of GBS cases preceding VZV infection is also provided. Diagnosis of GBS was based on the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke criteria for GBS. Serum anti-VZV IgM and IgG antibodies were quantified by indirect chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA); anti-Campylobacter jejuni IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies and anti-ganglioside GM1 IgM and IgG antibodies, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Neurophysiologic subtypes were categorized following the Hadden criteria. Of 536 patients with GBS, 7 (1.3%) had chicken pox within 4 weeks before GBS onset. Four of the seven cases were male (age range, 23 to 40 years old). All seven patients were bed-bound, six had sensory symptoms, and three required mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. All seven patients had CSF albuminocytologic dissociation and evidence of demyelination in nerve conduction studies. Anti-VZV IgM antibodies were present and anti-GM1 and anti-Campylobacter jejuni lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) were negative in all cases. All patients had excellent outcome at 1 year (able to run). A systematic literature review of GBS cases related to VZV revealed 39 previously reported patients with comparable clinical presentations and outcomes, of which 36 had neurophysiologic evidence of demyelination. VZV infection is associated with the demyelinating subtype of GBS, clearly distinct from the axonal form of GBS that predominate in countries like Bangladesh.

Herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and rubella virus are the most common causes of virus-induced anterior uveitis. They can present in a variety of entities not only with typical but also overlapping clinical cha

Syftet med denna valideringsstudie är att värdera lämpligheten att överföra den manuella analysen av aktuell infektion av Varicella Zoster Virus (aVZV IgM) och Herpes Simplex Virus (aHSV IgM) med SIEMENS Enzygnost® till en av de automatiserade analysinstrumenten EUROIMMUN Analyzer I (ELISA) eller DiaSorin LIAISON® XL. Arbetet utfördes på Klinisk Mikrobiologi i Lund. Konsekutiva serumprover för VZV IgM (n=108) och för HSV IgM (n=116) från det vardagliga flödet analyserades, tillsammans med 10 PCR- eller serokonversion-konfirmerade positiva serumprover av primär infektion VZV och HSV samt 10 positiva för reaktiverad infektion av VZV och HSV. Utöver det användes 10 serumprover konfirmerade positiva för Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respektive 10 för Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) för att testa korsreaktionen metoderna emellan. Resultatet från VZV-valideringen i Analyzer I samt LIAISON® XL gav en överensstämmelse på 93% respektive 94% av de konsekutiva proverna, 71% respektive 86% av de primärinfekterade proverna och 75% respektive 58% av de reaktiverade proverna, samt en korsreaktivitet (positiva och gränsvärden) på totalt 33% respektive 20% av proverna. Resultatet från HSV-valideringen i Analyzer I samt LIAISON® XL gav en överensstämmelse på 84% respektive 87% av de konsekutiva proverna, 82% respektive 18% av de primärinfekterade proverna och 40% respektive 10% av de reaktiverade proverna, samt en korsreaktivitet (positiva och gränsvärden) på totalt 67% respektive 47% av proverna. Enligt rekommendation efter utförandet av denna studie så bör analysen av HSV IgM uteslutas från båda automatiserade metoder medan VZV IgM bör kontrolleras något ytterligare i Analyzer I, med förhoppning om att denna metod kan vara känsligare., The approach of this validation study is to evaluate the adequacy for transferring the manual analysis method of ongoing infection of Varicella Zoster Virus (aVZV IgM) and Herpes Simplex Virus (aHSV IgM) with SIEMENS Enzygnost® to one of the automated instruments EUROIMMUN Analyzer I (ELISA) or DiaSorin LIAISON® XL. The study was carried out at Clinical Microbiology in Lund. Consecutive serum samples for VZV IgM (n=108) and HSV IgM (n=116) from the daily local flow of tests were analyzed, along with 10 positive for primary infection of VZV and HSV, confirmed by PCR or seroconversion, and 10 with reactivated infection of VZV and HSV. Beyond those, 10 serum samples confirmed positive for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respectively 10 for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) to test the cross-reaction between the three methods. The results from the validation of VZV in Analyzer I and LIAISON® XL gave an agreement of 93% and 94% respectively in the consecutive tests, 71% and 86% respectively in the primary infected tests and 75% and 58% respectively in the reactivated tests, and also a cross-reactivity (both positive and in between-values) at a total of 33% respectively 20% of the tests. The results from the validation of HSV in Analyzer I and LIAISON® XL gave an agreement of 84% and 87% respectively in the consecutive tests, 82% and 18% respectively in the primary infected tests and 40% and 10% respectively in the reactivated tests, and also a cross-reactivity (both positive and in between-values) at a total of 67% respectively 47% of the tests. According recommendations after the performance of this study, the analysis of HSV IgM should be excluded from both of the automated methods while VZV IgM should be controlled further in Analyzer I, with hopes that this new method could be more sensitive.

Tofacitinib is a targeted inhibitor of janus kinase (JAK), currently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We present a patient on treatment withtofacitinib who had an episode of classic dermatomal herpes zoster followed months later by atypical chronic cutaneous ulcers also caused by herpes zoster.

BackgroundVaricella zoster virus (VZV) causes both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles) and is associated with significant global morbidity. Most epidemiological data on VZV come from high-income countries, and to date there are limited data on the burden of VZV in Africa.MethodsWe assessed the seroprevalence of VZV antibodies among children in the Democratic Republic of Congo in collaboration with the 2013-2014 Demographic and Health Survey. Dried blood spot samples collected from children 6-59 months of age were run on Dynex™ Technologies Multiplier FLEX® chemiluminescent immunoassay platform to assess serologic response. Multivariate logistic regression was then used to determine risk factors for VZV seropositivity.ResultsSerologic and survey data were matched for 7,195 children 6-59 months of age, among whom 8% were positive and 2% indeterminate for VZV antibodies in weighted analyses. In multivariate analyses, the odds of seropositivity increased with increasing age, increasing socioeconomic status, mother's education level, rural residence, and province (South Kivu, North Kivu, Bandundu, Bas Congo had the highest odds of a positive test result compared with Kinshasa).ConclusionOur data suggest that VZV is circulating in DRC, and seropositivity is low among children 6-59 months. Seropositivity increased with age and varied by other sociodemographic factors, such as geographic location. This study provides the first nationally representative estimates of VZV infection among children in the DRC.

Syftet med denna valideringsstudie är att värdera lämpligheten att överföra den manuella analysen av aktuell infektion av Varicella Zoster Virus (aVZV IgM) och Herpes Simplex Virus (aHSV IgM) med SIEMENS Enzygnost® till en av de automatiserade analysinstrumenten EUROIMMUN Analyzer I (ELISA) eller DiaSorin LIAISON® XL. Arbetet utfördes på Klinisk Mikrobiologi i Lund. Konsekutiva serumprover för VZV IgM (n=108) och för HSV IgM (n=116) från det vardagliga flödet analyserades, tillsammans med 10 PCR- eller serokonversion-konfirmerade positiva serumprover av primär infektion VZV och HSV samt 10 positiva för reaktiverad infektion av VZV och HSV. Utöver det användes 10 serumprover konfirmerade positiva för Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respektive 10 för Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) för att testa korsreaktionen metoderna emellan. Resultatet från VZV-valideringen i Analyzer I samt LIAISON® XL gav en överensstämmelse på 93% respektive 94% av de konsekutiva proverna, 71% respektive 86% av de primärinfekterade proverna och 75% respektive 58% av de reaktiverade proverna, samt en korsreaktivitet (positiva och gränsvärden) på totalt 33% respektive 20% av proverna. Resultatet från HSV-valideringen i Analyzer I samt LIAISON® XL gav en överensstämmelse på 84% respektive 87% av de konsekutiva proverna, 82% respektive 18% av de primärinfekterade proverna och 40% respektive 10% av de reaktiverade proverna, samt en korsreaktivitet (positiva och gränsvärden) på totalt 67% respektive 47% av proverna. Enligt rekommendation efter utförandet av denna studie så bör analysen av HSV IgM uteslutas från båda automatiserade metoder medan VZV IgM bör kontrolleras något ytterligare i Analyzer I, med förhoppning om att denna metod kan vara känsligare., The approach of this validation study is to evaluate the adequacy for transferring the manual analysis method of ongoing infection of Varicella Zoster Virus (aVZV IgM) and Herpes Simplex Virus (aHSV IgM) with SIEMENS Enzygnost® to one of the automated instruments EUROIMMUN Analyzer I (ELISA) or DiaSorin LIAISON® XL. The study was carried out at Clinical Microbiology in Lund. Consecutive serum samples for VZV IgM (n=108) and HSV IgM (n=116) from the daily local flow of tests were analyzed, along with 10 positive for primary infection of VZV and HSV, confirmed by PCR or seroconversion, and 10 with reactivated infection of VZV and HSV. Beyond those, 10 serum samples confirmed positive for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respectively 10 for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) to test the cross-reaction between the three methods. The results from the validation of VZV in Analyzer I and LIAISON® XL gave an agreement of 93% and 94% respectively in the consecutive tests, 71% and 86% respectively in the primary infected tests and 75% and 58% respectively in the reactivated tests, and also a cross-reactivity (both positive and in between-values) at a total of 33% respectively 20% of the tests. The results from the validation of HSV in Analyzer I and LIAISON® XL gave an agreement of 84% and 87% respectively in the consecutive tests, 82% and 18% respectively in the primary infected tests and 40% and 10% respectively in the reactivated tests, and also a cross-reactivity (both positive and in between-values) at a total of 67% respectively 47% of the tests. According recommendations after the performance of this study, the analysis of HSV IgM should be excluded from both of the automated methods while VZV IgM should be controlled further in Analyzer I, with hopes that this new method could be more sensitive.

Background: Herpes viruses establish a life-long latency and can cause symptoms during both first-time infection and later reactivation. The aim of the present study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) and Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV6) in an adult Swedish population (35-95 years of age). Methods: Presence of antibodies against the respective viruses in serum from individuals in the Betula study was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Singular samples from 535 persons (53.9% women, mean age at inclusion 62.7 +/- 14.4 years) collected 2003-2005 were analyzed for the five HHVs mentioned above. In addition, samples including follow-up samples collected 1988-2010 from 3,444 persons were analyzed for HSV. Results: Prevalence of HSV1 was 79.4%, HSV2 12.9%, CMV 83.2%, VZV 97.9%, and HHV6 97.5%. Herpes virus infections were more common among women (p = 0.010) and a lower age-adjusted HSV seroprevalence was found in later birth cohorts (p < 0.001). The yearly incidence of HSV infection was estimated at 14.0/1000. Conclusion: Women are more often seropositive for HHV, especially HSV2. Age-adjusted seroprevalence for HSV was lower in later birth cohorts indicating a decreasing childhood and adolescent risk of infection.

Background: Herpes viruses establish a life-long latency and can cause symptoms during both first-time infection and later reactivation. The aim of the present study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) and Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV6) in an adult Swedish population (35-95 years of age). Methods: Presence of antibodies against the respective viruses in serum from individuals in the Betula study was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Singular samples from 535 persons (53.9% women, mean age at inclusion 62.7 +/- 14.4 years) collected 2003-2005 were analyzed for the five HHVs mentioned above. In addition, samples including follow-up samples collected 1988-2010 from 3,444 persons were analyzed for HSV. Results: Prevalence of HSV1 was 79.4%, HSV2 12.9%, CMV 83.2%, VZV 97.9%, and HHV6 97.5%. Herpes virus infections were more common among women (p = 0.010) and a lower age-adjusted HSV seroprevalence was found in later birth cohorts (p < 0.001). The yearly incidence of HSV infection was estimated at 14.0/1000. Conclusion: Women are more often seropositive for HHV, especially HSV2. Age-adjusted seroprevalence for HSV was lower in later birth cohorts indicating a decreasing childhood and adolescent risk of infection.

Background: Herpes viruses establish a life-long latency and can cause symptoms during both first-time infection and later reactivation. The aim of the present study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) and Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV6) in an adult Swedish population (35-95 years of age). Methods: Presence of antibodies against the respective viruses in serum from individuals in the Betula study was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Singular samples from 535 persons (53.9% women, mean age at inclusion 62.7 +/- 14.4 years) collected 2003-2005 were analyzed for the five HHVs mentioned above. In addition, samples including follow-up samples collected 1988-2010 from 3,444 persons were analyzed for HSV. Results: Prevalence of HSV1 was 79.4%, HSV2 12.9%, CMV 83.2%, VZV 97.9%, and HHV6 97.5%. Herpes virus infections were more common among women (p = 0.010) and a lower age-adjusted HSV seroprevalence was found in later birth cohorts (p < 0.001). The yearly incidence of HSV infection was estimated at 14.0/1000. Conclusion: Women are more often seropositive for HHV, especially HSV2. Age-adjusted seroprevalence for HSV was lower in later birth cohorts indicating a decreasing childhood and adolescent risk of infection.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an exclusively human, double-stranded DNA virus. Primary infection causes varicella (chickenpox); later the virus becomes dormant in the dorsal root, cranial nerve, and autonomic ganglia along the entire span of the nervous system, retaining the capacity to reactivate and cause a variety of dermal and neurological complications. Recently there has been increasing recognition, both clinically and epidemiologically, of the relationship between VZV and subsequent strokes. Herein, we describe a case of a previously healthy individual with reactivation of VZV causing herpes zoster opthtalmicus along with devastating multifocal vasculopathy. It is crucial for dermatologists to recognize the dermatomal vesicular eruption in this high risk area to aid in prompt diagnosis in an effort to improve clinical prognosis.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an exclusively human, double-stranded DNA virus. Primary infection causes varicella (chickenpox); later the virus becomes dormant in the dorsal root, cranial nerve, and autonomic ganglia along the entire span of the nervous system, retaining the capacity to reactivate and cause a variety of dermal and neurological complications. Recently there has been increasing recognition, both clinically and epidemiologically, of the relationship between VZV and subsequent strokes. Herein, we describe a case of a previously healthy individual with reactivation of VZV causing herpes zoster opthtalmicus along with devastating multifocal vasculopathy. It is crucial for dermatologists to recognize the dermatomal vesicular eruption in this high risk area to aid in prompt diagnosis in an effort to improve clinical prognosis.

Background: Herpes viruses establish a life-long latency and can cause symptoms during both first-time infection and later reactivation. The aim of the present study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) and Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV6) in an adult Swedish population (35-95 years of age). Methods: Presence of antibodies against the respective viruses in serum from individuals in the Betula study was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Singular samples from 535 persons (53.9% women, mean age at inclusion 62.7 +/- 14.4 years) collected 2003-2005 were analyzed for the five HHVs mentioned above. In addition, samples including follow-up samples collected 1988-2010 from 3,444 persons were analyzed for HSV. Results: Prevalence of HSV1 was 79.4%, HSV2 12.9%, CMV 83.2%, VZV 97.9%, and HHV6 97.5%. Herpes virus infections were more common among women (p = 0.010) and a lower age-adjusted HSV seroprevalence was found in later birth cohorts (p < 0.001). The yearly incidence of HSV infection was estimated at 14.0/1000. Conclusion: Women are more often seropositive for HHV, especially HSV2. Age-adjusted seroprevalence for HSV was lower in later birth cohorts indicating a decreasing childhood and adolescent risk of infection.

Background: Herpes viruses establish a life-long latency and can cause symptoms during both first-time infection and later reactivation. The aim of the present study was to describe the seroepidemiology of Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV1), Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV2), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV) and Human herpes virus type 6 (HHV6) in an adult Swedish population (35-95 years of age). Methods: Presence of antibodies against the respective viruses in serum from individuals in the Betula study was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Singular samples from 535 persons (53.9% women, mean age at inclusion 62.7 +/- 14.4 years) collected 2003-2005 were analyzed for the five HHVs mentioned above. In addition, samples including follow-up samples collected 1988-2010 from 3,444 persons were analyzed for HSV. Results: Prevalence of HSV1 was 79.4%, HSV2 12.9%, CMV 83.2%, VZV 97.9%, and HHV6 97.5%. Herpes virus infections were more common among women (p = 0.010) and a lower age-adjusted HSV seroprevalence was found in later birth cohorts (p < 0.001). The yearly incidence of HSV infection was estimated at 14.0/1000. Conclusion: Women are more often seropositive for HHV, especially HSV2. Age-adjusted seroprevalence for HSV was lower in later birth cohorts indicating a decreasing childhood and adolescent risk of infection.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an uncommon cause of folliculitis. We present a case of a 29-year-old woman who presented with an atypical follicularly-based eruption localized to her inner thigh with an associated pain in her lower back and inner thigh prior to the papular eruption. She was successfully treated with valacyclovir 1,000 mg three times daily with no complications.

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the 2 main clinical phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are diseases that result from a dysregulated immune response to gut microbiota in genetically susceptible hosts. This aberrant immune response may intrinsically predispose IBD patients to infectious complications. Moreover, immunosuppressive medications used to treat IBD including corticosteroids, thiopurines, methotrexate, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents and other biologics, further increase patients' susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, is an opportunistic viral reactivation often observed in IBD patients with several case reports demonstrating complicated or disseminated disease in those on immunosuppression. While HZ vaccination is recommended in all immunocompetent adults aged ≥60 years, as a live virus vaccine, it is currently contraindicated in IBD patients on anti-TNF therapy and in other significantly immunocompromised patient groups. While caution is still warranted in these circumstances, recent clinical data has emerged which has prompted us to review and examine the universal approach to HZ vaccination in the immunosuppressed IBD population. In the following narrative review, we will discuss and provide an overview of the clinical manifestations, incidence, management and prevention of HZ in the IBD patient.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is an uncommon cause of folliculitis. We present a case of a 29-year-old woman who presented with an atypical follicularly-based eruption localized to her inner thigh with an associated pain in her lower back and inner thigh prior to the papular eruption. She was successfully treated with valacyclovir 1,000 mg three times daily with no complications.

Background: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can be fatal or cause severe complications in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This analysis set out to investigate the morbidity and mortality of VZV vaccination without interruption of maintenance therapy in children with ALL. Methods: Files of 73 seronegative children with ALL were examined for data regarding VZV vaccination and infection, and long-term seroconversion was measured. Criteria before VZV vaccination were (1) seronegative, (2) in complete remission, (3) age >= 1.0 year, (4) lymphocyte count >= 0.6 × 109/L at time of vaccination and (5) receiving maintenance therapy. Results: Forty-five children were vaccinated. No child died or experienced serious adverse events due to VZV vaccination. Nine children developed late chickenpox despite vaccination. Long-term protection was found in 86% of children not receiving acyclovir and 78% of the entire population. Long-term seroconversion was found in 52% of the children. There were no severe cases of varicella infection. Acyclovir prophylaxis postvaccination was associated with an increased risk of late chickenpox [hazard ratio = 5.40 (1.43, 20.41), P = 0.01]. In contrast, a vaccine-induced rash reduced the risk of late chickenpox [hazard ratio = 0.08 (0.01, 0.66), P = 0.02]. No child had interruption of maintenance therapy at the time of vaccination, but 33% experienced discontinuation of therapy due to vaccine-induced rash. Dexamethasone was associated with an increased risk of vaccine-induced rash [hazard ratio = 2.9 (1.21, 6.90), P = 0.02]. Conclusions: This analysis indicates that VZV vaccination is feasible and justified in seronegative children with ALL, in countries where VZV vaccination is not part of the national vaccination program.

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Background: Thea ttitudes, knowledge, and experience of health personnel regarding vaccines and preventable diseases contribute importantlyto the success of vaccination programs. Aim: This study aimed to valuate the opinions of healthpersonnel involved in the care of children on the introduction of various new and older vaccines to the Swedish childhood vaccination. We particularly examined the knowledge of varicella diseaseas chickenpox and shingles and attitudes toward the varicellavaccine. Method: We created and administered aquestionnaire on vaccineprioritization forseveral vaccines, including hepatitis A and B,BCG(BacilleCalmette-Guérin) vaccine to preventtuberculosis, pneumococcal, meningococcal, HPV (human papilloma virus), rotavirus, influenza,respiratory syncytial virus,andTBE(tick bornencephalitis virus),and also explored health personnel’s knowledge about the VZV (varicella zoster virus) vaccine and its diseases. In 2006, the study targeted 600 nurses and physicians in Gothenburg, Sweden, whereas the current study in 2012 followed up with 160 school healthcare personnel. Results: The 2006 questionnaire generated 191/600 responses (32%), compared withthe 2012 follow-up questionnaire, which generated 40/160 (25%) responses from school health care personnel. Medical personnel ranked vaccination against hepatitis B highestin both studies. However, our data showed an important shift in attitude regarding HPV and rotavirus vaccination, which ranked lowestin 2006 but higher priority in 2012. Respondents also gave high priority to BCG. In 2006,only 34 of 138 respondents (25%) knew that a varicella vaccine was available, and universal varicella vaccination was generally ranked lower compared with other various vaccines. Additionally, pediatricians and personnel from infectious diseases department in the hospital having direct experience with these verity of varicella and zoster diseases were more likely to support universal varicella vaccination. Interestingly, in, ISBN 978-91-982282-6-7

Background: Thea ttitudes, knowledge, and experience of health personnel regarding vaccines and preventable diseases contribute importantlyto the success of vaccination programs. Aim: This study aimed to valuate the opinions of healthpersonnel involved in the care of children on the introduction of various new and older vaccines to the Swedish childhood vaccination. We particularly examined the knowledge of varicella diseaseas chickenpox and shingles and attitudes toward the varicellavaccine. Method: We created and administered aquestionnaire on vaccineprioritization forseveral vaccines, including hepatitis A and B,BCG(BacilleCalmette-Guérin) vaccine to preventtuberculosis, pneumococcal, meningococcal, HPV (human papilloma virus), rotavirus, influenza,respiratory syncytial virus,andTBE(tick bornencephalitis virus),and also explored health personnel’s knowledge about the VZV (varicella zoster virus) vaccine and its diseases. In 2006, the study targeted 600 nurses and physicians in Gothenburg, Sweden, whereas the current study in 2012 followed up with 160 school healthcare personnel. Results: The 2006 questionnaire generated 191/600 responses (32%), compared withthe 2012 follow-up questionnaire, which generated 40/160 (25%) responses from school health care personnel. Medical personnel ranked vaccination against hepatitis B highestin both studies. However, our data showed an important shift in attitude regarding HPV and rotavirus vaccination, which ranked lowestin 2006 but higher priority in 2012. Respondents also gave high priority to BCG. In 2006,only 34 of 138 respondents (25%) knew that a varicella vaccine was available, and universal varicella vaccination was generally ranked lower compared with other various vaccines. Additionally, pediatricians and personnel from infectious diseases department in the hospital having direct experience with these verity of varicella and zoster diseases were more likely to support universal varicella vaccination. Interestingly, in, ISBN 978-91-982282-6-7

Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) in children is a challenging diagnosis based on clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 or 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), enterovirus or tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) could be identified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum from children being evaluated for LNB, in order to elucidate whether such infectious diseases may be missed by the clinician. Methods: Ninety-nine pediatric patients (n = 99) were retrospectively included from a previous study on LNB in southeast of Sweden. They had been diagnosed as “Possible LNB” or “Not determined” due to negative Borrelia antibody index in CSF. Routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used for detection of herpes viral RNA or enteroviral DNA in CSF. An ELISA assay was used for detection of anti-TBEV antibodies (IgM and IgG) in serum. Results: One patient showed elevated anti-TBEV IgM and IgG antibodies in serum, indicating a current TBE infection. No positive PCR reactions for HSV 1 or 2, VZV or enterovirus were detected in CSF from any of the patients. In conclusion, our results suggest that undiagnosed herpes- or enteroviral infections are unlikely to explain CNS symptoms in children being evaluated for LNB, whereas missed TBE infections may occur. TBEV serology should be included when evaluating children for LNB in TBE endemic areas.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection results in lifelong chronic infection of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, also referred to as neuronal HSV-1 latency, with periodic reactivation leading to recrudescent herpetic disease in some persons. HSV-1 proteins are expressed in a temporally coordinated fashion during lytic infection, but their expression pattern during latent infection is largely unknown. Selective retention of HSV-1 reactive T-cells in human TG suggests their role in controlling reactivation by recognizing locally expressed HSV-1 proteins. We characterized the HSV-1 proteins recognized by virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells recovered from human HSV-1-infected TG. T-cell clusters, consisting of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells, surrounded neurons and expressed mRNAs and proteins consistent with in situ antigen recognition and antiviral function. HSV-1 proteome-wide scans revealed that intra-TG T-cell responses included both CD4 and CD8 T-cells directed to one to three HSV-1 proteins per person. HSV-1 protein ICP6 was targeted by CD8 T-cells in 4 of 8 HLA-discordant donors. In situ tetramer staining demonstrated HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells juxtaposed to TG neurons. Intra-TG retention of virus-specific CD4 T-cells, validated to the HSV-1 peptide level, implies trafficking of viral proteins from neurons to HLA class II-expressing non-neuronal cells for antigen presentation. The diversity of viral proteins targeted by TG T-cells across all kinetic and functional classes of viral proteins suggests broad HSV-1 protein expression, and viral antigen processing and presentation, in latently infected human TG. Collectively, the human TG represents an immunocompetent environment for both CD4 and CD8 T-cell recognition of HSV-1 proteins expressed during latent infection. HSV-1 proteins recognized by TG-resident T-cells, particularly ICP6 and VP16, are potential HSV-1 vaccine candidates.

The latest Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI) guideline detailing renal transplant care, developed as a local modification of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. © 2011 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology.

We analyzed the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcriptome in 43 latently infected human trigeminal ganglia (TG) with postmortem intervals (PMIs) ranging from 3.7 to 24 h. Multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) revealed no VZV transcripts with a PMI of <9 h. Real-time PCR indicated a significant increase (P = 0.02) in VZV ORF63 transcript levels but not the virus DNA burden with longer PMI. Overall, both the breadth of the VZV transcriptome and the VZV ORF63 transcript levels in human cadaver TG increased with longer PMI.

The latest Caring for Australians with Renal Impairment (CARI) guideline detailing renal transplant care, developed as a local modification of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. © 2011 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology.